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NO nofollow Letter Style banana or Kiver at W ilmin^ton iu the State of Dempsey «fc O'Toole contract with. Letter from the Sec- retary of the Interior relative to District of Columbia expenditures in the. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury transmitting statement of from the establishment of the Governmeut to December 31 1809 District of Columbia. Report of Pi*ofes8or H. Barnard on schools iu the Dodge Gren ville M. el al. Letter from the Secretary of War asking an appropriation to satisfy a judgment against Dodge Gren ville M. et aL Letter from the Secretary of War on same subject Drop beer and sh ps distillation of. Letter from the Com- missioner of Interual Revenue relative to Dunbar Dr. Alexander. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to claim of E. Education Bureau of. Letter from the Secretarv of the Interior asking an appropriation to pay reut of building for use of Election expenses of the in Texas. Letter from the Sec- retary of War relative to an appropriation for Election. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting copies of the returns of in second congressional district ot Texas Employes in navy yards. Letter of the Secretary of the Navy transmitting statement of the number of Exhibition International of London. Letter from the Secretary of State relative to the Exploration of the Colorado River. Letter of the Secretary of War relative to the Exploration of the Colora lt io River. Letter of the Secre- tary of the lutiirior on same subject Estimates of appropriations required for the service of the liscal year ending June 30 1871. Letter from the Sec- retary of the Treiujury transmitting 6 7 13 11 12 7 13 11 6 12 12 12 12 5 Pai-t. No. Page. 104 103 193 189 131 34 35 310 164 224 278 156 315 245 258 131 302 190 59 265 96 181 281 280 INDEX. XI Title. Vol. Part. No. Page. Papers accompanying the above. Kstlfnate« of deticiencies required to complete the service of the fiwai yc^ar ending June 30 1870 Estimates for 1870-71 5 5 5 '2 legi8i ative. Compeusatioo and mileage of Senators Comp lt msation and mileage of officers clerks lt amp c. in the service of the Senate Contingent expenses of the Senate Compensation and mileage of members and delegates of House of Reprentatives Com} gt ensation and mileage of officers clerks amp c. of House of Representatives Contingent expenses of the House of Representatives .. . Compensation of Congressional Printer clerks amp e Com H nsatiou of Librarian of Congress assistants amp c. . Contingent expenses of Library purchase of books amp c.. Compensation of Superintendent and a^^ist^iuts in Bo- tanic Garden and improvement of garden '. . Salaries of C»»urt of Claims Contingent expenses of Court of Claims 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 G EXECUTIVE. Compensation of the President of the United States 5 Comix^nsation of the Vice-Pieisident of tiie United States. 5 Compensation of the private secretary amp c. of the Presi- dent 5 Contingent expenses of the executive office 5 DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 Salaries in the office of Secretary of State Publishing laws Contingent expenses of Department of State Diplomatic salaries 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 9 9 9 TREASURY DEPARTMENT— SAFARI ES ETC. Office of Secretary of the Treasury First Comptroller S lt ^coud Comptroller Connnissioner of Customs First Auditor Second Auditor Third Auditor Fourth Auditor Fifth Auditor Auditor Post Office Department Treasurer of the United States Register of the Treasury Solicitor of the Treasury Comptroller of the Currency Commissioner of Internal Revenue Light-house Board Miscellaneous 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ^ o 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 12 13 14 11 14 15 17 18 18 19 19 21 21 21 22 22 INDEPENDENT TREASURY. Office of Depositary at Baltimore Assistant Treasurer at Bostcm Assistant Treasurer at Charleston South Caro- lina 5 5 5 i 5 5 5 I 23 23 23 XII INDEX. Title. Papers 8^c. — Coutinued. Office of Depositary at Chicago Depositary at Cincinnati ' Depositary at Louisville Assistant Treasurer at New Orleans Assistant Treasurer at New York Depositary at Olympia Washington Territory Assistant Treasurer at Philadelphia Depositary at Pittsburg Assistant Treasurer at St. Louis Assistant Treasurer at San Francisco Depositary at Santa F^ MisceUaneoHS. Mint and branches and assay office Mint at Philadelphia Branch mint at Carson City Nevada Charlotte North Carolina Denver Now Orleans San Francisco United States assay office at New York Teri'itorial governments — Arizona i Colorado Dakota Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah \Va shington Wyoming Internal revenue expense of assessing collecting amp c-. Inspectors of steam vessels Life-saving stations Revenue-cutt«r service Loans and currency DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR— SALARIES ETC. In the office of the Secretary' of the Interior Conmiissioner of the General Land Office Indian Office Pension Office Patent Office Bureau of Education Puhlic lAinds. Office of surveyor general of Louisiana Florida Minnesota Dakota Kansas Colorado New Mexico Arizona Idaho Nevada Oregon Washington Nebraska and Iowa Montana Utah Vol. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Part. .5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 o 5 5 5 5 No. Page. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 5 28 5 28 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 30 5 30 5 31 5 32 5 32 5 33 5 33 5 34 5 34 5 35 5 35 5 35 5 36 5 44 5 45 5 45 5 46 5 47 5 47 5 48 5 49 5 50 5 1 52 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 54 5 55 5 55 ' 5 55 5 56 5 56 5 .56 5 57 5 57 5 57 5 58 5 59 INDEX. XIII Title. Papers tf*c. — Continned. Collecting revenue for public lands Miscellaneous Metropolitan police Jail in District of Columbia CJoveniment Hospital for Insane Columbia Hcmpital for Women Columbia Institution for Deaf and Dumb Smitbsouian Institution WAR DEPARTMENT — SALARIES ETC. In office of Secretary of War. Adjutant General In8X ector of Military Aca lt lemy Bureau of Military Justice Sijfnal Office... Quartermaster General Commissary General Surgeon General Paymaster General Chief Engineer Chief of Ordnance Salaries and contingent expenses of the Northwest Execu- tive Building Salaries and contingent expenses of the building comer ' Seventeenth and F streets Salaries and contingent expenses of the building comer Fifteenth and F streets Public Buildings and Grounds XAVY DEPAKTMEXT— SALARIES ETC. In the office of Secretary of the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks Equipment and Recruiting. Na\'igation Ordnance Construction and Repair. . Steam Engineering Provision and Clotliing Medicine and Surgery Southwest Executive Building DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE— SALARIES ETC. In office of Commissioner of Agi'iculture POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT — SALARIES ETC. In office of Postmaster General JUDICIAL- SALARIES ETC. In office of Attomev General Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Forty-six district judges of the United States Judges of the courts m District of Columbia Uniterl States district attorneys Unit^Ml States marshalls . Expenses of United State courts Vol. Part. No. 5 5 5 5 5 5 o 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 .5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Page. 59 63 64 amp » gt 65 65 65 65 66 67 67 67 67 68 69 69 70 71 71 71 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 77 79 82 82 83 84 84 85 87 XIV INDEX. Title. PaperSy lt fc. — Contiuued. MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. Expenses of the office of the General of the Army Expenses of the office of the Adjutant General Signal Service Pav Department Detailed estimates for pay of the Army Signal Coq 8 Engineer Corps Ordnance Department.. Ten regiments cavalry. . Yive regiments artillery Twenty-five regiments in- fantry Indian scoats Unattached oflScers of in- fantry One band Miscellaneous OflScers of the Military Academy Recapitulation Subsistence Department Quartermaster's Depart- « ment Medical Department Engineer Department . . Current and ordinary ex- penses of the Military Academy NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT. General service of the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting Navigation Ordnance Constniction and Repair Steam Engineering Provisions and Clothing Medicine and Surgery Naval Academy Marine Corps INDIAN AFFAIRS. Current and contingent expenses of Indian affairs Fnlfilling treaties with various Indian tribes Incidental expenses of the Indian service Transportation and delivery of annuities Miscellaneous Interest on trust stocks Recapitulation of estimates for Indian sei'vice PENSIONS UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. Army and Navy pensions PUBLIC WORKS UNDER THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Estimates for public buildings Light-houses beacons stations amp c Vol. Part. No. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 • 5 5 5 5 ' 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 o ••••*• 5 Page. 90 iK 90 91 9.3 97 98 98 99 100 101 103 103 103 104 104 106 107 109 111 112 113 120 121 124 126 127 128 130 131 133 136 1 39 144 147 174 176 177 179 182 186 190 192 INDEX. XV Tide. PaperSj ^c. — Continued. UNDER WAR DEPARTMENT. Armories and arsenals Fortifications and other works of defense Improving harbors Improving rivers Miscellaneous Public works around Washington Under Naxfy Department Navy yards gt . Public buildings Under Department of Agriculture Buildings and grounds MiecdlaneouB. Details under Congressional Printer Court of Claims Department of State Treasury Department Light^house establishment Coast Survey Department of the Interior Post Office Department PERMANENT APPROPRIATIONS. Specific appropriations under Treasury Department . - . . War Department Interior Department Post Office Department . . . Indefinite appropriations under Department of Stat-e Treasury Department . . Interior Department.. . War Department Recapitulation of the whole Appendix A Government Hospital for the Insane . . B same subject C Smithsonian Institution D salaries of United States attorneys E War Department F Navy Department G United States Marine Corps H Indian Affairs I Indian Affairs K Indian Affairs L» Coast Survey Estimates in detail For index in detail of estimates see Estimates of appropriations for Post Office Department. Letter from the Postmaster General transmitting Esrimates. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury relative to errors in book of * Estimate of appropriations for deAciencies in Treasury De- partment. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury transmitting Estimates omitted for 1870-71. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury transmitting Vol. Part. No. Page. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 13 57 65 70 197 201 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 214 218 218 219 220 221 222 228 232 232 232 232 233 233 236 237 240 247 248 252 254 255 258 260 261 261 262 262 264 273 XVI INDEX. Title. Vol. Estimates of appropriation for deficiencies in War Depart- ment. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting. . . Estimates of appropriations for "VYar Department. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting Estimates of appropriations for certain tribes of Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting. . . Estimates. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior trans- mitting for survey of Indian reserves Estimates. Letter ifrom Secretary of the Interior transmit- mitting of appropriation required to replace archives of land office at Topeka Kansas Estimates. Letter from Secretary of the Interior transmit- ting of appropriation for survey of the public lands within the Union Pacific Railroad grant F. Farragut Admiral questioned letter of. Letter from the Secreta.ry of the Navy relative to Fees of harbor-masters. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury relative to Fines and deductions. Post Office Department. Letter fi'om the Postmaster General statement of Fines and forfeitures to revenue officers. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury relative to abolition of Fisheries in British waters. Message from the President relative to Foreign commodities susceptible of pro lt luction in this country. Letter from the Commissioner of Agriculture relative to Fort Porter city of Bufliilo New York. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to improvement of grounds of. Fort Kearny reservation at. Letter from the Secretary of War informing the House that it is no longer required Fortifications. Letter from the Secretary of War trans- mitting statement of amount appropriated up to present time for amp c Fortifications marine. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to the Ryan-Hitchcock mode of Fortress Monroe artillery school at. Letter from the Sec- retary of War transmitting papers relative to Freedmen's Bureau and Abandoned Lands. Letter of the Supeiintendcnt of the relative to amount expended in the execution of said office Fry Thomas W. jr. Letter from the Secretary of War rel- ative to claim of G. Georgia Letter from the General of the Army relative to certain officers of the army acting in the legislature of the State of as a committee of election Georgia. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting copies of General Terry's reports on Greene Charles L. passed assistant surgeon in the Navy. Message from the President transmitting the charges findings and sentence in case of Guptill Levi C. Letter from the Secretaty of W^ar trans- mitting copy of deed executed by to the United States. H. Hallett's Point. Letter from the Secretary of War rela- tive to cost of cutting channel through Part. 6 6 6 11 7 7 12 12 11 6 11 11 5 6 6 12 12 1 No. 86 80 67 53 50 230 184 169 289 283 2.'^ 107 256 194 243 17 49 142 287 Page. 82 288 30 248 66 INDEX. XVII Title. Harbor-masters' fees. Lett-er from the Secretary of the Treasury relative to Harbors. Letter from the 8ecret»r gt ' of War submitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to harbor at Ply- mouth Harbors. Letter from the Secretarj' of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers. u gt on the harbor at Os- wego Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to im- p lt lt liments in rivers and in Massachusetts Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to harbor at Port Washington Wisconsin Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers upon New Haven Harbor . . Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to Black Lake Har- bor Michig^an Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to harbor at Chi- cago Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to Michigan City Harbor Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to a light to mark the pier in certain of Massachusetts Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of surveys of the Christiana River at Wilmington Delaware Harbors. Letter from the Secretary' of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to Oswego Harbor New York Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to e%- peuditnres on Boston and New York harbors Delaware breakwater amp c Havre de Grace. Letter from the Postmaster General re- lative to the abstraction of stamps from the post office at Headquarters rents of. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting statements relative to Headquarters. Letter from the Secretary of War trans- mitting statement of expenses of Hospital Providence. Letter from the Snrgeou General asking an appropriation for transient paupers in Hospital Providence. Letter from the Surgeon General transmitting report of expenditures for completion of . . . Hospital marine at David's Island. Letter from the Sec- retary of the Treasury asking an appropriation for Hospital service marine. Letter from the Secretai*y of the Treasury transmitting bill for reorganization of Hospit-al marine. Letter from the Secretary of the Treas- ury asking an appropriation of 230 000 for current ex- penses of the Hospital marine at Mobile. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury relative to condition of Hospital marine. Letter from the Secretary of the Treas- ury asking an appropriation for maintenance of Hotaling A. P. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs relative to claim of House of Correction for Boys. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting report of Board of Trustees of the Howard William A. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting papers relative t-o claim of Howard University. Transfer of buildings of 2 HE D 7 11 12 12 6 11 12 5 5 6 1 6 7 11 12 ...... 11 7 5 12 224 263 264 100 247 262 10 12 55 101 19^ I 246 298 218 149 21 273 XVIII INDEX. Title. I. Illinois improvement of tbe harbor of Chicago. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to Imprisonment of citizens in military prisons. Message of the President relative to Indemnity funds China and Japan. Letter from the Secre- tary of State relative to Indiana. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior trans- mitting report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office relative to lands in Knox Connty Indiana. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to har- bor of Michigan City Indian service. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior relative to disbarsements on account of the Indian. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to the murder of an by a white settler Indian hostilities in Utah. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of expenses for suppressing Indian reserves survey of. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting estimate of appropriations re- quired for Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior sub- mitting estimates of appropriations for Sisseton Wahpe- ton and other tribes of Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior relative to treaty with the Delaware tribe of ' Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior trans- mitting copy of letter from the secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners relative to appropriations for Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interioi relative to claims for stock stolen from the Delaware tribe of Indian tribes. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting letter from the committee of Friends rela- tive to Kiowas Comanches and Apache Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior trans- mitting copy of report of Indian Commission relative to claims of certain tribes of Kansas Indians. Letter from the Secretarv of the Interior relative to annuities withheld from certain tribes of Indian service in Montana. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior recommending an appropriation to pay an outstanding indebt'cdness for Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior recom- mending an appropriation to pay certain approved vouch- ers on account of Indian service in the Sioux Indian district . Indian atiairs in Oregon. Letter from the Commissioner of Indian Aflairs relative to '. . Indian service. Letter ffom the Secretary of the Interior recomniertding an appropriation to pay certain claims for that have been Allowed Indian service. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior recommending an appropriation to pay outstanding in- debtedness on account of at Fort Berthold agency Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior trans- mitting accounts of John E. Tappau for goods given to the Kiowa Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior recom- mending an appropriation to pay a debt due S. E. Ward for goous furnished to at Fort Laramie Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior trans- mitting report of commissioners appointed to examine the clanus of the Pottawatomie Indians. Letter from the Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs relative to number of in each of the various tribes named in book of estimates 11 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7. 7 7 1 1 7 7 i 225 69 115 120 14 16 44 53 67 83 84 108 125 127 130 137 138 146 148 150 151 152 154 158 INDEX. XIX Title. Vol. Indiantt. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior relative to an appropriation for porchafte of mills dE.o.y for the Flathead 1 Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior relative to the encroachment of white settlers upon the lands of the Osage in Kansas Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior relative to the late expedition against the Piegan Indians. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to the late expedition against the Piegan Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior asking an appropriation to carry out treaty stipulations with Delaware Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior relative to stray bands of Pottawatomie and Winnebago in Wis- consin Indians loyal and freedmen of the Creek Nation of. Let- ter from the Secretary of the Interior asking an appro- priation for payment of losses of soldiers who enlisted in the federal Army and Indians. Message from the President relative to difficul- ties with various tribes of Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior relative to the efforts made by the Government to educate and civilize the ." Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior asking an appropriation of $250 000 for purchase of subsistence for certain tribes of Indians. Secretary of War communicates in answer to res- olution of the House of March 3 1870 relative to the late expedition against the Piegan In lt lians. The Secretary of the Interior transmits a letter from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs relative to an appropriation in aid of the of central superintendency . . Indians Black Beaver. The Secretary of War communi- cates relative to claim of Indians. Secretary of the Interior transmits estimates for an appropriation to defray expenses of delegations of visiting Washington Indians. Secretary of the Interior asks an appropriation to pay Upper and Lower bands of Sioux according to treaty J une 9 1858 Indians. Secretary of the Interior asks for an appropria- tion for removal of the Kaw from Kansas to the Indian Territory Indians. Secretary of the In terior transmits report of Com- missioner of Indian Aflairs relative to pay of Indian in- terpreters Indiana. Secretary of the Interior reconnnends an appro- priation of $100 000 to pay certain Indian depredation claims '. Interior. Annual report of the Secretary of the Papers accompanying the above. Annnal report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office Annual report of the Commissioner of Pensions Annual report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Annual report of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dnmb Annual report of the Board of Visitors and Superintend- ent of Construction of the Government Hospital for the Insane year 1869 Annual report of the Metropolitan Police Annual report of the Architect of the Capitol Exten- sion 11 3 Page. 10 2 1096 1117 1137 XX INDEX. Title. Papers f lt f'c. — Continued. Annual report of -the Warden of the United States jail Annual report of the Board of Trustees of the House of Correction Annual report of the Directors of the Columbia Hospital. Interior Secretary of the transmits account of S. Sey- moui of expenses of making survey for a bridge across the Potomac Interior Secretary of the transmits letter from Commis- sioner of Indian Atlairs estimate of appropriations for surveying Indian reserves Interior Secretary of the transmits statement of dis- bursements for Indian service Interior Secretary of the submits estimates of appropri- ations for Sissettm Wahpeton and Santee Sioux Indians at Lac Traverse and DeviPs Lake Dakota Interior Secretarv of the communicates in answer to res- olution of the House of 17th instant relative to report of special Indian Commission of the treaty with Dela- ware Indians Interior Secretary of the transmits copy of letter from the secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners rela- tive to appropriations for Indians Interior Secretary of the transmits abstract of report of the United States Indian agent upon claims for stock stolen from Delaware Indians Interior Secretary of the transmits report of the Com- missioner of the General Land Office relative to quantity of public lands in Knox County Indiana Interior Secretary of the transmits copy of report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs relative to deficiencies in appropriations for pay of Indian interpreters Interior Secretary of^ the transmits letter from the exec- utive committer of Friends on Indian Affairs Interior Sexiretary of the transmits i*eport of commis- sioners appointed under treaty of 23d Februjiry 1867 with Senecas amp c. to investigate claims Interior Secretary of the commnnicat'es in answer to res- olution of the House of 3d February relative to annui- ties withheld from Indians Interior Secretary of the communicates in answer to res- olution of the House calling for report of the chief en- gineer of Union Pacific Railroad Interior Secretary of the recommends an appropriation to pay an outstanding indebtedness on account of the In- dian service in Montana Interior Secretary of the recommends an appropriation to pay vouchers approved by General Harney on account of Indian service in Sioux Indian district Interior Secretary of the communicates in answer to res- olution of the House of February 9 1870 with copy of Vincent Colyer's report on Alaska Interior Secretary of the recommends an appropriation to pay certain claims that have been allowed on account of Indian service Interior Secretary of the transmits copies of two lett'Crs from president of Board of Trustees of House of Correc- tion fur Boys asking an appropriation Interior Secretary of the recommends an appropriation to pay outstanding indebtedness on account of the In- dian service at Fort Berthold Indian agency Interior Secretary of the transmits accounts of John E. Tappan for goods given to Kiowa Indians for delivery of white captives held by them in 18t 8 Vol. Part. No. Page. a 3 1 1145 .3 3 3 3 1 1 1151 1151 5 19 6 53 5 14 6 67 6 83 6 84 6 1 108 6 115 6 .... . . 117 • 6 125 6 •*-"•• 127 6 130 6 132 6 137 6 138 • 7 144 7 148 7 149 7 ...... 150 7 151 INDEX. XXI Title. Interior Secretary of the reoommeDds an appropriation to pay a debt dne S. £. Ward for goods furnished In- dians at Fort Laramie Interior Secretary of the transmits report of commis- sioners appointed to examine the claims of the Potta- watomie Indians Interior Secretary of the transmits copy of a report on the Rio Hondo claim of Louisiana ■ Interior Secretar}^ of the transmits draught of bill amend- atory of the census law Interior Secretary of the transmits copy of a letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs with estimate of appro- priations for purchase of mills ^lc for Flathead Indians. Interior Secretary of the communicates relative to en- croachment of white settlers upon Osage Indian lands in Kansas Interior Secretary of the communicates in answer to res- olution of the Honse of March 4 1870 relative to the late expedition against the Piegan Indians Interior Secretary of the asks for an appropriation to pay for use of building for Bureau of Education Interior Secretary of the communicates relative to act of Congress for the erection of penitentiaries in certain Ter- ritories Interior Secretary of the asks for an appropriation to carry out treaty stipulations with Delaware Indians Interior Secretary of the transmits copy of a letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs relative to the removal of stray bands of Pottawatomie and Winnebago Indians in Wisconsin Interior Secretary of the transmits report of Commis- sioner of Indian Affairs relative to the claim of A. P. Hotaling Interior Secretary of the transmits estimates of appro- priations for survey of public lands within the limits of the grant to the Union Pacific Railroad Interior Secretary of the submits estimate of appropria- tions for expenses of surveyor general's oifice in Wyo- ming Territory Interior Secretary of the communicates in answer to res- olution of the House of March 24 1870 relative to efforts to educate and civilize the Indian tribes Interior Secretary of the asks an ai gt propriation for pay- ment of losses sustained by soldiers who enlisted in the federal Army and loyal refugees and freedmen of the Creek Nation Interior 8 lt Hjretary of the incloses copy of letter from Commissioner oi Indian Affairs asking an appropriation of $250 000 for purchase of subsistence for tne Arapaho Cheyenne and other tribes for 1871 Interior Secretary of the communicates in answer to a resolution of the House calling for information relative to contract with Dempsey amp OToole Interior Secretary of the transmits estimate of appropri- ations to prosecate the exploration of the Colorado River. Interior Secretary of the communicates relative to fur- nishing circuit judges of the United States courts with sets of Little dc Brown's edition of the Statutes at Large ..». Interior Secretary ^of the transmits letter from the Com- missioner of Indian Affairs relative to an appr6priation to carry on the work of instructing the Indians of the cen- tral superintendency Interior Secretary of the communicates relative to cer- tain proceeds of internal revenue for erection of peniten- tiaries in Territories Vol. Part. No. Page. 7 7 7 i 7 I 7 I I I 7 7 7 I 7 I I I I U i 12 I I 12 1 I 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 152 154 157 161 165 179 185 190 192 202 216 218 230 259. 260 217 261 278 280 282 284 286 XXII INDEX. Title. Interior Secretary of the transmits estimate for an ap- propriation to defray expenses of delegations of Indians visiting Washington Interior Secretary of the communicates in answer to a resolution of the House of May 24 1870 relative to es- tablishing an Indian reservation in San Diego County California Interior Secretary of the asks for an appropriation to pay the Upper and Lower hands of Sioux Indians ac- cording to treaty of June 19 1858 Interior Secretary of the recommends an appropriation for ninth census Interior Secretarj' of the communicates relative to tlie condition of the Inteiior Department building as to light ventilation amp c Interior Secretary of the asks an appropriation for re- moval of the Kaw Indians from Kansas to the Indian Ter- ritory Interior Secretaiy of the transmits letter from the gov- ernor of Wj'ouiing Territory relative to a penitentiary building in said Territory '. . Interior Secretary* of the transmits estimate of appropri- ations required to replace archive* of land office at To- peka destroyed by fire Interior Secretary of the transmits statement of number of acres of public lands in Virginia and other States Interior Secretary of the transmits answer relative to the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company Interior Secretary of the recommends an appropriation of 1 0 U00 to pay certain Indian depredation claims Internal Revenue. Annual report of tbe Commissioner of. Internal Revenue. Commissioner of transmits answer to resolution of the House of 17tli January 1870 with statement of the quantity of fine whiskies produced during the mouths from September to December 1868. .. Internal Revenue. Commissioner of transmits answer to resolution of the House of Slst January relative to the copy-right of the revenue coupon-book used by distillers. Internal Revenue. Commissioner of transmits answer to resolution of the House of 26th January relative to dis- tillation of drop beer amp c Internal Revenue. Commissioner of transmits answer to resolution of the House of March 11 relative to the ex- pediency of abolishing internal taxes Iut lt ernal Revenue. Commissioner of transmits answer to resolution of the House of March 1 relative to salaries of internal storekeepers Internal revenue. Secretary of the Treasury transmits answer to resolution of the House of March 21 1870 with statement of balances due from collectors of not now in office Internal Revenue. Commissioner of communicates relative to the Tice meter Internal Revenue. Secretary of the Treasury transmits letter from the Commissioner of relative to certain spirits distilled under direction of a committee to test spirit meters Internal Revenue. Secretary of the Treasury transmits letter from the Commissioner of relative to the Tice meter. Internal Revenue. Secretary of the Treasury transmits a report made to the Commissioner of relative to the col- lection of direct taxes Interpreters. Secretary of the Interior transmit* copy of report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs relative to deficiencies in appropriations for Indian Vol. Part. No. Page. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 6 5 13 5 6 6 7 I t 11 12 12 11 11 t t I 13 291 296 297 299 300 303 306 50 29 195 311 4 87 126 131 214 226 267 272 251 250 312 117 INDEX. XXIII Title. Iowa. Secretary of War transmits copy of deed of land in the State of executed by Levi C. Guptill to the United Stat«8 J. Japan. Secretary of the Treasnry communicates relative to the $600^000 paid the United States as indemnity by . . Japan. Secretary of State communicates relative to. same subject Jones Commodore Thomas ApC.f Secretary of War transmits papers relative to the claim of the estate of K. Kansas land office at Topeka. Secretary of the Interior transmits estimate of appropriation to replace archives of. Kansas. Message of the Fresideut in answer to resolution of th lt House of 21st March relative to the movement of troops to Kansas. Secretary of the Interior communicates relative to encroachments of white settlers upon lands of Osage In- dians in Kftnmm- Secretary of the Interior transmits copy of report made by commissioners to investigate claims of Seneca^ and other tribes of Indians in Keays Lieutenant W. J. Secretary of War trausmit-s re- port of the Judge Advocate General upon the case of Kentucky. Secretary of the Treasury transmits answer to resolution of the House of February 16 r^ative to the erec- tion of a public building at Padncah KnoXy John J. Keport oi^ relative to the revision of the mint and coinage laws L. Land Office. Annual report of the Commissioner of the General . Papers accompanying the above. No. 1. — Tabular statement showing the number of acres of public lands surveyed in the following land States and Territories up to June 30 1868 during the last fiscal year and the total of the public lands surveyed up to June 30 1869 also the total area of the public domain remaining unsurveyed within the same No. 2. — Statement of public lands sold of cash and bounty- land scrip received therefor number of acres entered under the homestead law of May 20 1862 of commis- sions received under sixth section of said act also of land located with scrip under the agricultural college and mechanic act of July 2 1862 and commissions re- ceived by registers and receivers on the value thereof and statement of incidental expenses thereon in the first half year of the fiscal year commencing July 1 1868 and ending June 30 1869 No. 3. — Statement of public lands sold of cash and bounty- land scrip received therefor number of acres entere lt l under the homestead law of May 20 1862 of commis- sions received under sixth section of said act also of land located with scrip under the agricultural college and mechanic act of July 2 1862 and commissions re- ceived by registers and receivers on the value thereof and statement of incidental expenses thereon in the second half of the fiscal year commencing July 1 1868 and ending June 30 1869 Vol. 11 Page. 6 248 51 77 58 6 12 I I .7 i i 6 6 7 ' 12 i r I I 3 50 270 179 127 105 178 307 225 1 226 233 XXIV INDEX. Title. Papers ^-c — ContiDued. No. 4. — Snniioary for the fiscal 3'ear ending Juue 30 1869 showing the number of acres disposed of for cash with bounty land scrip by entry under the homestead laws of May 20 1862 March 21 1864 and June 21 1866 with aggregate of $5 and $10 home8tead payments and home- stead commissions also locations with agricnltural col- lege and mechanic scrip under act of July 2 1862 No. 5. — Statement exhibiting the quantity of lands se- lected for the several States under act« of Congress ap- proved March 2 1849 September 28 1850 and March 12 1860 up to and ending September 30 1869 No. 6. — Statement exhibiting the quantity of land ap- proved to the several States under theact« of Congress approved March 2 1849 September 28 1850 and March 12 18t 0 up to and ending September 30 1869 No. 7. — Statement exhibiting the quantity of land pat- ented to the several States under the acts of Congress approved September 28 1850 and March 12 18 lt 0 and also the quantity certified to the State of Louisiana under act approved March 2 1849 No. 8. — Statement showing the condition of the State selec- tions under the act pf September 4 1841 on the 30th day of June 1869 No. 9. — Condition of bounty land business under acts of 1847 1850 1852 and 1855 showing the issues and loca- tions from the commencement of operations under said acts to June 30 1869 No. 10. — Agricultural selections within certain States and also scrip locations under agricultural and mechanic act of July 2 1862 and supplements of April 14 1864 and July 23 1866 No. 11. — Statement exhibiting land concessions by acts of Congress to States and corporations for railroad and military wagon-road purposes from the year 1850 to June 30 1869 No. 12. — Statement exhibiting land concessions by act« of Congress to States for canal purposes from the year 1827 to June 30 1869 No. 13. — Estimates of appropriations required for the office of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for the fiscal year ending June 30 1871 No. 14. — Estimate of appropriations required to meet ex- penses of collecting the revenue from the sales of public lands in the several States and Territories for the fiscal year ending June 30 1871 No. 15. — Estimates of appropriations required for the Sur- yeyiug Department for the fiscal year eudiug June 30 1871 . No. ici. — Estimates ot appropriations required for surveying the public lands for the fiscal year eudiug June 30 1871. No. 17. — Estimates of appropriations required for the Sur- vey ing Department to supply deficiency for the fiscal year ending June 30 1870 .* No. 18. — Reports of Surveyors General from A to O inclu- sive '. No. 19. — Statement of confirmed Indian pueblo grants and private land claims iu New Mexico No. 20. — Statement showing the area of the several States and. Territories containing public lands the quantity of land disposed of by sale or otherwise in each up to the 30th June 1869 and the quantity of land which remained unsold and unappropriated at that date in the several States and Territories No. 21. — Historical and statistical table of the United States of North America Vol. i Part. 3 3 8 3 3 No. 3 3 3 Page. 1 1 242 244 244 245 245 246 246 3 3 1 1 247 3 3 253 3 i 3 1 254 3 3 1 256 3 3 X 257 1 1 3 •^ 1 260 3 3 ■■• 262 3 3 *■ 1 263 3 1 3 1 1 1 i 1 398 gt 3 3 1 1 1 I 1 400 1 1 3 3 1 404 INDEX. XXV Title. to. Vol. Land Office Topeka Kansas. Secretary of the Interior transmits estimate of appropriation to replace archives of destroyed by fire Land. Secretary of War transmits copy of deed of certain executed by Levi C. Guptill of Iowa to the United States. Lauds in Virfpnia and other States. Secretary of the Inte- rior transmits statement of quantity of in answer to resolution of the House Lands. Commissioner of the General Land Oftice transmits answer to resolution of the House of December 15 1869 relative t^ the acceptance of certain granted to Michigan for railroad purposes in 1856 Lands. Secretary of the Interior transmits report of Com- missioner of the General Land Office relative to quantity of public in Knox County Indiana Lands. Secretary of the Interior transmits estimates of ap- propriations for survey of public within limits of Union Pacific Railroad grant Laws. Secretary of State asks for an aiiproiiriation for publishing the of the United States Laws. Secretary of the Interior communicates relative to furnishing circuit judges of the United States courts with sets of Little amp Brown^s Statutes at Large Lett«r-carrier system. Postmaster General transmits an- swer to resolution of the House of March 21 relative Light-house on Lake Ontario. Secretary of the Treasury transmits answer to resolution of the House of March 16 relative to the necessitv of Lincoln Abraham Tributes of the Nations to. Message of the President relative i gt o Lisbon. Secretary of the Navy transmits answer to reso- lution of the House relative to rates of government ex- change at Little amp Brown. Secretary of the Interior communicates relative to furnishing set lt s of edition of Statutes at Large by to circuit judges of the courts of the United States.. Ix gt ndou International Exhibition in. Secretary of State communicates relative to Louisiana. Secretary of the Interior transmits copy of re- port on the Rio Hondo claims of M. Mails. Postmaster General communicates relative to the rejection of all bids made by Bryan Tyson for transport^i- tion of the Kails. Postmaster General transmits answer to resolution of the House of January 20 relative to railroad contracts for transportation of the Maine. Supervising Architect of the Treasury communi- cates relative to an appropriation for grading amp c. around custom-house at Wiscasset Maine. Secretary of the Treasury asks for an appropria- tion to purchase additional land for the custom-house at Castine Maryland. Secretary of the Treasury communicates rela- tive to the establishment of the office of assistant treas- urer at Baltimore Maryland. Secretary of War transmits answer to resolu- tion of the House of December 9 relative to condition of Patapsco River Massachusetts. Secretary of War submits report of Chief of Engineers relative to Plymouth Harbor 6 11 5 11 12 12 Part. No. Page. 50 248 29 33 115 230 8 181 157 293 90 47 18 XXVI INDEX. Title. Massachusetts. Secretary of War transit its answer to reso- lution of the House of December 10 relative to obstruc- tions of rivers and harbors in Massachusetts. Secretary of War transmits report upon condition of breakwater at Hyannis Massachusetts. Secretary of the Treasury transmits answer to resolution of the House of February 17 relative to a light to make the pier at Plymouth amp Ai Meteorological observations. Secretaiy of War transmits estimates of appropriations required to carry into effect the law authorizing Meter. Secretary or the Treasury transmits communica- tion from Commissioner of Internal Revenue relative to theTice Meters. Secretary of the Treasury transmits letter from Conunissipner of Internal Revenue relative to certain spirits distilled under direction of a committee to make certain tests of Meter. Commissioner of Internal Revenue communicat-es relative to the Tice Michigan. Secretary of War transmits answer to resolu- tion of the House of January 31 with report of Chief of Engineers of survey of port of Sheboygan . . Michigan. Secretary of War transmits answer to resolu- tion of the House of January 17 with report of Chief of En^neers relative to harbor of Black Lake Michigan. Secretary of the Treasury transmits answer to resolution of the House of February 11 with report of Greneral W. F. Reynolds Corps of Engineers relative to range-lights in St. Clair River Military commission. Secretary of War transmits answer to resolution of tlie House of March 30 with copy of pro- ceedings and finding of a held at Little Rock Arkansas in 1864 Military custody. Message of the President in answer to resolution of the House of December 20 1869 relative to citizens held in .• Military posts in Texas. Secretary of War transmits re- ports relative to permanent Militia. Secretary of War transmits answer to request of gt Committee on Military Affairs relative to the of Montana Territory Militia. Secretary of War transmits answer to Committee on Military Affairs relative to the of the State of Missouri Mines and Mining. Report of Rossiter W. Raymond on west of the Rocky Mountains Mint at Charlotte North Carolina. Secretary of the Treas- ury asks for an appropriation to supply a deficiency for. Mints assay offices and coinage. Report of John J. Knox relative to the revision of the laws relating to Missouri. Secretary of War transmits answer to resolution of the House of April 1. 1869 relative to claims of persons claiming residence in fourth congressional district of Missouri. Secretary of War transmits answer to Committee on Military Affairs relative to militia of the State of Money-order Bureau. Postmaster General transmits an- swer to a resolution of House of December 7 relative to payment of pensions through the Montana. Secretary of War transmits answer to request of the Committee on Military Affairs relative to militia force raised by the governor of the Territory of Montana. Secretary of the Interior recommends an appro- priation to pay an outstanding indebtedness on account of Indian service in the Territory of 11 11 11 6 12 5 6 7 6 6 Part. No. Page 182 244 225 228 121 122 307 23 122 199 121 137 INDEX. XXVII Title. Murder of an Indian. Secretary of War transmits report of commanding officer at Camp Gaston California relative to the unprovoked by a white settler N. Navigation and collection of customs. Secret gt ary of the Tr^nr}' transmits draught of bill to remedy embarrass- ments in enforcing the laws relatiug to Navy. Annual report of the Secretary of the Papers accompanying the ahwe. Operations of the fleets Reports of Bureaus Report of Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting Report of Bureau of Navigation Report of Bureau of Ordnance Report of Bureau of Yards and Docks Report of Bureau of Construction and Repair Report of Bureau of Steam Engineering Estimates for Bureau of Steam Engineering Report of Bureau of Provisions and Clothing Estimates of Bureau of Provisions and Clothing Report of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Estimates for Bureau of Medicine and burgery Report of Commandant of Marine Corps Estimates of appropriations required*for service of the office of Secretary of the Report of Superintendent of the Naval Academy Estimates for the Naval Academy Report of the Board of Visitors for 1869 Report of Byard of Officers on Steam Machinery Afloat.. Report of the Naval Board on Yards and Docks Report of Board of Naval Officers on Navy Pensions Report on an luteroceanic Canal Report supplemental on the Capture of New Orleans .. Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to a resolution of the House of the 16th instant caUing for the report of a Board of Admirals Navy. Secretary of the commnnicates relative to con- tracts with Mr. Abecassis Navy-. Secretary of the communicates relative to the pro- ceedings before a board of naval officers on the subject of line and staff rank in the Navy. Secretary of the communicates relative to pay and emoluments oi officers of the Navy. Secretary of the transmits list of vessels of the United States the names of which have been changed since March 4 1869 Navy. Secretary of the. transmits statement of number of men employed in tne several navy yards on first of March. July September and December 1869 Navy. Secretary of the transmits report of desks and number of clerks in his Department Navy. Secretary of the^ transmits record of proceedings of the board of officers appointed to take into consideration the subject of assimilated rank in the Navy. Secretary of the communicates in answer to a res- olution of the House calling for report of Rear Admiral Davison on interoceanic communication at the American Isthmus Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House calling for correspondence with Admiral Far- ragut relative to staff rank in the Vol. i Part. No. • 5 16 Page 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 o 2 2 2 2 2 5 6 6 6 6 7 292 1 37 48 52 91 92 96 97 99 113 171 35 40 40 49 67 72 87 102 105 107 108 112 118 123 128 131 134 136 143 211 233 2 ^7 238 XXVIII INDEX. Title. Vol. Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House relative to removal of the navy yard at Brook- lyn New York Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House of the 17th of January calling for names of defaulting paymasters Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House of the 16th of Mivrch calling for papers rela- tive to questioned letter of Admiral Farnigut Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House of the 2d of March relative to the sinking of the Oneida Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House of the 14th of March relative to officers and vessels of the Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House of the 2d of March relative to the loss of the Oneida Navy. Secr» tary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House of the 12th of February relative to number of officers on active list number of vessels whole number of non-commissioned officers and seamen in the Navy. Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House of June 4 relative to rates of government ex- change at Lisbon Navy. Secretary of the transmits copy of the proceedings of the naval court-martial in the case of Commander J. H. Upshur New York. Secretary of War transmits report of Chief of Engineers relative to harbor of Oswego New York. Secretary of the Navy transmit'S answer to resolution of the House of Representatives relative to the removal of the navy yard at Brooklyn New York. Secretary of" the Tre^isury transmits answer to resolution of the House of Representatives relative to persons employed in the cities of Brooklyn or to aid in the collection of int^ernal revenue New York. Secretary of War communicates relative to improvement of the grounds owned by the United States in Buffalo known as Fort Porter New York. Secretary of War transmits report of Chief of Engineers upon improvements of harbor of Oswego New York. Secretary of War transmits answer to resolu- tion of the House of Representatives relative to expendi- tures on harbors of amp c New York. Secretary of the Treasury transmits answer to resolution of the House of Representatives relative to sale of Battery New York City 1 . . New Jersey. Secretary of War transmits copies of all papers on file relative to the jurisdiction of the United States over Sandy Hook North Carolina. Secretary of the Treasury asks an appro- priation to supply deficiency for mint at Charlotte O. Oath in Texas. Secretary of War transmits certain papers from citizens requiring all persons to take the required by the State constitution Oneida. Secretary of the Navy transmits answer to reso- lution of the House of Representatives relative to the sinking of the United States steamer Oneida. Secretary of the Navy transmits further reply to same with copies of all official reports received relating thereto Part. No. 172 Page- 12 13 5 7 11 12 12 12 6 6 7 11 174 184 187 203 236 277 304 308 I 20 172 i I 208 ' 256 263 I I 264 I I 294 ' 166 I 98 60 187 23 gt f INDEX. xxix Title. Ordnance Department. Secretary of War transmits letter from Chief of Ordnance relative to larger clerical force. . Oregon. Commissioner of Indian Affairs transmits answer to Honse of Representatives resolution of February 15th relative to report of Superintendent of Indian Affairs in. P. Paris International Monetary Conference. Message of the President of the Uuited States transmitting report of Samuel B. Kuggles a delegate to the Passengers in steamships and other vessels. Secretary of State transmits report in compliance with law relative to Patent Office. Commissioner of Patents transmits state- ment of receipts and expenditures in the for the year 1869 Patents. Commissioner of annual report of the Paymaster General. Annual report of the Paymast'er General's Office. Secretary of War communi- cates relative to insufficiency of appropriation for rent of. Paymasters in the Navy. Secretary of the Navy transmits answer to resolution of House of Representatives asking names of defaulting Penitentiaries. Secretary of the Interior communicates relative to act of Congress setting aside internal revenue for the erection of in certain Territories ' Penitentiaries. Secretary of the Interior transmits letter from governor of Wyoming Territory relative to in said Territory Penit4 ntiarie8. Secretary of the Interior cotmnnnicat«s relative to the erection of in the Territories Pensions. Annual report of the Commissioner of Papers accompanying the above* A. — Statement of the number and yearly amount of origi- nal applications and for increase of Army pensions ad- mitt^ in each State and Territory for the year ending June 30 1869 B. — Statement of the amount paid for Army pensions at the agencies in the several States and Territories for the year ending June 30 1869 C. — Statement oi the amount of funds in the hands of agents for paying Army pensions on the 30th day of June 1869 D. — Statement of the number and yearly amount of Army pensions on the rolls of the several States and Terri- tories on the 30th day of June 1869 .■ E. — Statement of the number aud yearly amount of origi- nal applications and for increase of Navy pensions ad- mitted in each State and Territory for the year ending June 30 1869 F. — Statement of the amount paid for Navy pensions at the agencies in the several States and Territories for the year ending June 30 1869 G. — Statement of the amonnt of funds in the hands of agents for paying Navy pensions on the 30th day of June 1869 H. — Statement of the number a^d yearly amount of Navy pensioners on the rolls of each State and Territory on the Wth day of June 1869 I. — Abstract of the reports of examiners under the act of July 14 1862 and supplemental ones on the Army branch of pensioners during the tiscal year ending June 30 1869 12 12 3 306 286 3 1 3 3 3 I I I 3 3 3 407 3 3 3 3 3 3 436 436 437 437 ' 438 439 440 440 441 XXX INDEX. Title. PaperSf ^e. — CoDtinuecl. J. — Abstract of the reports of examiners of pensions under acts passed prior to July 14 1862 and under the thirteenth section of the act of July 27 1868 Pensions. Postmaster General transmits answer to resolu- tion of House of December 7 relative to payment of through Money-order Bureau Pennsylvania volunteers. Secretary of War transmits re- port of Adjutant General upon the 186th regiment of Pilot-boat A. T. Stewart. Secretary of War transmits an- swer to a resolution of the House relative to the wreck of the Postmaster General of the operations of his office. Annual report of the Papers accompanying the above. Statement of revenues and expenditures for year 1869-*70. Estimates for 1870-71 Stamps and stamped envelopes for year 1870-71 Free delivery or carrier svstem Disposition amp c. of dead letters Postal money-order system Appendix No. 1. — Estimates for expenditures out of the revenue for 1870-71 Estimates of expenditures to be provided for from the treasury Appendix No. 2. — Statement exhibiting the receipt* and expenditures under appropriate heads by quarters for the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 compared with the fiscal year ended June 30 1868 Appendix No. 3. — Statement of receipts and disburse- ments at treasury depositories amp c. year ending June 30 1869 Appendix No. 4. — Depository post offices September 20 1869 Appendix No. 5. — Estimate of indebtedness of Post Office Department on June 30 1869 and not yet adjusted Appendix No. 6.— Postage stamps stamped envelopes and newspai er wrappers issued auring the year 1868-'69. .. Appendix No. 7. — Postage stami s stamped envelopes and newspaper wrappers issued during the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 Appendix No. 8. — Statement showing the increase in issue of postage stamps stamped envelopes and newspaper w^rappers Appendix No. 9. — General statement of postage stamps stamped envelopes and newspaper wrappers issued during the fiscal year and remaining unsold in the hands of i gt ostmasters July 1 1869 Appendix No. lO.^^tatement of payments under vari- ous heads charged to miscellaneous account for the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 Aitj gt endix No. 11. — Comparative statement of the disposi- tion of dead letters during the fiscal years 1868 and 1869. Appendix No. 12. —Statement of mail service for contract year ending June 30 1869 A. — Table of mail service for the year ended June 30 1869 as exhibited by the state of the arrangements at the close of the year B. — Railroad service as in operation on June 30 1869. .. C. — Steamboat service as in operation on June 30 1869. D. — Table showing the increase and decrease in mail transportation and cost during the year ended June 30 1869 E. — T4ble showing the weights of mails amp c Index to Table E 7 6 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Page. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 199 123 163 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 442 3 4 18 18 20 31' 31 32 33 35 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 44 61 65 70 67 INDEX. XXXI Title. Panen 4'c — Conti-nued. F.— Table showing the reo^astment of the rates of pay per mile on certain railroad routes based upon returns of the weight of the mails conveyed the accommoda- tions provided for mails and agents of the department amp c '. Index to Table F Appendix No. 13. — Circular of instructions. Through mails to California overland route Appendix No. 14.— Railway post office lines in operation June 30 1869 Appendix No. 15. — Statement showing operations and re- sults of foreign mail service for the year ending June 30 1869 Appendix No. 16.-»-Convention between the general post office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- laud and the General Post Office of the United States Appendix No. 17. — Additional article to the regulation of detail and order signed at Paris November 2Sj 1867 amp c Appendix No. 18. — Amended article to replace Article 16 of detaile lt l regulations* for the execution of postal convention signed at Florence November 8 1867 Appendix No. 19. — Total operations of the appointment office for the 3'ear ending June 30 1869 Appendix No. 20. — Table showing increase and decrease of post offices for the year 1869 Appendix No. 21. — Convention for further amelioration of postal intercourse between the Uuited States and the Swiss Confederation Appendix No. 22. — Detailed regulations agreed unon be- tween the Post Office Department of the United States and the postal administration of Switzerland Appendix No. 23. — Instructions to postmasters relative to the system of postal money-orders between the United States and Switzerland Appendix No. 24. — Report of the Auditor Paper§ accompanying the ahore A. — Statement exhibiting the receipts of the Post Office Department under the several appropriate heads by quarters for the j^ear ending June 30 1869 B. Statement exhibiting expenditures under their ap- propriate heads by quarters for the year ending June 30 1869 C. — Statement of postal receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year ending June 30 1869 D. — Statement of the operation of the letter-carrier sys- tem for the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 £. — Detailed statement under the head of miscellaneous payments made by the Post Office Department for the fiscal year endin ^ June 30 1869 F. — Summary of principal labors G. — Statement showing transactions of the money-order office for the year ending June 30 1869 H. — Statement showing the levonue accruing to money- order department for the fiscal year ending June 30 1869. L — Statement showing the receipts and expenditures of the money-order department for the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 J. — Amount of letter postage on British mails received in and sent from the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 K. — Aniount of letter postage on North German Union mails received in ana sent from the United States dur- ing the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 L. — Amount of letter postage collected on French mails 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 78 82 83 84 85 86 87 87 88 89 89 91 93 97 102 103 104 106 107 112 115 116 116 117 118 XXXII INDEX. Title. Papers^ fc — Continued. received in and sent from the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 M. — Amount of letter postage on Belgian mails received in and sent from the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30 1H69 N. — Amount of letter postage on the Netherlands mails received in and sent from the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 O. — Amount of letter postage on Switzerland mails re- ceived in and sent from the United States during the fiscal yejir ending June 30 1869 P. — Amount of letter postage on Italian mails received in and sent from the United States during the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 Q. — Number of letters and weight of newspapers amp c. exchanged between the Uuite lt l States and the United Kingdom in British mails during the year ended June 30 1869 R. — Number of letters and weight of printed matter sent exchanged between the United States and the North German Union during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869. S. — Number of letters and newspapers exchanged betw^eeu the United States and France during the fiscal year end- ing June 30 1869 T. — Number of rates of letters and weight of printed mat- ter sent exchanged between the United States and Belgium during the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 U. — Njimber of Tetters exchanged between the United States and the Netherlands during the fiscal year end- ing June 'cOy 1869 V. — ^Number of lett^irs exchanged between the United States and Switzerland during the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 W. — Number of letters exchange^l between th# United States and Italy during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 X. — Statement of letters and newspapers with the several postages received in and sent from the United States to Panama during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869.. Y. — Statement of letters and newspapers with the sev- eral postages received in and sent from the Utiited States to Mexico during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 Z. — Statement of letters and newspapers with the several postages received in and sent from the Unit-ed States to Brazil during the year ending June 30 1869 AA. — Statement of letters and newspapers with the sev- eral postages received in and sent from the United States to Belize Honduras during the fiscal year end- ing June 30 1869 BB.— Statement of letters and newspax^ers with the sev- eral postages received in and sent from the United States to the West India islands during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 CC. — Statement of letters and newspapers with the sev- eral postages received in and sent from the United States toChinaduring the fiscal yearending June30 1869. DD. — Statement of letters and newspapers with the sev- eral postages received in and sent from the United ' States to Honolulu during the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 .* EE. — Statement of letters and newspapers with the sev- eral postages on the mails sent from the United States to Cape Town Africa direct during year ending June 30 1869 Vol. Part. 2 2 2 2 2 2 i 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 I 2 2 No. j Page. 119 120 121 122 123 123 124 124 124 125 125 125 126 126 126 127 127 127 128 128 INDEX. XXXIII Title. Vol. Part. No. Page. Papers lt fc. — Continued. FF.— Statement of amount of letter-i 08ta lt e on Nova Sco- tia and Prince Edward Island uiailH received in and sent from the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30 }f lt 69 GG. — Number of letters exchanged between the United States and foreign countries during the fiscal year end- ing June 30 1869 HH. — Amount of postages on mails exchanged between the Unite«l States and the British Provinces during the fiscal year ended June 30 1869 n. — Amounts reported as due the steamers of the miscel- laneous or Dale line for services rendered during the fiscal year ending June 30 1869 KK. — Balances due the United States on the adjustment of postal accounts with foreign countries for the quar- ters indicated Postmaster General submits estimates of appropriations for the Post Office Department for the next fiscal year Postmaster General transmits list of desks clerks amp c. em- ployed in the Post Otfice Department for year ending June 30 1869 * Postmaster General transmits answer to resolution of the House inquiring relative to persons holding United States office having l gt een employed to treat for his Department with foreign nations Postmaster General transmits answer to resolution of the House relative to the contracts for transporting mails on railway lines Postmaster General transmits answer to resolution of the House of Representatives relative t« the loss of stamps from the post office at Havre de Grace Maryland Postmaster General transmits answer to resolution of the House relative to the payment of pensions through the Money -order Bureau Postmaster General transmits answer to resolution of House relative to the letter-carrier system Postmaster General transmits report ofi'eceipt^ and expend- itures of the Post Office Department for fiscal years end- ing June 30 1867 and 1868 Postmaster General transmits statement of fines and deduc- tions Postmaster General communicates relative to his action in rejecting all bids made by Bryan Tyson for transporta- tion of the mails Postmaster General transmits reports required by the act of Congress of July 2 1836 .♦ Post Office I ei gt arl ment. Organization of the Post trailers. Secretary of War communicates relative to sales by to enlisted men President of the United States on the state of the Union with accompanying documents and reports. Annual me8sage of tlie President of the United States in answer to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the 8th instant trans- mitting a list of the States ratifying the fifteenth amend- ment. Message from the President of the United Stat^is in answer to a resolution of the House of the 13th instant requesting a copy of any correspondence had with Spain relative to Cuba. Mes- sage from the Pr lt «ident of the United States in answer to a resolution of the House of the 9th instant transmitting the action of Alabama on the fifteenth amendment. Message from the 7 11 12 12 12 13 11 128 129 129 129 131 3 H E D 13 24 40 90 100 199 233 275 289 293 314 314 249 1 15 22 26 XXXIV INDEX. Title. President of the Uuited States in answer to resolution of the House of 9th Docember asking for charges testimony Hudiugs and sentence of Passed Assistant Surgeon Charles L. Green United States Navy. Message of the President of the United States in answer to resolution of the House of January 17 relative to appropriations for the Darien Ship Canal. Message from the President of the IJnited States in answer to a resolution of the House of February 3 calling for number of copies of "Tributesof the Nations to Abraham Lincoln." Message from the Pi'esident of the lJiiit4 d States transmitting answer to res- olution of the House of Februaiy 10 relative to claims of American citizens against Spain for payment in coin. Message from the President of the Uuited States in answer to resolution of the House relative to the murder of Americans in Cuba. Message from the President of the United States in answer to resolution of the House of February 7 relative to the struggle for free- dom in Cuba. Message from the President of the Unitexl States in answer to resolution of the Houst^ of January 15 relative to American citizens eoniined in jails or prisons in Great Britain. Message from the President of the United States transmitting communication from the Secretary of State relative to claims of citizens of the Un ited States aga inst Venezuela. Message from^t he . President of the llnited States in answer to a resolution of the H mse of December *2 gt relative to citizens imprisoned in military custoily. Message from the President of the Uuited Stat-t^s in answer to a resolution of the House of March 28 asking a list of privileges accom- panying or relating to the San Domingo treaty. Message from the President of the United States in answer to a resolution of the House of February 7 relative to fisheries in British waters. Message from the President of the United States in answer to a Resolution of the House of March 7 relative to ditticulties with various Indian tribes. Message from the President of the United States transmitting report of Sam- uel B. Rnggles a delegate to the International Monetary Convention at Paris. Message from the President of the United Stat^js transmitting i apers rela- tive to claim of John R. Brady. Message from the President of the United States in answer to a resolution of the House of March 21 relative to the movement of troops to Kansas. Message from the President of the Unit^ States in answer to a resolution of the House relative to Spanish war vessels coming to the United States for repairs. Message from the Prisoners American citizens confined as in Great Britain. Message of the President in answer to a resolution of the House relative to Prisons. Secretary of War transmits report of the Adju taut General recommending a system of military Public buildings. Secretary of the Treasury transmits re- port of Supervising Architect relative to the erection of at Erie Pennsylvania amp c Public buildings. Secreta ry of the Treasury transmits an- swer to resolution of the House of February 16 relative to at Paducah Kentucky Public buildings. Secretary of the Treasury transmits an- swer to resolution of the House relative to requirements for new Vol. 5 6 Part. 6 6 7 1.2 7 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 7 6 6 7 7 No. Pag lt 30 81 128 139 140 160 170 .. 176 225 237 239 240 266 279 270 177 170 61 135 178 213 INDEX. XXXV Title. Public debt. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury in answer to resolution of the House of March 9 trans- mitting stat-ement of payments on account of from 1789 toisiB r Public debt. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury in answer to resolution of the House of July 5 1870 relative to the amount of the at the end of each tiscal year Q. Quarantine steamer Illinois. Secretary of War communi- cates relative to the being transferred to New York Bailroad grant of land to the Grand Haven. Commissioner of tlie General Land Office transmits answer to resolution of the House of December 15 relative to fiailroads. Postmaster General transmits answer relative to transportation of the mails by Kailroad. Secretary of the Int lt *rior transmits answer rela- tive to resolution of the House calling for report of chief engint^er of Union Pjicitic •. Kailroad. Secretary of the Interior transmits answer rela-« tive to tlie Atlantic and Pacific fiailway comjiauies. Secretary of the Treasury transmit'S answer relative to the Pacitic Railroad. St^cretary of the Intf^rior transmits estimates of api^ntpriations for the survey of nublic lan lt ls within the limits of the grant to the Uni lt m Pacitic Hai1n gt ad Company. Secretary of the Treasury answers the House relative to the interest due u ou the bonds issued to the Pacific Bailroad. Secretary of War answers the House relative to the accounts of the Nashville and Decatur Rank line and staff in the Navy. Secretary of the Navy transmits answer to inquiry of the House relative to Rank assimilated in the Navy. Secretary of tlie Navy transmits answer to imjuiry of the House relative to the subject of Rank staff in the Navy. Secretary of the Navy transmits all correspondence with Admiral Farra lt ^nt relative to Raymond Kossiter W. Report of on mines and mining west of the Rocky Mountains Recei pts and expenditures of Post Office Dejiartment. Post- master General transmits statement of the Reservation. Secretary of War answers the Houi*e relative to providing for the sale of the Fort Gratiot military in Michigan Reservations survey of Indian. S lt ^cretary of the Interior transmits copy of letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs with estimates of appropriations for for year end- ing June 30 1871 Reservation militar^^ at Fort Wayne. Secretary of War recommends the passage of a joint resolution authorizing him to relinquish to General Land Office Reservation United States military at Fort Dakota. Sec- retary of War communicatee information for Committee on the Public Lands relative to Reservation United States military s/t Fort Kearny. Sec- retary of War informs the House that the is no longer require lt l Reservation Indian in San Diego County California. Sec- retary of the Interior answers th« House relative to the. . Reservation military at Point San Jos lt ^ California. Sec- retary of War transmits report of Chief of Engineers relative to the 13 12 5 6 6 7 11 11 10 12 6 7 7 7 12 12 Part. No. • Page 210 310 268 33 • • • mt^ • 90 132 • •*••• 195 201 ...... 230 234 109 52 99 ...... 171 207 275 54 53 186 189 194 • 296 305 XXXVI INDEX. Title. Revenue officers. Secretary of the Treasury answera the House relative to abolishing all allowances of penalties fineSf forfeitures amp c. to as informers in the collection of internal revenue Revenue. Secretary of the Treasury transmits report of Special Commissioner of the Revenue. Secretary of the Treasury answers resolntion of the House relative to persons other than regularly ap- pointed officers employed in Brooklyn or New York to aid in collecting internal Reynolds Benjamin F. Secretary of War transmits peti- tion of for relief River. Secretary of War answers the House rt*lati ve to the pn gt gress made in deepening the passes of the Mississippi. . River. Secretary of War answers the House relative to the Des Moines and Rock Island ^Rapids of the Mississippi .. . River. Secretary of War answers the House relative to survey of the Housat lt mio River. Secretary of War transmits report of General W^ar- ren of Engintjer Corps relative to improvement of the Mississippi at or near the Falls of St. Anthony . . ^ River. Secretary of War answers the House relative to navigable condition of the Savannah with report of Chief of Engineers River. Secretary of the Treasury answers the House rela- tive to establishing range-lights in St. Clair Michigan .. . River. Secretary of the Interior transmits estimate of ap- propriations to complete the exploration of the Colorado. River. Secretary of War transmits report of Chief of En- gineers upon the proposed continuation of the explora- tion of the Colora lt lo River. Secretary of War answers the Honse relative to the improvement of the Upper Mississippi River. Secretary of War answers the House relative to survey of the Arkansas by S. T. Abert Ryan- Hitchcock marine for titicat ions. Secretary of War answers the House relative to the S. • Saltpeter. Secretary of the Treasury calls the attention of. Committee of Ways and Means to the duties on San Domingo. Message from the President answering the •Honse rehitive to list of privileges accompanying the treaty with Sandy Hook. Secretary of War transmits copies of all papers on tile relating to the jurisdiction of the United Static over Schools in the District of yolumbia. Report of Professor H. Barnanl on the subject of Seamen. Sticretary of State transmits abstract of returns by collectors of customs for the relief and protection of American Seymour S. Secretary of the Interior transmits account of of expenses in making survey for a bridge across the Potomac River Ship-caiial. Secretary of War answers the House transmit- ting re »orts of General T. J. Cram up lt m the St. Mary's Falls Ship-canal. Secretary of War communicates upon the St. Mary's FjjIIs Sinking fund. Secretary of the Treasury answers tiie House relative to the operation of the in extinguishing the debts of the war of the revolution and of 16\Z Sinking fund. Secretary of the Treasury answers the House relative to the purchase of boniU for the Vol. Part. I 12 D 5 6 12 12 12 12 11 13 o 7 7 11 No. Page 12 283 27 208 274 46 43 62 118 153 182 280 281 285 295 17 94 237 166 315 6 19 198 205 215 231 INDEX. XXXVII Title. Soldiers Secretary of War transmits memorial of of the regular Army relative to equalization of bounties Soldieis. Secretary of War coinmniiicates relative to the larjje demands upon the a »propnatiou for payment to lischargeil for clothing not drawn Soldiers. Secretary of War answers the House relative to the collection and payment of bounties to colored Southern States. Secretary of War transmits reports con- cerning officers of the Army on duty in the who are in receipt of salaries both tVoni State treasuries and the treasury of the United Stat^^ Spain. Messaj^e of the President of the United States answering the House relative to Spanish war vessels coming to the United States for repairs State Department. Correspondence of the upon foreign affairs State Department. Secretary of State communicatee rela- tive to a site for a building for the State Secretary of transmits abstract of returns by col- lectors oH customs for relief and protection of seamen.... State Secretary of asks an appropriation for publishing the laws of the United States State Secretary of transmits report of number compensa- tion reduction amp c. of the clerical force in his Depart- ment Stat^* Si'cretary of communicates relative to indemnity funds received from the governments of China and Japan by his Department State Secretary of communicates relative to a commission apiM gt inted by Congress to select a site for the erection of a building for the State Department State Secretary of communicates relative to the sum of $600 tXK in gold paid as indemnity for aggressions upon our commerce State Secretary of transmits statement of contingent ex- pensi gt 8 of his Department for the year ending June 30 18 gt 9 State Si'cretary of communicates relative to an interna- tional exhibition in London in 1871 '. State Secretary of transmits report in compliance with an act of Congress of March 3 1855 regulating the carriage of passengers in steamships and other vessels Statutes at Large. Secretary of the Interior communicates relative to furnishing circuit .judges of the United States courts with sets of Little amp Brown's Steamer Illinois for quarantine purposes. Secretary of War communicates relative to the transfer of to New York Storekeepers. Secretary' of the Treasury answei-s the House relative to salaries of internal revenue Strong James C. Secretary of War transmits information for Committee on Military Aifairs the report of the Adju- tant General of the Army relative to the claim of Surgeon General. Annual report of the Surgeon General asks an appropriation for care amp c. of transient paupers at Providence Hospital incloses a report of expenditures for completion of Provi lt lence Hospital Washington District of Columbia during the vear 1869 T. Tael of China. Secretary of the Treasury communicates relative to the value of the Tappan John E. Secretary of the Interior transmits ac- counts of for goods given to Kiowa Indians Vol. 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 11 12 12 11 4 2 5 11 Part. No. Page. 11 I i 11 1 2 191 223 241 211 177 1 71 6 8 9 69 71 77 110 181 235 282 268 226 180 1 12 229 151 419 XXXVIII INDEX. Title. Tariff. Secretary of the Treasury calls the attention of the Committee of Ways and Means to the duties on saltpeter. Tariff. Secretary of the Treasury communicates relative to duty on wire rods Taxes. Commissioner of Internal Revenue answers the House relative to the expediency of abolishing the inter- nal amp c Taxes. Secretary of the Treasury transmits a report made to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue relative to the collection of direct Telegraph companies. Secretary of the Treasury answers the House relative to the refusal of in New York to re- port to the internal revenue assessor the amount of gross receipts Tenitories penitentiaries in the. Secretary of the Interior communicates relative to act of Congress setting aside certain proce^jds from internal revenue for the erection of. Territories. Secretary of the Interior communicates rela- tive to Texas. Secretary of War transmits communication from the commandant of the Fifth Military District ur^i^ingan appropriation for expenses of the recent election in Texas. Secretary of War transmits copies of the returns of the election held in the second congressional district of. . Texas. Secretary of War transmits certain papers relative to the taking of the oath required by the constitution of. Tice meters. Secretary of the Treasury transmits communi- cation from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue rela- tive to the Tice meters. Commissioner of Internal Revenue communi- cates relative to the Tobacco and liquors. Secretary of the Treasury anrwers the House of Representalives transmitting a statement relative to the amount of tax collected on Treasury. On the state of the finances for year 1869 annual report of the Secretary of the Vol. Part. Papers aceampanying the above. The Secretary's report Tables accompanying report. 1. Public debt and synopsis of laws creating it 2. Receipts and expenditures of the United States for first quarter of 1869 3. Liabilities to Indian tribes 4. Payments of judgments rendered by Court of Claims //. Reports of treasury offictrs. Architect Supervising 1. Public buildings and the cost of sites construction and repairs up to 1669 '. . . 2. Appropriations for the erection and repairs of the same 3. Kx enditures for 1869 and balances remaining 4. Expenditures for furniture and repairs ot furniture 5. Expenditures for repairs and prestirvation of public buildings 6. Monthly report of superintendent at Boston Massa- chusetts 7. Quarterly report of materials machinery amp c. from the same r Auditor First 13 12 12 12 11 12 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 No. 1 Page. 94 221 214 312 301 192 286 59 265 60 250 272 124 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 INDEX. XXXIX Title. BqH^rtfiy 4"^. — Continued. Auditor Second Auditor Third Auditor Fonrth Auditor Fifth 1. Expenses of foreign missions for fiscal year 1869 • 2. Consular salaries and fees for iiscal year 1869 3. Expenditures for relief of American seamen 1869.. 4. Number of destitute American seamen returned to the United States 5. Amonnts expended by consular officers on account of criminal seamen 6. Amounts refunded to citizens and seamen 1869 7. Department accounts received and allowed 8. Expenses of collecting the internal revenue taxes 1869 9. Amounts paid to internal revenue inspectors 10. Expenses of collecting internal revenue taxes in in- surrectionary districts 1869 11. Miscellaneous expenses of collecting internal rev- enue taxes 1869 12. Drawbacks on merchandise refunded 1869 13. Amount paid for internal revenue stamps Auditor Sixth for Post Office Department Coast Survey Commissioner of Customs Commist gt ioner of Internal Revenue Commissioner of Indian Att'airs Comptroller of Currency 1. Statement showing the number of banks circula- tion amp c 2. National banks in liquidation first quarter 1869. .. 3. National banks in voluntary liquidation 4. National banks in hands of receivers 5. State of the lawful money reserves required by law 6. Officers and employes of the Bureau and their com- pensation Silver coinage from 1853 to 1859 Deposits of domestic silver productions from 1841 to 1869 Gold coins of different countries Gold coins their weight and value Silver coins their weight and value Gold silver and copper coinage from 1792 to 1809 Light-bouse Board Register 1. Claims paid " not otherwise provided for " 1869 2. Customs employ lt 58 and their compensation 3. Exjienditures at each custom-house previous to 1809 4. Expenditures of the re venue- ^^ utter service 5. Public debt statement from 1791 to 1869 6. Total revenue of the Unite lt l ^tat^^^s from 1791 to 1869 7. Total expenditures of the United States from 1791 to l'^9 8. Tonnage of United States vessels from 1789 to 1869 9. Payments of judgment* of Court of Claims 10. Tonnage of American vessels by collection districts 1869 Solicitor 1. Suits brought and business arising therefrom 1869. Superintendent of weights and measures 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Part. No. Page. 2 91 • 2 107 2 135 2 145 2 151 2 156 2 161 2 163 2 164 2 164 2 165 2 166 2 177 »«•««• 2 177 ■ 2 177 2 178 2 179 2 183 2 397 2 67 2 3 2 375 2 21 2 41 2 42 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 52 2 367 2 368 2 369 2 370 2 370 2 371 2 409 2 295 2 300 2 301 2 314 ...... 2 316 2 317 2 318 2 320 2 322 2 324 2 326 2 331 2 3 2 2 403 XL INDEX. Title. Papers f lt fc. — Continued. Trejwurer 1. Keceipts and payments by the United St.ites assist- ant treasurers and depositaries For a detailed index of tliis report see i p. 495 to 498 in- clusive. Treasury Secretary of the transmits the annual report of the Commissioner of Internal Kevenue for the year end- ing .June W 1869 Treasury Secretary of the transmits estimates of addi- tional appropriations required to complete the service of the tiscal year ending June 30 1870 an lt l appropriations required for fiscal year ending June 30 1871 Trejisury Secretary of the communicates relative to the payment of bounty for the capture of Jeft'ersou Davis Treasury Secretary of the transmits answer to a resolu- tion of the House of December 5 calling for a copy of report of the late special agent of his Department for Alaska Treasui y Secretary of the communicates relative to steamboat«s and other vessels owned in loyal States and taken by the Governmeut without consent of owners during the war Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to the sum of six hundred thousand dollars paid the United States as indemnity for aggression upon our commerce under treaty with Japan Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to pur- chase of David's Island for a marine hospital Treasury Secretary of the transmits statement of the amount appropriated and expended in the construction of the Washington aqueduct Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to er- rors in book of estimates Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to de- ficiencies in appropriations for lltah Tretisury Secretary of the communicates relative to an omitted estimate for 18/0-71 Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to the claim of the heirs of Pedro Armendaris for use of Fort Craig military reservation New Mexico Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to cap- tured and abandoned property Trea^sury Secretary of the communicates relative to pay and emoluments of officei*8 of the Navy Treasury Secretary of the calls the attention of the Com- mittee of Ways and Means to the duties on saltpeter Trejisury Secretary of the communicates relative to the amount of banking capital in the several States Treasury Secretary of the asks an appropriation to sup- idy a deficiency in the appropriation for the mint at Char- lotte North Carolina Treasury Secretary of the transmits a draught of a bill for th 3 reorganization of the marine hospital service .. .. Trcjisurj^ Secretary of the asks an appropriation to pur- chase additional land for the custom-house at Castine Maine Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to re- pairs of the custom-houses at Savannah Georgia and Mo- bile Alabama Treasury Secretary of the transmits report of Special Commissioner of the Revenue upon the industry trade and commerce « amp c. of the United States Vol. Part. 4 4 5 5 r gt 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 5 No. I Pago. 2 2 5 34 36 45 51 55 56 57 68 70 73 89 91 94 95 98 101 INDEX. XLI Title. Treasury Secretary of the transmits estimates fur defi- ciencies ill Trejisury Department for year lfc'69-'70 Treasury Secretary of tlie answers resolution uf House transmitting a report from Comptroller of the Currency relative to the national banking associations Treasury Secretary of the inclones statement of balances nuexpeude lt l ou the 30t.h Swptenil er 1859 amp c Treasury Secretary of the transmits stat^^ment of the number of clerks and others employed in the bureaus of the Treasury for year 18d9 • Treasury Sweretary of the transmits report of the Chief * of the Division of Tonnage in Treasury Department rel- ative to the foreign connnerce of the United StatiiS and the decadence of American shipping Treasury Secretary of the answers the House transmit- ting report of acting inspector of customs concerning the Youkou Kiverand the Islands of St. Paul and St. George Alaska Treasur3% Secretary of the answers resolution of House of January 31 transmitting statement n-lafive to amount of tax ccdlei't^d on liquors and tobacco for year ending December n 1869 Treasury Secretary* of the answers the House relative to the fur-seal fisheries of Alaska Treasury Secretary of the answers House relative to all special agents and assistants of the Treasury Department on tlie rolls on the 4th of March 1869 Treasury Secretary of the transmits reports of the Su- pervising Architect of the Trcjisury relative to the erec- tion of public buildings at Erie Pennsylvania « amp c Treasury Secretary of the answers the House transmit- ting report of the special agent of Alaska upon the fur- seal fisheries Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the number of special agents appointed and now acting for the Treasury Department Treasury Secretary of the transmits a statement of the receipts from revenue and customs in Alaska Treasury Secretary of the transmits statement of inci- dent4il and contingent expenses of his Department for year ending June 30 1869 Treasury Secretary of the transmits statement of unex- pended balances on 3 th June 1869 also estimates to complete the service of the current fiscal year amp c Treasurj' Secretary of the transmits statement of the ex- gt enditures for public and private purposes in the District of Columbia from the establishment of the seat of gov- ernment to December 31 1869 Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to a light to mark the pier at the harbor of Plymouth amp c. Massachusetts Treasury Secretary 6f the answers the House relative to harbor-masters' fee exacted under the laws of New York. Treasury Secretary of the transmits estimates for the cost of easels and fixtures for the Trejisui'y building Treasury Secretary of the answers the House transmit- ting a report of the Comptroller of the Currency relative to circulating notes furnished national banks Treasury Secretary of the transmits draught of bill to provide for the better security of life on steam and ot her vessels Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the erection of a public building at Paducah Kentucky.. Tre isury Secretary of the answers the House relative to establishing range-lights on St. Clair River Michigan Vol. Part. No. Page. 7 .... 65 74 111 112 141 143 147 155 156 7 1 168 173 175 178 182 XLII INDEX. Title. Treaaury Secretary of the aoswers the House relative to money paid bank-note companies amp c Treasury Secretary of the coramunicates relative to an j ippropriation for grading amp c. around the custom-house lot at Wiscasset. Maine TreasurJ' Secretary of the asks an appropriaticm of $230 000 to meet the current expenses of the Marine Hospital Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the Pacific Railway companies Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to persons other than regularly appointed revenue officers employed in the city of Brooklyn or New York to aid in the collection of internal revenue Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the necessity of a light-house on the southern shore of Lake Ontario Treasury Secretary of the transmits detailed statement showing the payments on account of the public debt from 1789 to 1836.... Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the requirements of the public service lor new public buildings Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the operation of the sinking fnnd in extinguishing the war debt of the Revolution and war of 1812 amp c Treasury Secretary of the transmits report of Rossit^r W. Raymond on mines and mining west of the Rocky Mountains Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to the establishment of the office of assistant treasurer in Bal- timore 1 Treasury Secretary of the incloses a letter from the Sec- retary of State asking an appropriation to pay the awards under the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Agricultural Company's treaty with her Britannic Majesty Treasury Secretary of the comnmuicates relative to the duty on w ire rods Treasury Secretary of the transmits detailed statement of expenditures out of the appropriation contained in the 11th section of chapter 54 of statutes of 1862 for coloni- zation pui*poses Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the salaries of internal revenue storekeepers Treasury Secretary of the transmits letter from the Sec- retary of the Interior relative to the accounts of the col- onization agent Treasury Secretary of the communicates relative to the value of the tael of China Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the purchase of bonds for the sinking fund Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the interest due upon the bonds issued to the Pacitic Railroad Company Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the condition and management of the marine hospital at Mobile Treasui*y Secretary of the. transmits letter from the Com- missitmer of Internal Revenue relative to certain spirits distilled under direction of a committee to make certain tests of spirit'-meters Treasury Secretary of the transmits communication from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue relative to the Tice meter Vol. Part. 7 •••••• 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 10 11 •••*•• 11 • 11 11 11 1 11 ' 1 11 11 11 1 " 11 11 No. Piige 188 193 196 201 208 209 210 213 215 207 219 220 221 222 226 227 229 231 234 246 251 250 I INDEX. XLIII Title. Vol. Part. I No. j Page. Treasory Secretary of the transmits letter from the Super- int«udeiit of the United States Coast Survey asking an appropriation to survey Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Treasury Secretary of the transmits letter from the Super- vising Architect of the Treasury Building asking for an appropriation of $24 630 for the purpose of ventilating the south and nort h portions of west wing Treasury Secretary of the answers the House transmitting statement of balances due fron^ collectors of internal revenue who are not now in office Treasury Secretary of the tiansmit« statement of the ac- count for the relief of the children and heirs of John Chilton deceased Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to all allowances of penalties fines forfeitures amp c. to offi- cers of the revenue or informers Treasury Secretary of the transmits draught of a bill to remedy embarrausments in the enforcement of the laws relating to navigation and collection of customs. .' Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the sale of the Battery at New York for the erection of cnstom-honse stores t hereon Treasury Secretary of the a«ks for an appropriation for the maintenance of the marine hospital service for next • fiscal year Treasury Secretary of the answers the House relative to the refusjil of t lt ilegraph companies in New York to report gross receipts Treasury. Secretary of the transmits report of John Jay Knox relative to the revision of the mint and coinage laws Treasury Secretary of the transmits in answer to resolu- tion of the House of July 2 1H70 a statement of unex- pended balances Treasur gt % Secretary of the transmits answer to resolution of the House calling for statement of amount of the public debt at the end of each fiscal year Treasury Secretary' of the transmits report made to the Comuiispioner of Internal Revenue relative to the collec- tion of direct taxes Treasury Secretary of the answers the resolution of the House of June 27 1870 relative to the customs cartage system of the port of New York Treaty with San Domingo. Message of the Pre^nident of the United States in answer to request of the House for list of privileges accompanying or relating to the Treaty. Secrelarj' of the Treasury asks for an appropria- tion to pay the awards under the Hudstm's Bay and Paget Sound Agricultural Companies with her Britan- nic Majesty Tn»op« to Kansas. Message of the President of the United States in answer to the 1 louse relative to the movement of. Tyson Bryan. Pustmastt r General conmiuiucates relative to his action in rejecting all bids made by U. Upshnr Commander John H. United States Navy. Secre- tary of the Navy transmits prm-eedings of the general naval court-iMartial in tlie case of 1.3 Utah. Secrt^tary of War transniitii report of expenses for suppressing Indian hostilities in 5 Utah. St'crctary of the Trejisury transmits copy of a letter fn gt m the secretary of the Territory of relative to the deficiency in appropriations for j 6 11 12 1 12 j.... . 1 12 12 1 1 1 12 12 12 12 1 12 VA I 13 13 13 11 11 12 12 2.55 257 267 276 283 I I 292 I 294 298 301 307 309 310 312 i 313 2 ^7 I 220 270 293 308 44 68 XLIV INDEX. Title. Vol. V. Venezuela. Message from the President of the United States transmitting communication from the Secretary of State relative t-o claims of citizens of the^ United States against the government of Ventilation of tlie treasury building. Secretary of the Treasury transmits letter from the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Building relative to Ventilation of the Interior Department. Secretary of the Interior communicates relative to the condition of his building sm to light « amp c Ve8.sela detention of owned in loyal States. Secretary of the Treasury communicate^ relative t« Vessels. Secretary of the Navy answers tlie House trans- mitting a list of in the United States the names of which nave been changed since tlie 4th of March 1869. .. Vessels. Secretary of the Treiisui-y transmits draught of hill to provide for the better security of life on board of amp c Vessels. MessHge of the President of the United States in answer to the House relative to Spanish war coming to the United States for repairs Vessels. Secretary of the Navy answers the House relative to lt »tiicers and of the Navy Vessels. Secretary of State transmits report in compliance with act of Congress of March 3 1855 regulating the car- riage of passengere in steamships and other Vessels. Secretary of the Navy answers the House relative to the number of officers now on the active list in the Navy number of in the Na gt 'y of each rate amp c Virginia. Secretary of the Interior answers the House giving uumber of acres of public lauds in and other btates Virginia. Secretary of War communicates relative to the administration of civil law in W. ' War of 1812. Secretary of War communicates relative to the surviving soldiers of the War. Annual report of the Secretary of Papers accompanying ihs above. Report of the General of the Army Papers accompanying the ahoi^e. Table No. 1. — Proposed organization of the line of the Army on a basis of twelve companies per regiment Table No. 2. — Proposed organization of the line of the Army on a basis of ten companies per regiment Table No. 3. — Present distribution of the Army of the United States Report of Lieutenant General Sheridan Division of Mis- souri . Report of Major General Hancock Department of Dakota. Re gt ort. of Major General Schotield Department of the Missouri Report of Brevet Major General Augur Department of the Platte Report of Major General H. W. Halleck Division of the South 7 12 12 5 6 7 7 7 11 12 5 6 2 Part. No. Page. 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ' 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 I 2 I 2 i 176 257 300 45 92 175 « 177 203 235 277 29 42 85 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 34 34 35 36 56 67 70 75 INDEX. XLV Title. Papers lt f*c. — Continued. Rei gt ort of Brevet Major General P. St. George Cook De- pjirtment of the Cumberland Report of Brevet Major General Alfred H. Terry Depart- ment of the South Report of Major General J. A. Mower Department of Louisiana Report of Brevet Major General Adelbert Araew Depart- men t of Mississippi Report of Major General George G. Meade Division of the Atlantic Report of Miyor General W. S. Hancock Reitort of Brevet Major General Irvlu McDowell Depart- ment of the East Report of Brevet Major General John Pope Department of the Lakes Report of Brevet Major General E. R. S. Cunby First Military District Report of M^jor General George H. Thomas Division of the Pacitic Report of Brevet Major General E. O. C. Ord Depart- ment of California * Report of Brevet Major General Jefferson C. Davis De- partment of Alaska Report of Brevet Major General George Crook Department of the Columbia Report of Major General J. J. Reynolds Fifth Military District Annual report of the Adj'itant General of the Army Report of the Inspector General Judge Advocate General Chief Signal Officer Quarteniiaster General Conmiissary General of Subsistence Surgeon GeneRil Paymaster General Ciiief of Ordnance .-. United States Military Academy Officers of the Military Academy Board of Visitors Officers of the Board '. Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees Freedmen amp .c War transmitting report of ccmimanding officer at Camp Gaston California relative to the murder of an Indian by a white settler. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to j lt unt resolution of February 19 1869. rela- tive to the Ryan- Hitchcock mode of niariue fortifications. Letter firom the Secretary of War transmitting re »ort of Chief of Engineers upon the public works in the harbor at Oswego New York. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers upon the public works and improvements in the harbor of Ply- mouth Massachusetts. L«*tter from the Secretary of War transmitting paj»ers relative to the claim of William A. Howard for pay as colonel of the New York marine re- giment amp c. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of April 1 18tJ9 transmitting reports in regard to claims of pei-sons claiming to reside in the fourth congressional district of MisHoui i. Letter from the Se lt 'retary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Representa- tives of December 10 transmitting surveys as to impedi- ments and obstructions in the rivers and harbors of Mas- sachusetts. Letter from the Secretary of Vol. Part. No. Page. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 o 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 '^ 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 16 17 20 18 21 23 25 80 83 95 99 101 104 105 108 109 113 121 135 139 143 149 175 182 186 205 409 419 429 439 465 461 479 478 497 XLVI INDEX. Title. Vol. Part. No. Page. War in answer to a resolution of the Honse of the 11th December transmitting rei ort of the Chief of Engineers of survey of the harbor at Port Washington in Wis- consin. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting a report of the Chief of Engineers upon Rock Island bndge. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting annual report of expenditures at the National Armory at Springfield during the year 1869. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Represent- atives of December 15 in relation to the payment of the reward authorized by law for the capture of Jeffer- son Davis. Letter from the Secretary oi • War in answer to request of the Committee on Military Affairs transmitting statement of retired officers of the Army now on duty with regard to jiay amp c. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting draught of a proposed bill providing for the sale of certain surplus military arsenals of the United States. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Represent- atives of December 21 IH 39 transmitting report of the Chief of Engineers upon the condition of New Haven harbor. Letter from the Secretary of War in regard to the administration of civil law in Virginia. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Representa- tives of December 13 relative to the Des Moines and R lt »ck Island Rapids of the Mississippi River. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of expenses for suppressing In- dian hostilities in Utah. Letter from the Secretary of.. . War in answer to a resolution of the House of Represent- atives of December 14 relative t^ the progiess made in the work of deepening the piisses of the Mississippi River. Letter from the Secretary of. War in answer to a resoluticm of the House of Represent- atives of December 9 relative to the condition and improvement of the Patapsco River. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting certain papers relating to the site of the United States Artillery School at Fortress Monroe Vir- ginia. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution pf the House of Represent- atives of July 20 1868 providing for the sale of a portion of Fort Gratiot military reservation State of Michigan. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting communication from the fifth military district urging an immediate appropriation for expenses of the recent election in Texas. Letter from the Secre- tary of War in answer to resolution of the House of Representa- tives of December 7 transmitting statement of the amount appropriated and expended in the Washington aqueduct. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting certain papers from citizens of Texas requiring all persons elected to office in Texas t-o take the oath required by the twelth section of the State cou- sti tution. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of the Adjutant General recom- mending the adoption of a system of military prisons and submitting a draught of a proposed law upon the subject. Letter from the Secret4Stry of ^ War in answer to a resolution of the House of Representa- tives of December 13 relative to a survey of the Housa- tonic River. Letter from the Secretary of 5 5 5 5 5 6 28 31 32 35 38 39 41 42 43 44 46 47 49 54 59 56 60 GI G2 INDEX. XLVII Title. War in answer to a resolution of the House of Representa- tives of December 11 transmitting report upon the con- dition of the breakwater at Hyannis Massachusetts. Letter from the Secretary of War transmittiuff report from the Quartermaster General relative to a piece of land purchased for the burial of officers and soldiers and now desired by the " Beneficial Society of the Laboring Sons of Cumberland." Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting papers relating to the claim of the . estate of the lat^e Commodore Thomas Ap C. Jones. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resoluticm of the House of Representa- tives of December 20 1869 transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to the cost of cutting a channel through Hallett's Point at the head of Long Island. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting an estiniat'C of appropriations required for the 8er\"ice of the War Deptirtmeut for fiscal year ending June 30 1871. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to survivors of the war of 1812. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting estimates of appropriations required to meet deficiencies for the service of that Department for fiscal years ending June 30 1869 and 1870. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Repnjsent- atives of January 17 transmitting report of Chief of En«^in ers upon the condition of the harbor of Black Lake Michigan. Letter from the Secretary of War tra ismitting a cony of the report of the Judge Advo- cate General upon the case of First Lieutenant W. J. Keays of Sixteenth New York cavalry. L«'tter from the Secretarj^ of •. War transmitting communication from Chief of Ordnance Department relative to the necessity of a larger clerical force than is provided for in the pending appropriation bill. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting copy t»f report of the Attorney General on the case of James Belger. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting statement of contingent expenses of his Department for the year 1869. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to resolution of the House of Representa- tives of January 25 relative to the accounts of the Nash- ville and Decatur Railroad Company. Letter from the S lt H retAry of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Represent- atives of February 17 1869 transmitting report of Chief of Engineers upon the proposed improvement of the harbor of Chicago. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Representa- tives of February 2 in relation to report of the commis- sion to prepare plans and estimates for a new War De- partment building. Lett lt ir from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House of Represent- atives of January 27 transmitting report of General Warren relative to the improvement of Mississippi River at or near the Falls of St. Anthony. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to resolution of the House of Representa- tives of January 31 transmitting report of Chief of Ordnance as to the quantity of copper d^c. now on hand in the yarious arsenals. Letter from the Secretary of . . Vol. Part. No. Page. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 63 64 58 66 80 85 86 88 105 106 72 78 109 114 116 6 118 119 INDEX. Title. War relative to the bounty decision of the Supreme Court. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to the improvement of the grounds owned by the United States in the city of Butfalo known as Fort Porter. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to a suit brought against Grenville M. Dodge in the State courts of Kansas. Letter from the Secre- tary of War transmitting statement of headquarter expenses of generals of the Army. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House transmitting report of engineer upon the improvements of the harbor at Oswego New York. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House relative to ex- penditures on Boston and New York harbors Slc Letter from the Secretarj"^ of War in answer to a resolution of the House transmitting copy of returns of the election held in the second con- gressional district of Texas. Letter from the Secretary of. War relative to the transfer of the United States steamer Illinois to New York for quarantine purposes. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to resolution of the House relative to the late expedition against Piegan Indians. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of the board of engineers of ex- periments connected with an efllcient system of sea-coast defenses. Letter from the Secretary of. Vol. Part. War transmitting petition of Benjamin F. Reynolds for relief. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to the continuation of explorations of the Colorado River. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House relative to the improvement of the Upper Mississippi River. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to the claim of Thomas W. Fry jr. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House transmitting copies of General Terry^s report on Georgia. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to the claim of Black Beaver a Delaware Indian. Letter from the Secretary of War in answer to a resolution of the House transmitting copy of a report by S. T. Abert on the condition of the Arkansas Ri ver. Letter from the Secretary of War relative to the claim of Alexander Dunbar. Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting report of Chief of Engineers relative to Point San Jos^ military reservation in California. Letter from the Secretary of Whiskies Commissioner of Internal Revenue answers the House relative to the quantity of tine distilled during September to December 1868 lt amp c Wisconsin. Secretarj^ of War answers the House relative to survey of the harbor at Port Washington in W^yoniing. Secretary of the Int lt 5rior submits estimates of appropriations for expenses of surveyor's ofidce in the Territory of Wyoming. Secretary of the Interior transmits letter from the governor of the Territory of relative to a penitentiary building iu Y. Yards and Docks of the operations of his Bureau during the year 1869. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 6 o 12 12 No. Page. 253 256 258 262 263 264 265 268 269 271 274 281 285 287 288 290 295 302 305 87 28 259 306 211 INDEX. LI Title. Papen accompanying the above. * Iiupnivemente and repairs navy yard Portsmouth New Hampshihi Improvements and repairs navy yard Boston Massa- cnusetts Improvements and repairs navy yard Brooklyn New York Improvements and repairs navy yard Philadelphia Pennsylvania Improvements and repairs navy yard Washington Dis- trict of Colombia Improvements and repairs navy yard Norfolk Vir^nia. Report of Board of Naval Officers on the subject of Navy pensions Capture of New Orleans. Corresjiondeuce relative to the Vol. No. Page. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 211 211 212 213 213 214 233 238 418T Congress gt HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES i Ex. Doc. 2d SesHon. J No. 102. ANNUAL REPORT OF THB COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS VOB THE YEAR 1869. VOLTTME III. WASHINGTON OOYEBNHENT PBINTINO OFFIOE 1871. In the Senate of the United States April 10 1869. Besolved hy the Senate the House of Eepresentativea ooncutring ThsLt there be piinted 4 000 extra copies of the annual report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1869 for the use of the Senate 10 000 extra copies of the same for the use of the House and 5 000 extra copies of the same for distribution by the Commissioner of Patents. Attest GEO. C. GOBHAM Secretary By w. J. Mcdonald Chirf Clerk. In the House of REpRESENTATiyES U. S. February 21 1870. Beeolvedf That the House concur in the foregoing resolution of the Senate to print 4 000 extra copies of the a^pual report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1869 for the use of the Senate and 10 000 extra copies of the same for the use of the House and 5 000 extra copies of the same for ^stnoution by the Commissioner of Patents. Attest EDWARD McPHEESON By CLINTON LLOYD ChitfClerk ILLUSTRATIONS OF PATENTS. i EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. Fig. 2 Fig.l r 1 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 -1 00 en o r «». gt B O^ -I P aa I 85505— S. J. Baird— Mo lt i»« PoKcr for Sewing Machine*. A 85508— J. Beach— H'lwd Wheel 85504 — S. J. Baird — Motive Power for Sewintf Machinea 85506— A. T. Barnes— /"ciicc. 85501 — N. A J. Carr — Cultivator 85511— L. Crofoot— 2 a lt 7 Holder REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 85319 — B. Foil — Can-itige Pole Iron 85520— T. Fowler— /o/* Makint/ Wire. gt -\ * ^ h M. fc fca u BEPORT OF THE REPORT OF THE 8554T— J. L. Tnw— «. a o Fh 83531^1. T. Whipplo-Br.wer liV.tti- Ac. H 85550— J. J. W alasr—Piiptr Jiulina Maekii COMMISSTONEH OF PATENTS. F 85555— S. S. Allen— « . 85356— Bcnaelt i Vine— Cncdii J ««• gt ' REP.OHT OF THE I 89565—0. Corey—Tobaeai Fiji COMMISSIONER OF PATENT REPOKT OF THE 85581_W. 6. QoodRiD—Coni Pfaii COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. S5G11— Pockina Bogert A Lowe Ilj«l5— r. Wi^hiNcr— /.« a I il^^#^ n' s .n .11 ' "1 ^ %p—^ Fl f " c ^ '- ^ i-^.'t gt ■■ W ^' .'' \ r- . J'' ■■■" "- A REPORT OF THE gaai8~R. L. Smitli— Ticfi 85Bai— Z. T. Hvccl—Hang Ptoti. COMMISSIONER OF PATKNTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS REPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BEPOHT OF THE B56Bg_0. A. Pi 85090— S. Pcuauok— Ccir^wt Stnlchtr. COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOHER OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 29 85747— C. K. Marshall—jyortc Collar ^\KS\\\J/ 30 REPORT OF THE '■ ^■".v ^ -I o I •o o c o 85755 — M. Neudgent— ^arc. 85757— S. R. Nye— i/or*e Bake. on i3r« U 'A' QC P K I c o t ti bj" fc P ■1 a t o COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 31 85760— C. Penfield— ^/ai-OT BelL 85767— A. G. Kxiz— Car Coupling. 85762 — R. Poole — For Mixing Paints and ChemicaU. . 85768— J. Root— Ploio 85703— G. T. Pracy— ^Veajji Engine Goieruor. 83765— J. D. ReiS— Knitting Machine. m A REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS 36 REPORT OF THE 3 85814— C. Guidet— /'ai'cwen^. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 85813— J. Green— Baniinj Kiln. ^■'^l^—p^ m ^ 85816— S. S. Huaiitoa—Wtiffk.-ig Swic. ^^^^pV-Vi REPORT OF THE COMitlSSIONER OP PATENTS. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 85847— R. B. t J. K. ^laia—Siatk Cniitr. REPORT OF TOE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. RFPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 8B885~A. T. Wright-Brd REPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS SEPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS ^Q. B BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOXER OF PATEXTS. 51 85941— S F. Leach— Saw Set 85940 — Jf. F. Mathcwsoa — Carriage Curtaiti D niton. n ^s 85942- W. Leighry- G 85943 — P. II. Lewis — Wuahiny Machine. E3ZT j^ //. \n. iiJi r— - l i ^i ~ JA- Ai ^^^^«Md^^^a**iteto^*^^^^M / h o 85944— T. Malley— i gt /y.Hr/ Hair. o ^ »-g— -^^-^4 ~r _^ 4 ^ P cesf ir B' U i ImIv l r / f z -' \-ii P ■ i '■■ -y-.^'-yy^-'. y' y '' - '\y f ■' '■■ ' '■■■- ■■ ^ K EEPOHT r F THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF PATENTS. r gt 5 85973— W. A. Sublett- iSV «At Lock -4 t I r'f II lt ^-^ ^ - ' - . ■ ■-. ^c ^ 85975—13. D. Wheat— i gt o// gt r for Carding Enginen. J G 85976— E. S. Wheeler— Carriage Knob* 85977— A. Whclau— Hinge X I p I . i gt . I . v' V 85979 —J. T. Wilson— C«»- Coupling. 85980—8. \\in»\oyir Spring litd lioNom A REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF PATENTS 85087^1. H. Ktailj—Car Brakt BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATEXTS. 59 86002 — J. B. Coffman— 6V»i«rii. // -r-v^^^v^v -^- J *' i"" ■ ■■.■■■ — '^ o i*i^ v-'n o r^O n z o rJk ^ i '"■-■ ^ '-' '- gt r ■ .5^ \ f 80005— J. W. Dana— yVrm«Mno i Z«c^-. 1 r " -^ 80003 — . H. lolcmuu -C'»i//«i c/or. O 80007— A. W. Dorr— //iMie lil**ck Holder IPS c3 5^ ttt ^ 80000— F. W. Dtxter— //m6 lioriiitf Muchine mm- i D er^^^^'Bv^ii^ D S6008— J. H. Downinir— r./» AV//«. "^^-^^^^^1^^ RKPnUT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. I RAU30- H. P. Kniae SK.p Cork. 86021— H. A n. W. lovejoy 4 Eergufon— iVfc r .yj.e nwrf SkiciM^i-i flair. 9 U" SI s =i LUiJ ■-^ 3^ S0OZ3— MutCQ i Van Vlaek—Beel H6U2ti— I . E. JluSberrj— JViJ/u^ .l/icr^ REP'HIT OF THE r 5 COMMISSTONKR OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE 80041— J. D. Spang— ffmufii. C....k Slot t ^ c_ 4v r F' \ { n •i-'iJ = SG044— Tripp 4 Bojd— Cnnaiw FiHnre. ''i - ■ f'r-p wf «□ L ^p I 80045^1. T VAugba- COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE -^^ rt^^ ri" I Of w -i ^— -^^ -dUUJl pi a-^-^a 80098— T. Cbrist — Paper "faduiiij" Jft COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 67 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS 69 8G068— D. W. Uamaker~^ee lt and Grain Drill 70 REPORT OF THE 86075— C. E. J amp cot— Watch 86077 — C. C. Johnson — Wheelbarrow. 86079— J. H. A H. P. Jones— P^oic. 86078— D. L. A G. T. Jones— /'or Burring Wool 86080— W. S. Kinc amp id—Hor»e Hay Rake I COMMISSIONKR OF PATENTS HEPffRT OF THE COMMISSIONER 6T PATENTS. 86097— J. Old— 7hm 80090— J. F. Poo — fanning Kill. RF.PORT OF THE SeiOT— W. O. Snyder Carriage Top Setl Stilll— tjtcveas It Deotan— Aeo 86116— y. I . Warner^Jiai 80110— P. H. SUttB^r—JI«y £U Sflllg- W H Siu th—Lam COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 8fil2U— J. a. A\maad—i'pyi.tff Dtd liwU-m. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 77 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOKEB OF PATENTS. 79 8G156 — Holcroft Pearson A Shore — Self-Acting Spinning Machine CPL// SA^ BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. HEPORT OP THE eOlTT— n. W. Nikis- n'rilii .j Slale. 80178— H. P. Pbllllpa— tfarmtar Sak COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS KEPORT OF THE eaiBfl— tl F Rr.v.lBr— COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 85 86194— J. E. Wheat— ^rati» Cleaner I A' « 8G198— C. M. Youiis— Vupor HetUcr. 86197— A. A O. F. W x'xghi— Endlest Chain for Home Voxcer . I 86196— Win.lell A Durst- /V«gr /or rturrrln. ^ I- n ^ t ^ Mll/BJ f gt - 'A" — — -^ 86199— J. W. Ardin-cr— 6Vfim Feeding and Sconriufj Ajiparutnt 86204 -J. K. Blakc— r « «« BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 89 BEPOKT OF THE COM MISSIONER OF PATEXTS. e«S39— J. U*rtia—Jlol Air fwiiact. I. II. nimoulf— ^■/c. fluu 4°. G LBl ^ " T "'I 92 REPORT OF THE 86216—11. y^nme—Afrtrm Tamk /or ' \ III ' Uffri'j^ra t v r^. 86249—4. H K%^—Ort Wtuker umd COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 9S 86251— D. T. Robmnon—ydocipede. rrrrr o o 9 O ^ 2 o a S4. 86258— N. Thorn— P«t/t//c Wheel. 86237-^R. W. Thing— C^o/«/ gt o«mi7 .Sticifc. 7 £ I j i u. 3 86261— G. W. Van Brunt— Cultivator. 86260— S. Ullmiinu- Tridik. j__r '. •iiniiijiiiiiiiiiiTTmrrTT irni iTJT A 1 { REPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. BKPORT OF TUE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS BEPORT OF THE »a29-J-K. K. Furbis— .W lt .rtT-..aa Mntkin. M B 1° i 1 I ^- COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 99 m ^ « • c ^ I c c a I C '^ r^ 86304— Holley k ^eAtse^For the Manu/ucture of Iron and Steel ■7' A^ I m ^ 86308— K. E. Jonea- O'a uge. ' d _£\ 86300- W. KaiscT— Table 86310— J. 1. Mabbott— M'cathcf AS'trtp for Door%. V r ' 1 'I .-J J J ' A 1 1 L P I »- gt r* C c £3 BEPORT OF THE 8630 J— A. L. Honey— l/xoo/aclnri of Irv« a. d Sftf i ijr the BtHcmcr Pratt... if* fi .m*- 3E^ COMMISSIONEK OF PATENTS. 101 102 KEI'ORT OF THE S632 1 Scott k Wood Pa nvh huj Ma chint. 86325— U. W. X J5. C. Siuith— 67t lwatf Car Au-le. 256 REPORT Of the 87^51— J. W. E amp rdly— Corn Planter. '^ a 87055— P. S. FoaUT— Boot and Shoe Lacing 87656— A. Frederick— A/i7/*row ^ Baiauce. 87G54— M. E. EieW— Fire Kindler 87657— A. S. iallihcr— rAufn If 87660— J. L. Good— 7/ lt «»n. m ^te^^l^-^^ r-'i-^ ■ ' ' '. '" ^ ■.V-'- \- v ^lj T ^-f gt . ■.■NX B *w- «li. F \ v ' \-'"- F E CT2SX -\'-~ L\\lj \\ / \\1 'v\ lt i' r' l' lt "r -il i gt I gt ZJ 23 ■■"s 87651 gt — J. Gattner—CAMm. 87664— A. W. llall- I Wtxttr Meter. * Op ^r 87662- W. B. Gould— ^/a r i^orf. 87663— W. Hainsworth— Jfy«W for Afetallic Cattingt. \ IL ^ te o '^ COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 201 87698— Minor A M. W. A U. W. Nesmith— /%tWe/*H^ Apparatuu for Stillt STOOT— J. S. Millikan— rriicA-. 87700— A. W. Pagclt— ^'atcui*/ Machine Guard i^ / r. M '^~-r^\ n-^rxri L_ ^ .1 m 87009— Morse A Carter — Harvester liaLc. E - n. 'e EJ '-S 3D o I f3 V5 87702— J. J. Pierce- ^M^erc. G I 87703— J. Pons— .V//rc JJox. £5 i / ... lt . .... -^-....s -J gt l4 1 t 6 '^ o p i^ ii ' =^ Pr. 7 f/i il ' i.^ / I- H t v X BEPORT nP THE COMMI SSIONER OF PATENTS. 263 87713— L. W. SerreH— Velocipede 87720— L. StMk—D'randiug Iron. Wi ^'-^-X'Uf^- gt ^\ 87716— F. H. Smith— 67ay Pulverizer and Stone Separator X MM P -^^ ^''^'.' -'-y''.''' 87718— S. Skinucr- Pea Hake 87721 — A. J. Stephens — Cultivator W^ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOSER OF PATEMTS. HEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. — E. S. Bennett— riii/. i iii.n . BEPOET OF THE LiiiLL-LLiU U COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BEPOHT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 87826— C. 0. Crnsby— Fur Foliihia Xetdti I 1 1 1 - -r%-^-. -"1 i i IPS li mm gy^Q-ol REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 277 87844—0. B. Hale— /"or Pulling Hop Pole * 87846~£. Himrod— Car Heater and Ventilator V gt Y / E Q -"•-7 87846—0. Heflfner— ^arroir. D 87847— J. Hoke— Wagon Brake. 87848— J. T Holden— Zoom. 1 — 87849 — J. B. Holmes — Muaquito Net 87853 — J. O. Kappcs — Moaaic Floor a F f^' 87851—1. Houghtling— 3/i7ib Cooler. S-x^-^'^^^^^ ^^ ^^'-\T^vK^^^■^l^ ^■v^^v^^s^^ x^v -J /6vV^vv^-sS REPORT OF THE COMMIRSrONER OF PATEXTS BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 2«S 87890— A. Van IIoth—OU Evaporator O 878i 3 — ^V. AVvcker^ham — Railroad Chair^ 878U6— L. C. AVilson— i/anie«» lio%eUe. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 286 REPORT OF THE 87917 — W. Ennis — Steam Boiler Furnace. P^ .-S^.^- - . . .- lt ^-.-^ lt a 1 \ C3 CJ 1 fii O T lt 2 lt 1 "^ ^t3 C •^ Ik^ G r gt p a 'K / a rr r gt .' ■ - -""^ ■.- " . .-.^ i^5 ■x- ^ I 87020— P. Ferricr— Corn Shcller J I 87921— J. R. Finney — Whip Socket and Jicin Holder E 87923— J. C. French— 7«/rira/or. 8792G— D. Grim— Carnage Wheel. 87924— J. C. Gould— Fur Cutting XaiU COMMISSIONEK OF PATENTS. 2S5 87907— L. Brambacb— £a cA. 87910— W. Clemson— iSatr. 87909— J. R. Champlin— /cc Cream Freezer Q 87912— G. Cowing— Pumjj. 87914— J. M. Davidson— 7a rtpa/or. 87«J13_C. Cummings— CVirrioyc Wheel 87911— J. W. Co\huTD— For Protecting Plants. 87916— A. B. Ely- Heel St iff fining. 87915— F. W. Devoe— Can U- epout of the COWMISSIOKKR OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE H7»33— E. F. llo au aa—Bandag 87933-0. Holti— floii Ckc 87934— C D llvtUia— Flour Saeker p^ M t 8T»30— N. W. Hubbard— Ft ne. gt Ji. 8793»— II. C. Ingrabsin— r™. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 289 87940— W. A. IvQs—Bit Brace. 87942— Johnson amp Sibloy- Jnntr Sole for Boott A B 87941 — J. F. Johnson Jr. — Typographer 87944— A. L. Mi'xng—Flood Gate. F 87945— G. W. Kintz— 7Va/3. 1\ 87948— R. 0. Lowrcy— //cc/ Bottom C A C A #7^ ^^il 4 B ^23 B mi JLi o ^ 87949— Lutz Ebcrly A Becker — Threshing Machine. 87947 — J. L. LindcrmaD— Seed Soicer 87946— A. M. A. Laforguc- Surgical Juatrument 19 290 REPORT OF THE 87030— A. H. Marinoni- Printing Prea \ ^ ^ ^sn =r I.O o qj... 87955_McKee A Fletcher— For Making Cigarg 87954- S. F. McGown— Twine Cutter. En 87952— W. McArthur— C7orpc lt Cleaning Machine. t^. ^^ COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. i grOTT— J H 'ihitcmau— J/c.r« «a* 87078— A M. Shurllcir— ^ oi««inff At^par. V V V 61tiS-Z-J. M. i^pnnElei— //■"■« *«*« ""' lt ^fe 4 — 1 ^ » 87981_A. 1. Snyder— V' lt » lt J Annf^g Mark EEPOBT OF TITE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. B7flDB-8. Winkley— Spitf. 296 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 299 88042-.-S. Jennings— JAtV/ iihiJUr 88044-^J. H. A J. Kiplinger— JP/j^ Trap. O B k n K 88046 — Lano A Healy — Harrow 88050— J. H. Livingston— i oot. 298 REPORT OF THE 88029— R. R. Frohock— La« Machine 880 «l— W. H. Goodale— 6^o«c Spring "TH 88038— J. Ji. llarriH— yVactf Carrier. 88035 — S. Qvrynn — For Ye'jetnble Membrane ^V^'^^^O COMXISSIONEB OF PATENTS. 300 REPORT OF THE 88047 — B. M. Lawrence — Hyyieometer 88040 — A. W. Livingstone— lt S'a«A Fastening and t "-^ ^^v.' ^ 'x^ ^vr c^-n Hoisting Device lt j lt ^ 88048— D. P. Leach— 6Vh Planter 88052— W. R. Mftnl^- Paddle Wheel 88053 — Mattox amp Corson — Chamfering Machine D E H L M .G mT' 88051— J. F. Lowe— ^/o«. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 301 88054— R. 5IcCully 2 ar/» Tub. 88056— C. Messenger — CAiirti. V a 88055— F. McManus- Car Heater lt 0^ t^ IZJ ^ 88057— W. A. Middlcton— 7o«r Hook and Line Holder. " F ' T r ' r - T ^ ■* " • "^ ^ ' ' ' -' -^ - % ^ amp =-." '-1 LL. ^^iii. OD o QD I ►t3 ►1 t3 ft ft ft A ft a c c I cSli i ' ft 88059— C. W. Millurd- Cotton Press ^ ft ^^063—1. II. Newton— /or Turninfj Lofja in MHIb ■ 1 W '■*' f^ -J REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONKR OFPATENTS. 303 304 REPORT OF THE 88080— S. C. Pal ishnry —iy/eam Generator Furnace. r 88081 — S. C. Salisbury — Steam Generator Furnace 88082— S. C. Snlighury— Bererhcratory Furnace i ■ - ■ / v-j . '. r ^- ^'^y^y.^- r^v7' '^ ^ '"' t" c r. i ^ c - o C u C- c_ -' Li O N8083 — S. C. Salisbury — Furnact}\ t /ttttttna i^^^^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^ rttir .tmiii . ■rTrr . - . "-rr . 'rrr' . -rr . ' i^ frrrititi. 88084— S. C. Salisbury- /V/r Heating and Annealing Steel Ingots d'e. 88088—1. Shnw—Potato Digger 88085— J. E. Selden — Telegraph Apparatus i A 88086— Semple A Stephens— /or Polishing. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 305 gt 87— G. B. Shafer— ^ratn Binder ns^ 1092— G. B. Stacy— /or llacklimj Com Hunku 004— D. H. Stephens— /^» c Clamp i3 ^ ' — -fc ^^^^—^ 090 — A. Skinner — Fence. 88080— J. P. Simmons— }Va«ArMy Machine. 20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 307 88105— H. Whitnej'—^yAoio Bottle. 88108— WoIlVang A Ken reigli— /«/ lt .'. 88100— C. Wiley— ^/arm Bell. 8810»— J. Woodville— P/anc Guide. J- /' a f. — S^vl bs-f M / J ./iT J/ 88110— J. Young— VoMe* H'rin /cr. ^8111— W. Zeigcr— /'offcfo 3/««/jer. I 88112— J. J. AndL'T-on—Stove. 88113 — W. H. Andrews — Door Key. gtill6_J. P. Bcatty— ffaf. i HEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 309 00 00 88123— R. H. Boiighuer—Clothea Dryer C 88125— ti. W. Brown- StCftt^C 88126— C. N. lirumm— Meat Chopper G k .-E 00 00 I 5 ^ 88129— L. 0. Cameron — Sath Lock and iSnft. i' 88130 — Campion «i Thomson — Car Coupling 88128— R. Cadlc— // «a-.»ir Box. '''" /\ A^ ►x '^^ / 'X B / k— •■'-■7 88131— M. F. Chandler— Boot \ 310 REPORT OF THE 88133— A. B. demons— „ Knob Latch D A .JM. d c F V Wt rT i m i i- i im .'. H . ^ . . . . ^ . . . . l - "* .-'— ^■— -* r 88138 til ^w" i ^ -r^ w » 1 T R 88136— A. Connelley— Cu/n'raroj- 88i40— i. C. Cranston — For De«troifi gt *^ COMMISSIONEH OF PA.TENTS REPOBT OF THE 88I66-B. Hill— Cfay MoHtdixg Mo COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 816 REPORT OP THE 88185— H. W. A R. Lafferty— ^yu^or graining Machine 88191- E. MvLviiu- Cartridge 88188— T. Luke— Carpe* C/eani«^ Mach itie. i rrz 88189—1. V. * W. J Lynn— 7ar Ooupdng. lt l.^. p gt ^ * w ^- ^ w f m r " r •' r - w -r- j ^-^r- ^ "' irti^«^^*^^ gt ik^^^«^^Jh.^ l gt J' 88190— Mace * Gwycr- Ih'/t'ifjirator. 88187— M. Long— 7W/iirtam. »• 88192— J. H. Martin— 2 rea« lt 9/ro gt Slide 88193— A. McDaniel— U'a«/* lioiUr. COMMISSIONEB OP PATENTS. 818 REPORT OF THE 88200—1. H. Palmer— /^o/^cr Slop for WindtAo Shade» 8820 1-F. D. Pairjidis— ira*Ai«^ Machine n amp la 88203 — Peaso amp Richards — Lumber M.en»ure. ^ 88205— R. H. V\ amp tis— Velocipede. ¥^^ 22.' H r a 88204— H. F. ^SLSZ— Operating ' Steam Enyine Yalvet. \ d' gt ^ gt ^« '. ^. l-M^ 88210— J. V. Rcardoa— J rirf/c. 88209— A. Raiilc— i/art'M^c/-. /-x mm 88207— Rao k mUcr—Raiftcay Wheel 88206— J. T. Pope— / ani/» Shade HoUUr. COMMTSSTONKR OF PATENTS. 821 88220— L. K. Streetcr- 88230— G. C. Taft— Wrench. ■ r'.''.' i i V it'u ' \ ' ■ ^ 88234— G. W. Tuckcr- Cor%\ Marker. f 88231 ~E. Townsend- For Shoe *e lt f*. 88233 — A. J. Travcr — Plow. ~C 88235— G. W. Liiibftuijh— 7/ec/nVc. c V__j_-_2 '^1 tl - - 8»23G-KrC. 11 I nderwood— itf lt ^c 7iox. 88239— J. VarJey— AVcifc Tie Jithiiuer. 88237 — 0. Vallundighain — Cij/ar Drjfcr j '^-t _v ^" -• •' I 'mil viii-i r ^1 iiiri" iVr ^- o Cn o-^ I t^- gt ^.l' ' ' ■ ' gt ^ ^ ■jJ ^^ ■ ■ ■. UJ.^. ' MJk^^ ^ gt 88238 — W. Van Anden — Velocipede. 88^40 — Vulkiiiann A Miller — Carriage Axie. 21 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOKEK OF PATKNTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. -"H. Fl ifC" ■^ L -^ i fi -* f Sd- ^ y ^Li^ffl =^ ii W^ '^■li^^ '.-^ nil ■ REroRT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OP THR COMMISSTONEH OP PATENTS. 828 REPORT OF THE 88 ^1 3— D. Healy — Wagon Brake. J 'L 88294—1. V. Holme*— Metallic Studding. 88 ii gt 5— J. R. liojiper— Po/«fo Digger Bill - m B 2-3 mum B G "^ C 88296— Hughes Shaffer A ^ ThoiiipHon — Fruit Jar. 88297— G. Ilunzinger— CAaiV. c a 88298— G. In wood— For Securing Bed Clothee p- ^^c^^ Ji e li^zii 2 i gt i«2« 1 a T gt IT 1 88299 — J. Jameson — For Making Iron and Steel. f B ^ V ' ''' ' '" 7" '/ ' " ' " ' . ' ■ ' '■ ' '■' '■ '■. ■ ■ ' ^^ V • ' '■'' '/'///''//.''''■' ''.'■''''■'• '•'/■'' ' ■ '■' '. 88301— J. D. Johnson— T/arroiT. 88302— Johnson k Stiles— 7 »i7«ca^ Sicitch. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THF. COMMISSTOKER OF PATENTS. 333 88341— W. H.Snyder— irolcr Wheel 88344—0. T. Stewart— ^Aoie/ Pto»c. 88346— A. S. A T. J. Trafton— Orappling for Atichort. 88343— G. C. Stcinhauer— /'an. 8834.5— J. Tiffany— /eam Geucrator. 88347 — J. A. Vander Waag— Ve/uci gt «c/e. 88350— D. 0. Walker— Weather Strip. ■'//■'/ 88349— Vo«el amp Albright— C^ct66a^c ^irrrf^ Cutter. REPORT OF THE COMMrSSION'F.R OF PATENTS. REPORT OF TUT. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 387 88380— D. Forrest— Boot Strap C' Q 88382— R. A. Green— Marker and Planter. O 88381 -W. F. ioodvriii— Harvester. 88383— A. Ciriffiu— /'or Lettering Slyna^ lt £*c. ■ . I 88384— T. Grob— ^co«« lt ic Stage - .- ■■^■^N. ■.-■'-■-■ - -^' 88386— Iloyt A Van Clcef- Vault Covfr. A 88387— Inman amp Withington- Waah Boiler 88390— P. Johnson— 67oeAc« Pin. 22 RKPOHT OF THE m.-^- ^..— - ^.-^_ m ^^^ m COMMIF SIONER OP PATENTS. 88380— D. Forre»t— R A C n—Ma ke and Pta EPORT OF THE H ^ M308— A. HuwFUod amp 1. - - J / v^ _ -U- COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. eB42U— J. p. Shcrwo 88423-J E. SlevcaBuu— Wiiicr Witet. JsJi 8H431— A. Q. SlBal=— "o © © © © © 32-^. H 8812fl— E. Wliiti-Lcad— uo RKPORT OF THE 88418— A. Schlingman— gt ra«At« lt / Machine _ N. .y-' rr^fe^ 88419 — C. Seimel— Soldering Furnace.^ o o iV y^^ ^Q ^ R COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 88«0— J. P. Shcrwood- 8843a— J E. Slcvcusuu— W lt iicr Whttl. 344 REPORT OF THE 88450— B. C. ColdweW— Spinning Mule. COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 140— W. L Braddook— Cor Coafilias REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 347 88472— G. Y. Grav— Otcn. g \M j^ o IT R 88473— A. J. Harmon— Weather Strip B 88474— J. Harper— C/mrn y urftr r 88476— L. T. Hawley A/i7A Cooler. 88475 — J. Harris — Meter. m .^ hi it» «sZI2 T-v ^ gt iT C^ t gt X i» amp c 88482 — C. A. Ilodgman — Picture Frame. „ Jjy. ^. . . . 1 I 1 1 -r- r - r" ' gt / '" V ' -' ' -V/V/V 88484 — Jackson A Davis — For Ueatimj and Sejjaratiny Lime from Water ^ fr B o T . « i f^ . . h I ^ T5jjit.jjjPjCiijjj« i.jjiijjji Pj»' rrrjt wjr rr e 88478-0. W. llcrmanoe— WtXiK iug Ma ch ine. Ji HE i amp ^ \ gt lt -^ ^^'^m'Z^. 346 REPORT OF THE r lt 5» D 88462— H. C. DrexGl— 'Sad Iron Heater. K tig ' H ^ a ' '^^1^ lt ''^^ lt ^'^ 88463— £. C. Edmonds— roy Gm ^ o K E 88464— H. L. Emery— Co«on Wn. .S^^^^^^.^.^^^^^^ lt ^ ^vvv gt vvv^vr^rrr \ '/. ^.-"J K K '2^'-y''.'y.r.rr. * ^ J H i«l A 7 ^. 88467— J. II. Frenoh- Slaie Frame O X^ a // -I II E G HK 88468— R. S. iodl'rey—Iie/rifferator .VVv ' v ' v lt UJvVvVv\V ' vVV ' -^s ' AVsVnV\V'-\U «r5 88469— W. P. Qoff— Fence. ^'^^ 1^ . 1 -v'-'-'''*^- COMMISSIONEK OF PATENTS. REPORT OP THE COJfMISSIONER OF PATENTS. KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS 352 REPORT OF THE 00 QD o k OB 88512—W. N. Roberts— Puto gt 88511— Ripley A Temple— JETarvMter. 88510— A. G. Reed- Corpse Preserver E 88513— A. M. Rodgers- Ckaxr . 88521— Sherwood t Fitzgerald — Safe kf-r-v-^'^ '''.'^'r\ - - "■' - ^ -* *9 88520— R. Salter— Ga» Cooler and Washer. 88517— R. W. Russell- iSr lt «am Fibre Gun COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 353 885 41 — 11. S. Steuton— /or Steel. L 88525 — II. Springer — For Sincing Grnn» Seed. 8852G— J. J. St. Ledger— rrojB. I • ♦- 88527— C. C. Siremme- Hat Veutilutor. 88528— S. Strong— Street Letter Box 88530— A. L. A'amey— A/« ^rm. }t m~^X -^^ E 88531— A. L. Vjirney— /Vrc ^r/n. 2i^ ^•.v u- G' ^1 -Tli .jjiii'i '-^Mr' - J X 26 RKl'OUT OF THE COMMISSIONKR OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 359 88591— B. L. Tibbctta— //oe and Fork 88595— C. WtLTd—Propelier 88590 — J. A. Woo d wort h— tVfump Extractor. 1 88597— K. H. Wright— C'airta^e Top. 88599— C. D. AUon— Throttle Valve. D s 7 88598— JI. B. Adams— Fluting Machine \ REPORT OF THE 88eOO~.^llon Jt Vuliqiulle— f..ii™..d Car Suftr. fi — ^"-^^ — n~~i — ' — T — " — 1 88005— W Bngg»— Jircvl™ 88604— ». DreBd^a I fiSe«2-J. S ItHmuni- Ittd Jiotlv^i -ltd Ml COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPOKT OF THE CDMMISSIOXEH OF PATENTS. RFPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMHISSIONKK OF PATRN'TS. ^ i HRfiRa—J Abslerdua— P oj c ^ ^ g^i BHC8a-J \^ yi UoD—R«ad Scrnpi COMMIRSroNER OF PATENTS. REPORT PF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. Ki PORT OF TMF COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 89735— J. E. Plmmaer— J^fcti for F gt « i.h h .j Sho^ . 8873G-A. Ray— Cur Coui^lUi P 1r^\ 88733— K B Perl n 88731 R IJ Perl 8e737-F. KBymona-t« lt * -• gt lt Lm-k. SfCTf "N^^feS^SS COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATKN'TS. 879 BKl'ORT OP THE COMMISSIOKER OF rATENTS. 88603— Paso A Miller— 5ii7t gt . REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 388 88819— T. Stanford— f^cncc. 88821— M. Sweet— Boring Machine. 88822— B. F. Taft— i^ay Spreader 88823— W. ThompHon- For Mixing Tea 88824— W. H. Towers- i oo lt » and Shoet 88827— Wheeler A Jerome — Paper Boxes from Pulp 88831— E. R. Austin- Stcj Ln filler. 88829— H. Wright- Jug Top. 88825— W. B. Watkins— Tooth Brush i gt I gt ~ -'4 tq '■■ip' ^3 jll 88832— S. W. Barber— ^raike. 88830— Andrews amp Ogdcn — Cheese REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 385 88843— J. A W. II. Butterworth- Grnin Fan Blant \ri}r gt n }njtTfit}. / j ■■ gt -■'.■■•»'/ J . rr 88814— D. Miles— /V.e Exiingnifhen 88846 — ^'. Chapman — Baling PrtM. b E _ l J Iv » P-J- /-» loo 7. j."C/jrTjrj.T=r F gt 3'^ ^^L^ ./ 88845— A. H. CarroU- Loom Picker ^ J3 88847— N. Chapman— C/turn. ./ r^ ' ^ ' '.' ■ -" 'y - ' ■ ■ ' K '^ ^ — / U ^ E ffl i ' •/. Vi 11" ■i* i H 88849— D. C. Chester— /raj« Couvcyei-. n I / asa i ■''■■'■■'-' ^ -''''-■'' y'-'"' '^'^' '-^ ''■■'■■''■ .' ■'■-'■' ■'■■ ■'.''.■'.''.■.■'-''.'.■ ■'■.'' '.''.-.''.■ ■'^- ■' ■ -'■ V3 88848— J. Charlton— IVrfjicA. T^ -^ ^ J~T1 88850—11. M. Cole— Ctf/ar JfacAnic \ 25 388 KKPORT OF THE 88867— W. P. llall— .V/or* and Funtace. ^ ^LtiPiri. gt « -J I Y'l t^- gt gt «'^gigig^gi 2B9 t lt ' «■■•■■ " ■■ ■ « « lt ■ . ■ ■ — -^ k ^ ^ jF.'ii.rfiiii III 3S9 88868— J R. Hand— C7u/hytt lt or. 88870—1. F. Herrin- ^cet/ P/a/Ker 88871— W. C. Uicks— iS'« ain Engine. M J M' 88874— L. Holmes— Carding Engine ^ ■ gt ■ ' ■ fyip f 9 I A ^ gt / gt »^^. gt ^^ ^^ A• gt ^ ^^^^- v ^^ Ay■ ^^ ^ ^^ gt gt ^.^^^^V-rl y COMMISSIOXEK OF PATENT 390 REPORT OF THE 88882 — W. J. Lewis — Screic Threudiny Machine g^ IF=^ a ~". s V 3D lt X gt 3D 9D W h I B ^g^'".lf IV ^ -y i^^ lt '/^ lt y^^/^^^r^^^^r'^^y^^^ ^^^'^ 5' I ft. I 1 It 88885 — J. L. Mason — Tor Sheet Metal Screw Cupti mmmmm - gt /• 88886 — J. L. Mason — For Sheet Metal Screw Cap». 88890— J. McGoveren— /'tVf Arm. ^ 88889— F. W. MoC\osiyo— Velocipede. 88887— T. J. Mayal- J{ libber Hose rOMMlSSIOXEK OF PATENTS. 88801— A. A. HoMahen - IIV« Atg 392 REPORT OF THE 88899 — J. 0. Porrj — Mowint/ Machine and Hay Spreader 88900— E. S. Pierce— -For Conveying Screw Blanks 88901— E. S. Pierce— For Convetfiurj Screw Blanks. 88898— F. P. Perdue— Switch. 3S K^ uuuuuuu vl^^l^ — r F \ UULI UUbrarnTn 88903— W. Polyblank- Oil Can. E a. 88904— H. J. amp W. Pringle— r Cam'ntje CoupUuy. 88906— R. Reynolds— /iofiw. 88905— H. 0. Keddiah- Washing Machine. r '■ Y r nr ' . gt ''^ ^^^^-^m^. ..u gt n. . gt .. gt .s gt \ W^ H COMMISSION'EK OF TATE-VTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOXER OP PATESTS. 394 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 400 REPORT OP THE 1 1' 1 li t . H i A i^Jt^ pi r 11 1 r F 1 88979— E. C. Pcnficld— rrf4M Pad. n ^ ^^ A 88974— J. Mchcod— 'Latch and Lock 88976— Mooro A Day— /'liiMy Appaiutni/or Culor Frintinj. COMMISSIONER OF PATESTS. 400 REPORT OF THE 88971— E. a. iM alt hews— ^Vcr/ Soiocr nud Planter \\. w 88972— E. May— L«// lt Mnvhint. n i i' T 1 i 1 • i il A \ r 1 1 p- ID 1 5 F 1 il of ■fj 88979— E. C. PcnficM— rru«# Pad. B ^^ A 88975— O.V. Mctrel— Stencil Imprttnn. V 88974 — J. McLcod — Latch and Loffc. -ir- pMmj II K ^ 88976— Moore A DAy—Inkiny Apparatus /or Color Primitij. ^ ^^_ •°^' B IS- I f4 -^.-^A ^r COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 403 88995—11. Uhry— ^/ai gt Rod. I r iHj^ . ... 7/ 88996— T Wei ham— Z^* // «ik/ Traveler for SpinnitHj VI 88997— T. William— /'-/• Mix'uuj / ^7 ^ V^^A^ BtlOOO — J. Young — Wimfunt/ Machine t - - ^j 88998— G. Wharton— y/u/r. 89003— J. P. Alloa— CVo- WhccL 89005— J. S. k T. U. Attcrbury— /'or /7 lt t«^ 80004— J. Arbciter— J/oicer. 89002— J. F. A Uiin.s— jolil Leaf C't'in/riixt r. v._ ■*■ ^^J'^' 8900G— A. liartktt— Soic S/mrjjCiier. i KKPnRT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATE 406 in POKT OF TITK 8»019— A. P. Brown— Fi7c UohUr. 89020~J. H. Brown— /*« « gt Voice. 89021— G. Buchanan— /'or Steeriny Slc h. c I.-* 89022— K. Buel— /i lt i//Hf/ Press. ^n F ' i'3 i' " Tlr £ T ^ y^^„^-^ 11 1 1 riitr/.Ti.'a 1 / V aj- '-. 1 1 \..jr v F U lt ^-^ II ^ i amp i^ A ^^-^ ~a 57 ^3k / -Cl n7 ^ 7 L ^r 7. 'J -" znr-ta 89024— L. S. Carpenter— on// DelL A 89026 — II. J. Cas«c — MHchauicil Jlocement. I J py/ i^ f^ C ^ \ amp . jyi »• ^ / «^ 89025— W. T. CarroW—Jihiff fur Spinniufj Frame 323 i 89029— E. Craiidal— //or*c i a^«. COMMISSIOXKH OF I'ATGN'TS 408 REPORT OF THE 89035— G. C. Gase—Copi/imt Preaa 89037— G. S. Graut- BraceUt Snap. 89038—0. E. Greene— Lubricating Sleeve* J32 -UlJl ' T — ""-ig 89046— S. B. Iiolden— 7A »i -n. rrrrrrrrri t iii iif" ''^^ arti \ \ trm i ijj. {{' i • "^ ^^ 89045— J. Hilts Support. ^ — Table Leaf COMMISSIONER OF rATKNTS. 8»oa*— L R 80O2B— C F CvrbM- fluluy V-^rhin. 410 REPORT OF THE 890G1 — A. McLean — Car Coupling 89063—1. Morse— Water Wheel 89065— A. 31urrav — 2*otcer Loom. ■n=qTJ ^ IP=0 89067 — 0. Osmundsou — Beehive. ii 1 fi J lt ■ « n T" T" r " r • .'/. V..-. o^ .1 X c c c I c ft cr o E 1 1 E 3r Jil. .V o lill ^y. c /•7 -.rrlxrg -nS ■"W -JT A. W s. ft 89066— JJ. W. TsiehoU— y/f«. A'« . 1} H^re* J gt J y gt 89068— T. F. Palm— y «teW o/i^A CUMMTRSIDN-ER OF TATEN'TS. SBOfi-l— W. Muir— 5e lt c lt ii9 Ma DEPORT OF THE 880T4— T. Keakirt— /"or Ifirt. e* ^ p^-^ ^ 8J07J Rmd r riL a ' JI ^ COMMISSinXKR or PATENTS BEl'OBT OF THE B009I— O. V. fweats—tW CMi .-J CrV ^1 COMMISSIONER OF PATE gt fT5. RKT'ORT OF THK COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 8filJ8— F. H. FuTujaa— Hi. p ^TT- ■ J' \ d r\ ir O \ 8»H4— T. J. Uan—I'lu 80U5— li. llarri.— far CaH^llag. ^ i ir'" L^^'ii. — B^ KKPORT OF THE ^'D'^ T n ^x T-T-n i =J II Mm5 l— U'. A. Llghihikl gt COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATKXTS. REPORT OF TnE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BRPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATE^fTS. BEPORT OF THE 8023-l~S. Ocdnmcr— 1l'a gt Ain COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THK COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 434 REPORT OF THE 89265 — E. G. Lamson — Stone Channelinj Machine. 8926G— J. M. Bhiisdell— r«6Zc. B K' K -i^ ^I^ZI^^^SIS 89268— M. L. Andrcw-Ptf«/'- COMMISSIONEH.OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS 435 438 REPORT OF THE 89297—0. M. Dillon— ^.rni 7 89299— W. A. Fcnn— 0*7 Can i a 89300— W. A. ¥onn— Trap 89302— T. J. Plagg- 8S gt i*07— W. D. Gridlc^' Suspend a- End. ^^^okHolder .a 89301— B. F. ¥i6k— Gate L 00 o J 2 I «^ 89306— J. Goodhcr— JreW/c. 89308— T. Hall— /^at7road Signal. V. ^ . ^ COMMISSIONER OF PATKNTS. P930»— U. Uantliat— Torch. RKPORT OF TKE HV3IO_Larainic A Scotl— j'or Wrapping S»gi COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 442 REPORT OF THE 89334 — Parmater lt k Bowen — Grain Separator 89338— Pomroy amp Waltcr- Pump' 89339— Porter Leacb A Hutchius — Chain Plate C Attachment. 89340— A. J. Vyle—Stove I 89341— J. Rankin— Velocipede. ^ ^-£j ^» COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 443 89342— D. W. S. Rawson— PhotorfTttphic Apparatua. r o5 ^ 89315— L. S. Robbius— Pre^crviur/ Telegraph Poles. 893 19— II. B. Rowley— Jounml Box. a r '^ ^ ' '. J- I gt -^^i • • ^ - - ' ■- . ■ ^ ■ ' . v^v' r ' .t J/' A -1. jj ^' I ^ -^ gt w 89347— F. H. Root— ^7ofc Grate. \ 7 89351— E. M. Sealand— * ' Holler. 89346 — W. A. Robiasou — Hornc Collar Fastener. Fig. 1 - ^'g- 2 a Fig. 3 © © j 89348— C. E. Roper— i/«rt gt e« lt er^ I Pitman. 89352— T. SiJliman— rrri/ gt . d ^-ji^^-x^s r^ i. J3 -K" f REPORT OF THE T- U. ■ ^ _ ^Jl ZCl ie isz — J COMMISSrONEE OF PATENTS. EFORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 445 BEPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 450 REPORT OF THE 80405—11. R. Hildroth— /'or Picking Hair Hope. 89404— W. W. HAn^t—Seed Planter. 89406— N. mnm amp B— For Fanning MilU. ^fi^OS-~\S . A. WoMgh— Billiard Register. Rl p. . ^ .... .. . j J-IZT'^r ""'"'""'"'""""^'"'"''^" — r-. — -^^-LL rV^-^ ■fa 89409— B. S. Ilprs- Cultivator COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 80394-^A. Etbdj— CcHSf ^rrs^ ■w Ldi 89100- -J. Oill— fl.-.-aj. Bra gt » a» lt { lt i gt lt Jrr. « ■'I // 1 m 1 ^ i 80103— J. RMSloct Pipe. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BETORT OP THE 89432— J. B. Pullman— /-'ok. Ba-134— J. Kerctti— Oiinrd Ur COM MIS S lONER OP PATEN T S . REPORT OF THE 8D44S— S. D. TucliBr— fi.r grinding San. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 80453— J. A. WciMO-Dfcinj Btll. REPORT OF THE 8»'1 I4— H. Bixtb^aingt. 89466— Caldwell * BugbM— Whip SoektU $0407— F. 0. CinSia—Latli^ fHnetnmd oiirf JVrfrier. ^^^^/ ^^/ COMMISSIONEH OF PATENTS. 460 REPORT OF THE 89477— G. L. Gibson Jr.— Cork Extractor 89480— J. C. Bervey—For Moulding and Working Butter 89479— jrHayden Jr.— Water Closet vpxanamL 89484— A. Hutchinson— 2 gt e«Jfc. 89483— J. Humphreys— i e«cA Hook 89487— G. King— Whip. 89486— C. B. Ken—Plow Point 89488— W. S. Lukenbach— For Flowing and Sensitizing Photographic Paper dbc. BE ^ COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 89489— L. Ljoa—SeuiHg Maekiat 462 REPORT OF THE 81 41 0— J. W. Owen— For Chair Seats. Ac E B. 89497— W. S. Owen— CA urn Dasher 89499— H. L. Pierce— ^e/« i Hook. i ^ 89500— Peyton k Wallach— i oj Holder 89501— G. M. Pratt- For Sewing Machines 89503— C. R. n amp nd— Trunk 89504— E. P. llichardson- Boots and Shoes D 89502— T. Prosser— Pin Vrill f^^^^'^^^^^^Trr^^ i amam0m COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS HEPOUT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATKNTS. lalaT—For Mak \ . . i i f^ H gt ^ ^ ' ' r r- REPORT OF THE H9 339— A. LoDgttnet— /'or =5 * tjmrf j S 89^41—11. Hon gomorj— £/c n d Ha Itety J 4 14 H. C. Luwronos — Ttlacipedi. roMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.. REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 470 REPORT OF THE 80569 — J. Fanyon — MeaBure and Funnel. 89572— S. ¥isk^ Wath Boiler 89570 — J. H. Fellows — Fattening Wagon Seatt G ILfcM\ll-HilllV1S O 89571— W. A. Field— Potato Digger .V.I........ nminllllllllliMl.l..Twr. 89573 — Garrison A Stcvcns- Holdhack. 89578— S. Hodkinson— iSrmfcA. K 89577— J. A. Haaso— P^oor Cla%np. 89575— J. Goodin— Wrench a J ^ c -^^^^ t'D \ lt gt ^ 89576— G. H. Gregory— Whip Sock^ ^t. r-'S..^ I o 'N j n r " X rm- ^ivmw7n\-im^JJ/j}T}Jj COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. ■} gt im "- gt gt /»ymm T . 472 REPORT OF THE 89388— Maxim k Radloy— /or Making Oat. 89592— P. Munzingcr- Siraddle Pipe 11 COMVIRSTONER OF P\TF.NTS S9 amp Br—a. B. FumaaWr— 6 gt iiiNiii framt. lt A X.." 1-1 . t \' 89802-G. Pchrc v -AxU St.i«. ^M ^li 89001— J. Sbd'Ion— Hni a/ocimj .M..cArM . \iU COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 89«ll— J. Wadleigb— for Ralciiuj a-d Cncti'iiff Haj. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 477 00 c 89632 — J. Conway — Balance Line for Matt Hoopt. 89634— J. M. CMUer— Cultivator 89637— E. A. Dayton— Shaft Bearing. 89633— P. CuUon—Bvot Jack. 89635— G. H. Ds^vi^— Steering Apparatus KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. BSese-T. H gt rtwtti gt — 89631—0. L. tiimrd— £e lt { Boilom. a 80857- W. Uadup— Fi-Kr Whtel. 80e55-R. IIui 69053— floodttin i. Bannon— iJui . * JMUaj M- 480 BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. ' I m J3 1 1 So REPORT OF THE. 80S7e^C. L. Merrill— tfur.. Pok 89079— H. T. Ketisai—Veloeipeilt. COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 3^- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. EEPOBT OF THE 89732— A. J. WilllBmi— Pm Dropptr. COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. flV739-ti. II. Crookct—Stcd So REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. t=J REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 494 REPORT OP THE 89766 — C. Hofmann — Paper Machine- 89767— D. B. Hunt— Car Axle. '**'r«*«S58gggg%%g i^fsee^ssa^ 89769—8. T. Hyde— -^erf^e Trimmer 89770— J. H. Irwin — Lantern I 89771— J. W. Jarboo— Coal Scuttle 89772— E. Jennings Jr.— Sufijycnde^B 89773— W. S. Jcsaup- Trunk Clamp 89774— J. Johnson — Horte Shot. 89775— J. Johnson— ^or#c Shoe COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. BEPORT OF THE 89780— J 11. Mill-^«*«m ff. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 498 REPORT OF THE 89799— W. J. Simmons— Quilting Frame COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. tIM P REPORT OF THE BD810-J. U. Sweetland— iforx Ha^ Fork. \ BDBII-F. A. ■Saha—C^Hdit.iick commissioneh or patents. BHPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 89830— L. H. Ham— /'rifuN IhM.- Loct. -^ 89ftJI— W lluffinaB— io. Jl-l lUnl l' ' ■■ G CuMMiltJ 504 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 506 REPORT OF THE 89853— G.W. ClWey—Lock and Latch 89854—1. W. Clarke- For Doubling Yanu COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 89801— W. Dojle— Sforr Lid and Dm-atr. 508 REPORT OF THE 89870- 3. King— 67oMc« Dryer. H A hi U LLc V7 K ^ /» 89869— R. Kent— Z gt rc for Drawing and Reducing Wire 89871— E. M. Lnng- Luntern. g9g73 — Lcman * Beal« — WgHahU Slieer. ^9872— U. B. JjQach—SuMpendcr and Shoulder Brace. Fiar. 4 Fig. 5 89874— J. McAuliffc— Umbrella 89877— R. R. MeDonaU- Shoe Knife and Jaugt. COMMISSIONER OF PATESTS. 89B78— J. C. McKcBiio— Tilt Machiae. «aBB5-"D. C. Owen— /"limp 8»88S^.I. Ittjnulds— ffrult Bar. KKl'ORT OF THE C0MMI1SIONFR OF PATENTS. J F lU mn-llag A'prcader. w '0. i 8989H— J. V. 7 .' BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSrONEB OF PATENTS. HKPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE 80S43— W. QuBjle— amp uor Fa COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 517 89950— E. R. A W. P. Spear— ^or«« Bake. 89951— H. Sio\\a.r— Evaporator ^2^2 ^ 89953— A. R. Swarti— Cri6. 89952— J. Strfiiton—H^dro' Carbon Burner % 89955— L. B. T\vhe\—Fire Arm. 89957— S. Twiion— For Stwing Machinet. 89858— A. R. Wiggs— Co«om Planter 89959— A. G. Wilder— Pi gt c Cutter E REPORT OF THE 8900I— D. WoodarJ— /-.„■ I r. i ili . „id Pvrifyi«3 Sptrik. \i ^ i K II I I ml I I j^""~ COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. Ji " I ' 3' J 522 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 623 89999— E. J. Horner~Car Spring. Jr. ■■■■ 90004— W. II. Kay— Graiuiiitf A iparatU8 » 90000— A. Hubbell— Water Wheel. tmmmn 90001— A. L. Hurtt- Wuahtng Machine. m E VAV/iW.WVl^ 'J } c ^^ ■■ -iH Hf /. 90Q03— H. E. James— Churn. c i I 90003— Jones A Snow— For Makinr Cut NaiU. S3L REPORT OF TUE 90007-C. MiiLtih-£"~ UW^' COMStlSSIONER OF PATENTS. 'if^^ \ ." .L ■» » __ .1 L-j.. i _Ji 526 REPORT OP THE 90024— B. S. Roberta— /" gt « Arm. 90O25— W. H. Robinson— Leveling Staff 1 0027— \V. CLJ5Cott— Ziimfter 90020—0. W. Roland- Buckle 90030— M. Simons— 6'o/e« and Tea Pot 90031— G. C. Smith— Hose B a 90033 — T. S. Speak UKiu — ^tcain Generator .»tmnmmn»m ■ gt ^^^^.^ ■- ..-. -3 mVTMWTJUiaHll j il ll\ JT 90032—11. Smith— Velocipede 90034— C. A A. Spring— VV/ur» gt lt i lt . in COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 528 REPORT OF THE 90049— F. H. Morgan— i oot and Shoe Heel. '' ■ / '/ ■ ■ • - .^ » 1 1' ■■ ■ / ^-r^rrr~r7T^r^TT~rrr^'y~ 'ri-r' -r^^~ r- ^ - ^— ^-~r*l 90051 Z. Roge Air Inhaler 90050 — A. M. Rodgcrs — Moaquito and Fly aVoL COMMISSIONER OF PATEXTS. 530 REPORT OF THE 90003— J. II. AtkinRon— Com6 and Shear§ 90005—0. W. Baldwin— Potato Digyer. o 90000— N. Banman— For Brewing. 5 m'yii 3- 90007— Bigelow amp BaldwiD- For Purifying Wa$te Oatet. fw" 2 S SI Wr75r I f f. ' rrjr y* ' „ . r „ „„„ „ 'Mtf 900T0— Blodgett A Wcathorby— PocAef JSooib - lt l/ar« 90009— E. C. Blakoslee — Lamp lie/lector. ^t m 91 iJL-Zi a^ D" 90071— H. C. Boardman— Z o*/ Sawing Machine. COMMISSIO-KEK OF PATENTS. BKPcHiT OF THE l»U082— X. l e Kitni gt - ^ZZZD 80088— C D Fynt— T'B.t. ^ ^ L ^ DOOBS-J. C. Du ktro b /o Z COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 534 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONKR OF PATENTS. M 90110— D. Lm— AtaiH Kigh 90il3 J. Mcllv«in— C«i« BOllfl— C. W. Mills— tfmin Bl« REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOSfEH OF PATENTS. 00133-E. S. Slimptmn— fo . C Ji D KEPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATEXTS. 539 »013«— W. H. Wq\1— Driving Jiein and Bridle 90140— Wall amp Pendleton— /or Carbonate of Soda ^x^^^^ ^^\^ ^'^^^^\%'\ gt N^^^^^V^\^^^ i" ^^ 90142— Wheeler k Rouao— Potato Digger 90145— A. E. \f o\Qoii— Carriage Spring. A ^ f A 90146— A. E. Woleott— C'arria^c Spring ^ lt 0 90141 — D. VVelU— ^fore. 90143- P. AVincman— /'mwi^. t9 90144— A. E. Wolcotl— Carriage Spring 90147— J. Zcllvr— \\\xgon Jack. MO REPORT OF THE 90148— C. Anthony— For Oaf Top SaiU 90149— D. S. Bigler— //or«e Hay Fork 90151— Bond amp Wroa.th—Strctc Plate. 9015^2- A. P. Boren^— Baling Preat. ^ fil LEL a 90153— G. E. Brcttell— .U«/ gt Head. ^^y* rfh COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. •544 REPORT OF THE 90186— A. Peirce— Wagon Brake. 90187— J. D. Perkins—A/am Cath Box. F i 90188— C. Perley— ^a»A Fntteuing 90191— M F Pottcr- Ahdominal Supporter. 90189— J. PfiUinger- EUvator Bucket. 90190— A. Phinney— 2 gt ie Holder ^5 ^^M^^ ii ^ 90193 — Prud'hommo k Leprohon — Door. 90194— B. M Quint— / gt «»£ Protector. D B ^ 2^ JL COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 547 9020G- C. E. Sweney— Thill Couplintf 90209— Waterman k Voriei^ Attach uuj jRosea to Door Knoba. Fis. 1 90211—0. H. \Vccd— Carpet Sicteper 90212- W. Whiteside— i^«o «. .^ v. c±^ r^j}^ dr^ ti o 90210-J. W. WQhh— Cotton Gin. n 90215— J. B. Alexander— .S'fjoAon liottle. 90214— F. Wohlgemuth— 7Vrc Arm. 902X6 — W. P. Anderson — Car Connection. g^^T^ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 90a27— R. Boehm— Om Waikir. _ A P 550 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. WaST-B. Bochm— Or. Wa.K K .REPORT OP THE a02fi4— E. E. Fi ■un. j-««*.«^ D025a— a amp llup i. Hewitt— CAur COMMISSIOXEH OF PATENTS. 90245_J. G. Dillah 00216— H. B. Datfet—Plo-r 554 PEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BEPORT or THE COMMISSIONFR OP PATENTS. REPOBT OF THE I a0a02-«'. U. Raccy— /■ lt -' Comitcll«.j Vtlo-^ipcJcy r 00304-F. W. Rcilly — llffjlf COMMrsSISXKR OF PATEXTS. 560 REPORT OF THE 90318— J. J. C. Smith—CflMftn^ Metalt under Presiure 90319— W. Somers— Garden Implement 2^fK 90320— P. H. Turner— ^TairiH^ Machine. 90331— J. Van Slooten— i at7ioa^ Car Axle. 90322— S. Vanstone— Jlfefa^ Tube. 90323 — J. Vayasseur — Lock for Ordnance /.-^-\ ^^ lt ^i^^5 '-• 7. 90326— D. Wilcox— / orfy Loop Head for Carriages 90329— H. S. Wing— 5ed«fead FoMitntr. COMMISSieXER OF PATENTS. 562 REPORT OF THE 90341—1. Cooper— /'ora/o Digger 90342— E. J. C ridge— ^ lt ore. 90345 — M. L. Dcering — Sliding Door Sheave 90346— C. H. De Lamater— Furnace for Steam. gt ^'' ^E^SIi^^i- i -n ZV D 1^ "7 J» ^'li -mr .s_ B I'll -.-^_-^^ _-j...-i. ^ ■'^ i- ^ o o c 2^^ P c '00348 — T. pcschamps — Glove Fattening IJ amp A-^ Fig. 8 Fig. 12 f =r =^ Fig. 2 Fig. 9 COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS 561 110336— J. H. Bellamy— i^aiVicajr Ho$e Protector O 90340— O. F. demons— ri/ci- CreuBer and Guide Ic J nP ^^^o 90339— T. J. Burke— iVtc^ Prent. 36 BF-rORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 563 90349— W. Dietrichsen— /"or Preterving Beer 90354— T. 0. Yooi— Sewing Machine. .^v^^v gt - gt - - ..^^^^^^c 90352— G. L. Du Laney— For Attaching and Detaching Jfortei n 903G0— R. Heneage— /cc Preaerver and Water Cooler % X- V 90356— J. W. Graham— Zaw^ Pott Fijs.S 90351— J. L. DoUon^ Carriage. 90357— W. Uailcs— A7or . gt HEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 9030C— a. A. Rutaell— H'iii'Idu. 1 I ^ 3 LJ 00388—8. SootlQU— 7rK Box. 90390-Sbillita i Wslkei Ktin 1/oldfr. ^ A' 568 REPORT OF THE 90402— W. Smith— i'/y Traj . 2ZZ3 90403— Snow amp Elmendorf— rr«»» liocker Beam 90405— T. Stewart— /V/fer. ...^.^ 90406— C. E. .^weney— ^Vccit Yoke. D ^'^T'T— ■\ r-i._^ ' ^-'-^ -^ lt .^^^3Lr"'^^L ^^ B \^.i^ i2ssss i^ jf-i ^ 90409 — J. Thomson — AmaUjamator uu^ C A vtiMai r- \n r If lt f *'■ A • a ^ HI I * fc ' • ■I ■■^•-^^^t ■■• V-I-.T. ■■.^ ttv.-Atti.tnm^n»tinin»i.».i 111. ......... I.. ...„.lJ gt COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. miM}^ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF TUB COMMISSIONKR OF PATKNTS. Draaer. _ Hi^ C^-O^l *■ 574 REPORT OF THE 90456— X. P. Maker— Drop PresH* /r^r^ 90458— i\ MilU— For Setting Wagon Tiret. iu^ iir 9046J— Mumford A ^allis— /or Drettiny MilUtonea 90459— Minor A Torrey—Storc Pipe She}/ and Ortn J^ y COMMISSIONER OF PATENT 576 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOXER OF PATKNTS. 578 REPORT OF THE U0103-H. L. A C. P. Brown— /V»r DUtributht^i Guano. 90503— G. N. Cominon-^ V/„'Jtetrre. £ ^ -J 90492— G. W. Brown— /^or Bending Meiala EdytKinc. I - • ■ ■■ - - ^ ^ ■ ■ - - ^^ -■ -^ ^ -J- - lt ^ -y- -^^'v^ gt \ ^ ^\ ^x .\ gt -^ / ^ 90 495— M. E. BurtlcHS— / gt /rcAiM lt 7 JlfacA»«€. Q L 90196— J. AV. BverK— rWc. 90498— L. Chapuinu— y/aiu/Ze /or UniOrellaM find Conr't. 90501— F. Clausen- BuckU c i.fl — amp — a A. t- A ^ a 90500— C. B. Clark— //i« / lt . COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 580 . REPORT OF THE 00508— C. 0. -Crosby— For Making Tatting 90509 — J. Dnviiison — Dough Mixing Mavhiue. A 90510— M. B. Dodge— Ore CruMher. i m «^^^R SSRiIi 01 90511— D. Donald — ^'a / Iron. 90513 — Z. Eastman — liunning Gear of Street Can 90515 — A. Elliot — Kevcrheratorg and Melting furnace. .y.'. . .V^/// ^v^/ gt 4.UV/V^V^ gt yA^^ AV^XVAVV^W.^^.. V. ■/ bi 905ia— Dwight A Wells— Koic. 90516— M. U. Fairchild— i^t gt ri» Comb. d c a ^^ ' ' ■ ' .'.' V^ ' - "^ .■»yy. a COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE 1 .1 90533— W. HmUe—for ThrtaJi^ Mud B .li . A COMMISSIONER OF PATENT 90934— J. J. llnTrii—Hamvig ilashinr. 584 REPORT OF THE 00542 — J. Houpt — Condenser .rs=ff 1 0543— J. L. Howard— Unicket Banket for Railroad Cnrg 90545— W. W. llughes— Driving Malt. 90548 — S. Hutchinson — Propagating Treeti and Shrnba. 90551— W. F . Jobbins— / oo/« and Shoes. 9054G— £. Uuntingtou— Velocipede. 90547— G. IJutcbius— 7*\i/cAc lt Drill. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS 90534— J. J. llarriE— ^'uicr'nj JIucAi'ni Xd ^ JZZ B B053S— r. C. lUrgrare— It'ufcr .UcK 0OS37— J U. II. REPORT OF THE SO^jN K — ^j *£oei COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 588 REPORT OF THE 90569— McLain A Kelacy — Car Coupling E lr v% — ^ ^ w 90570— E. Michael— anMtn lt 7 MilL o I ji/ Zl ^l-r-ilijl iJ..^ id 90575— G. W. R. Pollock— i^ur^^^ar A/arm. / a • ■' ■/ V^' gt ..■ / r ■ gt '-r- V "J -^^~ ^ ^ ' ^^ i' l gt ^ gt » gt F IMIll ^^-^1 r^^ Tunl 90578— Rey'burn A Hunter — Lightning liod Coupling. 7 ^ r 'J^^'y ' ^" T/rr ir ^I ""' "^^7^ G c d o o I m G c H ft 90574— Perkins amp Crandall- Corn Hunker If 90573— W. B. Parsons— Car Coupling f^l ol o lo u G 9057ft— A. J. Pritcbard— Pmw^. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BEPOBT OF THE 9059I— F. Sliickle— gt '".- M^uldifj J'ipt. ^M^M. M f 1 ' _^' A- 1 - 1 %. 90587— R. J. KusM-11— 5tn Fig. 1 Fig' * P^ ^^^%K 1 gt COMMISSION'ER OF PATENTS. BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. RKPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 596 REPORT OF THE 90634— H. Buffington— rwu Capper 90036—11. D. Chance- -tfiuv/^ai- Alarnu 90641— E. A. Crownhart— Trace Buckle. ^- 0rtO i t ' • V ' y ^ - jt^'^ - - gt gt rr ^ / /-7r rSV gt - I 90637—1. H. Clark— C /itf mica/ /'ir« Engine 90642— S. B. Dodge— i'orytn^ JETammer. 90643— S. Dunbar— i^/cum Enrjim Cut-off « ■ I I i' I I r I iff 90645— B. W. Dunkleo— G rafc. f lt ix.^ ^^^^^ ^^S 1 • COMMI'^SIONER OF PATEIfTS. %Q©I fv f\ ' A 1 1 1 "^'.iP^'. i 90053— C. P. Fisher- Jon 598 REPORT OF THE 90654— W. Fletcher— ^e«. amp ^XXJM 90058— D. Garrison— For Gilding 90650— W. Frankel— r«Zoci gt crfc. E ISH iH 90060— Graves A Clark— ^Vore. 90657— p. G. Gardiner— ^iV Spring for Jiaiiroad Cart I °^ ^JV^ ^»»- gt X. A.VV T . w1 b ^ \^ . 7 r .■ i I I I I gt 1 1 u I ^i^ 90661— J. L. Hall— 5a/l Machine COM.MISSIONEH OF PATENTS. 600 REPORT OF THE 90671— J. E. LvLtt— Horse Power ZZZSZZZZ^SI n ■k ^ I L " * ■_ * * ^ • * * ■ ■ * * * » l* ^ 90072— J. Maerboffer— Cider Prest mmmm^m m m {■''''■' U I - ■ ■ I ..... ■ — m^^^^^^im. i . ^^m^^^^^^^M. r ' V * "V ^ - y „ - ^ ^ - ^ . ■^^3^ gt v^ ^ 1 90«76~J. Montgomery— Co/ce Pof Boiler Digeateff Oven and Lamp. 90674 — MoManus amp Merry man — Chum 90680— J. H. Nale— Wagon Seat A 90673— J. Mayer— Hoop Skirt. a 90681 J. S. Palmer— iV Making Button Hooka. .Iv' B 1 gt J m H f J COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 602 REPORT OP THE 90687 — Kathinann k Johnson^' „ Velocipede 00G90 — B. D. Sanders — Manufacture of Bung§. O 90689— I. S. Roland— -S/joAe Lathe Jr. lt C gt i. ^^. \ / k © i^ 5 f' " ' s ^ J m rr^ M 90692— N. Scnbcrt— J /rirw. Itock. t I i.i i.j I n Fig. 5K COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS 604. REPORT OF THE 90705— C. Von BonhoTSt— Dental Mouth Meter D070T— A. B. Walters— Co/«« Pot. r-H. J L t J i-T 90708— AValtz Soliday A llamshor- Railwatf Gate C lt y. 90709— G. Ei Waring Jr.- JV r Deodorizing Water Clo9et§ 90712— D. D. Whitncy- Stove Shelf COMMISSIOVER OF PATENTS 606 REPOKT OF THE 90719 — M. Armstrong — Stove. A a ff itim .p. .L^V. ..»P gt ..T-.- 90722— N. Breed— Corton Seed Planter C ""^rm 90721— A. Bm\ey— Steam Engine 90723— G. C. Bucll— Velocip^^e. 90725— D. S. Butler— 7' « lt / JJuckle. 1 TTW 1 1 1 Ttrirr r v {■ t gt v f ■ ■ r^ . - v o o o^ 90724 — J. Burgees — Soldering Furnace. II 1 1 1 1 1 rr rm iT TTi 9072G — L. Chapman — /or Forming liitt for Axti. 90728—1. Church it.— Lubricator. iS^^^S COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 90730— J. W. Currier— Cfl Coupling. p gt 1 -SB ^ t gt ^ %o O o COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 90708— S. LEach— PSur 610 REPORT OF THE 90770—0. F. M.omAny— Roller Grain Drill S 0774— A. NioUen— Velociptde. ^£ 90771— D. Uoore— Bake Oftu { 7A \m\s^ D • • e a '3l ■ n ■ 1 1 f 1 i ■ If i s D // 90775— C. G. Nye— Jire Heating Oven. / f ft^pcrrJ . ... 90773— E. G. Nichols— Fence J^ott " © S • ^1 90776— T. OKecfe— Beditead Fatttning. 'VpTTjjfTTTi ■ ^ ■■ .■ gt ■ - .'-■ -VV ./.'•'■-' ' -^ e II0777 — A. B. Paul — Awagalmator /or F Gold and SilPtr COMMlSSrONER OF PATENTS. 612 REPORT OF THE 00791— a. A. Smith— i'aio Guide and Jointer t I I I I I I -°^ I I I I I I .9 1 i^^ A t I I I I fc^-^ i 90703 — F. Suter — MuBicai Inatrument ■■-/■VA. ".'MJ r ' gt nj.»}.K gt 777777-^.a 00794— Taylor k Co amp le— i»a/e y Valve % % M S^^ I..I. I gt ^-1 gt ^^ ^ /at -' - ' - "" -' -^ c o c CO CO 6 o o •5 JSL_ a' 90795— H. Thielsen— Car Truck. .3 00706 — S amp J. Thomas — Oven for Iron Fnrnneea * gt ■ gt ''. 7 r r • /" • ^. • / • // gt '^/^ y - f}' • ' ' J '^ gt COMMISSIONER OF PATEyiS. 80797— H. TbomyioD— VrhcCp'd 614 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 615 90815— E. Brown — Pyrometer t^ »»»JJ»»»J»J»»»»»»jy T' • t .' jirf' . j.rr rfffttr'rr niwrT ^ 90818—11. P. Burdick— //a^ Bake and Loader 90820— Cooper A Monroe— 2 et/ Bottom h a F. A a a ir ^ n a A 90817— F. Buckelew- Wathinff Machine ^iMr J I to 1 yrwwy 90823— L. Cutting— HoxBtxng Apparatut. 90824— J. Dickinson- Preparation of Mineral Carbon for the Art 616 REPOTIT OF THE 90821— R. P. A*E. B. Crane— Itailicay Gate* G 90826— R. Dunbar— Water Wheel 9 90839— English k Rogers— Wa lt joii Brake. 90832— G. F. Fesscnden— Ca»/aiic lt #. 90833— C. 1 . Y\ynt—L /€ Boat COHMISSIOXER OP PATENTS. 618 REPORT OF THE 90839— T. F. IIaU— Gate. 90841— M. Hipp— JP/cc/r.V Clock ^r ^■i^^-iau I 90843— F. amp U. F. Hovey- Cidcr Mill and Pre»8 COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 008-17^IubDsoa i. At •0843— D. S. llarlhat—Windua 'i^^ B0849— n \ Ka.j—l}„ckU. S gt 620 REPORT OF THE 90850-~W. J. Keep— *S^foi « COMMISSIONER OF PATE.VTS. 622 REPORT OF THE 90804— J. F. Milligan— Door Lock B »08G5 ^Moore A Aylwerd— /or Holdiny Honu. E ^ ^ J^ 90860— D. W. Onderdonk— ni// GoHpling 90807— G. Palmer— A'u« Lock. A T. HfP'^"^ w ■» i-» ^ur ^ 90869— J. F. Tiller— Velocipede 9087O— W. S. Voulaou— Book Holder. 90868— E. Pierce— i o»i5 Lance 00871— T. J. Power— Priming Metallic Cartridgee 9087S — J. Robertson — Lead Pipe Machine COMMISSIONER op PATENTS. 624 REPORT OF THE 90881— L. T. Simon- Clothe* Pin. 90882— J. Simpson— C'Aurn. 90886— E. G. St amp rok— Alcohol Still. 90890— W. Trump— Wagon Pole Attachment. M I J^' .V ^f 3f -^ p- isa. 90883—0. M. Smith- €3/ Umbrella Runner. 90884— W. G. Snook— Steam Engi ne P itton. 90885— G. S. StantLTd— Stove 90887— J. D. SiQyfATi— Slide Valve. A / R II Bl H 90888— A. Stockwell— Zoow. 7/i ^ 4 COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 624 REPORT OF THE 90881— L. T. Simon- Clothet Pin 90882— J. Simpson— C^Aiirii. 90886— E. G. St amp Tok— Alcohol Still. 90890— W. Trump— Wagon Pole Attachment M O JE^J ^ A^ P i jx saa. 90883—0. M. Smith— Umbrella Runner 90884— W. G. Snook— Steam Engi ne Pi tton. 90885— G. S. Stanard— iStopc. ^ 90887— J. D. Stewart— ^7»de Valve A / gt Cv // ET IhzzzzzzsszsziZ ^ — f^ ^^■" ^ ■. . JJ.'^iJJ^J'^^ ^ gt gt gt j .* y . rz 1 90888— A. StockweU— Zoow. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 628 RKPORT OF THE ss a2si COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 630 REPORT OF THE 90937— J. J gt \iS—Han fer for Shafting. 90940—1. N. Forrester— Piiinp. "Wikitti ^ ' ■ ■■ ^ ' p ii . K'J gt 'y gt ''» gt ' gt "''^.*'n. n lt gt n A 90943— F. L. Hagadorn— PiH amp iHflr Machine* 90945— J. ^. Hills— A'c^ Fewtener. 90938— J. Eck— Tng Hook. 90939— J. Foltx— /borrow. 90941— C. T. Frost— 2 erf«*eatf ^ot 4%. 90942— G. M. Granger— H^atA BoiUr. J B o o O ^ ° ° '4 ' o ° . 90946 — M. Jerome — For Scutching and Thrething Flax. ^ COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. »01»0a— U. B. BwtlMt— SfoH Oowr. 9098S— Berg A Staphan— tt.ifry Jumptr. 636 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 9100S— A. Fold— Cbr. HamUT. 9t00a—y . V. Ford— Wealhir Ll^ 638 REPORT OP THE 91015— B. W. Healey— Centra Bearing for Locomotivet. 91U16— E. Hitchcock— 7Aurtt. 91017— J. B. liolmea^ Water Wheel. 91020— J. Horton— Shade for Burners 91021— D. Howarth- Bcfriijcrator. j 91023— D. Jones— Water EUcator. COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. REPORT OF THE 91033— A. MaUoQ— /ru.iina Board. ^mrrriffltfi^^gtlfflTr COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. lrW^ gt ^- IV"^v^ 1-^1 1= 642 REPORT OF THE 91049— W. Smith— iS7«m/ gt Extractor h NvH tf^ 91053— P. W. Thomas- ^arf Iron Heater. c ® o ■ UJJ a a —a « a ■» 1 1*^ ' 1 TT ' ■" "iiTi k ' U' • c 91050 — J. J. Switzer — Loom mhmm 0 ^\ ^l^im BBB B HUBiianaiiBi-ifiV^ OlOdl — A Thoma — Fur Juxtractiufj Zinc /rout its Ore» COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 91054— F Thrall— Duiijt Kiuader. 644 REPORT OF THE 01060— A. M. Allen— Vahe Gear. I Q ^ ^ 91064— E. J. Amor— Tool Handle* 01063—1. Arnica— Hatchway for Buildinga. uscnxcOTsu 01061— A. M. AWen— Velocipede. 01065— A. G. Andrcn— Viee 91066— Babbett amp B'lnncj— For Making Coal Oat. 01072— A. B. Bean- liatchct Ftcd. COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 645 910ftT— C. F. Babcock— C ram Separator 91068— Q. S. Backus— Vi»e. ' y v/y Y^^^^ 'J 01069 — L. F. Bancroft — Steam Qtuerator and Stove. a 91073— H. E. BIcmkcr— ^'tot c Drum. o 91071— A. E. Beach- ^'AieW /or Tuuneling. f I 1 i J L y^^^"'^ -r-^ - ■ ^ "'-'-''^ ^''Ytj - g 6 gt ^p ' CL^CrrJi D 91077— T. W. Bracher- For Cutting Hat TijM J3. *^fc' gt - gt '»' gt ^ 91074 — A. Booth— ^'or Turning Wagon Axle» ^ C lt ^ C a rd » i II I II . ii-' '"I'll ■ '"■ ■ -~- n O ^ fc ^ o 646 REPORT OF THE 91076— G. S. BoswoTih—Stove I irP g V*^ CZ amp CB3i lt a3 ■Pji* wwr'rwrry Q Ulili 3 91083— G. J. Capewell— Securing Buttontio Fabric*. A 91081— G. Burch— /^or ike Manv/acture of JSracelet* 91084— D. F. Carr— Cultivator. 91082— Caffrey A Nettleton— /"or Milling the Body of Kttft 91088— P. Cbristiansen— 6'a»A Balance 91085— T. Carr— /'or JJiniutegratiny Fertilizers amp c» 6' \^ 91087— S. G. Cheever— Hamcat COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. f 9108B— W. B. Coale«— tfa Z gt y 010B3-J u Imann— P e BEPOBT OF THK COMSIISSIONER OF PATENTS. 650 REPORT OF THE 91117— N. B. Hadley— /"or Tkrtading Screwt. .^iM^^ COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. Slia-l— G. JlBlntcad— /roll Tr 91187— J. K Ilarrla— /fai- 01128— W. lUwking— JtftaJ Sryai 91130— A. B. Ucndryx— 91120— J. Hwkendorn— PfuiB 652 REPORT OF THK 91131~J. lleTT— Animal Trap OllJl— G. II. WwviX—licijnUHor for^ Vulcanizing Apparatui 91138— J. J. Kenna— /or Polishing Skirt Bogomt 91132— Hersev .1 llawes Glataicare Preas. 91133— C. Y. Jacobsen— 7A«iu f/iVr. 91137— J. Kxiy— Tuyere. B COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 654 REPORT OF THE 91145—1. W. UcQ amp Scy—Siceejiintf Machine -tsR- p 91147— A. J. A S. D. McKee— ^ay Loader. 91148— W. L. McNeil— Car Heater and Ventilator. 91149— S. W. Miller— ^V.c/h^ Machine 91151— J. A. Morrell- Pm h gt . b 'b '*' — ■ r■•^■^^■^^ Q . ^^■. ^^.^VJ 1^ .1. ■ A gt ii gt gt I ' ll I ■ i» gt i i ^ I «i 1 1 gt i if n i» gt gt ' ' ■ ' ' •* y " 91154— T. H. Neal— Attaching Handhn to Pick$. C . I' V gt ■ 91152 — A. J. Morse — Sj/rup Cock. . gt ^k . m*X te *•- • . ^^ it^- O '- ' ■1 ' ' 91156—0. K. Nitsch— Fan. 91155—1. E. ^cvf ton— Stone Cutting and Dre^ning Sokb 91158— J. F. Paul— Wood Pacemenu e COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. BKPORT OP THE Oliee~F. Scbniill— Veloriptdt. '/ lt 01I7I— F. Suhnciiet^Boll Hcadinj Machim COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 657 91172— J. F. Seihwl'mg—Harvetter 91174— T. Slaight— JTiio^ Latch Fig. 5 91175— D. McC. Smyth— /or Seusing Book h' 91178— J. Stone— -For Welding and Cutting Hailroad Rail d'i gt ' nl Djm "^ii i-r^ - 91179— T. B. Stout— 6'ur^ gt et Stretcher XV N J . I L t I I I U REPORT OF THE ifu Lt-S .... A wmm 31182— D.C. Thou 91181— Talhtm t SttgoT— Car Brakt. #2 T^^1 7g M 91186~R. B. Wuioa—Slott. gLl_g flllSO— D. Wilcoi-flal. y^ COMMISSIONER OF PATESTS. /■™ „.H W Appara . AMAAMf 660 REPORT OF THE 91197— S. C. Adams— iVu lt Lock 91201— W. Barry— ^ Tool for Reaming and Squaring Pipe 91200— A. P. Barlow— .V/ Ve Block for Mniett iS'cng AIilU. n 91199— N. Baldwin— FiM. 91198— A. B. Aner— Check Book Clip. 91202— C. L. Beamcr— 67ram Bindef 1 91203— H. BoriX'-'Beehive COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 661 91204— C. W. Bierbach— WagoH Wheel Irvsl 91205— Blakslce amp Williami — Injector. ^ 91210— C. L. Carter— CVdcr Mill 91207 — Briggs amp Uoward — Loom. 91208 — A. W. Browne — Lamp liurner. 91209— B. Buckland— TtH«mtM«' Mnchine / / 91212— B. M. Close— 6'«/rira for. 662 REPORT OF THE 91213— W. H. Corel—Carburetter j^jB EZBBB 'rgj^^^Bi 'iinmii/m art 6 IfllflJMilllTTr nmiiu.ininiinant xa @ uu y Jffllllll».HI lt Jllll.fililllllJllll'^ } gt /}}}f}f j»/}^ r gt }f uff/t} } gt }t f/nntr77fA 91217— W. Dixon— TAeatre 7/iiair. 91211— P. Cheswell — Locomotive Feed Pump. 91214— T. Crane— A'«iV lt i««7 Machine. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 91310— P. Fairell— for FinUhiog lealker. Paper m 01331— A. C. Thlebei— Paddle Whtct. 91230— A. J QibloB— Bang Culltr 01X36— S. E. BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. SEPOBT OF THE 91342— A. W. Loiior— flay Leadtr. COMMISSIOS'ER OF PATENTS. REPORT OP THE COMMISSIOXEB OF PATENTS. 670 REPORT OF THE 91275— A. C. Schwanke— iS^tore. {^i'ZTii — fc eymour «fe Perkius — PerciuHioii Cap Holder ¥ 9 91280— Spalding A Southwcll- Thill Coupling 91277— C. L. Sholcs— Paying Machine. 91279— W. B. Smith— /'urnace /or Shrinking on and Jiemoving Tirct K t« 91282—0. 0. Storlc— C/miH Hinder l_R 91278—1 . ^miih— Cartridge miiiimiita X o c 91283— H. D. Stover— Hoisting Apparatnt COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. RKPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 678 REPORT OF THE 01353 — C. Lockwood — Sand Screen. 91357— G. Mayer— ^ lt orc. 91354— J. Long— P/oic. 91360— J. L. Nettleton— C'Awr». ^^^^^v^^^^^^^^^k■.^^^^^^ 91355— J. Mallett— iroo^ Table. 9135G— C. Marcher- Spittuon Footstool 91359— J. H. Morso— iocik. 91358— J. M. Majer— J/r»c^ Truck. 91302— S. P. Parmly— fia^ Fastener. re CI- 3 ir-H 91361— T. CampbeU Co//o» Bale Tit. fC 91304— S. li. Pearee— ^Ufxafc Floor Covering. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 680 REPORT OF THE 91375— S. P. SuQfid— Fireproof Ceiling. ■ Ill ' j t ij * } ' ' 01376— J. U. Snow— ra« Het/ulator for BlOIC Piptt. j ' I \\ 91380— A. amp V Staffer— ^aic Oiimmer V'\'JJ- r'' ' i''V\'fM.^ . -^ 91379— Spofford it Raffington— Veioeip^de 91382— Stern amp Seldis— 3fu/. 91383 — L. Stewart — Steam Plow. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 681 91384 — S. Sykes — Sawdust Feeder for Furnacea 91385 — M. J. Trowbridge — Centre^ Square A T 91380— R. B. Tun stall— iS'eerfcr. 91387 — A. Vaugbau — Post Anger 91394— A. F. Whiting— A'»io6 Latch. £5 s^ZSS V ^ .■-ws^ r-^— 91388— A. Wadsworth- Watch 91389— J. H. Weedon— ^carf Sett for Pew» n 91390— J. Welkcr— 7/«ce Buckle. 9 / 91392— E. S. Wheeler— 6^ar/ gt e lt Stretcher and Nailer 682 REPORT OF THE 91391— J. Wettstein— To6acco Boiling Machine r 91397— C. P. Wing— ra6/« Lea/ Support C B B ' ^luy^t 'I ' ' ' . - ' - - I if "I \ ■ I 'I'' l^feSD COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 684 REPORT OF THE 91404— A. M. Allen— 7ar Brake 91413— C. Burley— .Ja/ely Valve. 91412— A. amp H. K. Burkholder— rain ■■'■''■'•' ^^..... '^»^ Separator. 91410— M. T. Bou\t—For Carving and Ornamenting Wood Work 91409— W. E. Be amp meB— Cabinet /or D retting Bureaus I a / a 7 gt 91411— J. F. Boynton— Ftre Extinjui»ker. 91414— Campbell A Miller— Glueing Hfjjper. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 686 REPO'KT OF THE 91422— H. T. Cooper— CMrfaiH Fixture. 91425— J. S. H. Dickinson— i/uiMcM Tug. 3 91421— D. M. Cummingi Car Axle. g.^* A ^ ^ ^ \9 91429— N. B. Forrest- -J/afc/t Jioxuig Machint. flflh 1^ qoMMISSIONEK OF PATENTS. 01430-T. M. Fuller— Waffi- Wictl. 91431— J. F. Gcbbart— Z lt io REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 690 REPORT OF THE 91463— A. P. Mason— 7 r« //c Bit. 91461 — W. Martin — Sawing Machine 91464— A. B. Mattoon— C'oM^/cr Chnncr. ^ 91465— W. W. Maughlin— ^arfA Fatttner COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS 692 REPORT OF THE 91476— Murphy amp Hook — For Making Rubber HoBty d'c. 91482— G. Pye~J/ari e«rer. O 01483— p. RegUz- ffopper Cock 91485 — D. Reynolds — Evaporating Apparatus ir ...^ / ■ amp /- w E . fix r' L^S. "0 B- a I ^'zz^m=^ ^ -£l _ .ii^- 3r i 91481— M. F. Potter— JTiVifc CooUr. \ COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. REPORT OF THE h U a-For Vak.ng \ \ 11 S COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 696 KKPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 700 REPORT OF THE 91539— A. S. Hunter— *S7. afc. 91541 — J. JohnsoD — Pad for Hortet' y/oo/#. 91542— D. P. Kayner— 7c/o^iiij Stove 91543— J. M. Keep— Office Indicator and Register. I 91545—1. C. Kelley- liosette Holder. b\trT 91546— P. Kline— i/or*e Potcer COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS 702 REPORT OF THE t 1558— J. H. Northcott^ S«ca»rt Plow 5 = B ■ = 01560 — J. S. Perry — Hot Air Furnace. .v^s v^v^^v^\\\. ^^ ^^ gt ^^x\^\\\.. CC^.\^^ ^\\\\\\^\v^^\^^^\■^\\\\\.\.v^^^-^^ gt 91661— C. T. Phillips— 7ram Separator. COMMISSrOKEK OF PATENTS. 704 REPORT OF THE 01575 — D. M. Smyth — JUuvelopc Machine 2SS2ZSS5§ 91580— T. R. Timby— 7'u 6iii« Water Wheel 91581— Tompkins A Dougal— - Ground Holler and Stalk Cutter -3 c y 91582— W. H. Ward— //rtri'e«/er Hake 2 gt COMMISSIOXER OF PATENTS. t gt l583— F. Witlrain— Xiifer 2tu. I »1S84~W. M. Wood— . 91S8S— J. S. AlexunJer— SjjaiJa Bagon 01S85— C. Abbot — /■ .«*. 1 ■' 1 i Ir i — -H I L^ 706 REPORT OP THE 91592— J. N. Ayres— or Bending Wire for Rake Teeth ^**^^^ ^4 # -V __^_./ ji 'I A^\ ^ If 91594— P. Ball— C/a»i/ for Joining Cement Lined Water Pipe*. ^ 91593— N. W. Beiker— Tying up Awl 91595— G. Banister— iS'ced Planter tV 30 4-c / gt £ gt ^T~^ I o ik£ 91598— E. W. Bigc\oyf— Stove Top and C^rtr. 9159G— A. Bennett— Range Boiler. 91599— J. Brahn— Zorr Water Indicator. 91597— L. Bortschc Jr.— J Fireplace Orate 91G00— H. Bruggeman— /« gt iniii/7 Mill 91603 — Clarke amp Dickey — Lubricating Journal COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS REPORT or THE 91612— H. Cxxtler— Flour Mill 01613— M. D. Drake— -Pitwon. D^ fzIj^^-^^^^ - f. 1 1615— J. A. H. EWis— Carriage 91616— L. T. J-airbauks- /"iVc Ami. y^^HZSS innmii ^"^^^..f o L\\\\^V' 91617— R. R. Fenner— P/oic. 01618— D. F. Fetter— Bu$h for Barrels d c. 91619—0. \V. Francis— i'or Making Sheet Iron. r o o C„\^ fl ' 0^ Mi^ V^i IT ' jZHZi i . \ ~ gt ~^ ^ X ^ '-x -^ X- X 91622— D.C. BrM— Curd Agitator 91625— R. Henderson- P/awer Chuck B C COMMISSIOXER OP PATENTS. —Ileskp A Cochrane— O.'* Wuilitr and •• CG„r^«tn.tor. nut lt -' -J n m i^"' - ill iHk- 1 amp f i . - PI — m=rt ffp' Ft i" "FrTfttJ 1 l l ■Jie29— 11. Hi /I IV * 91031— D. H. Hill— Mom. 710 REPORT OF THE 91635— T. Holt— tfrooi'iii^f Machine. 91630— W. Kellj— Animal Poke. 91G36— J. UoTlon— Tuyere Arch. 91640— W. Kins—Borte Hake. 91638 — 0. Jennings — Mining Sluice for Sating Sulphurets A -^rr^ '^' COMMISSTONER OF PATENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 714 REPORT OF THE 91604 C. L. Yroniy— Broiler and Tocuter. 916GG— J. L. Reher— Paper Box. 91668— W. Richard— /Yrf Arm. D 91669— F. B. Richardaon- Casting Jug Topt 91672— C. C. Scaife— Jfrta/Zic Roojing. A 9 91670— Robinson Lonine N. T. amp D. W. Hyatt— Felting Machine 91674- Seuour Jk Traphagan— Ota 91673— G. Schneider— Picture Frame Fig. 4 COMMISRIOJfE OF PATENTS. 715 716 REPORT OF THE 91683— Spaulding A Smith— Bracket Clamp ^ D A 91684 — G. Stackpole — Sewing Machine. 91685— S. G. A W. E. Sturges— Buckle and Snap O 91687— S. Taylor— OrgroB and Book Cote. B Ml ^ 0' t3 vniiiuiuriii iJ ii7Tr i M' '^^.'jA. v. / •XkA'}^^ ■*r^- vy^^^^X'-k''Cv^vv r ■ xv ^ 91688— D. TxeUy—Burean Bedstead. nf 91686— S. Taylor — Organ and Mclodeon. J B B JW^^ T*- 91689— C. Truesdalc- Fireplace Lining 91692— W. Vogol— -4*A Sifter. jj.-fc ^ f'-r gt .-j gt -.'.'^-^V^y.V •-' gt vfj^-'-'^' V. vr^.''^^ ' gt / ^■ -/ 91691— J. W. Ipharn— Water Wheel. 91690— S. J. Tucker— Writing De^k CaUudar. ^ E COMMISSIONER OF PATEN'TS. 718 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 01712— Q. C gt lvcrt~£«tli 91714—1. H. Chappcll— ICagoii Stat j e1 u A 'b '■ J 017l«- W. ieiii» n— flan lt ./er 720 REPORT OF THE 91721— Cummings amp Childs — Phw. **7^ ^^ 91723— L. S. Deming— Gate. \tf o 91722— A. G. Davis— Moti9€ Trap. B ITMl € o_^ = J gt a ^i -^ 91724— L. L. Dcwecse— Nut Lock 91725- S. B. Dougherty— .ya/ef^ Yalvt. 91727— W. A. Dryden— Cii/rirator Joint. FT Wml ■/ I. / /.y y y y^y/ o. '. r / v. . . ■- gt ^. /■ .. y. . ^. . / ^./^ I'- COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS 9I738~R. A Goodyear— B*d Bollom 81738— D. U. Ooulil— H'liliii- Wknel. 0173T-B. F. Oilbort— /HXrud'o F « Poai . . jfflimiL hrrCF -j-iT^rm- "^ ' i 1 722 KEPOKT OF THE 91741— F. J. Hart— ^aiirf Stamp 91742 — J. Hatch— Pa/ gt cr Cutting Machinery. 1 1743— L. llayner— C7woi Bucket 91745 — J. G. Uouszey — Bridge ISl w » ■ 91746— C. W. Hill— Window Curtain Cornice 91760— W. F. Jones— f»Mi»/ . r» n lt t ■ w Y.'.'A-J' '^ '. ^.^.^'^.'.'.'^-'.'.'.. H 31 91744 — C. Hcpert — ^Niwa^ Trap. 91747— J. Hughes — Bameee Pad. 91749 — JeDuiogs A Boands — BedMtad. COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 724 REPORT OF THE 91759— McCoUum A Parr— For Making Ginger Snapt and Cracker 91762— H. W. Moore— Car WhetL COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 726 REPORT OF THE 91773— R. Kuaton— Gauge for Dregginrf MtlUtonet O 91774—1. N. C. SaviUc—Z ai«. A CEEDc GO O t*3 o 91776— F. S. Se amp TS— Butter Chest. V e o o ^lA gt A^^y^.^^AA^ gt . 33 a U. LL^ 91777 — Seeger Loveless lt fc Throp Clod Fender 91778— F. Shaller— Lamp Burner. i3 ■JJJiJJBfJ . 91780— R. Smith— /'or Finiahing Paper Boxes ^m -N \ t^^.^^'^S^ih^^^^'^^^^^^^^^=^^ gt ^% -4 e o \p to 1 COMMISSrOKER OF PATEfTTS. 728 REPORT OF THE 91789—0. Tackmann— Thill Coupling. 91790— J. A. Talpey— iJay Spreader 91791— S. P. M. Taskcr— ioi- Manu/a W elded Wroiujht Metal Tubing. ' "- ■ I J c %3 a -.1 jL ^Ti m. r- .4-. I -f L J fflr^ o V 91792— S. Teachout— Wuier Wkee . 91794— B. 0. Thompson— a/otAe« Wringer and Mangle. y 91795— F. M. Unticdt- Chopping Knife 91790— W . W. Vandcrbilt— ^ ii gt Ventilator. i ■ ■ ■ iTTy. 1. COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS 730 REPORT OF THE 91805— Wirts A Swift— raiH Separator. 91809 — A. Worster — Uarnca^ Loop. oo^o^n 91807— A. Worster— Trace Buckle T'^^^^mjSm ^m^ w^ 91810— J. Quinlan— / gt raicer PiUl and Label. 91813— H. Baeuerle— Constructing Architectural Ornamenta of Sheet Metal 91808— A. Worster- Trace Buckle 91812— J. M. Aubrey— Lamp Liyht J^jctinguither B ^^fe kX D L ■u6- i ■uUiiiiiiAi ^ f a till n'-i-tr\n a tt i'.'/'/ • '/'-'/■''-''/ 91811— J. P. Allenswonh- U a^on Coiipliwj 91814— U. J. Bailey— /Vr Preparing Bar Lead 3 9181G— J. Baaghiuan— C a e. F COMMISSIONER OF pJi.TENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 734 REPORT OF THE 91847— E. S. RvlS—Mow Cultivator. '. « »_ gt V 91849— E. A. Hyde— Piicuma/ic Dental Plugger p D yC asB9 ■i j m.ma 91851— W. H. Johnson— iSrroue. ^Bza k JLi o A asszBEBza jLa I E USJ. Skip past navigation On a mobile phone Check out m.twitter Skip to navigation Skip to sign in form Have an account Sign in Username or email Password Remember me Forgot password Forgot username Already using Twitter on your phone Get short timely messages from Panda Show Radio. Twitter is a rich source of instantly updated information. It's easy to stay updated on an incredibly wide variety of topics. Join today and follow @pandashowradio . 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Bio ¡El Twitter del Panda Zambrano 10 Following 4 868 Followers 61 Listed 284 Tweets Favorites Following RSS feed of pandashowradio's tweets RSS feed of pandashowradio's favorites Footer copy 2011 Twitter About Us Contact Blog Status Resources API Business Help Jobs Terms Privacy register login Google map sightseeing easy as never before. world places world regions Africa Asia Australia Europe North America South America world -> Europe -> United Kingdom -> Scotland -> Scotland -> City of Aberdeen -> Old Aberdeen Old Aberdeen Map mdash Satellite Images of Old Aberdeen original name Old Aberdeen geographical location City of Aberdeen Scotland Scotland United Kingdom Europe geographical coordinates 57° 10' 0" North 2° 6' 0" West Old Aberdeen map 3d map » hotel » car rental » detailed map of Old Aberdeen and near places Welcome to the Old Aberdeen google satellite map This place is situated in City of Aberdeen Scotland Scotland United Kingdom its geographical coordinates are 57° 10' 0" North 2° 6' 0" West and its original name with diacritics is Old Aberdeen. See Old Aberdeen photos and images from satellite below explore the aerial photographs of Old Aberdeen in United Kingdom. Old Aberdeen hotels map is available on the target page linked above. small medium large This map is informational only. No representation is made or warranty given as to its content. User assumes all risk of use. Maplandia assumes no responsibility for any loss or delay resulting from such use. Do you like this map Link to it or recommend it Register at Old Aberdeen or add new placemark for Old Aberdeen . Get your personal map homepage and much more for free. Old Aberdeen hotel reservations Book hotel in Old Aberdeen online and save money Old Aberdeen hotels » Browse amp Book hotels in United Kingdom » Old Aberdeen hotels ndash sortable list of all Old Aberdeen hotels » Search for hotels in Check-in date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 2011 2012 Check-out date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 2011 2012 Old Aberdeen hotels low rates no booking fees no cancellation fees. Maplandia in partnership with Booking offers highly competitive rates for all types of hotels in Old Aberdeen from affordable family hotels to the most luxurious ones. Booking being established in 1996 is longtime Europe’s leader in online hotel reservations. At Maplandia you won't be charged any booking fees cancellation fees or administration fees ndash the reservation service is free of charge . The reservation system is secure and your personal information and credit card is encrypted. We have put together also a carefully selected list of recommended hotels in Old Aberdeen only hotels with the highest level of guest satisfaction are included. Old Aberdeen hotels map The location of each Old Aberdeen hotel listed is shown on the detailed zoomable map. Moreover Old Aberdeen hotel map is available where all hotels in Old Aberdeen are marked. You can easily choose your hotel by location. Old Aberdeen hotel reviews Many photos and unbiased Old Aberdeen hotel reviews written by real guests are provided to help you make your booking decision. Old Aberdeen hotel deals Luxury hotels including 5 star hotels and 4 star hotels and cheap Old Aberdeen hotels with best discount rates and up-to-date hotel deals are both available in separate lists. Always bear in mind that with Maplandia and Booking the best price is guaranteed Hotels nearest to the centre of Old Aberdeen Dreamhouse Aberdeen in Aberdeen distanced approximately 1.5 km Bimini Guest House *** in Aberdeen distanced approximately 1.8 km Premier Inn Aberdeen City Centre *** in Aberdeen distanced approximately 1.8 km Hilton Garden Inn Aberdeen City Centre **** in Aberdeen distanced approximately 1.9 km Doubletree By Hilton Aberdeen City Centre **** in Aberdeen distanced approximately 1.9 km Skene House HotelSuites - Rosemount **** in Aberdeen distanced approximately 2.1 km Micasa Aparthotel **** in Aberdeen distanced approximately 2.2 km more Old Aberdeen hotels » Old Aberdeen car rental Compare Old Aberdeen car rental offers of 500+ suppliers We search over 500 approved car hire suppliers to find you the very best Old Aberdeen rental prices available. You can compare offers from leading car hire suppliers like Avis Europcar Sixt or Thrifty as well as budget rental deals from Holiday Autos Budget Economy EasyCar or 121 carhire. Choose Old Aberdeen car hire supplier according to your preferences . The booking process is secured and is made as simple as possible. You don't have to browse through several websites and compare prices to find cheap car rental in Old Aberdeen mdash we will do it for you Car hire Old Aberdeen and neighbourhood Car rental offices nearest to Old Aberdeen the city centre. Compare Old Aberdeen car rental offers by various suppliers. Aberdeen Great Britain car rental distanced approximately 3.5 km Aberdeen - Airport car rental distanced approximately 7.5 km Dyce car rental distanced approximately 7.5 km Elgin car rental distanced approximately 90 km Dundee - Airport car rental distanced approximately 97 km more offers and Old Aberdeen car hiring guide » Old Aberdeen 3D map in Google Earth 3D map of Old Aberdeen in United Kingdom You can also dive right into Old Aberdeen on unique 3D satellite map provided by Google Earth . With new GoogLe Earth plugin you can enjoy the interactive Old Aberdeen 3D map within your web browser. See the 3D map of Old Aberdeen United Kingdom in Google Earth raquo Airports in Old Aberdeen and in the neighbourhood Airports nearest to Old Aberdeen are sorted by the distance to the airport from the city centre. Follow relate airport hotel guides for accommodation booking. Aberdeen Airport distanced approximately 7.1 km ndash airport hotels Peterhead Longside Airport distanced approximately 41 km ndash airport hotels Kodiak Fss Airport distanced approximately 61 km ndash airport hotels Dundee ScotRail Airport distanced approximately 91 km ndash airport hotels Lossiemouth RAF Station Airport distanced approximately 93 km ndash airport hotels Get more out of Old Aberdeen map Add placemark to Old Aberdeen No placemark has been added to this place yet. You can add the first . users registered in this area No users is registered to this place. You can be the first . recommend this page If you would like to recommend this Old Aberdeen map page to a friend or if you just want to send yourself a reminder here is the easy way to do it. Simply fill in the e-mail address and name of the person you wish to tell about Maplandia your name and e-mail address so they can reply to you with gracious thanks and click the recommend button. 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You can search through the full text of this book on the web at http //books .google /I 3 by Google ItOoi^Ic 3 by Google 3 by Google 3 by Google 3 by Google D.D.t.zea by Google ' . »» M Eiitfrrf Xt.i.. / I.' VJ y UNITED STATES MAGAZINl DEMOCRATIC REVIEW. TV'n TOI gt VHE m. CONTADJINQ THE POLITICAL AND LITERARY PORTIONS OF THE NUMBERS PUBLISHED IN SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 183B. WASHINGTON D. C. 3 by Google 3 by Google UNITED STATES MAGAZINE AND DEMOCRATIC REVIEW. HOW STANDS THE CABEl 'WKtchinsD how wean Ihe night t' — is th« question many a time asked daring the intervals of the fltorm by those who sleep se- cnrely in their reliance on the vigilance of the humble but faithful guardian of the public tranquillity — and happy is it when the an- swer is returned that ■ the storm is over and the day ia breaking.* Such it the answer we can return from onr watch-tower of o1 gt serva- tion to the friends who would ask bow fares the cause of the De- mocracy tbroagh the season of night and storm through which it has had to pass. The storm is over and the day is breaking — a day of trinmph and rejoicing — and though it is yet to be marked by an arduous contest yet we have at least the light prayed for by the Grecian hero and with so righteous a caude under a banner that we are so well assnred to be invincible we can have no mis- girings as to the issue with which it is to be closed and crowned. There is every thing in the present aspect of the great contest that is in progress throughout the country to cheer and encourage the friends of the Democratic cause — every thing to cause their bosoms to swell high with patriotic hope and an honorable pride. All the signs of the times which are exhibiting themselves over the surface in every direction confirm the view we have before taken of this important Poli^cal Crisis in the pages of the Democratic Re- view that it is one of those periodical ' castings of the skin ' which are equally unavoidable to a strong democratic majority long in the ascendant and indispensable to preserve it in perpetual health yonlh and rigor. This process though always painful and criti- cal is now in progress with the most favorable circumstances and anspicea that we could desire and our confidence in its result which has never wavered an instant is receiving every day a new and clearer confirmation. Such will continue to be the history of ttia demoeratie party in this eovntry from time to time So long as onr pnentment hoik Federal and Slate is administered on tha prineiplM which baTs heretofore directed it of lefislating upon gt .700i^lc 4 Hov Hands the Case T September the private tad partial intereets of indiviiiuala and classes especially if its conneiion with the great moneyed interests of the country^ now so happily loosened to a considerable extent — should be re- sumed. In that case the experience of the future will most as- suredly confirm again and again that of the past viz. that the pover of the majority will constantly tend more or less to abuse to favor the interests of a certain inflnential class of political leaders who deriving their prominence originally from the generous zeal of their Republican opiaions and sentiments in early life become insensibly warped from the great and broad abstract principles of that faith by the too long possession both of political power and personal influence — so as in truth to be no longer fit and worthy leaders to a party whose animating spirit must always be a f eneroas enthusiasm in behalf of those great principles. Democracy is bold and energetic unresting in its perpetual striving after a better good a higher perfection of social institutions. None can be unconscious that our whole scheme of political institutions under both the Fede- ral and State Constitu^ons is very farfrom being purely democratic. Though democracy is their prevalent principle and their original root and basis yet in all it is more or less combined with so many checks upon its freedom of developement and ho large an infusion of elements of an opposite character that they are far indeed from perfection and far indeed from producing all those glorious and beneficent results of general social well-being towards which the imagination of the political enthusiast so earnestly aspires and of which he is so profoundly convinced tliat in their simple natural purity the great principles of his faith do contain the germs. De- mocracy then among us must always be a restless progressive reforming principle. The utmost extent to which it can ever hi deemed possible by any one to carry forward the great mission of democratic amelioration in the condition of society in any present generation most still fall very fsr short of Uiat ideal standard which must exist in the mind and in the prophetic hope of every demo- cratic thinker truly imbued with the spirit of his noble and sub- limely simple faith. But it must he perpetually tending forward to- wards such amelioration — perpetually engaged in some new reform some new simplification or the extirpation of some element in our institutions of which lime baa prsctically developed the evil cha- racter and influence. Such being the inherent character of democ- racy it ii impossible f^^r such a class of men as referred to above the old influential leaders and managers of the party organizaUon who gradually form thtmsclves like a crust over its surface always to retain that relation to the broad mass of their parly which they originally owed to the enthusiasm and devotion now chilled by the torpor and natural timidity of age and too often corrupted by the acquisition of wealth — favored ami facilitated by the direction 1838. 1 ffaw stands the Case t which their own politicfti influence may hare giren to the coarse of public events. We entertain the most profound respect for the Tenerable dignily and wisdom of gray hairs and are conscious of the importance of the influence of the countless sound sterling old Republicans who al the present moment confer honor on our party by the conspicuous positions they slill delight to retain in the great contest incessantly waging for the principles of which they derired their first lessons from the fountain-head of the Jeffersonian era. But we are here considering the subject on a broader scale of gene- ralization and desire to bring this truth to the apprehension of our readers that — instead of there being any just cause for alarm for the integrity of the Democratic parly and for the safety of the great cause inrolred in the destinies of that party in this conntry in ths spectacle which has been seen of its temporary disorganization and the desertion of a portion of its prominent influential and wealthy leaders — such is on the contrary precisely one of the most nnequivocal symptoms that its main body is in a sound and healthy slate and that it is passing in « natural and favorable manner through one of those periodical crises necessary to preserve it in such a state. It is engaged in its natural and proper mission that of Reform and therefore must necessarily espect to encounter the hosiility not only of the main body of its old opponents but of those among Its own former leaders interested in the perpetua- tion of the etils ngainst which its eflorCs are now directing them- selves. Democracy is the vital principle of our system and it is now engaged in an earnest struggle with a deeply seated disease which had insensibly been suffered to overspread the body politic till the painful developemenl of its morbid action has aroused all the healthful energy of the principle of life to arrest its further progress and at leaat to expel it from its too close proximity to the vitals of the constitution. Such a struggle for the ascendency roust necessarily be long and to many seemingly doubtful — in- flaming the whiile system with fever and eonvnlsing it with suffer- ing — but we hare never permitted ourselves for a moment to doubt the ultimate triumph of nature over the disease and we repeat that all the symptoms now disclosing themselves are clearly confirming that confidence. In the late cotirulsion it is not tn be denied nor have we ever denied that ihe Democratic parly was shaken to its centre. Had a Presidential election fallen upon that period it would probably have been overthrown. No party could ever successfully in a general election face such a tempest as then swept raging and howling over the land. This admission in no respect impugns the cardinal democratic doctrine of confidence in the popular judgment for which it is never intended to claim either an kbsolute infallibility or an exemption from temporary influence* of excitement and panic f Bow staaia the Case f BeptemWi Ab b body it may be said to hare been disorganized — demoralized ta apeak in military phrase. Rarely have the leaden of a great party in the constant struggles of parties in free states been thrown Buddeuly into a more critical and arduous position. But they proved not unequal to the occasion not untrue to their cause. Thb Message of the Extra Session saved the cause and saved the country. They planted themselres on a rock of impregnable prin- ciple and unfurling a flag that "streamed like a meteor to be troubled air " sounded a most gallant rallying note over the whole length and breadlli of the land to invite their party to gather around that rock of refuge and recombine their broken organization under the shadow of that flag. A year has not yet elapsed and the course of events is already rapidly justifying the bold wisdom of the high position then assumed. The process of reorganization has been steadily going forward in spite of the herculean exerUons of open foes from without and false friends within to impede and dis- tract it and though not yet entirely consummated has reached a atage that is quite satisfactory to us as placing its ultimate complete success beyond fear of danger. The democracy has recovered from its paralysis of panic and is beginning to put forth again the ener- gies of its renewed youth. In no former contest has it ever evinced a finer and nobler spirit. This is signally shewn in the primary assemblies of the people which have of late appeared every where animated by the most generous zeal and the highest confidence — that zeal and confidence which springing alone from a deep sense of the righteousness of the democratic side of the great issue now joined are both the strongest incentives to exertion and the surest harbingers of success. This same fine spirit breathes in a still more striking manner from the Democratic Press. This truth which Is indeed at the pre- sent period very remnrkable can only perhaps be fully appreciated by those who possess the opportunity of observation afforded by a widely extended exchange over the whole Union with papers of all political complexions. Though in number not equalling proba- bly the fourth psrt of their opponents — and almost universally inferior in most of those elements of success which depend on the liberality with which they are supported by the public — yet the Democratic papers throughout the country exhibit at the present period a contrast to the Whig press equally favorable and remark- able. They are full of energy boldness confidence earnestness argument and eloquence. The leading questions at issue present such ample materials for the most convincing addresses to the judgments of their readers and the most stirring appeals to their patriotic and democratic sentiments that it would be strange in- deed if such were not the case. In fact we possess an advantage in the simple solid strength of our cause for which all the num- 1838.1 Hm ttMdt ikt Caa»T f ber* of the Whig proM— 4II the liberality wiih wbieh they «e ■»• luaed by the inercaatile sad moaeyed interests to whiehthey «• eapeciklly deroted — all their highly flashed hopes of victory and of reward for the liardships of their long sojourn in the desert of ninority — kl the fluent pens of their ready writers — all the ipe gt dons sophiams they here derived from the mystification in which the adrocatea of that stupendous modern imposture and humbug credit-mtmey- hare been able to iaTolve the subjects of currency and commarce — all the advantages of attack which they have hsdi in aasailiDg so extensive and complicated a system of executive admiaistntion after so long a period of power and of redundant public revenue — and all the vocabulary of popular cateh-worda which has so long constitnled the main balk of their editorial stock is trade — can aSbrd but a poor equivalent. The contrast betwee* the two parties in this respect is very apparent. The friendaof the AdmioistratioD have a distinct and specific policy to pursue and defend. It is boldly put forward and held on high ss being itself its beat recommendation if only suffered to be faiHy carried out in practice. It is simple and transparent. All can readily understand it and it ia impossible long to attempt to misrepresent and myetify iL lis friends write their principles on their foreheads embody them in the most clear and full expositions of them and even have recoiuse to unusual forms to put forth the most authentic declara- tions of them. They are all moreover of an unequivocal democm- tic character. They go to disconnect the Federal Government from an alliance with great moneyed interests which may readily be a fruitful source of corrupt political influence — to place commerce and currency on a aecare besis of reliance on the natural laws of trade and of independence of the perpetual agitation of our political contests * — to guard against a danger which having occurred may occur again of the Government being thrown by a power extran- Deous from itself upon a state of temporary bankruptcy in the midst of the profusion of a large surplus revenue — to introduce a safe and stable uniformity in the fiscal operations of the Gorem- njent which can never be affected by the fluctuations to which all paper-money systems must always be confessedly liable — to obvi- ate the poBsibility of the futnre accumulation of a redundant reve- nue with all the evils and abuses inBepnrsble from such a fiscal plethora ss tiiat with which we were lately afllicted — to surrender a branch of Executive influence so potent and dangerous that but a few years back no eloquence could exhaust the language of d»- □tmciation with which it was assailed by those who are now most strennous in opposition to its proposed reform — to curtail and simplify the Federal action in a very material and salutary degree in ka influence upon the institutions and legislation of the States — to place itself in an attitude of strict neutrality between the two 10 HaiD ttania ike Coat T { Septomber the Whig editor he is now compelled by way of slight T amp rietjr to iaa beggarly amy of emp^ pangrapha or Uie sounding verbiagQ of his air-inflated columns to strain every nerve to lash up a pa- triotic indignation against the Administration because forsooth a writer in a prominent Democratic journal in his desire to reform some abuses which according to universal consent hare grown up in the Navy happens to be less courtly and delicate in e^Ie than a similar article which appeared simultaneoualy in the very journal especially devoted to the interests and honor of that gallant profession The panic of the year of suspension so invaluable so long as it lasted has unfortunately exhausted itself and is one of those ejihe- mera which revive not with to-morrow's sun after running their brief cycle of existence of to-day. The waves of the polidcal excite- ment which accompanied it which at one time threatened to over- whelm the Admioistratiou beyond recovery are fast sinking back to their accustomed peaceful bed. Unfortunately too in their refluence they have done very serious damage to the.Whig cause itself leaving it high and dry upon the naked shore not only shorn of all its bravery but in truth in very sorry and unseaworthy plight. What has become of the charge that it was the Administration ^t caused the suspension — after the testimony of the New York banks and the universal acquiescence in the truth of the enormous self- expansion of the paper currency and of speculation with the morbid overaction of the whole commercial system at first so re- solutely denied by the Whig presH under the cue of the prompting of Mi. Biddle And since it has become manifest that the reac- tion was unavoidable what has become of the abuse of the Specie Circular which it is now evident to all afforded a check so far as its limited operation went upon that expansion and overaction and was indispensable to preserve the public domain from the rapid evaporation which it was undergoing on so vast a scale — that pub- lic domain about which eminent Whig statesmen are now so anxious that they are unwilling to allow the slight and morally equitable privilege of a pre-emption to the poor man who is will- ing to reclaim his quarter-section from the wilderness on condition of being suffered to dig from it an honest livelihood by the sweat of his own brow What has become of that high position of the Bank of the United States that it suspended late and reluctant only for its country's good holding itself ready at any moment to cooperate in restoring the currency and to take the lead in resump- tion I What has become of the argument so strongly urged and supported by the authority of former experience that a National Bank could aSbrd the only means of compelling a. resumption— when the resumption has been carried into effect in a single year by the banks of a single city against all the gigantic power wield- Googk 183B. fibw sUmda Oa CtutT II «d against them hy that inadtntion and the enormoiis infloeiM* vhich it controlled to as even to force the "Great Reflated" itself back to the path of honeaty and duty against the moat deter- mined restEtance which in the famous " cotton-bag " letter did not even restrain itself within the liiaits of decency What has be- cnne of the argument that such an iastitation was necessary to manage the exchanges of the country — when our foreign exchanges ■o speedily righted themselves as soon as relieved amp om the incubus of artificial " management " and the internal exchanges are so steadi- ly and certainly uadergoing the same process and so clearly demon- strating that the irregularities apparent on the surface are owing ■olely to the different degrees of credit and solvency of the differ- ent paper currencies of respeclive portions of the Union T What has become of the argument that banks and especially a National Bank were indispensable as fiscal agents of the Government — whent through all the severely trying circumstances of the year of suspen- sion it was able to dispense with both and that too without the provisicfti of a new legally organized scheme of independent man- agement such as it has twice applied to Congress to grant What has become of the charge that the attitude assumed by the Admin- istration on the suspension was ruinous and destructive to all the interests of the countiy in its stern determination not to acquiesce in an indefinite continuance of it by bending the Itnee to the Baa of paper-money and consenting to reeeive a depreciated irredeem- able currency — what has become to the " ten cent revolution " of the merchants and gentlemen of Boston against Mr. Kendall^* when it is now too manifest to admit of serious denial that a dif- ferent course on the part of the AdminlMration would have pro- longed the suspension for several years and that to the moral force of the public sentiment which it alone kept alive and sUinuIated to the rallying influence of the specie flag which it alone kept fly- ing has been mainly if not solely due the happy direction which events have now taken T What has become of the charge of hos- tility to legitimate credit or to sound and honest banking adcr the signal manner in which the Administration and its friends have lent their countenance and support to the process of resumption T And now that time has sifted the subject a little what has become of all the ridiculous charges that the Independent Treasury Scheme would absorb all the specie of the country destroy the banks cripple commerce and industry extend alarmingly the influence of the Ex- ecutive and endanger the public funds What has become of all these and a host of similar 'arguments' and charges which while they lasted afforded such rich topics of declamation to Whig fluent speakers and readr writers Hare they curled upwards into impalpable and invisible ether like the morning mists of our mountains before the slow but irreslsUb1« M How atands the Case f I September power of the Ood of Light Hare Aey been laid like unquiet ghosts at the bottom of the Red 9ea by the stent exorcism of the voice of reason and truth never more to revisit the pale glimpses of the moonT Have they been floated away and dispersed by the ebb of the tide of panic excitement out of sight of land on the boundless ocean of the absurd never more to be re-assembleil in all the imposing array in which they were once so gallantly decked out Or have they betaken themselves ns congenial to their moon* shiny natures to that Limbo said to be the receptacle of all things lost on the earth T Where are they It is very certain that they are no longer to be seen or heard of on "this dark terreatrial ball " and that the homes that once knew them in the columns and paragraphs of the Whig press now know them no more. It is said that what- ever processes of transformation all creatures and substances under- go from lime to time— from a " godlike " statesman down to a silk- worm's egg — nothing actually perishes. But confessing ourselves utterly unable to answer so puzzling a query as the present where* about of all those shadowy ghosts of arguments that used to coma trooping up from the vasty deep of the imagination at the magic call of Whig eloquence we can only refer the reader desirous of laying his finger on them for information to our friends of the Whig press. Where are they then "Where are they all so Bweet so many " Gentle shepherd tell me where I The contraat then exhibiled by the press on the one aide and" on the other in the vigor and eflect with which they carry on the great party contest of argument notwithstanding all the adventi- tious advantages possessed by the Whig press cannot excite sur- prise. Thus must it always be in the struggle between truth and error. The one possesses within itself inexhaustible resources of an immortal energy which are only to be fully drawn out by the Opposition of falsehood and under whatever disadyantages of cir- cumstance it sets out it never goes backward but still moves onward ever gathering strength as it goes. The other must depend for any hope of success in a contest with the adversary "armed so strong in honesty " upon the effect of its first dashing onset. If that can be but parried or staunchly withstood for a time it speedily ex- hausts itself and leaves to the other the possession of the field with ibst noblest and surest of triumphs. The victory of endurance txHite. Thus is it in a most signal manner in the present ease. Up to the present period the Opposition has had the Democratic party at great disadvantage. But the ground has been gradually and insen- sibly slipping away from under their feet. The tests of time and truth havQ.heen successively exploding their arguments and refu^ng Google 1838. 1 How Mtanda the Com T 18 their chargeat one after iLe odier until reallj littie or nothing r^ nains to them. The canse of the AdministratiOB reata on a baais of right and truth on the great questiona at isane broad and firm aa the everlaatiDg hills. The glittering apray of oratory the vexed foam of declamation the dashing waves of personal abuse can arail nothing againet this roch. And here our cardinal democratie principle of confidence in theerentual sober judgmentof the Peo- ple stands us in good stead. W« know that when we have the whole field of the argament open before us no panics no excitements no delusions can long mislead the popular judgment and no intelli- gent and reflecting democrat can entertain a donbt that before the close of this great sttruggle the People in their broad maaa wiU obey the deep and strong instinct of their natural democratic ten- dency and rally to the support of the Administiation in its present position and policy in numbera not less OTerwhehning than those which bore the late Administration in triumph through its death- struggle with the aame power now foremoat in the firid in opposi- tion to the present. Another of the signs of the times which we regard with great satisfaction is this — the manifest progress that democratic principles are making among the young men of the Whig party itself The youth of this country must of necessity incline with a strong natural bias towards the generous and glorious truths of the demo- cratic faith — notwithstanding the numerous powerful influences alwaya in operadon upon them especially in our cities our literary institntions and the learned professions to warp them to the oppo* site direction. In fact it is from this claaa that tiie democratic party is constantly recruiting the losses it haa from time to time to sua- tain of those of its numbera who as they proceed in life waxing fiit and proud are gradually weaned from die attachments of thoir mor« ardent and liberal youth. Thus for the corrupt and diseased por- tions of the one party which always gather over the surface till tbcy fall off and attach themselres naturally to the other the former is receiviog a conatant compenaation in the sounder portions of tha latter which from their natural biaa of congeniality pass over to fill np the desertions thus periodically dropping off. The main balk of the Whig party itaelf — that is to say of its voters not of its poH* licians or leaders — is at heart democratic though kept from a rap riety of causes and in a variety of modes in a constant Stale of delusion and mystification. The- peculiar combination of circum lt stances which has lately borne so severely upon the demociatie party throwing its cause and candidates into an apparent temporary minority in so many quarters where it has been long accustomed tO prevail has been seen so far to intoxicate the Oppoailion witfe triumph a gt to cauM them to rerarM the tnw relations and nimM »f parliM — to believo IfawtnlTM to ban gaiowl twmikn** A tm» Google U Jr«« atanda the CaseT Seplcmfaw tney of Bumben " the^ were bo long^ wont to les rfae and abnae — sod even to crown the cliniiti of the long Tny of names they hare from time to time aasomed with the singularly facetious title lt Jf " DemacrtOic Whigs " Thia ifl the nnkindeat cut of all. Thus to 'filch from us our good name' is indeed too bad — though we ars Tastly mistaken if it will prove in the end to haTe greatly 'enrich- ed' die unblushing wearers. It is ntterly rain for that party to ftltempt to maintain snch an Bssatnption. Their more intelligent ud liberal men in prirste freely ridicule It as a bold electioneer- ing trick. J nil -democracy w the principle of their party organi- BBtion now as it has always been from its first infusion under th« •nspices of the high Federalism of the olden time. By aflieedng die name of democracy they only impair their own unity and co- iMiion such as it is and weaken their own principle of life. The effect is only to introduce a fatal dissension the proud and stout- hearted old heads of their party having been already seen to be prompt in repudiating the offensive term and all the abominable associations of JeSersonianism which it implies while at the same time it only attracts attention the more conspicuously to that which it is their first interest to keep in the shade Ute real anti-democratic character of their entire political faith. ITie movement was preg gt - nant with much significance which was made in the late Whig Young Hen's Convention at Utica to arrest the abuse of the memory and jwineiplei of Jefferson which the excitements of the- present con- test had naturally drawn forth from the Federal press and even to ■ttenipt to blazon that noble name on the banner of a cause and a party in all respects the most repugnant to the principles of whidi that name is the condensed erpreseion. It was a strong symptom of a healthy spirit at work in the more generous youth of that party — « spirit wlHch cannot hut result in bringing over a large proportion of them to the true Democratic canse. The indignant manner in which these indiscreet effervescences of latent democra- cy were frowned upon by so many of the old neognized authori- ties and magnates of the Whig party will go tax. En apite of the prompt efforts made to gloss over the difficulty to open the eyes of the former to the true character of the party by whose plausible professions they have heretofore anSered themselves to be deluded and pieced in fidae poriUon. Some of onr readers may possibly remember a remark made by ui Jen the sweeping Whig victory of last fall in the Btate of New York t amp st it would h«Te a happy effect in detnoeratizing If the word say Iw permitted a Urge portion of that party itself and that on flie deCeat wUoh eertaialy awaited them as in 1834 after a short flMMon of til* awanU of the aae«dency they wovld go out of ftmtr bMter repnWeaH than ttey came in. "rhli spirit manifbst* taf tetf bi rariow modfi and e^evialljr «mbodyfaif ttaalf in Jhkt WSB-I HawatondMtie CaaeT Vt cacpmiionof aentimentbjUie Utics ConreotiDa raferred to ftffbrds almdy a singuhr illdatntion of the truth of the remark. yfe had intended to derote a consldenbls portion of the premit Article to some reflections on the direction taken by the coarse of erents at the Bte lession of Congress and tb« exact position In which tiiey left the great Independence qnestion — for sncb should be the proper designation of the Sub-Treasary policy. Its allotted spaoe is howcTer so far exhausted as to permit only a few brief remarks on that STibject. The Administration was it is true da- feated on that its leading measure. It foiled to carry it throDf h the Honae of Representatives. The mode and causes of that failure ve cannot pause o dwell upon. Yet was it no victory to the other ■lde ^-or at Iwst one of those Pyrrbic triumphs that are worse than defeat. On the whole the Administration may be said notwith- standing to have borne off the honors of the campaign and never was a party more dismally disconcerted than were tiie Opposition at the very close of the session in the midBt of their imagined triumph and the clear majority which had voted down the Indepen- dent Treasury bill. The essential principle of that policy wat not voted down and could not be voted down. It was on the contrary^ iuterted by both Houses. The Democratic press generally does not appear to have fnlly appreciated the importance of that inci- dental vote in the House of Representatives during that memora- ble struggle which was so admirably conducted by the friends of the Administration on the night of the third of July by which the great principle that the pi^lic funds shall not be employed for banlf i%g purposes was expressly asserted by the vote of 101 to lOli decided by the casting vote of the Speaker — a vote which it is unde- niable would have been increased to a considerable majority in favor of the principle by the attendance of all the absentees. We refisr to the vote on the amendment of Mr. Campbell of South Carolina* to the amendment offered by Mr. Curtis of New York to Mr. Wright's second bill as sent down from the Senate. It is true that that invaluable declaration was not eventually incorporated with tbe bill as it passed. Havingbeen attached by force of that anez gt pected Democratic vote to a VTMf proposition it made Ae latter •0 obnoxious to its own Mends that they thcmselvei abandoned it rather than swallow the bitter condition and the whole thus fell through. But there stands on the record the principle asserted which can never be retracted— the position assumed which can never be receded from — the seed planted which cannot but germinatei and produce eventually the full and perfect fruit of the conaionniation of dm IHvorce p lt ^y. That vote will and must be firtal to the OppO' dden. It brought them distinctly up to the queetton which had «ever before been fnlfy met and as a forlg they voted tint 4t 'iboka SHALL Aoee Ik* «M ^ the fubUs ivmiiim j amp r hatHdng fm- 16 How stands the Case Septembsr poses. That rote exploded all the mystifications with which the Administration had been opposed and revealed the one original cardinal motive of hoalility to the Divorce — tAe iwe of the public money as a basis for discounts. That vote — nnsuccessful too fn fact — must and wiJl prove a mill-stone round the neck of that most factious and iniquitous Opposition And will open the eyes of thou- sands before blinded to the true character of the issue involved be- tween the two parties. The National Bank party was powerless in the House as in the Senate. They with the still more insignificant State Bank party could only by their union on that common ground clog the action of the third parly more powerful than either singly — and thus re- lieve the latter from the responsibility of majority. Yel they could not prevent the adoption of a bill framed by Mr. Wright as his se- cond best and which — though still but a temporary measure of transition and leaving too large a discretionary responsibility upon the Executive for the management of the public finances till future legislation — went very far to loosen if it did not quite dissolve the connection between the Government and the banking system. And what can the Opposition do at the next session — what posi- tion assume It is impossible to prevent the gradual ripening of these great public questions. They cannot again rest on the policy of "pTeeention." The panic is over and Othello's occupation gone. They must come down fully and fairly into the plain and meet the simple issue ^o or con — the Indepekdent Treasuri or a National Bane. What decent show of opposition to the former in discussion face to face before the bar of the country can then be made— or what new argument as yet undreamed of in behalf of the latter to supply the place of the exploded and exhausted old ones now no longer fit for service — time only can disclose as we confess It to be beyond the scope of our imagination to conjecture. What may be the general issue of the elections of this fall it is impossible for us at the date of the present Article to anticipate. We are by no meaoa sanguine of all the successes confidently ex- pected by many of our friends. But though they should still go de- cidedly against the Democratic party our confidence in our cause end our position would not be shaken in the least degree. We can 'bide our time ' and even though the Administraiion should possibly be embarrassed during the latter half of the present term by an adverse majority in the House of Representatives it can never arrest or materially impede the operation of those deeply sealed and widely diffused causes which cannot fail to secure to it an overwhelming support before the next Presidential struggle when the last and decisive battle is to be fought upon Its principles and policy. 3 by Google RETURN OP THE PARENTS. BT MRS. L. H. SIOODENBT. Long had they sped O'er distant hill and valley — noting much God's goodness in the riches of the land The sommer-f milage and the harrest-hoard The reaper wrestling with the bearded wheat. And the proud torrent's glory when it shakes The ererlasting rock — nor yet forgets To sprinkle greenness on the loneliest flower Tliftt trembles at its base. — Much too they spake Of pleasure 'oealh the hospitable roofs Of severed kindred — how the loving heart From such coramanion learns to wipe away The dust of household- care which sometimes hangs In clouds o'er the dear spirit. But anon The eloquent lip grew silent — for they drew Near that blest spot which throws all other lights Into strong shadow — Home. At that fliU thought The bosom's pulse beat qiucker — and the wheels Moved all too slow — though scarce the eager steeda Obeyed the rein. — And as the mother spake Somewhat in murmurs of her youngest boy There came a flood of beauty o'er her brow For holy love hath beauty which gray Time Could never steal. 'Tis there behind the trees That well known roof — and from the open door What 8 glad rush The son who fain would take His mother in his arms as if her foot Was all too good for earth — and at his side The beautiful daughter with her raven hair So smoothly folded o'er her classic brow — The infant crowing in its nurse's arms — The bold boy in his gladness springing up vol. HI. HO. ».-.BPTIHB». B ^" oOglc Chippings with a Chiatl. Septemb«r» Eren to his falher's slioulder — lUping tongues And little dancing feet and outstretched hands GraspJDg the parent's skirU — it was a group That artist's pencil never yet hath sketched In all its plenitude And when I saw The brightness of the tear of joy 1 felt How poor the pomp of princes — and what dross Was beaten gold compared with that dear wealth Home and its gratvlation — and the ties Which Heaven hath twisted round congenial hearts To draw them to itself. Hartford Friday July iHtk. CHIPPINGS WITH A CHISEL. BT THE AUTHOR OF "TWICE TOLP TALES." Passiho a sammer several years since at Edgartown on the island of Martha's Vineyard I became ncquaintcd with a certain carver of tomb-stones who had travelled and voyaged thither from the interior of Massachusetts in search of professional employ- ment. The speculation had turned out so successful that my friend expected to transmute slale and marble into silver and gold to the amount of at least a thousand dollars during the few months of his sojourn at Nantucket and the Vineyard. The secluded life and the simple and primitive spirit which slill characterizes the inhabitants of those islands especially of Martha's Vineyard insure their dead friends a longer and dearer remembrance than the dnily novelty and revolving bustle of the world can elsewhere afford to beings of the past. Yet while every family is anxious to erect a memorial tn its departed members the untainted breath of ocean bestows such health and length of days upon the people of the isles as would cause a melancholy dearth of business to a resident artist in that line. His own monument recording his decease by starvation would probably be an early specimen of his skill. Grave-stones therefore have generally been an article of imported merchandise. In my walks through the bnrial-gronnd of Ed gartown— where the dead have lain so long that the soil once enriched by their decay has returned to its original barrenness — in that soeieBt bnrUI-ground »838. Ckippings.witk a Chisel. IB I noticed much vnriety of monumenul Bcnlpture. The elder stones dated a century back or more have borders elaborately carved with flowers and are adorned with a mtiUiphciiy of death's-heads cross-bones scythes hour-glasses und other lugubrious emblems of mortality with here and there a winged cherub to direct the mourner's spirit upward. These productions of Gothic taste must have been quite beyond the colonial skill of the day and were prob- ably carved in London and brought across the ocean to commemo- rate the defunct worthies of this lonely isle. The more recent monuments are mere slabs of slate in the ordinary style without any superfluous flourishes to set off the bald inscriptions. But others — and those far the most impressive both to my tnste and feelings — were roughly hewn from the gray rocks of iho island evidently by the unskilled hands of surviving fiiends and relatives. Oo some there were merely the initials of a name some were in- scribed with misspelt prose or rhyme in deep letters which the moss and wintry rain of many years had not been able to oblite- rate. These these were graves where loved ones slept It is an old theme of satire the falsehood and vanity of monumental eulo- gies but when affection and sorrow grave the letters with their own fsithful labor then we may be sure that they copy from th« record on their hearts. My acquaintance the sculptor — he may share that title with Greenough since the dauber of signs is a painter as well as Ra- phael— had found a ready market for all his blank slabs of marble and foil occupation in lettering and ornamenting ^em. He was an elderly man a descendant of the old Puritan family of Wiggles- worth with a certain simplicity and singleness both of heart and mind which methinks is more rarely found among us Yankees than in any other community of people. In spite of his gray head and wrinkled brow he was quite like a child in all matters save what had some reference to his own business he seemed unless my fancy misled me to view mankind in no other relation than as people in want of tomb-stones and his literary attainments evi- dently comprehended very little either of prose or poetrv which had not at one time or other been inscribed on slate or marble. His sole task and office among the immortal pilgrims of the tomb — the duly for which Providence had sent the old man into the world as it were with a chise in his hand — was to label the dead bodies lest their names should he forgotten at the resurrection. Yet he had not failed within a narrow scope to gather a few sprigs of earthly and more than earthly wisdom — the harvest of many ft frare. And lugubrious as his calling might nppear he was as cheerful an old soul as health and integrity and lack of care could make him and used to set to work upon one sorrowful inscription or another with that sort of spirit which impels a man to sing st his labor. 90 Chippings with a Chisel. Sepiember On the wholfii I found Mr. Wigglesworth an entertaining and often inetrucliTe if not an interesting characler and partly for the charm of his Bociely and still more because his work has an invariable at- traction for 'man that is born of woman ' 1 was accustomed to spend some hours a day at his work-shop. The quaintness of his remarks and their not infrequent truth — a truth condensed and pointed by the limited sphere of his view — gave a racinexs to his talk which mere wortdliness and general cultivation would at once hare destroyed. Sometimes we would discuss the respective merits of the various qualities of marble numerous slabs of which were resting against the walls of the shop sometimes an hour or two would pass quietly without a word on either side while I watched how neatly his cliisel ■truck out letter after letter of the names of the Nortons the May- hews the Luces the Daggcls and other immemorial families of the Vineyard. Often with an artist's pride the good old sculptor would speak of favorite productions of his skill which were scattered throughout the village grave-yards of New England. But my chief and most instructive amusement was to witness his interviews with his customers who held interminable consultations about the form and fashion of the desired monuments the buried excellence to be commemorated the anguish to be expressed and finally the lowest price in dollars and cents for which a marble transcript of their feelings might be obtained. Really my mind received many fresh ideas which perhaps may remain in it even longer than Mr. Wig- glesworth'a hardest marble will retain the deepest strokes of his r hisel. An elderly lady came to bespeak a monument for her first-love who had been killed by a whale in the Pacific Ocean no less than forty years before. It was singular that so strong an impression of early feeling should have survived through the changes of her subsequent life in the course of which she had been a wife and a mother and so for as I could judge a comfortable and happy woman. Reflecting within myself it appeared to me that this life- long sorrow' — as in alt good faith she deemed it — was one of ^o most fortunate circumstances of her history. It had given kn ideality to her mind it had kept her purer and less earthly than she would otherwise have been by drawing a portion of her sym- pathies apart from earth. Amid the throng of enjoyments and the pressure of worldly care am all the warm materialism of this life ■he had communed with a vision and had been the better for such intercourse. Faithful to the husband of her maturity and loving him willi a far more real affection than she ever could have felt for thia dream of her girlhood there had still been an imaginative faith to the ocean-buried so that an ordinary character had thus been elevated and refined. Her sighs bad been the breath of Hearen to 1838. Chippinga vnth a Chisel 31 her Boul. The good lady earnestly desired that the propoij^d monument should be OTnemented with a carved border of marina plants intertwined with twisted sea-shells such as were probably waving over her lover's skeleton or strewn around it in the far depths of the Pacilic. Bui Mr. Wiggles worth's chisel being inade- quate to the taak she was forced to content herself with a rose hanging its head from a broken stem. After her departure I re gt marked that the symbol was none of the most apt. " And yet " said my friend the sculptor embodying in this iraag« the thoughts that had been passing thrniigh my own mind " that broken rose has shed its sweet smell through forty yeara of the good woman's life." It was seldom that 1 could find SDch pleasant food for contempla- tion as in the above instance. None of the applicants 1 think af- fected me more disagreeably than an old man who came with his fourth wife hanging on his arm to bespeak grave-stones for the three former occupants of his marriage-bed. 1 watched with some anxiety to see whether his remembrance of either were more af- fectionate than of the other two but could discover no symptom of the kind. The three monuments were all to be of the same mate- rial and form and each decorated in bas-relief with two weeping willows one of these sympathetic trees bending over its fellow which was to be broken in the midst and rest upon a sepulchral urn. This indeed was Mr. Wigglesworth's standing emblem of conjugal bereaTement. I shuddered st the gray polygamist who had so utterly lost the holy sense of individuality in wedlock that methoughl he was fain to reckon upon his fingers how many womea who had once slept by his side were now sleeping in their graves. There was even — if I wrong him it is no great matter — a glance side-long at his living spouse as if he were inclined to drive a thriftier bargain by bespeaking four grave-stones in a lot. 1 waa better pleased with a rough old whaling captain who gave direc- tions for a broad marble slab divided into two comparlmenls one of which was to contain an epitaph on his deceased wife and the other to be left vacant till death should engrave his own nam* there. As is frequently the case among the whalers of Martha's Vineyard so much of this storm-beaten widower's life had been tossed away on distant seas that out of twenty years of matrimo- ny he had spent scarce three and those at scattered intervals be- neath his own roof. Thus the wife of his youth though she died in his and her declining age retained the bridal dew-drops freah around her memory. My observations gave me the idea and Mr. Wigglesworth con- firmed it that husbands were more faithful in setting up memorials to their dead wives than widows to their dead husbands. I was not ill-natured enough to fancy that women leaa than men ftel so . 33 Chippings with a CMaet September sure of their own conalancy as to be willing to gire a pledge of it in marble. It ia more probably the fact that while men are able to reflect upon their lost companions as remembrances apart from themselrea women on the other hand are conscious that a por- tion of their being baa gone with the departed whithersoever he has gone. Soul clings to soul the living dust has a aympathy with the dust of the grave and by the very slrength of that aym- pathy the wife of the dead shrinks the more sensitively from re- minding the world of its existence. The link is already strong enough it needs no visible symbol. And though a shadow walks ever by her aide anj the touch of a chill hand is on her bosom yet life and perchance its natural yearnings may still be warm with- in her and inspire her with new hopes of happiness. Then would she mark nut the grave the scent of which would be perceptible on the pillow of the second bridal No — but rather level its green mound with the surrounding earth as if when she dug up again her buried heart the spot had ceased to be a grave. Yet in spite of these sentimentalities 1 was prodigiously amused by an incident of which I had not the good fortune to be a witness but which Mr Wigglesworth related with considerable humor. A gentlewoman of the town receiving news of her husband's loss at sea had be- spoken a handsome slab of marble and came daily to watch the progress of my friend's chisel. One afternoon when the good lady and the sculptor were in the very midst of the epitaph which the departed spirit might have been greatly comforted to read who should walk into the work-shop but the deceased himself in sub- stance as well as spirit He had been picked up at sea and stood ia no present need of tomb-stone or epitaph. " And how " inquired I " did his wife bear the shock of joyful surprise T " " Why " said the old man deepening the grin of a death's-head on which his chisel was just then employed "I really fell for the poor woman it was one of my best pieces of marble — and to be thrown away on a living man " A comely woman with a pretty roae-bud of a daughter came to select a grave-stone for a twin-daughter who had died a month be- fore. I was impressed with the different nature of their feelings for the dead the mother was calm and woefully resigned fully conscious of her loss as of a treasure which she had not always possessed and therefore had been aware that it might be taken from her but the daughter evidently had no real knowledge of what death's doings were. Her thoughts knew but not her heart. It seemed to me that by the print and pressure which the dead sis- ter had left upon the survivor's spirit her feelings were almo 4t the same as if she still stood side by side and arm in arm with the departed looking at the sUba of marble nnd once or twice she ISn. Chippingt vyilk a Clasct. 23 gfakoced aronnd with a sunny smile which as its sister-sinile had fiided forever soon grew confuEedl}' overshadowed. Perchance her consciouaness was trner than her reflection — perchance her dcftd sister was a closer companion than in Ufe. The mother and daughter tallied a long while with Mr. Wigglesworth about a suitable epitaph and finally chose an ordinary verse of ill-matched rhymes which had already been inscribed upon innumerable tomb-stones. But when we ridicule the triteness of monumental verses we for- get that sorrow reads far deeper in them than we can and finds a profound and individual purport in what aeems so vague and inex- pressivfi unless interpreted by her. She makes the epitaph anew though the self-same words may hare served for a. thousand graves. " And yet " said I afterwards to Mr. Wiggles worth " they might have made a better choice than this. While you were discussing the subject I was struck by at least a dozen simple and natural ex- pressions from the lips of both mother and daughter. One of these would have formed an inscription equally original and appropriate." "No no " replied the sculptor shaking his head "there is s good deal of comfort to be gathered from these little old scraps of poetry and so always recommend them in preference to any new- fangled ones. And somehow they seem to stretch to suit a great grief and shrink to fit a small one." It was not seldom that ludicrous images were excited by what took place between Mr. Wigglesworth and his customers. A shrewd gentlewoman who kept a tavern in the town was anxious to obtain two or three grave-stones for the deceased members of her family and to pay for these solemn commodities by taking the sculptor to board. Hereupon a fantasy arose in my mind of good Mr. Wig- glesworth sitting down to dinner at a broad flat tomb-stone carving one of his own plump little marble cherubs gnawing a pair of cross- bones and drinking out of a hollow death's-head or perhaps a lac- rymatory vase or sepnicral urn while his hostess's dead children waited on him at the ghastly banquet. On communicating this nonsensical picture to the old man he laughed heartily and pro- nounced my humor to be of the right sort " I have Hved at such a table all my days " said he " and eaten no small quantity of slate and marble." "Hard fare " rejoined I smiling "but you seemed to have found it excellent of digestion too." A man of fifty or thereabouts with a harsh unpleasant counte- nance ordered a stone for the grave of his bitter enemy with whom he had waged wsrfare half n lifetime to their mutual misery and min. The secret of this phenomenon was that hatred had become the sustenance and enjoyment of the poor wretch's soul it had supplied the place of all kindly affections it had been really « bond of sympathy between himself and the man who shared ths 914 Chippingt viith a ChiseL September passion and when its object died the unappeasable foe was the on\y mourner for the dead. He expressed a purpose of being buried side by side with his enemy. "I doubt whether their dust will mingle " remarked the old sculptor to me for often there was an earthliness in bis con- ceptions. " Oh yes " replied I who had mused long upon the iccident " and when they rise again these bitter foes may find ihemselTet dear friends. Methinks what they mistook for hatred was but love under a mask." A gentleman of antiquarian propensities provided a memorial for an Indian of Chabbiquidick one of the few of untainted blood remaining in that region and said to be an hereditary chieftain de- scended from the Sachem who welcomed Governor Mayhew to th« Tineyard. Mr. Wiggleswonh exerted his best skill to carve a broken bow and scattered sheaf of arrows in memory of the hunt- ers and warriors whose race was ended here but he likewise sculptured a cherub to denote that Uie poor Indian had shared the Christian's hope of immortality. " Why " observed 1 taking a perverse view of the winged boy and the bow and arrows " it looks more like Cupid's tomb than an Indian chiefs " "You talk nonsense " said the sculptor with the offended prtde of art he then added with his usual good-nature " how can Cupid die when there are such pretty maidens in the Vineyard " " Very true " answered I — and for the rest of the day I thought of other matters than tomb-stones. At onr next meeting 1 found him chiselling an open book upoD a marble head-stone and concluded that it was meant to express the erudition of some blsck-letter clergyman of the Cotton Mather school. It turned out however to be emblematical of the scriptu- ral knowledge of an old woman who had never read any thing but her Bible and the monument was a tribute to her piety and good works from the Orthodox Church of which she had been a mem- ber. In strange contrast with this Christian woman's memorial was that of an infidel whose grave-stone by his own direction bore an avowal of his belief that the spirit within him would be extinguished like a flomc and that the nothingness whence he ■prang would receive him again. Mr. Wigglesworth consulted me as to the propriety of enabling a dead man's dust to utter this dreadful creed. " If 1 thought " said he " that a single mortal would read the in- scription without a shudder my chisel should never cut a letter of IL But when the {^rave speaks such falsehoods the soul of man will know the truth by its own horror." " So it will " said I struck by the idea " the poor infidel may lesa Ckippings vith a Chisel. 96 ■triTe to prwch blasphemiei from his grave bul it will be onljr another tnetbod of impreifliiig the loul with a eonsGioaiDeai of im- morlality." There was an old man by the name of NortoDi noted thrnughonl the island for his great wealth which he had accnmulated by the ezereiae of strong and shrewd faculliea combined with a most penu- rioiM diaposition. This wretched miser conscious that he had not a friend to l gt e mindful of him in his grave had himself taken the needful precautions for posthumous remembrance by bespeaking ■B immense slab of white marble with a long epitaph in raised let- ters the whole to be aa magnificent as Mr. Wiggles worth's skill could make iL There was something very characteristic in this contrirance to have his money's worth even from his own tomb- stone which indeed afforded him more enjoyment in the few months that he lived thereafter than it probably will in a whalo century now that it is laid over his bones. This incident reminds me of a young girl a pale slender feeble creature most unlike ths other rosy and healthful damsels of the Vineyard amid whoas brightness she was fading away. Day af^r day did the poor maiden eome to the sculptor's shop and pass from one piece of marble to another till at last she pencilled her name upon a slender flab which I think was of a more spotless white than all the resL I saw her no more but soon afterwards found Mr. Wigglesworth eulting her virgin name into the stone which she had chosen. '* She is dead — poor girl " said he interrupting the tune whicli he was whistling "and she chose a good piece of stuff for her head lt stane. Now which of these slabs would yon like best to see yonr own name upon " "Why to tell you the truth my good Mr. Wiggles worth " replied I after a moment's pause — for the abruptness of the question had aomewhat startled me — " to be quite sincere with you I care little or nothing about a stone for my own grave and am somewhat in- clined to scepticism as to the propriety of erecting monuments at all over the dust that once was human. The weight of these heavy marbles though unfeil by the dead corpse or the enfran- chised Bonl presses drearily upon the spirit of the survivor and causes him to connect the idea of death with the dnngeon-Iike im- prisonment of he tomb instead of with the freedom of the skies. Every grave-stone that you ever made is the visible symbol of a mistaken system. Our thoughts should soar upward with the but- terfly — not linger with the exuvite that confined him. In truth and reason neither those whom we call ihe living and still less the de* parted have any thing to do with the grave." "I never heard anything so heathenish " said Mr. Wiggles worth perplexed and displeased at sentiments which controverted all hit notions and feelings and implied the ntter waste and worse of hii tt 7%e Hd Soldier. Septernbw whole life's labor —" vonld you forget your daad friendi be mo- nwnt they are nniler the sod 1" "They are not under the iod " I rejoined "then why sbonld I mark the spot where there is no treasure hidden Forget them t No But to remember them aright I would forget wiiat they hare cait off. And to gain the truer conception of dkatb I would forget the oravg " riut Btitl the good old sculptor mnrmured and stumbled as it were over the grave'Stonea amid which he had walked through life. Whether he were right or wrong I had grown the wiser from our companionehip and from my obserrations of nature and character as displayed by those who come with their old griefs w their new ones to get them recorded upon his slabs of marble. And yet with my gain of wisdom I had likewise gained perplexity for there was a strange doubt in my mind whether the dark shadow- ing of this life the sorrows and regrets have not as much real comfort in them — leaving religious influences out of the question — as what we term life's joys. THE OLD SOLDIER REVISITING THE SCENE OF HIS EARLY STRUGGLES.' BT XELZAR OARDMBK. A weary way yet once again My foot-print marks this holy soil This — this the consecrated plain Where patriot hands by painful fcril Did Freedom's earliest altar rear — 'Twas here our untaught army stood. With lip compressed and brow severe. When Freedom's sun uprose in blood The hand of time hath marked my brow. And I have felt the icy chill •"Ay " Mid the old vetpran "1 iras in ihe revolnlionBry war. I have Come to OiiB town 10 «p«nd iha laai Fourth nf July that I ever expect to set. I tinTt ooroe to ■pend it on he hallowed spot where when I won of your aje I fought far my counlry. r BuikiT HUi ^ " Yott walk B8 if you was wry ilrcd ray old frimrl." "I am tired I hare walked thrteorfbarnules this inoniinE and am virfwearj."- zecbvGoogIc TV Old SoUier. Of ige upon mjr henrt but now JUj palsea le«p with wilder tkrill I Now I can feel ib then I felt And ml I iaw e^ia can see And kneeliog here aa then I knelt Am all that then I prayed to be Strange riaiona come on rushing wing. To bear me to the battle back And I can see the war gt horse spring Forward again as when his track Wag marked with blood — and thongh my eu No lonnd can catch that speaks of strife. My scattered comradea gathered here. Seem round and near me as in life. 'Twas like a glorious vision seen Through the dim vistas of a dream. And ihought or hope of freedom then. Came like the ignis-fatuus gleam Now through the clonda of war it shone Like a bright star-beam seen afar Then — closed the cloud — the vision gon^— Defeat and death bad hid the star. The cload haih passed — the glorious sun Of Freedom lights our plensanl homes I To say the work was nobly done. The pealing shout of triumph comes Down from oar monntnin's craggy sides — Up from each green and quiet vale — long as ocean rolls its tides Hay freemen's tongues repeat the tale Lead forth your chilarcn to the field — Tell them where flowed the patriot's blood- Show where the hostile squadrons wheeled — Where Freedom's little phalanx stood Bid them with bright perennial flowers. To deck the martyred patriot's grave And let your monamental towers First greet the eye from o'er the wave. zecbvGoOgIc i TTie Old Soldier. September Tell tbein out bright ex amp mple canght By countlesB thousands o'er the main The tyrant's vassal there hath taught In bitterness to gnaw his chain — And that the day is hastening on. When Freedom's flag here first unfurled Shell wave aboye earth's fallen thrones amp nd its bright stars shall light the world Tell them what earnest prayers were said. For father brother lover cherished. Tell them what bitter tears were shed Upon the graves of those who perished That all in vain those anxious fears If they forget the work we wrought — That all in vain those bitter tears. If they keep not the prize thus bought. Bid poesy with words of fire. The painter's art the sculptor's stone. And music's life-inspiring lyre. Tell how the glorious prize was won And when about the cheerful hearth The wonted faces all have come. Tell them the proudest name on earth— A patriot strikes all titles dumb Thus shall each youthful heart be made A shrine of Freedom and the flame Here first upon her altar laid Be nourished by the patriot's fame. Thus nourished every cottage home. And every freeman's heart shall be A temple where the oppressed may come To light the torch of Liberty I Hahtfori Cokn. July 1838. 3 by Google THE NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY QUESTION." The period has «t length arrived si wliich this long rexed ques- tion has aaanmed aa aspect so critical and delicate that it addresaea itself to the attention of every citizen of the Union as one of para- mount importance and interest with the merits of which every one is bound by high considerations to make himself thoroughly ac- quainted. It is not to be disguised not only that a colhsion of force between the parties at issue upon it is possible at a day not far distant but that unless a change so total and speedy as to par- take somewhat of the miraculous take place in the counsels and course of Great Britain in relation to it such a consummation ap- pears as inevitable as it would be disastrous and lamentable. The trength of a democratic republic when placed in such a relation towards a neighboring power consists in that unanimity of opinion ardor of sentiment and firmness of resolution which can only spring from a righteous cause clearly understood and patriotically felt by every ciUzen. Such a Public Opinion constitutes an irresistible mo- nl power giving to the cause thus supported an immense advantage o*er its antagonist which can never fail to carry it with honor and success through whatever contest may be necessary for the main- tenance of its rights. Such a Public Opinion we are anxious to see form itself on the present question at the point of maturity which it has now reached in support of the position in which it places us as a nation — not alone for the sake of the national honor and dignity but for the influence which the exhibition of such an united and imposing front may he well calculated to have on the course of the other party to the controversy. It may well be re- garded as a subject of rejoicing that this question has not yet been swallowed up in that insatiate vortex of party spirit which we see ■baorbing every other question of high national concern as they snccessively rise to the surface of the public attention. We hope * Docnment No 136. House of RqireBenialiTes. BxecuUve. Twenty-fifth Con- gno Second Seraion. Maine Boundary — Mr. Grady be Banate Document No. 319. Mcsaage from the Pmidcnl of the UnitHl Statea inmmiUiDg all the correapondenci between he United Slates and Cheat Britun on the Bubject of the Noitheaalam Boundary in ccnnplianca with a resolution of tha Senate. Report of the Commiiteo on Forei^ Tlelationa Mr. Buchanan Chuiman. In Senate of tb« Uniuid States July 4 IBSSr-on the Bill to provide fiir n Noithewtem Boundary Line of the United Statea according It iW Treaty of Peace of Mrenteen hundred and eighty-tfane. Google 90 lite Northeastern Boundary Question. September that by common conneDt it Bliall continue to be kept apart fVom the partisan struggles which divide and agitate ui and that what- ever direction events may give to it we shnll not again blosh for the spectacle we have already more than once had to behold of a parricidal party in our miiiBt siding from selfish motives of politi- cal etTccl with the stranger and the Rgi^ressor against the common cause of the coiinirv. Under these circums lances we are conscioas that we can render no more useful service to the readers of the Democratic Review than by presenting them as full and clear a view of the merits and history of this most extraordinary contro- versy as our limitH will permit. The Treaty of Peace by which'our national independence was acknowledged by the mother country whose yoke was shaken off by the long agony of our Re volutin nary War was concluded at Paris on the third of September 1783. This is the treaty whose in- violability we are now called on to maintain and though over half a century has elapsed since its date the memory of the struggle of which it was the glorions consummation must slill give to every jot and tittle of it a peculiar sanctity which cannot appeal in vain to any American bosom. That treaty of all others must be held sacred And if we are ever to submit to the grasping aggreasions of foreign power in disregard of the plighted faith of treaties it must not at least be in the case of that one — and above all on a point so vital as that of the boundary of he land to whose sove- reign independence that document set the solemn and final seal. By the first article of the Treaty the King of Great BriUin " ac- knowledges the United State namely. New Hampshire Maaaachur setts Bay and the rest naming them separately to be free sove- reign and independent States that he treats with them as auch Hnd for himaeir his heirs and successors relinquishes all claims to the government propriety and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof." This language plainly shows the intention of the parlies to have been that the people of Massachusetts Bay including Maine should continue to retain and possess unim- paired the sovereignty title and territory of that State in virtue of its then existing and complete independence of the mother country according tn its ancient understood and established boun- daries if indeed its boundaries were understood and considered established at the time. The Treaty then proceeds to define the boundary line between the United States and the possessions of Great Britain as follows And thai nil dis^ulos which might nrlsi^ in future on llie stthject of the boundaries of the snici United Stales may Iw pnTcnlfd it is hrreby agreed and declared Ihattha Mlovin are and ihall be their bmindarirs to nit Article 5. Fhvm lie nortbwot a'ngh of Nnva Stirtia to ml tJui angU tphUk is ftrmtd *y a Wiw drmejv dm it»rtA fivm tht soura «/ Hit St. Craix rivtr to tU high- teas j Tat Case Stated. 31 ton^ along Uu taid UgUandi tpkki dimJe Uute ritttn Uat empif UoutAMf lato lit St. Laartnct Jtim tJuae whici jati into the iiiOHtU Octa» lo the norUuixMnt- WMSt iiad af lit Ctmneclicid rirrr " if«. And in another part of the deacriplion as follows "Etnby aline lobtdrawinUmglieviiddUBfUitriTtr St. Croix frimiiltUBViA info Ikt Bay of Frnidi to iU iimree qkiJ from Us soiLree direcUij ^lerlk it tke a/on- nid a^Uanda vkiek divide tie rirers tkal Jail ivJn Uu AUaiUic Ocsan from tiott KkicA/eU into Ue river Si. Lavirena ." Dislincl as this deacriplion nf boundury may seem — introduced fur Ihe express purpose of obviating all possible dispute in future on the subject — iifiyfiTe years have not yet aufliced to bring the goTernmeiits of llie two countries to a definite understanding whal was the line of demarcation hers intended. On the part of Great Britain it is pretended that the commissioners who negotiated the Treaty were acting at random and in the dark from their igno- rance of the country thus described by its topographical character- isltes that the "northwest angle of Nova Bcotia" was no ded* nite point understood and established at the time but that its loeatioQ was enly to be fixed by tlie process of running the boun- dary line here prescribed that no rango of highlands cxiBla an- swering the terms of this description that consequently tlie tine here supposed to be laid down proves to be an impossible one and that the article becomes void from uncertainly and impraciicability. It is therefore insisted that no other elternative remains than thai the two countries should agree upon a new conventional line to be ran somewhere about midway through the territory in dispute ac- cording to the mutual convenience of the two parties. On OUT side it has always been mointained — and at the late ses* sion of Congress resolutions were adopted unanimously in each House declaring in substance — that the line so described is fully and plainly defined that there is no reasonable cause of donbt as to the meaning of the language that the terms employed have a fixed and well known meaning in numerous official documents of the British Government that the description is capable of being accurately applied to the actual features of the country intended to be described and that taking the description in the natural and obvious import of the words and comparing it with the face of the earth and with the public acts appertaining to the subject the Slate of Maine is clearly and unequivocally entitled to the peaceful pos- session of the whole territory in dispute. A glance at the map will put he render in possession of the ex- tent and situation of this disputed territory. Great Britain fixes ihe "northwest angle of Nova Scotia" atMar's-IIilJ an isolated hill about forty miles north of the source of the St. Croix and finds the range of highlands along which the line is to run in a range running in a southwesterly dii'cction between the valleys of the St. John's and the Penobscot. Our claim however carries the me- CiotM^lc 33 T%e Nortkeaatern Boundary Question. September ridian line from the source of the St. Croix about ■ hundred mile* ferther north crossing the St. John's and reaching to the sources of the numerous small streams which there flow off northwardly into the St Lawrence from the range of elevated land forming the south- em parallel enclosure of the valley of that great rirer — of the exist- ence of which the direction of that series of small streams is alone ample evidence. This tract embraces about six millions of acres jut- ting up like an intercepting wedge between the provinces of New Brunswick and Lower Canada — being about one-third of the whole State of Maine — for the most part wild and covered with forest but estimated by the State from its natural character and capabilities as territory of a very high value. Its valne to Great Britain consists of course principally in the convenience or rather the necessity of the communication between Quebec and Halifax which is di- rectly intercepted by the territory in question. The argument in behalf of the American claim may be thus sub- stantially summed up. That it amounts to absolute and perfect demonstration establishing the full right of Maine beyond the reach of cavil or question cannot but be admitted by every candid mind. The question is not what line is convenient and desirable to the two British provinces of New Brunswick and Lower Canada — bat what were the true limits of the Slate of Massachusetts Bay as in- tended and defined by the TreatyT Originally the chartered limits of the province of Massachusetts Bay embracing the country of Sagadehnc extended expressly to the banks of the SU Lawrence as also did the limits of Nova Scotia — ■ these two adjacent provinces being separated by a north and aoulli line which abutted on the St. Lawrence. Great Brilain having acquired Canada in 1763 proceeded by proclamation to establish the province of Quebec removing the line of Canada from the St. Lawrence to the highlands south of it and thuB separating from Massachusetts Bay and Nora Scotia and annexing to Canada the narrow strip of country occupied by the tributary streams of the St. Lawrence. And here in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 occurs for the first time that description of boundary by the ligne its versanti which is afterwards adopted on numberless important occasions and which when transferred into the Treaty of 1783 as indicating a certain and well understood natural line of boundary has been mystified away by British di- plomatic ingenuity into a nonentity end an impossibility. Tho aouthern boundary of the Government of Quebec is there laid down as passing "along the highlands which divide the rivers that empty themselves into the said river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the sea and abo along the aorlh coast of the Bay dea Cba- Icura dtc." 3 by Google leaa l Anomalies of the British Claim. 33 This nvw demarcation of limits was contirmeil by nn Act o Par- tiament of 1774 which definea the south line of Canaila as follows BouTidfd nn Ibe imilh by a line from lAi Bay if CJialevr along Uu kighiands viici dicide lie Hrtrs Oiat nnp i/ ihi-vurhcs into Ihe SI. Laa-itnct from lAesi wAuA Jail into the sea to n point in tony-tyc dugiecs of nonhfrn laiituJf and the eastern buk of Connecticul riVBT " *c. This description of tho south line of the prnviace of Quebec is conlinned in the commissions of the succesEive Governors of that province issued in 1763 1787 1774 and 1777 the last 6f which remained in force at the time of the conclusion of the Treaty of Peace. The same definition of limits appears in the commissions given Id the Governors of Nova Scotia in 1763 1773 and 17S2 the first of which runs as follows We have thought prnpfrlo irrfrain and cemprin the province within the W- lowing limits viz to IM nortKwrd our said province shall be iHHindnl bf tha imli^na bmiit^rysf Q iiebtc as far at the weslprii extremity of the Bay of CH»- leur " amp c. "to the viislxiTd i ihnll be bounded by a line drawn frotn Cape Sabla acTon the enlTonce of the Bay of Fundy to the mouih of the riTri- Si. Croix bjr the swd river lo iw aouree and by a line drawn d'oe north from ihcnw to the smthtm itiiiidary of Q uebec." All these official acts prescribe one and the same boundary for the Province of Quebec and Nova Scotia beginning at the Bay of Chalenrs and stretching from hence along the ligite des versants of the EODth bank of the St. Lawrence in a continued and un- broVen line lo the head of the Connecticut. This line divided Canada and Nova Scolia until it reached the due north line be- tween Nova Scotia and Maine then without any material change of course it divided Canada and Mhine after which Canada and New Hampshire. Of the definite and certain existence and course of this line of demarcBlion though never actually surveyed and traced out thero could be no sort of doubL That it ran in a general northeast and southwest direction parallel with the course of the great river to whose valley it was the natural southern enclosure and at no great distance from it ^vaa abundantly proved by the diverging courses of he streams which ilowed off to the right hand and the left into the St. Lawrence and into the sea respectively. That at the lime of the Treaty it formed I'he northern bonndary of Nova Scotia and Massachusetts Bay and that its intersection by the meridian lind of the source of the Sl Croix constituted a certain fixed point as accurately iscertainahle as though it were already surveyed and marked by a monument — which point was "the northwest angle of Sota ScoKb "-admits of no possibility of fair cavil. The terms of the definition of bonniliiry in the Treaty iiave lieen already given. They differ from the form already so often used to dnifnate this Ugne dea versanti only In the substttntion of VOL. lit. no. tX. — SXFTEXBEK. Google 34 Tke Northetutern Baundarf iMMtio*. Sepl«aibfr " th« AtUntie Oceaa " for " the Be« "— eridendy for the mere pur- pose of greater preciaion and formality. That it was the intention ^ of its framers to adopt and continue in that Treaty thia lame well known line of boundary between Quebec and Nora Scotia ia too manifest to need illuatration. It was the thing natural to be done in the circnnntancea of the case. It was conformable otherwise to the principles of the Trea- ty which recognizes the sovereignty and the territorial rights of the State the former province of Massachusetts Bay. The exact coincidence of language — the Act of Parliament of ITM being evidently before the commissioners as a precedent and gaide— makes it indnbitable that the same line was meant. It is moreover proved and admitted that Mitchell's Map a semi-official publication which fully supports this view of the subject waa before the nego- tiators of the Treaty. And the specific location of the point of de- parture from which the line was to proceed along the said high- lands at *' the northwest angle of Nova Scotia " a certain and understood point of intersection of two given lines rendered any ambiguity at the time impossible and any pretension of it now And again if the line claimed by Maine as that of the dividing highlands so often referred to be not in reality the one intended id the series of public documents already mentioned commencing with the proclamation of 1763 and ending with the Treaty of 1783— and if the British assertion that Mar's-Hiil is "the north- west angle of Nova Scotia " have any foundation — the consequence follows directly that the southern boundary of Qxtebet must lie about a hundred miles further south than has ever been imagined or laid down — that it must embrace large rivers with their exten- sive valleys flowing not into the SL Lawrence but into the Sea — that all this vast region diversified with river valley mountain and forest most intervene between it and the series of streams flowing into the St. Lawrence in relation to which it is so distinctly defined as their tigne des versanta —*ad that the line which is to mn from the Bay des Chaleurs to the head of the Connecticut along a continuous range of dividing highlands as a line of north and south boundary to the adjacent proviuees of Nova Scotia and Quebec instead of being carried along such a range actnally exist- ing and fairly and fully satisfying the terms of the Treaty is to be bent perforce southward and to be carried in a line varying only about fourteen degrees from due south " directly across high rnoim- tains deep valleys and the large rivers that flow through them I" These are some of the absurdities and eontradictioas involved in the denial of our claim and in the assertion of the most impudent and preposterous demand put forth by Great Britain. But litis is not the whole force of the argnment on mn tUo of 183 amp Offkial AdntUaiona o» the part of Great Britain. S5 die qncfltlon. If it needed or could receive further coofirtnttion it ie abundantly fumiehed by the most unequirocal and repealed^ official admissiona made on the part of Qreat Britain heraelf prior 10 her first aiserlion of her present claim in the eKecaiion of the commission appointed under the prorisions of the Treaty of Ghent of 1614. Daring the interval betneen the date of the Treaty of Peace and that of Ghent no doubt wes ever suggested in relation to this bound- ary line. A joint commission was appointed in 1705 under Jay's Treaty to fix the only point then deemed material viz the source of the St. Croix which nras a subjeclof difierence bettreen the two Governments. As this name was applied to several streams from the practice of the French in the discovery and settlement of the eonnlry of planting a cross at the mouth of the streams they en- tered it was specified as having its mouth in the Bayof-Fundy and among the different rivers to which it might be considered ap- plicable it was of course a material object on the British side to locate it as far westward as possible. The British commissioner Ward Chipman Esq. In fais argument on this point treats as mu- Inally understood and ua question able premises all that we now de- mand and argues from them to establish his location of the source of the St. CrtHX at the head of the Schoodiac Lakes. Thus he •ays Tbe ItniCl of Nova ScotiI^Kt the dme of the Treaty of Feacfl were Ihe tmne that were eaublUhed wbeo the prormce va* nndently and ori^mlly ended and nnmed IG91 in eieiy reipect excepting die ielaad of St. John's and the nerlhem botn- lUry line which by the erection of the Province of Uuebec after the praee of ITG3 ves altered froia tbe xnUAtrn bant if tin river Bt. Lmemee to Uu kigUaiidt at- Again he says A line due oorth from the amrce of tbe vntem or main btaueh of he Schoodtae er 6l Croix will fblly wcore thii effect lo the United Blatu in every inetance «n^ aba lo Gnat Bnt amp in in all tnriBnce* except in that of the river St john'e wherein it bacomea iHfMwiib by nsaon that the ■onree* of this river are a Ui tsalviaTi net mif ef Ikt aater-» boundary liiu ■/ T/inut Seatia bal of tbe Mnroei of the »■ Bobteot and even of the KeBaebee m UuI Iku iu gt rU liitt mutt of MCOMily cnM U« S . Mn'i. And again Can it be believed or fin a momein imagined that in tbe conrss of hwnan events^ ■0 exact a eoiaeidence eoold have happened between the actual bonndariei of tbe Province of Nova Scoda and the boiuMlariei of it deseribed ia this ti«aiy if the latter had not been dictated and refulated by the fbrmer 1 Can any man he«ilat« lo My ha is convinced that the commlaiionen at Paris in 1783 in fonnin the Be«ond article of the treaty of pesos in which they have ao •zadly described this northwest angle had reference to and wen governed by the boondariea of Nova Scotia a gt deKnbcd in the grant to Sir William Alexander and lbs subteiinent alteration of the northern booadary by the erection of the Province arOoebecl ftneh was the nnirersal anderstancBng oa both sides nnlU labte- ".tOoqIc 36 7^e Northeastern Boundary Question. Septenibef quenily to ihe conferences ot Gheiil and the claim oC Great Bri- tain has been got up since ihiit time to remedy the serious incon- venience to her of having the Stulc of Muine run up wetlgi'.-likfl between her provinces nf New Brunswick ami Lower Canada and after ehe had in vain endeavored lo nbtain of a» aii alteration of the Treaty line and the cexsion lo her of u portion of ihc tract of coun- try in dispute. It was an afier- thought arising out of the military experience of that war. Waine divides New Brunswick from Low- er Canada jiiat as part of Upper Canada runs in between the State* of New York ami Mirhii iin and Great Britain lays claim to that portion of Muine with aa much renson and no more ai we might lay c^aim lo that portion of Upper Canitda. Among the pamphlets publinhnd in Great Britain during the con- troversy between lier and the United States which was conclndeJ by the war and the Tre.nly of Gbeiil were two by Mr Alcheson one entitled 'Ameni^an Encroaeliments on British Rights ' and the other ' A Compressed view of ihe Points to be Disrussed in Treaty with the United States ' both which proceed upon the admission of our tide and urge llic iinportiince of clianging the line and ob- taining a cession of this territory. The British commissioners nt Ghent adopted these views and made proposals f^ir tlip deiired "ccssiitn " suggesting "suck a. variation of the line of frntitirr as may secure a direct communi- cation between Qnebec and ILilifnx. " Tbey express themaelve« desirous of obuinin only "n amnll portion of unsrttled country which interrupts the communirinion bftween Quebec and Hali- fax " — remarkint that an n uiva1ent miffht be demanded on our Bide in frontier or olh«rwi^e. They mnde only what Mr. Buchan- an in his admirable and hifid Report referred to in ihe caption to the present Article justly ch^iricteriz« i a^ a " faint and feeble sug- gestion" that our title wns ilonblfnl which was promptly and de- cisively repelled by our commissioners who at the same time de- clined ail sncli proposals on the ground of want of authority " to cede any portion of the territory of the United Slates." There was no attempt lo urge the "faint »nd feeble suggestion " nor ex- ception taken to ihe decisive assertion of clear and indisputable title under the Treaty. The linn accordingly remained unchanged being described at ihts point in the Treaty of Ghent in the precise words of the Treaty of Paris. A provision was only made for s joint commission lo \x "the north vest angle of Nova Scotia " and run the line accordin lo t'lc original terms of its deecription. Thus far all wan plain sailing. Wo one on either side appears lo have dreamed of so simple a question being obscured by any sha- dow of ambiguity. It was perhaps rather hard and inconvenient for Great Britain — hut what to do I There were the law and the amp ct of the case — too clear and strong to be fairly controverted* 1838. Reference to Arbitration. 3T But the coninianication between the two military and naval depAti of her Norlh Amerioan posaeaaiima must be kept open at all ha- zards and the ingeniiiu.* expedient was adopted of throwing tha case into the Court of Chriiicery — of diplumacy and 80 dilatory and dexteroasly conducted have tlie proceedings been on her part that the case is there yet — hein^ we confess considerably more complicated and somewhat less advanced than it was at the outset. The commissioners af^er proceeding a few miles north of the Stirling point at the source of the St. Croix come to Mar's-Hill ■n insulated conical hill which though far south of the St. John*s and as before shewn utterly irreconcilable with all the terms of the description the British cornniissiimer dpclarcs — in the absence of any other moutitain-rid^e on the nnrlh line so far as he chote to proceed — to be the only " hiihlnnds " on the face of the country and to be "the northwcBl angle of Nnxa fleolia " and accordingly he proceeds to run a southwesterly line from that point between the waters of the Penobscot and St J'lhn'i neither of which haa the slightest relation to the 8t. Lnwrence — which line he lays down as the dividing "highlands" of the Treaty The American conunissioner of course insisted on gning northward in quest of he true " angle " and " highland* " liul the survey appears to hare been broken off very unsaiisfactorilv both commissioners making separate reports of it to their resperiive governments out of which disagreement arises a negotiation wliirh dragging its slow length along results in a reference of the question at issue to the arbitra- tion of the King of the Netherlands in l gt lt 37. Here wss a resting point of four or five years in the history of the case. Both parties piled up before the bewildered arbitrator huge masses of docuinente and pleadings amounting to a large folin volume of above a thou- sand pages. In 1831 he renders his ' decidion.' subfitnntially to the effect that he could make neither head nor lall nut of the matter — thathecould not draw the Treaty li^e ani couM not award to either parly the line claimed by it without prejudice to equitable right* of the other and therefore that he recommended the compromise of a conventional line drawn about midway through the disputed territory. This "award" was rejected by the Senate in IS32 as not being a derision of the case referred — and thus the whole case was again afloat on the trackless. Rtarless shorelcus ocean of 'ne^od'olion.* or all the pretexts by which Great Britain at bsi time sought and uow seeks to evadn the terms of the Treaty of Paris there are bnl two which we deem it nncestary to notice. One is the pretence that no highlands exist correnponding to the conditions of the Treaty — thi- inference from which is lo avoid the Treaty for uncertainty ami irnpractifahility and throw both parties OD the necessity of negotiating a new conventional tine Googk 39 Tlte Ifm-tAeaatem Bovmdary QMtMlUm. Septembff To Ihia the knswer is obrioni and complete. Whererer there am riven flowing northwardly into the SL Lawrenee and aouthwanUy or eaatwardly towards the St John's or the sea it ia a matter of irreversible phyiical necessity so long as water ahall continue to flow downward and not upward that highlands should divide the waters so flowing in different direc lions. Accordingly the cavil of Great Britain upon this point ifl gt that no mountain-Tidge is to be found in the region where the United States claims the line to be. But the Treaty does not describe nor do it* eonditioni require n mountain-ridge but only highlands dividing watert that is a lig ie dea versants which incontestibly must and does exist in the ternii of the Treaty. Purauant to which w the admission of the geogrsphera and hy- drographers of Great Britain such highlands being described at marlLed In a great number of British books and maps invariably from the year 1783 down to the peace of 1814 since which time this controversy dates its beginning. Of all these it will be suffi- cient to cite the great map of a part of Canada New Brunswick and Mainci published in 1S15 by Colonel Bonchette the Surveyor General of Lower Canada which sustains in all respects the claims insisted on by the United Stales. Beside which it is premature to deny the existence of sncb highlands nntil the country has been explored and surveyed by public authority and the refusal of Great Britain so long protract- ed to concur with us in a survey of the conntrj- — a survey net and pmre and without conditions—has been certainly calculated to af- ford the strongest possible evidence of the conscious hoHowness of her cause in this respect. It will be remembered that in the in- eomplete surrey already made by the commission under the Trea- ty of Ghent notwithstanding the declaration of the British sur- reyor that no " highlands " — thkt is mountain-ridge — were to be found in the due north line yet it appears from his own survey that as he proceeded northward from Mar's-Hill the comitry gradu- ally ascended - till at the waters of the Risligouche which flows into the Bay des Chaleurs an elevation was attained of sixteea hundred feet above the summit level of the starting point on the St. Croix being in fact five hundred feet higher than the summit of Mar's-Hill. He prudently refused to proceed farther and hero tbe survey was broken 00". There can be no doubt that this gradual ascent would have risen slill cnneiderably higher — whether actual eminences from the surface would have been discovered or not was not ascertained — nor would it have been at all material. The second pretence is that rivers flowing into the Bay of Fan- dy are not rivers flowing into the Ska or into the " Atlamtm M88l Britiah Argmntnt». 9 OoBAR " «B inleD^ed by the Treaty and that therefor« the line li to be sought for south of the Bl John's. To this also the ansver is obvious and complete. Bays of lh« Ha are the sea. If not there ie not a river of diii continent flow- ing into the sesi for they all debouche into some indentation or cnrrature of the coast called a gulf or bay. All the other rirera of Maine especially — which it is not disputed are intended as At- liBlic rirers — empty into the aea in like manner with the St. John's through bays of greater or less dimensions. The only show of argument adduced in support of this pretence is that in the Treaty the BL Croix is mentioned as emptying into the Bay of Fandy — not the Atlantic Ocean — whereas the rirer St. Mary which was to form the southern boundsry of the United States is described in the same uticle as biting into the Atlantic Ocean and those eastern and southern lines of bonndary thus ter- minating at these two points are spoken of as " respectively touch- ing the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic Ocean.'' From which it is inferred that a special distinction was intended between the two and since the St. Croix was not an Atlantic rirer much less were those falling into the Bay of Fandy to the eastwsrd of its mouth to be so regarded. We give this as a fair specimen of the shallow and paltry bo- l^isais which hare marked the British negoiiations on this quesiioii from the co mm en cement. It scarcely deserves serious refutation. It is manifest thst the specification of the St. Croix as falling into the Bay of Fundy— doubtless intended to distinguish it from the other streams of the same name along the coast — does not in the least aB*ect the generic character which it as well as the St. John's shares with all the rest as Atlantic rivers. The highlands referred to were not on this occasion for the first ^me thus described bat were already abundandy established by the comprehensive but dis- tinct description of them as the ligne dea cersanta in numerous docaments in which it cannot even be pretended that any idea waa entertained of sneh a distinction between the Bay of Fundy and the " sea " of which it was one of the numerous arms or indenta- tions. Which pretence also while contrary to the common sense and eommon language of the subject is contrsdictory to the rest of the Treaty which requires a line contiguous to the wstera of the St I^wrence — a line continuous from the Bay des Chaleurs along the highlands adjacent to the St Lawrence — and s line coincident with the nordiern boundary of Nova Scotia now New Brunswick. In fine without dwelling farther on this portion of the ground we have proposed to ourselves to cover in the present Article the foets eaetaining the American claim are so clear and certain and the arguments so unanswerable that the denial or evasion of them by pMty qnibblea of the above charaeter Inrolvea Great Britain in 40 T%e NoTtheattern Botmiary Qutstion. Septeoibwv ■ labjrrinth of contradiciions nnd abaurditiea. The noilhem line of Nuva ScDiia and louthcrn line of Lower Canada which she cannot find in the Treaty of Peace pervades her own official acts. With respect to this very disputed district — if MarVHill is the northern limit of Maine then the Province of Lower Canada ex- tends to that point and covers of course the Madawaika setlle- nient which ia on the St. John's — and yet after all it is the Pro- vince of Now Brunswick whieh pretends to and in point of fact does exercise jurisdiction over Madawaska. The special pleadings of the ' negotiaiions ' since 1632 afford a curious chapter in the history of diplom amp cy which might be amusing enough were it not too provoking to the patience of the American reader. The award of the King of the Netherlands was rejecteil by the Senate as l gt cing avowedly no decision of the case referred. or the propriety of this course there cannot we think he the slightest question — though it nay well admit of doubt whether it would have been adopted but for the energetic remonstrancea of Maine and the determined attitude assumed by her on the constitu- tional question of the incompetency of the Federal Government to cede any portion of her rightful territory without her consenL The British Government naturally enough evinced much dissatis- faction at it obtaining as it would have done by the compromise suggested all that it could desire namely the northern half of the disputed district with the open communication between her two colonial capitals Uftlifax and Quebec. The action of the Senate being however decisive it next urged strongly as a basis for future negotiation our acquiescence in certnin minor propositione con- nected with the main question which appeared to be decided inci- dentally in the course of the reasoning of the arbitrator upon the general case. This was of course impossible since on tho very face of the award these premises and inferences coaducted the ar- bitrator to the remit that he could not decide the main rjueslion and the Department of State in its correspondence with the British negotiators Sir Charles Vaughan and Mr. Bankhead very properly- insisted on disregarding the whole award and restoring the case entirely to the status ^uo of before the reference. The correctness of this course was too clearly and strongly urged to be successfully impugned and it was «t length reluctantly yielded to — the award being formally set aside by the abandonment of the compromise suggested by it by the British Government accompanieil with the reassertion of its claim to the whole territory in a communication of December the twenty-eighth 1836. On the rejection of the award by the Senate with a recommenda- tion lo the Executive to open a new negotiation to a« ertain and settle the line of the Treaty the course proposed by Mr. Livingston then Secretary of State was to nuke a new and thornogh surrey 1838 Points of the SegaHation. 41 of the whole Ace of the conntr}' by a joint commiarion— elUier of impsrtial scientific foreigners to be accompanied by agents on the part of the two gOTernments in the character of adrocales of their respective views of the subject — or of surreyora to be ap- pointed by the reapectire governmcnta with an umpire upon points of difference arising between them to be named by some impartial soTereign. It is curious to ohaerve the nice play of fence between the two parties atiaing out of this propositioo in which we have to confess that the odier party managed their defensive parries with mnch more adroit akill than was evinced in our assaults — in which latter a great deal of ingenuity was wasted and worse than wasted. Why a new surrey T it is asked — sfler playing off for some ^me from entering on a new negotiation at all on the ground of the want of plenipotentiary authority in the premiaea on the part of our Federsl Government to act independently of the assent of a third interested party the State of Maine. One survey has already been made and no highlanda discovered on the meridian specified in the Treaty. Such is the decision of the arbitrator. But it is anawered we are confident that the treaty line can yet be run. A material principle in all practical surveying is that when in a description of boundaries a mention of marked natural features of country is combined with d reference to compass direc- tions the former ia to be regarded aa of the primary and the latter aa of the secondary importance and effect ~the former fixing clearly the intention of the parlies and an error in the latter ahew- ing only an ignorance of the exact face of the country. That therefore it would be a auflicient fulfilment of the conditions of the Treaty if highlands should be discovered to the weatwatd of the doe north line and the line drawn between them and the fixed atart- iDg point at as acute an angle to the meridian as poaaible. Such highlands may be diacovered as no reference was had to this pnn- ciple vitally material as it is either by the former surveyors or by the arbitrator. But saya Sir Charlea after ex periencing considerable difficulty in exactly understanding ihia new idea Maine will raise the same constitutional objection to your yielding any of her territory ac- cording to her claim west of the meridian referred to aa well as soatli of the alleged line of highlands. That is our afliir is the ready reply. According to this prin- ciple of practical snrveying which we urge for the guidance of the proposed new exploration such a line though it might run northwest instead of north would satisfy the requisitiona of the Treaty and the Federal Government may snd ought to accede to iti any dissatisfaction of Maine to the contrary notwithatandiiig. Only let us make the survey and spread out the whole actual face of the countrj- before us. tt Tie Northtattern Boundary QHMtum. Septembar* W« BM no fwospsct of practical benefit froni a new larrey — itU fldU nrgti on the other bmnd. Let ur treat Tor a conTflntional line. Let it be each and ench. Let it be a fair and equal dmflion. No- thinf can be more ' Eur ' and * equitable ' than onr viewi and wiahee on the inbjeet. We hare no constitntional power it ia repeatedly replied and ex- plained to negotiate for any other than the Treaty line which it ia insisted ia itill plain and practicable nor la there any probability of obtaining the assent of Maine to any such line as you are willing to admit. But — at length says Mr. Forsyth coolly — since yon are so anxious for a conrentional line if you will adopt the St. John's as tlie boundary along its whole course Maine will no doubt con- sent to exchange the territory north of that river for the slice of New Brunswick between its mouth and that of the Su Croix. The British Cabinet took about a couple of years to recover from its astonishment at this piece of Yankee assurance — Olwtupait iteteiuntque eomie el vox amp ucibui hoait— and at length its only reply in Mr. Fox's communication of lOth of January last was an expression of civil wonder at the entrance of such an ides into the American head. But eventually they are brought down to consent to a new joint survey. Throughout the course of the negotiation they had op- posed to this proposition a demand of utterly inadmissible condi- tions begging the whole question in advance by stipulating that tiie St John's and the Ristigouche are not to be considered Atlantic rivera — that the highlands In question must therefore be sought only south of the former river. * The suggestion to refer the lehole euhject to the commission and umpirage untrammelled with con- ditions — including this point of construction {or the ' river question * as it is termed in the negotiation as well as the survey of the ground — is rejected point-blank. What principle then shall guide the commission t Yon insist says Great Britain on the highlands m hundred miles north we on those south of the St. John's. Sup- pose then the commission search for highlands " upon the cha- racter of which no doubt could exist on either aide." * It was auumcd and coatciid«d by the British negotiaton as at least a Btrong •opportiotheirpositicin if not admilted CIS of drciaive binding force that the artii- Iralor had decided this point in heir favor. This wns Mintra»erted on the oth«* hand al the seme time that the idea was Tcpndialeil of iu being material whether ■aeh were hii opinion or not The following is the passagein the award refemd to as thus dreiding this atl-inipaTtanl point "If in mntradiMinelbn to Ihe nren ihal empt^ IhrnuBlTei ialo the rfror St Ltwrence it hsd been propert aifreesblj to the langUBire ontmnrilT used in jreoifTiiphy o eoDipreheail the nrcm Tilling mu ihe biys of Fuiidy snd dei ChKlrim with thme empivinjr themiwlTM dincdy inci the Atlnniic nc-an in vhs lenerirnt rlEiinminaIi lt «i of rirer* fillinc inla the Al- lutle oenui it would be buanlooe to Lnciude Into the vperfei MonirinT to Out elm the riren Hl John'* end Rieli ourhe whirh Ihe line rlsimed » the nnrlh of the riier Sl Jobn'i Aridei imm-^ialily ma riren emplyinir ihanuelisi into the rirer 9^ LavreBte net -Mb atberHian amp Uin miotbe Atlsntic ocean bat oZoiu sad thai tospplj in intarpretfaig A* 1838.} Pr«wst StaU t^ ikt Can. 1$ Soma stronger illvmioation tlian the daylifht kmp of Diognui wovld in mil probability be required for the discorery of mch hi^t- laods but finelly after delaya on the part of the British Ckbinelf apparently interminable and mntiul requests between the two par- ties to koow whst each other means and proposes and mntoal dis- claimers of the responsibility of giving snch explanation — the joint eooimission of exploration and snrrey is agreed upon with the vague modification above referred to and the anderatanding that both gorernments are to remain free to maintain still their re* speeUre interpretations of the "highlands" and "rirer question 'f and the present actual state of the case as between the two goTem- ments is that the British legation is waiting for powers and in- stractione from home to lugotiate upon Uie pre^se terau of » eonTcndon for the appointment of such a commission to carry into effect this general agreement. We hare here giren our readers a comprehensive bird'a-eye view of the leading featnres of this pr.etty piece of diplomatic history from I8S2 to the present date. We have merely sifled out the main points from the mass of chaff which overloads every negotiation between great governments — snch as protestations of devoted na- tional mnd personal regard mutual desire to please and unwavering confidence in each other's good foith and fairness — assertions of liberality and moderation of views — regrets for the long continuance of this perplexed controversy and anxieties for its speedy amica- ble and happy termination amp c. dec. We hare given them in a sim- ple and detached form though in point of Ikct they were ao mingled and combined in the actual correspondence as vastly to increase the perplexity of the * negotiation. ' The reader desirous of tracing it through in a more connected point of view may find m succinct and lucid r6svm6 of the whole correspondence in its or* der of succession in Mr. Forsyth's communication to the Governor of Maine of March the 1st 1838 published in the Senate Docu- ment No. 319 of the late session of Congress. Upon this long and tortuous negotiation as a whole we cannot dtlimiudofi eMabliahtd bjr ■ tmtj wbere »cli ward muit hiTs ■ mAuiag lo iwa eiela- ^Ttly ipaeial cum and where no maatkn ill cude af Ih* ^enni gmrt * gensrieal s gt - pr«inoB vbkh mwld ucriba to ihem ■ brndar maaauig " Ac. We do not fire the TcspectiTe commentsries upon Ihia truly Delphic passage in which each party nttempli to grope hia way by the clue of hia former fixed ides throufh the obscure labyrinth in which the " respected " Dutch King haa here so in- {CnioBsly ahot up hii meaning from all pouible reach of the light of day. We can only say that though Mr. Forayth beats Mr. Foi dl hollow in parting and in tba eoDslraction of ' Terbe adverba. pronouna and nouna mibalantiTe ' be yet does not convince di that the aibitrator himself knew what he meant — the Tery light of criti- cal eiplanation ahed upon it aerring only to make tho dnikneaa more Tiaible. But cartainly when Mr. Fox flndi in it the idea that the St. John's is not an Atlanlia river wa are constrained to aay that "Hu nM wu bthar Harry ta that thot^tl Dci-zec by Google 44 T%e Northeaetern Boundary Qtieation. September forbear he remark that on this occuion the late President doe* not aeeni in our opinion to have exhibited that same prompt and unerring sagncity to seize on the htgheat and atrongeit point of the ground and tliat same uncompromising firmness to maintain it which so signally characterized the diplomacy of his administration in all Its other foreign relations. It was a fatal error to suffer himself to be enticed down from the impregnable strength of the American position — upon the Treaty the whole Trtaty and nothing but Ike Treaty — into the entanglements of ■conventional lines.' Mr. Livingston's "new idea" of "practical surveying " admitting the possibility of a westerly departure from the due north line of the Treaty however ingeniously meant was certainly a grest mistake. Though seemingly deemed a trump card he could not have played more mal-d-propos into the adverse hand. It was intended doubt' less to obviate the objection made to a new survey — in the very awkward entanglement in which the King of the Netherlands had managed to involve the affair and in the certain confidence felt by him that light the light of a fall exploration of the country by a com- mission harmonized by an umpirage was alone necessary to secure the full triumph of the American claim. But its effect was virtually to admit the British construction of the term "highlands" as a mountain-ridge though even the arbitrator had declared that " the highlands to be sought for are not necessarily a range of mountains but rather the summit of the country. " It waa as was justly re- marked in reply to il slill liable to the constitutional objection of Maine and by admittingadefect of distinctness in the Treaty defi- ni^on of the line il gave countenance to the favorite British idea of 'conventional lines ' any one of which must give the latter all hey wanted and contributed more than any thing else to eompli- cate and embarrass the course of the negotiation which it was re gt aerred to his successors to carry out. He should have more per- fectly appreciated the simple solid strength of our position on the original merits of the case and have maintained it with that Fabian front which must eventually have carried the day — and which we now find ourselves forced to assume ttioughatmuch less advantage than at the former stage of the campaign. We might also find some fault with he passages that occasionally occur in the correspondence expressive of regret at the want of authority on the part of the Federal Government to treat more freely for a conventional line and a disposition to apply to the State interested for greater power — were it not for the distinctness with whii^h the correct principle of limited authority was throughout asserted and practically maintained. Such language since it never proceeded farther — the stale of feeling in Maine being well known in advance — is we presume to be classed with all those assurances 1838. Mitude of Maine. 4 amp or " distinguished consideration " " unabftted confidence " iLC whieli so sinuotfaly swell out the auaviter in. modo of diplomacy. It will thus be seen that so far as respects the negotiations be- tiBeen the two governments we ore not one step nearer to a satisfac- tory decision of the case than we were twenty years ago. Each party maintaining its own pretenaions a new exploration is to be made so soon as the terms of the proposed convention can be ' ne- gotiated. ' But it is plain that the point on which the whole ques- tion hinges is one of treaty construction tind not of topography. It is of course very desirable to hsTe an accurate map of t ie country and the effect of a full and fuir survey may possibly be to iharoe Great Britain out of her preposterous pretensions and en- able us o urge anew the merits of our right with fresh force and effect. But this appears to be all that can be looked for from thla commission. With the modificalion to the original form of our proposition which Great Britain has insisted on it is not to be aa arbitration and therefore will not decide the real question at issue. In fact neither party appears to anticipate much practical benefit from it as leading immediately to a settlement of the controversy and we find it intimated by Mr. Forsyth that the survey is probably to serve as the basis of another future reference of the controversy to arbitration — certainly the only amicable mode of adjustment that appears possible so long as Great Britain shall adhere to her pre- sent views however little our former experience is calculated to re- commend it to favoi. But tn point of fact the case has proceeded to a point of matu- rity far in advance of its position a short time ago. It is to the en- ergetic resolution exhibited by the State of Maine in demanding her rights and the speedy acknowledgement of them that this is to be attributed. She has declared herself to be absolutely inflexible in her determination to insist on the full limits of her Treaty boun- dary and to listen to no suggestions of ' conventional lines. ' She has forced the public attention to the subject as no longer one of vague diplomatic negotiations which may extend ad infinituin through volumes of polite official ' notes ' from generation to gene- ration — but of immediate practical importance as threatening to iarolve the Union in war by a constitutional necessity not to be overcome. The fruits of it wa have seen in the strong declaratory resolutions of both Houses of Congress at the late session accom- panied with such lucid expositions of the subject of this contro- versy in speeches and reports as are not only unanswerable on the part of Great Britain but so clearly unravel the intricate entangle- ments of ' negotiation ' as to spread the case fully open to that uni- versal popular comprehension of Us merits which is necessary to prepare the public mind for whatever future direction it may take. From Iheee influences combined with others to which recent erentt 4s T%e Northxattem Boundary Question September in tbkt quarter bare girea birth there appeira a rational proapect of some beneficial effeet on the connaelB of Great Britain and wc ■incerety traat that Maine may be induced to extend yet a little longer the remarkable patience and forbearance she has heretofore displayed in relation to this moat rexatioua subject. Our readera are aware that the Legislatore of that 9late adopted reaolntions on the twenty-third of March last making it the " imperatiTe duty " of the Governor — if a commission of so rrey fihall not be appointed by the Federal OoTernment. either sin{ ly or in conjunction with Great Britain by ihe first of September — to make snch an appoint- ment ander the State authority Knd carry the surrey and location of the Treaty line into effect at all hazard. At the date of the pas- ■age of the present Article through the prera it appesn the fixed determination of the Gorernor to carry out this resolution to the foil extent of its letter and iipirit by the appointment of commis- ■ioners and the organization of Tolunteera to aopport them on their encountering the opposition which seems in all probability to ftwail them from the British military authorities. It must be confessed that Maine has good right to feel irritated by this old and galling thorn in her side to the full exhaustion of her patience. Her right to the peaceful possession of the whole territory in dispute is as clear as the sun at noonday and yet Great Britain has constantly asserted and in numerous instances in point of fact exercised the right of jurisdiction OTer it — and that in a most high-handed and arbitrary way notwithstanding an understand- ing between the two gorernments repeatedly referred to in the CDurse of their negotiations that both ahonid abstain from such acts pending the decision of the controrersy. We confess that it is proToking in the highest degree to witness the cool manner is which the British authorities par vote de fait take adrantage of the spirit of conciliation and peace on our part and exercise a jurisdiction over a district to which they hare no more right than to the District of Columbia at the heart of the Union — to the extent of imprisoning American citizens for the simple and peaceful net of taking census of its population. Whether this spirit of mild and pacific forbearance has not been carried a tittle too far on our part may perhaps admit of question though we acknowledge thai if it were so it was an error leaning to firtne's side — especially when Tiewed in connexion with the confidence throughont ente^ lalned from stage to stage of the proceedings of an early deciaion in fiiror of the clear rightfulness of our claim and with the insig- nlfleanee of the snbject-maller of dispute in comparison with the inenlcnlable diaastrons consequences of war with Great Britain. It is true hat the right of Maine has been repeatedly asserted In ita fall extent — and by none more emphatically than liy onr presenf BxeettiTc when Secretary of State and by oSr preoent repreeea* 1888. 1 fifnen/ CoiuideraHoiu. 41 lUiTe at the Court of St. Jkmei it is tiao tni« tlwt on vretj oe- euion of such aggreesion u here referred to remooalnineeB ba*« beeo made and such measures adopted as smoothed over die imuM* diate difficulty and effected an amicable rectification of the practical iojurioaa consequences to the individual involved but it is no Iam true that several passages of the negotiations have seemed to yield such a tacit acquiescence to the British pretension on the queetioa of jurisdiction as could not but be highly irritaUng to the just mde and sensibility of Maine. The right of Maine to make her present proposed tnrvey the Federal Government cannot either itself deny or allow to be vio- lently opposed. If her commissioners — backed by a large force of hardy and high-spirited volunteers inflamed with long smother- ed reBentinents stimulated by the excitement of the recent frontier disturbances and panting with eagerness to rush to the scene of action — shall indeed enter on the discharge of their duty — if they Bball be opposed seized and imprisoned or subjected to any violent outrage — who can answer for the consequences The Union must rapport the State. There is no option — no alternative — unless our Federal System is a failure — our Constitution a mockery—our Treaty a faree— and our national honor a by-word and a langhi amp g- slock. Great Britain will indeed in that event have a fine opportunity to imitate the moderation of which we have already on so many occasions set her the example and she will act well and worthily of her own high moral position among the nations of the Earth by allowing the survey to be peaceably carried through at the same time thai she may if she so please protest against it as an act of jurisdiction. But we confess that there does not at the present moment at least appear any flattering prospect of such a conne on her part It will be seen then how exceedingly critical and delicate the actual position of the question is. The sword seema to tremble over us in the air suspended by but a single hair. K flame may at any moment burst forth which may suffice to wrap OUT whole northern frontier in conflagration. This Union may ba involved in war by the action of either of two independent parties over whom it can exert no control at the same time that it is n» gt CMaarily connected with one of the two as a party to any posaibta collision of force by the most imperative obligations of its funds* menial law and national honor. Are we in favor of such a war T God forbid We abhor aod deiptie war as the most utter of abominations — the moat insane of follies — the most atroeious of crimes. It is liable to all tfas ofajee* lions of religion morality and policy that apply to the practice of duelling between individuals — only aggravated and multiplied in aa taealculebl* ntia. The ninelcenlh eantory baa been aa1«d aad 48 7%e Northeattern Boundary Question. September glutted with binod at its outset and the benign inflnence of the genius of Christian and democratic ciTilization which is now abroad over the earth is we rejoice to know rapidly undermin- ing the foundations of human delusion un which rested that whole system of manarchical fraud and ruthless violence which has for so many centuries marred the fair face of Earth with all the appalling and revolting horrors tlinl human imagination can conceive. We cannot find language sufHcienily strong to express our detestation of war. We would rather abandon the whole disputed territory tiian to see it crimsoned with the stream of one single human life shed in its defence. But we ivould appeal to the tribunal of iini* versal justice and the moral sense of all the nations of the Earth against the violators of the faith of solemn treaties and would re- solutely at any sacrifice of immediate convenience or profit of pelf abstain from all commercial intercourse with them until he right of one of the States of the Union was fully acknowledged and its wrong amply redressed. But we know too well that such sentiments have not yet acquired that genera prevalence which they are most surely destined to al- lain at no very distant day and if the course of events shall in point of fact take the direclton they now seem to threaten how- ever much deplored the necessity under which they may throw the Federal Qovernraent of pouring the whole physical force of the Union if requisite on the demand of the State of Maine to sup- port her in such a collision cannot be denied by any one fully com- prehending the merits of the present case and the relations be- tween the centre and the component parts in our peculiar federal system. The question is a no less critical one for Great Britain than for the State of Maine or the Union. She is making an extraordina- ry effort to reorganize her shaken colonial ascendency over the lt 3anadaB. It is very certain not only that the necessity of retain- ing the open communication between Lower Canada and New Brunswick is more manifest and urgent than ever but equally also that a frontier war with this country would be immediately and overwhelmingly fatal to every such plan or hope. Her colonial system is already rocking on its base tottering to its fall. Her people at home are already restive under the enormous cost of its barren glory and empty power. Would the people of England ever consent to a war with this Union in a cause ao plainly un- righteous for the sole purpose of keeping open the communica- tions between Halifax and Quebec because the latter port is closed to Atlantic approach during the long months of the Canadian win- ter I The question contains its own answer. However imminent then may seem the danger — however cloae the precipice— we cannot anticipate really the possibility of a war 181ft 1 General Contideratumt. 40 on this qnasdon between England tnd thia Union. Some altemk gt ttve from snch a neceiiity mutt and will present itsetr. England cannot carry on her game of dlplwnatic procraatinalion any longer.* The qnea^on inuil soon be brought to a head — by the State of Haiae if not by the two governmanta. But v gt ar — between the Ibe two natione of the earth the moat cloaely knit together by the bands of a common origin language and literature — the extent in- tintacy and importance of their commercial intercourae — the pniX' Imity of their poiseaaions on this continent — their cloae intellectual Bsaoeiation and their peculiar and aacred relaliona to the cauae of civilizatioD and freedom It cannot be. We devoutly truat and beliere that it can never again be as moat aaauredly it nerer ought to be. We trust that the immediate present criaia may be paaaed in aafety by the exerciae of that moderation and forbearance — by tho one if not by the other of the two parties involved — ^which under any ctrcumatancea will be and can alone be truly worthy of the dignity and honor of either and that afWwarda Great Britain will apply herself more eameatly than heretofore and in a more candid and just spirit to the consideraiion of the plain merita of the caae and — either by aatisfying Maine by the fair purchaae of a aufficient portion of the disputed territory to answer her purpoaea of conve- nience — or by abandoning a pretension which ahe can now scarcely affect to justify — at length pnt an honorable termination to this un- happy controversy which has so long been an open aore of irrita- tion between both parties and a discreditable eeandal to the world at large. ■Wa do not roean ekber in Ihiipaasage or in Mber Hiong expreaiam used in tlia nninB of iliw utide lo inpoM ■ perpdOBl bsd loith to tbe Briiidi Cabinet inl its Kpnaentaiiva in ihe praaecatioa of tliii ooMtowenj — tboogk that it bad its oripn in mch fioand we eanirat Iibtb any doubt firom Iha plain Cue of the wbola affair. Tbe bcility with which he menliil and moral vision of men can be diatorted lo any degm erf oUiqaitr by tbe biai at inleneM and the draining efibit of a leakiai advocacy baa too oAen within lt nr own axperience proved the tnth ot the definition that eum li caited a realpning animai becatat A lt Aot ttntr ami J^iaiUs mjhtding a latitfactorf muvn to iis mm aiitKd firrfotio«nng Aii tt In permit ue to enuitajn fbr a moment m jUiberal a Mntiment however diflt »f 1 taatM sasflt in the prwsW eaae to diaeard it flxan the aind. VOL ni. no. IX. — nmaus. 3 by Google 1 knoir that thoa will bkme my words Aad others may perchance condemo. Bat if I mnit thine anger bear 1 little care or think of them And if thou hlame aa blame thou must. I will not at my fate repine. But leam at last to lore ihy frown Ai I hare lored all else of thine. Tet chide not loo sererely ihou But think thai while my fault is seen Thou canst not know how long how deep. The straggle in my breast hath been How reason manhood Tsinly strove To set me from thy thraldom free. Till reason manhood all were lost lo the absorbing thought of thee. Then blame me not — nor thou— nor sh«. Who hath endured a deeper wrong— Whose name forgotten in my heart. Must be forbidden lo my tongae. Oh blame me aol — nor thou — nor she — For hope too high or broken tow. For though the tow be broken still God knows my hope is humbled now. Farewell to her to thee— and if Perchance thy thought shall somelimea dwell On one who sinned — yet did but that For which lh6 angela sinned and felt — BeAink thee if lenptalion leas Were more than Seraph strength could betr More deeply templed I at least May claim the mercy of a tear. 3 by Google MR. FORREST'S ORATION.' Thb time was when the opponents of the democracff exultingly uierted that within their rankd were to be found "all the religion all the wealth and all the learning of the country." The aBBerlion hid some color of truth to support it. When the two great anta- ^nist principles began to develope themaelves the religion the vealth and the learning of the country sought the alliance of thai political party whose professed principles went far to acknowledge them if not legally at least potentially as " eatstea " of the re- public. The desire for political power is one of the strongest passions of nan civilised or savage and it may be called the natural enemy of I practical administration of a republican form of government. To this passion may be traced all the distinctions that have been made or attempted in society. Who has not observed the mysterious in- flaenee of caste over the minds of men and its astonishing moral orcein controlling their actions T An ambitious individual mem- ber of « distinct class of society seeks immunities and privileges for bis class and if successful he establishes catte the power and in- floence of which he himself shares and is of course interested to perpetuate. The clerg f as a class had in all countries at the time our ex- periment of government commenced showed themselves not exempt from the desire of power indeed it may be said that a love of temporal anthority as an adjunct of ecclesiastical prerogative was their besetting sin if not their ruling passion. The success of the votnntary system in religion which was involved in our grand ex- periment in self- gov eminent and to be tried with it was considered doubtful — perhaps the most doubtful part of the whole. Men were so accustomed to consider the Church as an establish- ment constitnting a part of the State and they had so little confi- dence in men's moral qualities they did not conceive it possible to sustain religion without the patronage protection and coercion of the civil power in a government. It is no wonder that the clergy who were then considered the representatives of the religious feel- ings of the country with such passions and prejudices attached themselves politically to those who were of congenial sentiments with them who had the same deep distrust of man's moral fitness in * Ontion ddiTcrcd M th« Dcmocratk RfpnblieiiD Celebration of iba nitf-titcotA ■BniTmary of ho Independrnce of the United 9 Btea in tbe city of Nev Yot ^ fimtliJnlr 1838 by Edwin Forrest E^.— New YoA. J. W. BdL Google OS Mr. Fbrretft Oration. SeptemtMr a frM and miBhackled state of mental eziatenee to Mtabliab and maintain that order which conadtutei good civil govemmenL The case is far difierent at this daf. The iuceesa of the Tolunlary ays- t«in for the support of religion and retigioni institutions is com- plete. The political connexion of. religion with gapernment hy those who wish to tee it floorish " pnre and Tindefiled " is no longer desired — nay more they would consider it pollution. The same mind that adopts religion for its truth its purity and its simplicity would be inclined for the same reasons to adopt the principle of democracy. The same mind that discoTera the neces* iity of the penal sanctions of the law to give adequate moral force to religion is inclined lo discover the necessity of some external physical independent power to control man's moral conduct. The ■pirit of true religion ia nearly allied to the spirit of democracy and is therefore likely to have a kindred habitance with us. It ia indeed true that the ostentatious profesaora of religiiMi — those who are influenced more by phylacterian display than humble seal — those who can discover no elevation for themselvea bat ihroagh the depression of their fellows are not found within the pale of the democracy. Neither perhaps msy the majority of the clergy be found there for with many of them the ruling passion the love of power is far from being subdued and with some of them sa with emancipated larael there ia a secret hankering after the deli- cious flesh-pots of idolatrous Egypt the land of their former captiv- i^. But the influence of the clergy is now confined to the appro- priate sphere of their vocation and ihey are no longer the repre- KDtatives of the religions feelinga of othera. With the reform that we eatabliahed came also truer motives of man's individual accoimU ability and religion ia now viewed as an individual concern and each man thinks and acts for himself. The claim of the anti- democratic party to the wealth of the conn- try will not be disputed notwithstanding many remarkable ezcep- tions embracing the largest private fortunes that have ever been ac- cnmnlated in this country the evidence of its truth is every day exhib- ited. The money power is the militant powerwhich is now waging war upon the democracy with a fierceness of attack almost unpre- cedented in the annals of party strife. It ia making a desperate effort to become the ruling power in the state — to place the destinies of this young and still vigorous republic in the enervating bonds of those whose essential creed is that man was created to accumulate wealth and that goTemmenI was designed to promote that end. We do not say that all who support that party have that object distinctly and separately as an object in view. We admit that many of them sincerely beliere that democratic principles in gen^ ral tend to the dettmelion of dvil order and they desire a ehang* 3 by Google 1838. Literatvre the Ally of labertf. 63 In the kdminiatraUon. for tha preBerntiDa and MtobliBhrnant of tha policy which thef hold indiipenBable to good civil goTernmeot. It wfta ever ao with them. They just ■■ aerionaly believed that tha miccees of the democratic party when identified with JBrrBXSON'i electioii would cmuie the oTerthrow of religion law and order dia fesrfal appreheuaioa of an agrarian partition of their property di gt - tnrfoed ^e quiet of their alumbers theni aa now. No one will doubt the uncerity of the political faith of the New England lady who wheB ahe heard of Jefferson's election hid her bible to preaerre it from doomed destruction and in all charity we helievet that the panie-Btrickea disciples of that amp ith are just as sincere now for the leuon of experience taught by the mild rnle of democratic ascend- ency has had no effect upon them aod if we may judge of the future by the past will continue for erer to them to be a lost lasaon. The ruling spirit of that party however as now exhibited ie wealth and never was its power more tyrannically exercised. Tha degrading submission it exacts in oar commercial cities from thoae who follow in its train its iron proscription of the independent who will not bend the suppliant knee in acknowledgement of its suprem- acy and the actual vassalage it has established in the needy and ■spiring are at once the cause and the effect of its power. The inflnenee it exercises is truly astonishing. The proposition that the government is under no obligation to place its money in the hands of wealthy individuals whe^er masked by a charter or not that amp ey may enjoy its benefits in private specolation is so clear ao aeU^ evident that the time will come when it will be matter of surprise that it was ever disputed. Yet we discover the associated money power of the country exerciung such an infiuence through all tha ramifications of society as to create quite an extended belief that to deprive the wealthy of the use of the government funds would be a public calamity I That government cannot be securely admin- istered unless banks participate in its administration The power of wealth all-powerful as it is has not had sufficient ttrength to draw the literature of the country wholly into its sordid grasp. Mind immortal mind disdaining the asiociation has clung 10 those holy demoeratic principles which allow it the exercise of its highest noblest qnalities. The success of democracy is the greatest eonquest that mind ever achieved over matter through the agency of man and has opened a new page in moral history for the pro- foundeet and most exciting study of the philosopher. For such a atndent a political association cannot be expected with htm who place* the chief good in life in the distinctiona conferred by the glit- ter and pomp of wealth and the enjoyments which it opens to those who are blessed with its possession. The one in all his views and upiAtions is only "a little lower than the angels " — the other if CJoogIc 64 Mr. ForretVs Orati lt m. September bat " tittle " higher than " the least erected ipirit that fell from hea- ven " and their thoughts end their purposes cannot tend to the eame end. There is no aSnitj' between the intellectuality of ihe demo- cratic priociplea of the one and the sensuality of the pride of the other. True to the general principle above stated it ia one of the crowning glories of literature in all the various modifications to which genins has given it that it has ever been the advocate of those broad princi* pies of human liberty and of that independence of thought which have been the aim and object of the democratic movement in all ages of the world and which however minutely it may have been manifested can still be traced in the history of every people work- ing their destiny upward diflclosing and confirming the national charvcter by infusing into it its own principles of justice humanity and independence. The political history of England from the earliest hour it can be traced to the present time is the record of a mean and selfish despotism warring from age to age against the beet interests and with the habits and genius of a noble people end debasing depressing and corrupting them in the precise pro- portion that its malign influence was able to extend itself over the land. The literature of England on the other hand reflects the character of the people and in its best portions is untainted by its monarchy. The personal habits and the wants of needy and im- provident professors may from time to time have licked the foot- stool of power and disgusted posterity by the servility of a dedi- cation « panegyric or a birth-day or commemoration ode — pro- dnctione that adhere to the more enduring monuments of genius like the fungus to the oak and which form but the dross in which mind not all untrammelled paid the tribute of subsistence to circumstances and matter. But the sterling ore was coined into the lasting currency of fame and in every department can be traced in the loftiest advocacy of freedom the soundest maxims of humanity the most liberal and enlarged advocacy of equal justice and natural right. The grandest truths of political philosophy which it has been at once the peculiar glory and the happy destiny of this country to reduce for the first time to national practice will be found throughout cheering the heart of the seeker in the magic of its immortal eloquence and in the happiest inspiration of its heaven-drawn song. All poetry indeed is essentially demo- craltc. Despite the canons of an envious criticism which has mistaken the machinery for the product of the mechanism w« hesitate not to make the assertion that the truest inspiration of the muse has been drawn from that pure fount of universal philan- thropy which invigorates with perpetual greenness the eternal principles of freedom. Poetry can never be made the instrument of oppression and the poetry of England in particular has glori- I8a amp 1 TV InUnat of Democracy in KtunoUdge. 56 ouly cmitribBted to swell the mfghty current of demorTatic feeling which is now sprekding over the world and which promiieB reralta ao TMt for the future destiny of the human race- We speak of lite- rature in its highest and most restricted sense. How very few of the million vena pens that hare stocked the historical and political libraries of England have contributed to the literature of that country we need not now pause to enumerate. Bnt wc look forward with pleasure to the hope of going over this' entire field in extenso with the readers of the Democratic Review. In ftct it is impossible for an elevated literature to exist without a corresponding extension of the cause of Democrscy. Our prin- ciples strengthen in the light of knowledge and are nonrished and diffiised as education developes the length and breadth and depth of the popular mind. Let other systems pervert the fscnltiea of mind and the facilities of knowledge to mystify and di«- {^ise with the logic of artful iheories principles at war with the interests of the mass be it he glory of Democracy that it courts investigation that it shuns this luxury of concealment that the truths of religion and the inquiries of philosophy and the echieve- menta of learning in every branch of knowledge and of art consti- tute the best friends of its principles and the most efficient allies of a cause which is identical with the onward progress of humanity till its Dtmost destiny of universal peace happiaess prosperily and ^vilization shall have been effected upon earth. We concede then to our opponents the claim in the sense in which they make it to all the wealth but we interpose in behalf of the democracy a proportionate claim to the learning as weH «a to the genins of the coantry. What name is there that conspicuous* y adorns American literature in all its departments thatcannot be found on the catalogue of the democracy even oa this the day of its severest trial T Mr. FoKK EST belongs to a profession which is always pecnKariy classed among the literary. All will admit that to he successful in that profession as he has been requires in its own branch die very kighest order of intellect He has proved tolheworid that he pos- sessed this quality of mind snd his devotion to the principles of the - Jeraocracy is but another illustration of vigorous mental diicnmi- ■ation illustrating the tenor of our remarks. It is indeed in hit case the strongest proof of that intellectual energy on which rests invincible moral courage. The allnrements of wealth to which he was exposed by his professional and personal aasocistions — the strong interest he had to propitiate the rich from whom alone he eould expect substantial reward for proft^sstonat labor — and hia knowledge of their hatredof democratic principles and their ability ttrongh a venal press and their social organization to make that hitred fisit would have turned him had he a mind of less strength and M Mr. fbmtt't OrottM. v 8«ptnter iategrttf I Grain hb altKhmont to th« muwleatetioiis liniplidtr ot dwnocrujr into the KUorflinentB of k more eaptirKtiiig Hnnalily «f principles. We are iodneed to notice in n more perticnUr muiner ttiia on- lion of Mr. Forrest because the time and circumstances of its delifery {pre it at the time a pecnliar prominence as tendlof more than any thing else to show that In the present enrenomed cmsade against all that Deraocracj holds dear Ifte popular Jieart U ta fe — when the position that we occnpj and the progress that we make can hardly be ascertained in the blinding dast and stunning clamor in which an unexampled derelopement of hostility to onr principles has enveloped ni — the deliTery of this address by a man whose genius bad made him the idol of the populace in his own pro- fession rolled back the cloud for a moment and dereloped the ma- jestic strength of the popular canse in gigantic Tastness and re- pose and prored the unshaken sway of die cardinal principles of democracy orer the minds and wills of which the simple exertion ean piece onr cause in triamph. We find in it no nnasnal depth of thought or originality of mind. It has no splendid beauties of composition locham the critic or glow of eloquence to place the prin- ciples it teaches in a more csptirating light that they hare been told before - bat it is worthy of note that the graces of an accomplished eloention uttering in a nervous and manly style the sublime and simple tfnths of the creed of democracy enchained a rest city in admiration in their delivery and drew shouts of responsive en- Ihusissm from the largest assembly that it ever saw. It is some- thing memorable too that the art of the orator did not expire with the occasion that called it forth but that his words winged by the press have been diffused in every comer of the land prov- ing the gratifying fact that lovers and learners of the great truths he spoke were to be counted by Qit Aundred tAoiwaitd and evi- dencing a strength and popularity in these principles that form the most significant and cheering sign of their wide diflnsion and Ihdr correct appreciation by the public. No one can read Mr. Forrest's excellent oration without feeling and believing that he is an American true to hii national vocation and who fully sppreciates the peculiar mission of his country. He has dnnk deep oC the pure and invigorating waters which flow from the fountain of American Democracy. The fervor of his language attests the strength of his patriotism— patriotism deeply imbned with the philanthropy which contemplates his country as designed by her example to shed the light of her moral truth by gradual pro- gression into the remotest comers of the earth for man's emuiei- 3 by Google 1838. 1 ExtracU from Oration BT We select two pangnphs from the oration — not ai the beat parte of it but a« the moat pertinent to the tiniea. The following we accept ae a faitbrol interpretation of the duties of government. " Not lew Boipicioiu would b« the mult if adhering ckxeljr to tin BToved pur- poan and duties of dcmoentic goTenun«Bt we abonld preacrre an eqaai dutano* between pditica and trade con amp niDg the one to tba men pnuction ot men in Iba uiinfnnged enjoyment of their equal righia and leaTing the other to be regulated hj wuetpriae and cmopetiuon aceoiding to ihoee natural principlca of economic wiidom whidi will be btct found more juat and efficient than the imperfect and arbitrary m gt ilrainti of legiiliuion. But above all let us be careflil by no pidilical interfereDoa with the pnrauita of industry and improrement lo violtile thai grand maxim of equali- qr on which as on ita comer itonr he fabric of donocrtitic freedom reala. That waahonld fiown indignantly on the first ntotioa of an altemplto minder on* portion ef Ibe Colon firom the other was the parting admonition of Waahinglon but with detpct lolkitode and more sedolous and coaalant care should ve guard against a bbw being aimed no oiatterhowligfat or by what qiecious pretext defended againal that gt«at eltmenlsry principle of liberty which once shaken the whole structun win toppletothe ground. Beware therefore of connecting government as a partner ■I co-operator with the aSairs of trade leat ita ael amp sh and npacious «pirit should pnte stroDgei than the spirit of liberty and iba peculiar adTantags of lh« Totariea of traffic should be regarded more than the general and equal good of the Totariea of A fearless and conctentious adherence to the principles of Ameri- can Republicanism is all that we uk all that we could desire ia carrying out our scheme of social polity. The following sentence has an individual bearing on every citizen and in the proper answer to ita interrogatories all will admit the security of our institations to be deeply tntereated and the greater question of their whole ob- jects and naefulness to be Titally inToIved. " If in any reapect the great experiment which America has beco trying bafon itevosU has amp ilediaaccompliBh the true end of goreromeni—' the greatest good of thegteatetf number'— it is only wbere she hecMir has proved rscreaot to Ifae ftudar mental article of her creed. If we have not prospered to the greatest poaaible extent eompalible with Ibe eondilion of humanity it is because ve have sometimes deviated in pnilice from the aoblime maxim ' that all men ai« created tne and equal that Ihey are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable righta and that aauwg thHBarelife libeny and the pursuit of happiness.' If in no instance we have trans- grened this axiom of democratic liberty bow is it that one man may freely pertbrm what it is a crime for another to attempt 1 By what principle accordant wi^ equal righta an the penal interdictions of the law thrown aams my path to shut me fhen a direction whidl another may punoe without fear or hindrance 1 Why an a few dacnated with the inaignia of chartered privilege* and armed in artifidal inlangt- bility while the many stood undistinguished in the plain exterior of the natural man with no fbri^ conUivance of the law to ahield them from the ' shocks that kah i* hrir to1' Are these thii\gs consistent with the doctrine which teaches that equal protection ia the sole true trnd of goveamment 1 that its restraints ihonld hold dl with equal obligBtioat that ila blesainga like the 'gentle dewa of haanai ' ^tf bD efoaUy 00 ths beads of aU 1 " 3 by Google iSeplambtt POLITICAL TOLERANCE. The infinite Tariety of nature famishes an unfailing aourcc of admiration to all who contemplate her worlis. The boundless af- fluence' of creative wisdom ia signally and beautifully illustrated in this interminable diversity. From the tiniest forms of being which people in myriads every speck of matter visible to the naked eye to those huge monsters which shake the sounding desert with their tread from the blade of grass which we crush beneath oar feet to the towering forests which spread continuous shade over half a continent from the smallest grain of sand which sparkles on the sea-shore to those magnificent worlds which lie sprinkled through the fields of space at so immense a distance thai they seem them- ■elres as small the character which nature stamps on her produc- tions through all these vast gradations is that of ceaseless univer- sal variety. Her excelling hand fashions no two objects alike. Not only does kind difler from kind and species from species but one individual differs from another. The Howers which bloom on the same stem the leaves which rustle on the same bough the beasts which herd together from the impulse of congenial sympa- thy birds warmed into life in the same nest and men twin ofi'- springs of the same womb all bear distinctive marks of nature's inexhaustible fertility of design. From the lowest to the highest link in her stupenduous chain as far as hnman ken can reach this endless difierence is seen. Each mote that dances in the sunbeams has its own peculiar shape and substance and " one star differeth from another star in glory." But the infinite resources of nature are not alone displayed in diversifying the forms and qualities of matter in the physical crea- tion. Not less wonderful is the variety which the immaterial world presents. The subtle principle of life is as diverse and manifold in its operations as the innumerable forms of being on which it acts and in man the glorious attribute which distinguishes him from all other organized existences is modified by perpetual variations in every individual of his race. Mind differs from mind not less than feature from feature. In tastes habits modes of thinking and de- grees of intelligence in memory imagination and the power of comparison and inference and in every separate faculty of intel- lect each human being is marked by qualities exclusively hia own. Boundless as is the field of knowledge and speculation there is por- bape scarcely a subject that employs the IhoughM of men on which the opinions of any two wholly coincide. They worahip at the zecbvGoogIc 183 amp 1 ProgresM of ToUraxioit. M ume altar from Bimilarity not identit r of creed they rapport ihe ■ame Byslem of government not because it fully accordt with the po- litical theory of either but approaches more nearly than the cuua- ter Byatems which the olhera mainlain and they draw their swords in the same cause influenced by general correspondence of motive not by precisely coincident riewi of national honor and right. A consideration of this inevitable and all perVading difference in the constitution of intellect would seem sufficient in itself to teach mankind the duty of the widest tolerance of opinion. Yet strange anomaly difference of opinion has ever been regarded as an occa- sion for the moat rehement persecution. For this martyrs innu- merable have been immolated at the stake and the whole earth has been incarnadined with the blood of human victims. The history of past ages is a continued narrative of the perverse strife of bigot- ry against the exercise of reason and the history of our own times unhappily contains abundant evidence that this bad warfare has not wholly ceased. If civilization in its progress has extin- guished the faggot and trampled to atoms the instruments of phy- sical torture by means of which mind sought to establish its terrible despotism over mind there are still left in the bonds of intole- rance other weapons of coercion by the free use of which she strives though with efibrts of comparative impotence to retard the march of truth. Abuse is now substituted in place of force. Op- probrious terms and epithets of derLsion are the racks and pincers of the modern qoestion. On the gravest subjects which afi*ect the happiness of their kind men enter into conflict armed not witb arguments but with invective. They address Uiemselves not to reason and justice but to passion and prejudice. They impugn the motives of their anUgonists instead of combatting their opinions and exercise all the arts of a perverted logic to heap ridicule and contempt on tbeir persons and ebaraclers instead of temperately d^ monstraling by the irrefragable methods of dialectic proof the un- soundness of their positions and the inherent badness of their cause. This modified form in which the spirit of the dark ages still lin- gers among men displays itself nowhere so grossly as in the field of political discussion. The controversialists here — forgetful it would seem that politics are a branch of morals which having for their object the happiness of mankind should not be pursued by means destructive of that end — assail each other with the rancor of mortal hostility rather than the generous rivalry of champions alike zealous in tiie cause of truth. They contend ss if their aim were to exterminate not to convince as if obloquy were a more powerful weapon than reason and to defame an opponent a prouder achievement than to refute the errors of his creed. In this res- pect political controversy is behind the improved temper of die age. In religion the angry scoffs anil denunciations of polemical Google so PoUticttl Thteramce. {Bepiember warfare hare giren place to a more kindly and asraasiTe style of UBcaision better suited to the genius of that faith which preaches "peace on earth and good will toward men." In science the aplenedc strife of presamptuoiu dogmatisla eager to bend the im- matable and harmonions laws of nature to the support of chimeric eal and contrvdictory theories has been succeeded by the friendly emulation of calm and modest searchers after truth content to clirab their way to the loftiest pinnacles of knowledge by the slow but only certain paths of obserration induction and experiment No longer do arrogant synods proclaim arbitrary standards of bith to which men must conform their worship on pnin of anathemas and persecution. No longer need the astronomer fear while directing bis tube to the stars that the discoveries he may make will subject him to derision and reproach. No Galileo is nuw summoned be- fore an inquisitorial tribunal to recant his sublime theory of the mechanism of the heavens and no Bacon is maligned with the im- potation of a league with the powers of darkness for the fruits he derives from a patient investigation of the mysteries of nature. Happily for mankind in religion and science a wide and con- tinually extending spirit of tolerance prevails. Their votaries seem at last to have discovered that the utmost liberty of inquiry fur- nishes the surest means for the ascertainment of truth the only object worthy of pursuit that all truth is single and consistent with itself and that it is its grand and peculiar characteristic ever to come forth from the alembic of dixcussion unchanged and puri- fied from the adulterations of error with which passion and igno- rance may have blended it. Benign would be the effect on the condition of our race if sen- timents like these governed men in political investigations. There ii nothing in the intrinsic nature of politics that renders the subject incapable of the calmest and most temperate disquisitions. We artfully mingle with it a thousand extraneous topics in order to be- wilder the understandings and excite the prejudices of those whom we address. But could questions of government be submitted to the mind in the naked dignity of abstract propositions not immedi- ately affecting selfish interests men would reason upon them sober- ly and be swayed in their opinions by the preponderance of truth. Politics are a branch of morals. All the duties of life are em- braced under the three heads of religion polices and private ethics. The object of religiop is the regulation of human conduct with reference to happiness in a future state of being. The object of politics is to regulate conduct with reference to happiness in communities. The object of private ethics is to regulate conduct with reference to individual happiness. Happiness then is the single aim of these three great and comprehensive branches of duty and it may be quesUoned whether the obligations imposed of a "higlter •eoie of jnUtieal wwnlitg. 6 . ■ " b^ either can be fully performed by him who negleeU thoae which the others enjoin. If we beliere in the divinity of that precept which teachea lt a» to lore oar neighbour u our onnelves in what mode can we more effectually show it« authority over our mindi ihsn by taking a firm and temperate part in political ftlhirsT The right ordering of a State directly promotes the welfare of multi- tudes of human beings and it ia therefore not only the prirate in- terest but the christian duty of every individual of those multi- tudes strennoasly to exert his just influence in accompliihing so important a result. Each one should act as if governed by the beautiful sentiment of Terence ^*\omo sum liumani ntAtI a mt oiieKuni puto." It would be a study not unworthy of the political moralist to inquire into the causes of that opposite spirit of contentions bit- temesa which so extensively prevails. If the sole legitimate end of politics is the happiness of men in their relations to each other as members of a community they who call themselves politicians not baring this as their cardinal object ere not politiciaiis but de- magogues and on the contrary they only deserve the name no matter what the anomalies and contradictions of their sereral creeds who are truly governed by this high and generous purpose. Hut mind should differ from mind in its estimate of the relative adequacy of opposite systems of politics to accomplish the same reanlt is a necessary consequence of the infinite variety which is displayed in the constitution of intellect. But that they should dif- fer from each other in the end proposed can only be accounted for not by inherent diversity of understanding but by depravity of heart. To which of these causes must be ascribed the wild intem- peranee and asperity which distinguish our political controver- fiesT Can mere theoretic difference of opinion wholly account for the rancorous vehemence of contending partisans if really moved by the same benevolence of ultimate aim Is it in the nature of dungs that a linceTe and single desire to advance such a scheme of government as would most effectually secure the greatest amount of general happiness can draw into action those violent passions which we constantly see exhibited around usi Can it prompt such angry declamation instigate such gross criminations and justify such strong appeals to the worst motives of the grovelling and base as constitute a staple commodity of warfare in every contest of the antagonist parties of our conntryT Thai we do not use knguage beyond the warrant of sober truth every candid reader however limited his observation in the field of political controversy must admit. There are none so ignorant as aot to know that our party ttrifea are conducted with inlempertnea wholly unacted to the conflicts of reason and decided in a great MiMinrn. not by the preponderance of honest ofMoion bat by Iht Google « Politictti 1\ lerance. September inflaence of he worst moiiTes operating on the worst ctaid of people. Lei it not be supposed that we apply this phrtse excla- ■ively 10 any degree of society as marked by the divisions of that arislocrattc scale which is graduated according to the amount of men's wealth and the nature of their occupations. By the worst class of people in our sense of the expression all those are includ- ed — whether sons uf idleness or of toil whether rolling in affluence or pinched with want whether dressed in furred gowns or in tetters — who enter into the strife of party without paramount regard to the inherent dignity and true end of politics without due reference to the interests of their country and of mankind without singly «nd solely aiming to advance the greatest happiness of society bat actuated by private and unworthy motives by personal preference and dislikes by lust of office or the hope of achieving directly or indirectly some sinister object through the means of party gt re* dominance. These are indeed the lower oTdcrs if we measure things by the sound standard of the moral scale. These are the dreg's of society often it is true cast to the surface by the agitalinn of the political elements but infallibly doomed to sink to the bot- tom when the tierce ebullition of passion ignorance and selfish- ness shall subside. It is from the undue influences of causes such as these that elec- tions come to be regarded by many as a mere game of mingled ha- zard and calculation on the issue of which depends as matters of absorbing importance the division of party spoils the distribution of chartered privileges and the allotment in various forms of dis- tinctions and pecuniary rewards. The antagonist principles of government which should constitute the sole ground of contro- versy are lost eight of in the eagerness of sordid motives or only viewed as supplying an opportunity for inflammatory invective and the struggle which should be one of reason and opinion with no aim less noble than the achievement of political truth and the promotion thereby of the greatest good of the greatest number rinks into a wretched brawl in which passion avarice and profli- gacy act the chief parts on the desecrated scene. To remedy this evil wholly is perhaps not within the scope of practical reformation since it results in part from that diversity and imperfecdon of reason which is displayed to some extent on every subject that engages the mind of man. Mathematicians sometimes kindle into wrath in the discussion of a problem and call on their hearers in the angry terms of demagogues to decide the relative merits of opposite modes of demonstration. If we may not look for invariable moderation in the investigation of ab- stract truth in the exact sciences which depend for their proof on elementary propositions universally acknowledged we need scarce- ly hope to see it always observed in disqui'sitions on politioia 1838. Special Ugtalatian the cause of politicai evil. 68 aeience the very axioms and delinitioni of which sre theTnael*eB ■objects of dispute while the objects proposed by it necessarily embrace incidental matters calculated to mingle prejudice with jndg- menL But though we may not accomplish a degree of reforma- tion incompatible with human imperfection much within that hmit ia in our power to achieve. Whence let ub inquire chieRy arises the harsh and rindiclive tone of our party dispulationsT Do w« place ourselvea in llie opposition of mortal foes and assail each other with unmeasured obloquy and reproach because our theo- retic views of the best means of promoting national welfare do not entirely coincide 1 Or is this rancor aggrarated by causes not necessarily connected with politics by elements foreign and ad- seilitious which inijiropcrly complicate the question of govern- meat and removed from the tribunal of pure reason and patriot- ism to one where cupidity avarice and alt selliah passions take part in the decision T Is not the fierce and intolerant temper of our political contrnfersy largely owing to the fact that govern- ment instead of being conducted exclusively for the protection of the equal rights and promotion of the general happiness of the community has been extended to embrace the control of k thousand objects which might safely and with fai greater advan- tage be left to the regulation of social morals and to the unre- ■trained efforts of individual enterprise and competition. Are our elections in truth the means of deciding mere questions of go- Tcniment or does not upon them depend to a much greater extent than the cardinal principles of politics the decision of nnraeroas questions affecting private and peculiar interests schemes of sel- Gshness rapacity and fraud and artful projects of men who under illusory pretexts of seeking to advance the public good aim only to make the many tributary to the few To this cause it seems to us with a clearness that can scarcely be increased by illustration that much of the asperity of party strife must be ascribed. The true end of government is the equal protection of its citizens in "life liberty and the pursuit of happi- ness " leaving them to think spesk and act in whatever way their ideM of happiness may suggest with no limit to unbounded free- dom save that which restrains them from mutual injury. But widely have we departed in practice from this principle of oar po- litical faith. We have fallen into the besetting sin of majikind of governing too much. We have undertsken to regulate by political interference the pursuits of industry and improvement we have connected government with the speculations of trade we have im lt posed burdens on the whole people in order to afford peculiar ad- vanuges to ceruin branches of traffic and worse than alt we have endowed with exclusive privileges and hedged and guarded round with all Ibe cnnnina devices of the lawi an order of chartered mo* * Google M gt Pclitieal ToUroiHCe. September nej^-changiere whose kggregate power is lo tremendoni that itii yet an unsolved problem of fearful interest whether in the great atmggle now waging that or the democratic principle will finally prevail. This is the mode in which we have complicated the funi gt tioDS of government and hence the maddening elements which give such violence and acrimony to party strife. We have perverted legislation from its high and holy office of equal protection and de- based it into an almoner of special advantages and immunities to a few. We have made our elections a contest for these favors — a vile scramble foi crumbs cast from the tables of those whom we have lifted on our own shonlders into place. Can any truth in morals be more self-evident than the pernicious influence of special legislation T It degrades politics from its dig- nity as the most important branch of morals to a system of tricke- ry artifice and corruption. It changes the generous and ennobling rivalry of men for such improvements in government as shoald most eflectoally promote the happiness of their kind into a low strife for doles and rewards obtained by trampling on the equal rights of the people. It quenches the sentiment of patriotism excites a feverish thirst for sudden wealth provokes a spirit of wild and dishonest speculation allures industry from its accnstomed field of useful occupation pampers the harmful appetites of luxury and Introduces intemperance and profligacy in a thousand hateful forms. The remedy for these vast and continually increasing evils can- not be doubted if the cause has been correctly assigned. It is to simplify govemmenL It is to reduce it to its proper sphere. If it were restricted to the few plain and necessary purposes contem- plated in the democratic theory the mere protection of person life and property if the guardianship of the equal rights of men were made its sole duty and its action were directed in all cases not by the capricious suggestions of temporary expediency bat the etemel and unalterable principles of justice if it should seek to preserve the harmony and equilibrium of society by general not by partial laws by a system founded on the plain precepts of nniversat equity not by a complex contrivance of artificial checka and balances in which interest should be set against interest and trmuA made to countervail fraud who can doubt that the salutary influence of inch a change would soon manifest itself in an im- proved one of public morals and a wide diflusion of individual happiness and prosperity t Confine government within the nar- rowest circle of necessary duties annul the fatal union between Bank and State and give unbounded freedom to trade leaving enterprise competition and commercial usage and morality to im- pose its only restraints- and you at once place this people on n height of glory which would liar out-top *' old Pelion and t}te akjr- iah head of blue Olympus. " 3 by Google 1838. 1 Advance of TrMh and Knowledge. 66 The histoiy of the irorld thiongh all the »gea of the past de- monstrfttes what hideons evils ineTitably result from blending tha aflairs of Retifion and State and the history of our own country beautifully llluatrateB the beneficent consequences which flow from their separation. In no other nation of the earth are the institu- tions of religion so generally respected and in none do so large a portion of the people bend in worship before the altars of the Chistian Church Twenty thoasand churches are scattered orer our land and the number of their communicants probably exceeds two millions. Here then we see the happy fruits of applying to reliifion the principles of freedom and what ground is there to doubt that equally happy would be he result of applying the same principles to Iradet "Why should trade any more than religioNi hare its hierarchs holding their powers from a political source And why should tithes be imposed on the people for the support of commercial any more than ecclesiastical high priests and pontiffs t It is no answer to these questions to call those who propose them agrarians leTellers and Ttaionaries.' Abuse is not argument and though it may retard it cannot arrest the progress of sound opin- ion. Well for mankind that this is so since it baa ever been ths doom of reason to be assailed with scofT and clamor by ignorance and prejudice. But she has kept on her way rejoicing and onward onward will slill pass in her unfaltering course to the accomplish- ment at last of a grander refornialion than ihey who draw their augury from the present clouded phases of society would venture to predict. In the meanwhile let intolerance storm and folly jeer. We profess ourselves followers of truth not lo be turned aside from the career by terms of ridicule nor irritated to relalialc with such paltry weapons of intellectual warfare. They who in this age i gt f the world when mind has made and is continually raakingt such prodigious advances in every department of knowledge would attempt to obstruct the course of free calm fearless discussion by derisive epithets and paltry catch-words for folly to play upon if they had lived three centuries ago would have been incited by the same temper under the circumstances which then prevailed to break their opponents on the wheel or burn them at the stake. In- tolerance shows itself in many guises hut all impatience of the free dispassionate exercise of reason — all hindrances to the utmost liberty of inquiry whether consisting in physical resistance or la the terrors of denunciation and the arts of ridicule are but various forms in which that bad spirit manifests itself. Discussion is the great means of eliciting truth. Truth is an elherial light kindled by the attrition of opposite opinions. They who would quench it if through fear of its eflects are despicable if through any other motive they are base. TOL. 111. NO. IZ. — SKPTEKBEm. * Dci-zec by Google THE DEATH OF SCHILLER. BT WILLIAM OVLLBH BBTAMT. TIb Hid when Schiller's de«th drew nigh. The wish poaiessed his might ' mind To wander forth whererer lie The hannls and homes of humaa kind. Then strayed the poet in his dreams By Rome and Egypt's ancient graves Went up the New World's forest-streams Stood in the Hindoo's t«mple-caTes Walked with the Pawnee fierce and stark The bearded Tartar 'mid bis herds The peering Chinese and the dark False Malay nitering gentle words. How contd he restT— eren then he trod The threshold of the world unknown Already from the seat of Qod A ray upon his gannenti shone^ Shone and awoke that strong desire For lore and knowledge reached not here — Till Death set free his soul of fire. To plunge into its fitter sphere. Then— who shall tell how deep how bright^ The abyss of glory opened round How thought and feeling flowed like light Through ranks of being without bound I ^MjTMte 1S3 amp 3 by Google 3 by Google '"/- TttttirrttJ »y J.Miiftrei ana f'Sulliran Waihiiiflr^ r gt /i nr Ou Phtua Sfmtee M»fat.itu ie litntterMttr RtvilKr. Google POLITICAL PORTRAITS WlTa PEN AND ISNCIL. No. IX. JOM amp TBAK I On ihe opposite page will be found a bold and ipirited iketcb of a countenuice which will riret with a deep and melancholy □• terest every eye that regts upon the fac-aimile autograph name be- neath. Aioa poor Cilley The object of this series of Political Portraits ia not to t re8ent highly finished engravingi of their re- spective iubjecta but rather quch bold and strongly marked outline ■ketches as serve to convey at a glance perhapa a more striking idea of general appearance countenance and character than more elaborate portraits. In the present instance though the artist has been subject to the disadvantage of relying upon the copy of a copy of the lamented original — die shadow of a shade-rlt will not fail to recall strongly to the recollections of thoae who have known its aybject. that kindly intelligent energetic resolute and strongly marked countenance of Jonathan Cillkt. In a former Article wrung from an unwilling pen by the agonis* iog emotions of the lime we performed the painful duty of pre- ■enting the narrative of his death in tlie high point of view which a solemn justice to the dead and the living seemed to require at our handa. To that dark picture it is not our purpose now again to ^ect the eyes of our readers. The subject has passed into the bands of history the amplest light being cast over all its details by the most authentic documentary testimony i and it is sufficient for ne here in general terms to refer to those documents now widely spread before the country and preserved for perpetuity among the national archives for the fullest justification of our former remarks which were based at the time on the same evidences given orally which have been since embodied in that more solemn authentic form. Bnt we gave a pledge on that occasion to our readers of which he present Article is the redemption — to present a sketch of the life of the lamented Cilley previously to his fatal entrance upon the Congressional career so soon to terminate in the '*'dark pitfall" ^t yawned across his path. That pledge had its origin in one of tbMe casual renurka lo the tvbject of it kinuelf to which soms- tbMS in Ihe conrae of the strange vicissitudes of life a mysterions prophetic aancUcy seems afterwards to be imparted by the developo- ■eat lt rf the startling eotncidencas of cbaoco and circnnutaan at ^^tOOi^Ic 68 Political PoTtraiU -No. IX. September the ttme deeply buried in the darkness of the unknown and unima- gined future. It was bnt a very short lime before Mr. Cilley'i death that the Temark half sportive and half serious was made to him on an occasion of which the saddest of recollections will long haunt the memory of the writer of the present lines Uiat the dky would come at some time or other when be would take a place in this series of " Political Portraits " then recently commenced. It is well indeed that to the common eye coming events do not cast their shadows before — for else how darkly would the brightness of that social hour have been clouded by a prophetic presentiment of that untimely fate which defrauding him of the high and glorious des- tiny which seemed to smile over his opening career was to make his name so soon the subject of one of the saddest snd most pain- ful efforts of the biographer's pen That Mr. Cilley would have early achieved a very honorable prominence on the noble theatre of the general politics of the Union as he had already in a very signal and rapid manner on the more restricted stage of action of his own State none of his friends entertained a doubt. The present were exactly the times for such a man and the unanimous opinions of all who knew him best are greatly deceived if in the midst of them he would not very early have attained a position which would have afforded his biographer much more to record of useful service rendered to his country and honorable distinction acquired for himself than can be permitted by the brief career which it was to be his to run. As the task was most appropriate to the hand of early friendship the reader will perceive that it was to another pen that we have committed the task of preparing this brief biographical narrative. It waa prepared very shortly after the unhappy catastrophe that occasioned its requisition. Difficulty in procuring a satisfactory accompanying drawing has hitherto delayed its publication. The severe simplicity and candor of style pervading it while it reveals most strikingly the intimate extent of personal knowledge and the deep conviction and strong appreciation of the character described exhibits throughout every page the most authen^c attestation to the truth of all the points of view in which it is here presented by one equally competent to analyze and to portray a character so interest- ing and remarkable as that of poor Cilley. We present then the following sketch from a pen whose lighter and more fanciful creations have often charmed the readers of the Democratic Review — with no further preface than to embody the deeply seated feelings of all Mr. Cilley's friends in the exclamation IS an appropriate inscription for his untimely tomb — " Ouu desiderio «U pudor aut modus Tan CBrieapitUl" 3 by Google BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF JONATHAN CILLEY. KS NATHANIKL H A W T H X N E K a 4- Trb subject of this brief memorial had barely begun to be ao ftctor in the great scenes vhere hU part could not have failed to be a prominent one. The nation did not have time to recognize him. His death aside from the shock with which the manner of it haa thrilled erery bosom is looked upon merely as causing a vacancy in the delegation of his State which a aew member may fill as creditably as the departed. It will perhaps be deemed praise enough to say of Cilley that he would have proTed himself an Hctire and efficient partisan. But those who knew him longest and most intimately conscious of his high talents and rare quali- ties — his energy of mind and force of character — must claim much more than such a meed for their lost friend. They feel that not merely a parly nor a section bat our coUectire country has lost a man who had the heart and the ability to serve her well. It would be doing injustice to the hopes which lie withered upon his untime- ly grave if in paying a farewell tribute to his memory we were to ask a narrower sympathy than that of the people at large. May no bitterness of parly prejudices influence him who writes nor those of whatever political opinions who may read Jonathan Cilley was born at Nottingham New Hampshire on he second of July 1802. His grandfather. Col. Joseph Cilley commanded a New Hampshire regiment during the Revolutionary war and established a character for energy and intrepidity of which more than one of his descendants have proved themselves the inheritors. Greenleaf Cilley son of the preceding died in 1608 leaving a family of four sons and three daughters. The aged mother of this family and the three daughters are still living. Of the sons the only Burvivor is Joseph Cilley who was an officer in the lale war and served with great distinction on the Canadian frontier. Jonathan being desirous of a liberal education com- menced his studies at Atkinson Academy at about the age of seventeen and became a member of the Freshman Class of Bow- doin College Brnnswick Maine in 1821. Inheriting but little pro- perty from his father he adopted the usual expedient of a young New Englander in similar circumstances and gained a small in- come by teaching a country school during the winter months both before and after his entrance at college. Cilley'a character and standing at college afforded high promise of usefulness and dis^nction in afterlife. Though not the fore- most scholar of his class he stood in the front rank and probably derived all the real benefit from the prescribed course of study that it could bestow on ao practical a mind. His true education 70 Political Portraita.— No. IX. September. coBBifltfld in the ezerciae of those TscaltieB irhich fitted him to be a papalar leader. His influence among hie fellow-atndentB was pro* babt^ greater than tbat of anjr other individua and he had already made himaelf powerful in that limited epbere b^ a free and natural eloquence — a flow of pertinent ideas in language of unstudied ap- propriateness which seemed a wa « to accomplish precisely the resuli on which he had calculated. This gin was sometimes dis- plaved in class-meetings when measures important to those con- cerned were under discussion sometimes in mock trials at law^ when judge jury lawyers prisoner and witnesses were personated by the students and Cilley played the part of a fervid and success- ful advocate and besides these exhibitions of power he regularly trained himself in the forensic debates of a literary society of which he aflerwards became president. Nothing could be less artificial than his style of oratory. After filling his mind with the neeessary information he trusted every thing else to his mental warmth and the inspiration of the moment and poured himself onl with an earnest and irresistible simplicity. There was a singular contrast between the flow of thought from his lips and the cold- ness and constraint with which he wrote and though in matorer life he acquired a considerable facility in exercising the pen ha always felt the tongue to be his pecnliar inatrnment. In private intercourse Cilley possessed a remarkable fascination. It was impossible not to regard him with the kindliest feelings be- cause his companions were intuitively certain of a like kindliness on his part. He had a power of sympathy which enabled him to understand every character and hold communion with human na- ture in all its varieties. He never shrank from the intercourse of man with man and it was to his freedom in this particular that he owed much of his subsequent popularity among a people who are accustomed to take a personal interest in the men whom they ele- vate to oflSce. In few words lei us characterize him at the outset of life as a young man of quick and powerful intellect endowed with sagacity and tact yet frank and free in his mode of action ambitious of good influence earnest active and persevering with an elasticity and cheerful strength of mind which made difliculties easy and the struggle with them a pleasure. Mingled with die amiable qualities that were like sunshine to his friends there were harsher and sterner traits which fitted him to make head against an adverse world but it was only at the moment of need that the iron frame-work of his character became perceptible. Immediately on quitting college Hr. Cilley took up his residence in Thomaston and began the study of law in the oflice of John Ruggles Esq. now a Senator in Congress. Kir. Rnggles being then a prominent member of the Democratic party it was natural that the pupil should lend his aid to promote the political views of 183 amp Jonaihan CiUey. 71 Ub instnictor especially as he would thus uphold the priaeiplea which he had cherished from boyhood. From year to year tha election of Mr. Rnggles to the State Legislature was strongly op- posed. Citley's serrices in overcoming this opposition were too valnable to be dispensed with and thus at a period when most young men still stand aloof from the world he had already taken his post as a leading politician. He afterwards found cause to re- gret that so much time had been abstracted from his professional •tndies nor did the absorbing and exciting nature of his political career afford him any subsequent opportunity to supply the defects of his legal education. He was admitted an attorney at law in 16S9. and in April of the same year was married to Hiss Deborah Prince daughter of Hon. Hezekiah Prince of Thomaston where Mr. Cilley continued to reside and entered upon the practice of his profession. In 1831 Mr. Ruggles having been appointed a Judge of the Conrt of Common Pleas it became necessary to send a new repre- ■entatire from Thomaston to the Legislature of the State. Mr. Cilley was brought forward as the Democratic candidate obtained his election and look his seat in January 1832. But in the course of this year the friendly relations between Judge Ruggles and Mr. Cilley were broken off. The former gentleman it appears had tmUbed the idea that his political aspirations which were then di- rected towards a seat in the Senate of the United States did not receive all the aid which he was disposed to claim from the influ- ence of his late pupil. When therefore Mr. Citley was held up as a candidate for re-election to the Legislature the whole strength of Judge Ruggles and his adherents was exerted against him. This was the first act and declaration of a political hostility which was too warm and earnest not to become in some degree perflonal and which rendered Mr. Cilley's subsequent career a continual struggle with those to whom he might naturally have looked for friendship and support. It sets his abilities and force of character In the strongest light to view him at the very outset of public life without the aid of powerful connections an isolated young man forced into a position of hostility not merely with the enemies of his party but likewise with a large body of its adherents even ac- cused of treachery to its principles yet gaining triumph after tri- umph and making his way steadily onward. Surely his was a mental and moral energy which death alone conld have laid pro* itrate We have the testimony of those who knew Mr. Cilley well that his own feelings were never so embittered by these conflicts as to prevent him from interchanging the courtesies of society with his most violent opponents. While their resentments rendered his very presence tntolerable to themi he conld addreai them with u Coo.^lc n Politicat Portraits.—No. IX. September much eai« mnd oomposura u if their mutual relaiiona b«d been those of perfect harmony. There wu no afleclktion in this it m» the good-nktured consciousness of his own strength that enabled him to keep his temper it was the same chivalrous senti- ment which impels hostile warriors to shake hands in the intervals of battle. Mr. Ctlley wss slow to withdraw his confidence from any man whom he deemed a friend and it has been mentioned as almost his only weak point that he was loo apt to aafier himself to be betrayed before he would condescend to suspect. His prejudices however when once adopted partook of the depth and strength of his character and could not be readily orercome he loved to sub- due his foes but no man could use a triumph more generously than he. Let OS resume our narrative. Id spite of the opposition of Judge Ruggles and his friends combined with that of the Whigs Mr. Gilley was re-elected to the Legislature of 1633 and was equally successful in each of the succeeding years until his election to Congress. He was five successive years the representative ol Thomaston. In 1834 when Mr. Dunlap wss nominated as the Democratic candidate for Governor Mr. Cilley gave his support to Governor Smith in the belief that the substitution of a new candi- date bad been unfairly effected. He considered it a stratagem in- tended to promote the election of Judge Ruggles to the Senate of the United Slates. Early in the legislative session of the same y ear the Ruggles parly obtained a temporary triumph over Mr. Cilley effected his expulsion from the Democratic caucuses and attempted to stigmaUae him as a traitor to his political friends. Bnt Mr. Cilley's high and honorable course was ere long under- stood and appreciated by his party and the people. He told them openly and boldly that they might undertake to expel Jiim from their caucuses but they could not expel him from the Democratic party they might stigmatize him with any appella^on they might choose but they could not reach the height on which he stood nor shake his position with the people. But a few weeks had elapsed and Mr. Ctlley was the acknowledged head and leader of that party in the Legislature. During the same session Mr. Speaker Clifibrd one of the friends of Judge Ruggles being appointed Attorney General the Ruggles party were desirous of securing the election of another of their adherents to the chair but as it was obvious that Mr. Cilley's popularity would gain him the place the incum- bent was induced to delay his resignation till the eod of the term. At the session of 1S36 Messrs. Cilley Davee and HcCrate b^g candidates for the chair Mr. Cilley withdrew in favor of Mr. Daree. That gentleman was accordingly elected but being soon allerwards appointed SberifT of Somerset county Mr. Cilley succeeded him as Speaker and filled the same office during the session of 1836. All. 1838. Jonathan CUley. 13 p amp rlieB awarded him the pniie of htAag di« best preudisg officer that the House ever had. In 1836 he waa nominated by a large portion of the Democratic electors of the Lincoln Congresrional District aa their candidate for Congress. That district has recently shown itself to posBess a decided Whig majority and this would hare been equally the case in 1836 had any other man than Mr. Cilley appeared on the Deino- cratic side. He had likewise to contend as in all the former scene* of bis political life with thst por^on of his own party which ad- hered to Mr. Rnggles. There waa still another formidable obstacle in the high eharacter of Judge Bailey who then represented the district and was a candidate for re-election. All those difficulties however served only to protract the contest but could not soatch the victory from Mr. Cilley who obtained a majority of votes at the third trial. It was a fatal triumph 1 In the summer of 1637 a few months after his election to Con- gress I met Mr. Cilley for the first time since early youth when he had been to me almost aa an elder brother. The two or three days which 1 spent in his neighbourhood enabled us to renew our former intimacy. In hie person there was very little change and that little was for the better he had an impending brow deep-set eyea and a thin and ihonghtfal countenance which in his abstracted moments seemed almoet stem - but in the intercourse of society it was brightened with a kindly smile that will live in the recollection of all who knew him. His manners had not a fastidious polish but were characterized by the simplicity of one who had dwelt remote from cities holding free companionship with the yeoman of th« land. I thought him as true a representative of the people as ever theory could portray bis earlier and later habits of life his feelings partialities and prejudices were those of the people the ntrong and shrewd sense which constituted so marked a feature of hii mind was but a higher degree of the popular intellect. He loved the people and respected them and was prouder of nothing than of his brotherhood with those who had intrusted their public inte- rests to his care. His continual struggles in the political arena had strengthened his bones and sinews opposition had kept him ardent while success had cherished the generous warmth of his nature and assisted the growth both of his powers and sympathies. Disappointment might have soured and contracted him but it ap- peared to me that his triumphant warfare had been no less beneficial to his heart than to his mind. I was aware indeed that his harsher traits bad grown apace with his milder ones — that he possessed iron resolution indomitable perseverance and an almost terrible energy — lt 'ut thefc features had imparted no hardness to his character in private intercourse. In the hour of public need these strong quali- ties would have shown themselves the most prominent ones and 14 Politicat PortraiU. lfo. IX. September would hare enconrsged his countrymen to rally round him as one of their natural leader*. In his private and domestic relations Mr. Cilley waa most exem- plary and be enjoyed no less happiness than he conferred. He had been Uie father of four children two of whom vere in the grave — leaving I thought a more abiding impression of tenderness 'and regret than the death of infants nsually makes on the masca- line mind. Two boys the elder seven or eight years of age and the younger two still remained to him and the fondness of these children for their father — their evident enjoyment of his society — was proof enough of his gentle and amiable character within the precincts of his family. In that bereaved household there is now another child whom the father never saw. Mr. Gilley's domestic habits were si^nple and primitive to a degree unusual in most parts of our country among men of so eminent a station as he had at- tained. It made me smile though with any thing but scorn in contrast to the aristocratic stateliness which I have witnessed else- where to see him driving home his own cow after a long search for her through the village. That trait alone would have marked him as a man whose greatness lay within himself. He appeared to take much interest in the cultivation of his garden and was very fond of flowers. He kept bees and told me that he loved to sit for whole hours by the hives watching the labors of he insects and soothed by the hum with which they filled the air. I glance at these minute particulars of his daily life because they form so strange a contrast wilh the circumstances of his death. Who conid have bslieved that with bis thoroughly New England charac- ter in so short a time after I had seen him in that peacefnl and happy home among those simple occupations and pure enjoyments be would be stretched in his own blood — slain for an almost impal- psble punctilio It is not my purpose to dwell upon Mr. Cilley's brief career In Congress. Brief as it was his character and talents had more than begun to be felt and would soon have linked his name with the history of every important meaenre and have borne it onward with the progress of the principles which he supported. He was not eager to seize opportunities of thrusting himself into notice bat when time and the occasion summoned him he came forward and poured forth his ready and natural eloquence with as much effect in the councils of the nation as he had done in those of his own State. With every effort that he made the hopes of his party rested more decidedly upon him as one who would hereafter be foond in the vanguard of many a Democratic victory. Let me Spare myself the details of the awful catastrophe by which all those proud hopes perished for I write with a blunted pen and a 3 by Google ISSai Jonathan CiUef. « hand benumbed ud na the leei able to expreii my Ceelinga u tbe^ lie deep at heart and inexhaustible. On the 33d of Febmaiy last Mr. Cilley receiTed a chtllenga from Hr. Gravea of Kentucky through the hands of Mr. Wise of Virginia. This measure aa ia declared in the challenge itself^ was grounded on Hr. Cilley's refusal to receive a mefliage of which Mr. GiaTea had been the bearer from a person of disputed respec- tability although no exception to that person's character had been expressed by Mr. Cilley nor need such an inference have been drawn unless Mr. Graves were conscious that public opinion held bis friend in a doubtful light. The eballenge was accepted and the parties met on the following day. They exchanged two ahote with riflea. After each shoi a conference was held between the friends of both parties and the most generous avowals of respect and kindly feeling were made on the part of Mr. Cilley towards his antagonist but without avail. A third shot was exchanged and Hr. Cilley fell dead into the arras of one of his friends. While I Write a Committee of Investigation is sitting upon this affair but the public has not waited for its award and the writer in accord- ance with the public has formed his opinion on the official state- ment of Messrs Wise and Jones. A challenge was never given on a more shadowy pretext a duel was never pressed to a fatal close in the face of such open kindness as was expressed by Mr. Cilley } and the conclusion is inevitable that Hr. Graves and his principal second Mr. Wise have gone farther than their own dreadful code will warrant them and overstepped the imaginary distinction which on their own principles separates manslaughter from murder. Alas that^ over the grave of a dear friend my sorrow for the bo- rearement must be mingled with another grief— that ha threw away such a life in so miserable a cause 1 Why as he was true to the Northern character in all things else did he swerve from his North- ern principles in this final scene But his error was a generous one since he fought for what he deemed the honor of New Eng- land and now that death has paid the forfeit the most rigid may forgive him. If that dark pitfall — that bloody grave — had npt lain in the midst of his path whither whither might it not have led him It has ended there yet so strong was my conception of his energies — so like Destiny did it appear that he should achieve every thing at which he aimed — that even now ray fancy will not dwell upon his grave but pictures him still amid the struggles and triumphs of the present and the future. To BttJce the above iketch conif4e « onlj' a slight notiu of mbseqiiait avent* n- ■uuns aaetmtxj. On the rendu of tlw innstif^iion ordered by the Hoosb k ia ec by Google TS ffote. September MM appniKials hen to qiMk — finther han the remaric.tfau die eridcaGe coBfim- cd in the tUmtgM. muiaer all iMt CilUy^ wunuat fkieods could have wiilwd u Id bifl noble mild and generont beaiing in every point of view thioiigh aU tht Moges of Ibe ftSair. That U all with which we can have to do here. The bearing of that evidence upon the aarviving paitiea we leave lo their conaciencei their ocraatiy and their Ood. It haa no proper connection with our sketch of tha da- ccaaed who ia now tea beyond the ipheie of any of thoee teelinga of human reaent- nenla whidi it would aeem aliuoat a profanity to Che atill SBcrednees of the apot mi the part of bi gt fHcnda to bring to tha grave whera "Allar lir«' gt Slful foier be s eB i gt oeU." His public funeral aa a Member of Congresa waa to the moat eanleia stranger one of the moat inpTeamTe and lo hia frienda one of the most heartrrending acenea it haa ever been our fortune lo witneas. The moat exalted Iribulea of r^ped and grief arere paid to hia meoiory from many quartan. Especially we feci bound to reler lo the proeeedinga of a large meeting in Augusta Maine March the nimh 1B38 oomposed of members of the Legistalure then in session and citizens from vuioua aecttona of the State at which a long Bcries of leadulioiu were adopted deaply im- bued with the strongest feelings on the subject — Ibr which the reader ia refured to bepopeia of the day. His nsmaina were reroofed from the Congreasional burying fTOond at Waahinglon to Thomaaton where they were re-interred with public ao- hmniliea deacribed aa having been of the most touching and impressive character onthe third of May. One iniereMingeircumaiance connected with that occasion ws cannot omittojescue amp om the oblivion of the rtewspaper columns of the day by r«- eoiding it here. On the Sunday succeeding the Saturday on which Mr. Cilley M bia wifb tbe uccooaciout widow of the husband then lying dead turning ac^mt- •Ity to a particular page in her Hymn Book amp S8th Hymn from Wincbell'a WoUo of tbe aelectionj was impressed with peculiar feelings which induced her to maifc it with a pencil. Tbe nmlleclion of it recurring to ber mind some weeks after oaosed her to turn a^n to it and that was the Uymn of which the following is a eopy which was sung on the occaaion of hia funeral. Ita approprialeneM lo tha aitnalion of ihe widowed and heart-broken mother of his orphaned chiUran will OOt oil to impress and interest every reader Pu fkr o'er hill ud dale on the winds Mesliog Lin to the tolling betl moararally pealing Haric I bark 1 i ieemi u uy Whilst nan their faeiiDg. No* through the chanoed air ilowty vcendvig Hark I hark I it Mson U. say IWn fnHB thosa ioym awiy To ihtma which ne'erdecay. For lUe is ending O'er a father's diainal lomb see the uphao beading From tha aoleoin chuich ysrd'm gloom haar the dirge a Hvkl hark iiH«ms lossy How short ambidoo's swtff lAh'a jays sod fr^eadihip'i ray la the dark grave ending. 80 niiaa oar mortal Ilea duih ahall dissever Iiird Disy we resch the skies where care oooca Dsv lt And b sternal day Jdnlog tha angelji' lay. To our Crestor pay 3 by Google TO AN EOLIAN HARP. Whknck oh wild melodiea. Come ye thus strangely sweet with your Hid sifhing. Fitfully bs this mournful midnight breeze — Solemnly swelling now — now faintly dying — Hurmura its viewless way throngh yon old waring trees 1 Night's blessed spell hsth now Lulled every sound of earth in slumber deep. The sad heart hath awhile forgot its woe. The weary frame its toil but such sweet sleep Brings not its balm to soothe this fevered brun and brow. My spirit is oppressed — With thoughts too dimly dark for utt'rance — burning Like wasting fires in the deep mountain's breast — A weariness of earth and a wild yearning To flee away — away — and find some home of rest- No more entranced my soul In that bright Eden of its own may dwell — No more in those wild dreams forget the whole Of life's dull cares — broken that blissful spell — Severed the silver chord — shattered the golden bowl I Wail on sad notes wail on Ye seem — thus mnrmnring on the still night air In pUinlive symphonies that dirge-like moan — The utterance of some broken heart's despair. Pot young hopes coldly crushed for joys forever gonel And come ye to Impart With the sweet power of holy sympathy A soothing spell to ttds sad bosom's smart- To ponr a charm of heavenly hannony Upon the troubled waves of tiit wild thr dd gt ing heartt Or come ye from afar Faint echoings of the munc of the spheres — Or aogel voices from some distant star. Sorrowing gently over hmnan tsars. The passions sins and grieb this lovely world that marl Google « SdKt CrainU P* { Septsmber Or haply may ye b« Dim Toices of the dead whom lore givea power To haunt the hearta still theirs ia memory— ^For oft meaeema at thla deep aolemn hour The apirita of dear frienda are atUl with mel Hark now how faintly thrill. Tremble the breathing of the unearthly strain I — ^No more no more— wild melodies be atiU t Sigh not oh Wind o'er the aad lyre again 1 Too deeply hath it adrred the founta mhie eyea with tean that fill. "SANS GRAINTEr* "FBAKLass" mounts on wing untiring The young eagle through the aky On the Sun in proud aspiring Fixing still his burning eye. Nerer flag that gallant pinion- Never quail that daring gaxe.— Monarch of thy high dominion Shrink not from the glorioua blatel Proud as thine proud hearen-aeeker. Is my spirit's soaring aim- Be its strength and hope not weaker As its daring a the aame I Like thee sooming meaner stooping. When lis wing shall fail and fiiint Thy high motto still iu draopiiif Eball inaplre and cheer — ^saiia oKAnml" 3 by Google REMINI8CBN8ES OF A WALKER ROUND BOSTON. It ii B IotaIj morning. Anguit is jost gracefully giving place to ber genUer fliflter. The stmoflphere ■ stirred with cooler airs and loaded with the rich fragrance of antumn and yet the earth ie clothed with deep verdure and shadowed bjr thick foliage still — where the tenderest green of aummer blenda in magic beaoty with the brighter and more mellowed tints with which "decay's ef lt facing fingers " delight to supersede the aol^er hues of the early year. It is a delightful season and creates a mood of mind that I love to indulge. Such a day as this was never meant to be imprisoned be- tween dingy rows of brick walls or to be used as a mere dmdge for he honied despatch of the business of a city. Candle-light or torch- light has always seemed to me good enongh to light men to their counting-houses and to preside over the prosaic though necessary niechaoism which supplies ouranimal wants. 1 have ever begrudged the blessed light of the sun to the throngs that fill the narrow streets where what la called the business of the world is carried on who think no more of the life-giving orb than they do of the wick-light that shows them the way to bed. The cloud that ever hangs over London is the fit canopy of a great city. The everlasting fogs the perpetnal drizzle the thick irrespirable air the copper luminary which they ironically call the sun hare ever aeemed to me good enongh for the willing captives of that vast prison-house. The hill-side the over-arching wood walk the borders of the haunted stream are the true temples of the God of Day. Gentle reader squander not the golden minutes of morning in the solemn foolery which you fancifully call business nor even in ■ poring over the pages of this best of magazines but come away with me and waste an hour in the pleasant walks which extend ihemaelves around the good town of Boston Though we cannot boast of a far-reaching antiquity still the two hundred years which hare swept over the capital of old Massachusetts- Bay have left lome traces in their flight which " may give us pause if pondered fittingly." At all events the features of nature herself are the ssme as when she first smiled a welcome to the stern puritan exiles from their native land. The lovely heights which looked down upon them the silver waves which invited their curious oar the green plains ftoin which they stripped the aboriginal forests still remaiii iHchanged. Let lu •troU togelber unong ihoM ^thftrming iceiiMt abyGooglc 81 Reminiscemes of a September snd live at least a while with the generationi who once dwelt in their midst and lored them well. I know that you love to dwell upon the past and to revisit in ipiiit the daily walks and ways of the men who lived before us on the earth and bequeathed to ns almost al we have that is worth having . Had I not thought so I should not hare flouf^ht your company so take my arm and I will guide you through the devious maze of Washington Street and hiing you soon to where fields are green and waters glide. We are at the head of State Street King Street in the " good old colonial days." The antiquated bnilding which like an island in some broad stream divides the busy tide into two equal currents 18 the old Town House where the spirit of resistance to the parent State was fostered in the Provincial Legislature for many years be- fore it broke out into open war. It was the seene of many a stormy conflict between the royal Governors and the impracticable repre- sentatives of the people from Andross down to Hutehinson. The ungainly erection opposite stands on the site of the earliest nib- stantial edifice raised by the fathers to the worship of God. There you may see the spot where the honse of John Winthrop stood — one of the noblest spirits that hare adorned the world. That brick church with the lofty spire is the Old South which was transform- ed by the desecrating hands of the besieged British troops into a stable and a riding school. If you will look down Milk Street of which the Old South Ghnrch makes the corner yon may see the place where Franklin was bom — not the house alas but the place where it once stood. The humble roof which should have been immortal has bowed itself in the dust and in its place a thin six-storied Babel rears its front towards Heaven. I marvel thai it has never toppled down upon the head of the inventor. But VB must hasten on. I may not stop to show you the old Province- Ho use the scene of the provincial splendors of the re- presentatives of majesty where they held their court and dis- pensed their hospitalities. The Democratic Review has already taken np its traditions and when the " Tales of the Province-House" are narrated by the pen of Hawthorne who would be aught elsa than a listener or a reader I I only dare to indicate that dark and narrow alley sneaking between the vulgar red-brick houses which fill up the fine old Court-j^rd that leads to that once famons centra of the colonial world. These two story brick houses with attic windows in their roofs of which you see many modestly shrinking from the society of their more pretending but less substantial mo- dem neighbours are of the beginning of the last centary and have looked forth from their windows upon many a revolutionary scene. They have witnessed many a military pomp when the besieged BrfHsh troops marched before them confident of sneeeas - and joy- ful eyes looked from them when the army of deliverance marched I83a 1 Walker Round Boston. 81 its rude legions through the' streets at the heels of the departing tnTaden. They saw too the tumuituous throngs that hurried in the times which preceded the Revolution to the Liberty Tree diere to inflame their zeal and mature their plans beneath its shadow. Do yon see that flag- staff planted opposite the shambles of the Boylston Market Well from that spot grew the Liberty Tree — hewn down with a malicious pleasure by the mercenary hands of the British soldiers during the siege and consumed as firewood dnring the bitter winter of 1T75 '6. Would that it might have stood and put forth its annual' leaves to this day That tree it its time bore strange fruit. When the news arrived of the passttge of the Stamp Act and of the appointment of Mr. Oliver as Stamp Distributer there was discovered one m o rn in ^j^e pending from it* boughs an effigy of the obnoxious officer aniTalso a boot sym- bolical of Lord Bute. with the Devil peeping out of it with the Stamp Act in his hand. Under the same shade the same unfortu- nate Distributer was compelled to abjure his oflice. And again when the news arrived that the odious act was repealed the Liber- ty Tree bore a conspicuous pari in the rejoicings which that event called forth. During the day its branches streamed with flags snd pennants and at night bent beneath the weight of the variegated IsntemB that illuminated it It was the idol of our fathers— and ita fame extended not only over this continent but was familiar in men's mouths beyond the Atlantic. And now nothing remains to mark where it stood but that bare unsightly pole What associa- tioMs csn cluster around a smooth barklesa stick How many of the thousands that daily brush past it ever give a thought to the fallen patriarch of the wood whose place is so unworthily filled How many of them even know that the tree of which they hava heard their fathers tell and which flourished in their early dreams grew by the wsyside of their daily walks 1 But though the very tree no longer overshadows their path puts out its buds in springi or rains down its withered leaves in autumn its memory will not the less endure for ages. Unborn generations will preserve for it the tame veneration which would have been accorded to its honored age had the "Liberty Tree" stood until centuries had shattered its branches and rived its trunk rendering it more and more precious to their hearts. Bat come we must not loiter about this scene of our father's love. I will now show you some faint traces of yet fiercer times when the clond of battle had actnalty burst over the land. Do yon see tbat black circle of some ten inches diameter which is described apon iherearof that white wooden house And now that ws have gained its front yon may discern a ring answering to the one behindi but somewhat higher up. Well that indicates the passage of one of the last arguments of kings or nations ottered by some bnsea VOL. III. MO. IX aKPTXMBXB. F SB Beninucauea of a ^ptembtt month from the ConUnental liaes Bt Roxburj during the liege^ The proprietors of the building from that day to this have pre- tterved as an honorable ornament to their house that restige of those memorable dayi. And now we have reached the point where the British army threw op their strong enlrenchmenta at the begin* oing of the siege. You may faintly trace the outline of the works which twenty years since were in almost perfect preserration bat the earth was wanted to make a new street and the genrirml orders of Goremor Gage for their erection were not so promptly obeyed as were the counter orders of the street commissioner for their demolition. In this corner you may see the well dug for the supply of the beleaguered troops which is now filled up but the place plainly discernible. A bow-shot further on was the outpost of the British. A renerable survivor of the besieging army told me not long since that one morning early a scapegallows of the Continental troops with a prodigiously long gun shot the sentinel on his post from behind the American lines which were almost aa tax aa you can see before you on this slreeL An almost Incredible shot bat one which excited as much indignation among his fellow- soldiers as it did in the ranks of the enemy. Ten minutes brisk walk brings u gt to the lines of the Continental army which are as difficult to be traced as those of their English foes. Tou may spy out however some slight marks of the works which once stretched their angular length across the iBthmus. One would think that these monumeiita of our father's deeds might hare been spared to tell the tale of Uieir dangers and hardships to their childreo. Had tliey endured to this day I doubt not but that a re- ligious care would have preserved them for the eyes of posterity. But the generation that immediately succeeds to one that has wrought great deliverances but too often wants that reverence for great actions which a remoter age entertains. Familiarity with the actors in the immortal dramas which thrill our souls and an ac- quaintance with their petty infirmities and human frailties take off from tiiat keen edge of admiration which is felt by a pious posterity. This alas I is the almost inevitable doom of the monuments and the memorials of a former age in this working-day land. It waa not so with the old Republics. Let us now direct our steps across the fields to the Southeast by this narrow private road and I will show you the scareely traceable vestiges of the Dorchester lines which completed the circumvalta- tion of the town on this side. I discovered these faint traces of a former age by accident a few months since. I had often monaed about the neighboring hills and pastures in search of these works which are conspicuously laid down in the plans of the siege but could never discover their whereabouts. One day I atopped at that farm honact black with the dust of the century before the last 1838. Walker Round Boston. S3 moved aoieiy by my love of all old nn^l inconrenient construciions. An old farm house with its roof declining towards the ground at an angle which I have not mathematics enough to describe with its diamond panes of glaas set in lead and its second story jutting over the first has a charm for me far beyond any of the Palladian villas which have in too many instances displaced them. It is as much more precious to the eye of taste and sentiment than any of its more pretending successors as an ancient well-pole is more pjctn- resque than a patent forcing pump. Well at that house I knocked being aure that the door would be opened by on original. My cer- tainty was made doubly sure by the appearance of an old man whose dress and address smacked of times even anterior to the Revolution. He seemed not a whit discomposed by my intrusion but on the contrary to be well pleased at the interest I took in th« habitation which had been the home of his fathers for a hundred and sixty years. I soon discovered however that he had espoused the side of the loyalists st the time of the Revolution and in no degree shared my enthusiasm on the subject of those days. He had been under some personal obligations to Governor Hutchinson and had entered warmly into his benefactor's political feelings as a part of due gratitude. He told me of the various indignities he underwent for his opinion's sake before the war broke out and how he sought a refnge from the persecution of his neighbors in the beleaguered town. When the town was evacuated he fled with the other loyalists to England where he remained for several years ailer the peace of 1783. His patrimonial estate had been confis- cated and sold after his flight and he had no dependance for his support but upon the bounty of the British King. After years enough had elapsed to efface in some degree his errors as they es- teemed them trora the memories of his old neighbors he returned to his native land heartily sick of his residence in the fogs of London. It so ehanced that at the moment of his arrival his patrimonial estate was again on sale and by disposing of his annuity he was enabled to repossesB himself of his paternal acres. Here he had fired ever since having but little intercourse with the new genera- tion which had grown up during his exile but chiefly conversing in memory with the long lost companions of his former state of existence. His reverend white hairs his snufl'-colored coat of formal cut and breeches of the same his grey yarn stockings and silver-buckled shoes were in keeping with his ancient habitation and helped to carry back the imagination to elder days. The old gentleman had many and grievous complaints to maks of the abuses which his beloved home had endured at the hands of Ihe rebel soldiers who were quartered there. Many a forgotten Dame was eanred upon the woodwork and many a coarsely nU 84 Reminiscenses of a \ SeptembcTt device and weary ejaculation bore witaefla to Ihe tediooi hours oC the camp wearing upon the spirit of the home-aick soldier sighing for the liberty of his father's farm and the aociety of bis village friends. He directed my obaerration to the damage done to the low ceiling of the room by the muzzles of the mosketa of the troops as ihey rehearsed in game or earnest^ their daily drill. Perhaps not one of those weary men now surrive to recall ihe al' ternate tedium and excitement of that busy time and yet here were the vestiges of their idleness as fresh as if they were the traces of but yesterday. After I had examined the interior of his mansion my aged friend proceeded to exhibit the domain that surrounded it. His houae was encompassed by green pastures then of the intenseet verdure eloping down to the water^s side dotted with cattle and sprinkled with old trees. A small patch of ground behind the home formed his garden and was liepl in a state of neatness which would have done honor to Holland itself. What seemed a natural mound fenced the garden from a gully forming in the spring the bed of a little brook which was now dry. My attention being attracted lo this object my host informed me thai it was a part of. an old revo- lutionary entrenchment which he had suffered to remain to moanl guard upon his cabbages and asparagus. This announcement in an instant mounted me astride my hobby and I began incontinently to frisk and caper upon it in a manner that threatened immediate peril to my good old friend's Tory prejudices. In reply to my eager inquiries he informed me thst when lie first returned to his native fields he found them hedged in by a long ag-zag line of works with a deep ditch on either side. Both diti^ end works were grown over with grass but the embrasures if that be the name from which the guns looked fiercely towards the town still remain- ed and there were many marks of the besieging army such as the piled up bones of their beeves to be seen within the verdant en- closure. My old new friend had no pleasurable associations with these works and it could hardly be expected that he would show more mercy to these relics of the war the memory of which he detested than was granted to those we have just left by men who exult in the conflict and its issue. Athisliesure hours he employed himself in filling up the fosse with the heaped up earth and it was not long before nearly every trace of the lines which at every mo- ment forced upon his memory the recollection of that bitter portion of his life was effaced. I grieved over the result but could not much blame the feeling which led to it. My host next in compliance with my request proceeded to point out the direction in which the works which he had demolished ram. With little more aid from the imagination than Monkbams needed to trace the outline of the PrKtorium of the camp of Agricok I 183a 1 Walker Round Boston. 8S soon obtuned a clear idea of the Dorchester lines for which I had ■0 often looked in vain. Here you may descry all that remains of them in this irregular ridge scarcely rising tbove the level of tha Terdant champaign of greensward but which you perceive is too regularly irregular for a mere freak of nature. You can follow Iheir eccentric course till they are lost in the ploughed field which is enclosed by yonder stone wall. Let us sit down for a moment beneath the thick branches of this old elm which describes its sharply defined shadow upon the brilliant green of the sammeT turf. How flweetly the hum of the distant city rises upon the earl But how many discords go to make up that soothing harmony What fierce passions what carping cares what envinus discontents what bittor toil and task-work help to swell that sleepy melody •oft as the hum of bees or the murmurs of a distant water*fall The threei-hilled city with its picturesque inequalities of ground its glittering spires its tufts of trees alas I too rare and the dome of the State-House divested by distance of its architectural errors crowning the Whole and all reflected upon the clear waters of the bay beneath our feet now brimming with an overflowing tide and seen through the haze of a summer's day seems like a scene of fairy land. Surely no unkindness or self seeking or sensuality or coldess of heart can find shelter within that peaceful multitude of homes The Tery spirit of tranquillity itself seems to be breath- td around and about them. To your left you see the lovely heights of Dorchester crowned with the works from which General Howe heard proclaimed in tones of thunder that New England had passed from the Empire of the British king. You may discern a trace here and there upon the morass which encompasses the bay beneath us of the military road over which the rough soldiers of the Continental army dragged " Tb« blsdc-moulhed gun and Htnggfring wain " • as they stole under the shadow of the night and the cover of a heavy cannonade to take possession of the all-important hills. On the morning of the fifth March 1776 the British Seneral's prae- • The above familiar introductian— u if it hnd been a thing of eld — of a poetic imip of lingular beauly reminds me thu the piece of Bryant in the SrU number of the Demomralic Review from which It ii taken hai alnndy paraed into our Ule- labire a gt one of lbs GneA productiona of his genius. After having gone the rounds of the papnts ABericon and Boglisb it has become noUiraloed in our tkoughta and I MS one or other of it* many atriking images or passagea daily quoted in ad- drenea orationg and newspaper articles end yet the very poem to which this higbeai possible homage has htea thus involunlarily rendered was sneered at on ila paWication by the Whig press as " some inferior linn by Bryant" — and as being "oMeqaal to hja usual strain"— and ooee the reason was gravely aasigned tbot it* nMdioarity vaa probably occasioned by the dulness consequent on wriliof far a Dentoemic Review. 8S Reminiscenges of a September. tiud eye dueovered tlie occnpation of those heightsi and discerned that if maintained it would be fatal to his possession of the town. A detachment was ordered to dislodge the rebels at daybreak the next morning which moodily proceeded in a dark tempestuoua night to effect ila landing. A presentiment of another bloody Banker's Hill chilled the slant hearts of the veterans and the ut- most efforts of the officers were required to induce the men to pro- ceed on their gloomy way. The storm howerer was too furious to admit of the landing of the troops and the enterprise was aban- doned. In the meantime other councils prerailed over the fierce determination of the Commander-in-chief to hold out to the last and a few days saw the first acknowledged submission of the vete- ran troops of the British line to the raw levies of the Continental army. To the right of the famous heights you see over the topa of those apple trees the blue expanse of the ocean which soon after the occupation of the heights was whitened with the departing sails of the British fleet. From the spot where we now sit many earnest eyes were anxiously bent upon the lessening mMts as they disappeared in the blue distance. When the last sail hovering like a fleecy cloud upon the edge of the horizon had melted into air a load seemed to be taken from the heart of every beholder and every man drew a long breath of relieved anxiety and assured de- liverance. The whole country-side covered the eminences thai commanded the sea to observe the receding enemy and to watch the cloud which had lowered over the coast as well as the town passing majestically away to threaten with its thunders another re- gion of the land. This first prosperity of the patriot arms seemed o be a happy presage of success and for a time men felt as if the conflict was ended. But alas many a precious life and many an irreparable year was to be expended before those happy di'eams became confirmed realities It is hard to summon to our mind's eye by the necromancy of the imagination the venerable forma in which our fathers dwelt upon the earth and to place ourselves aa it were in bodily presence in their midst but it is yet more difficult to evoke from the dim past the mighty passions which swayed their breasts the various emotions which distracted their hearts when the stirring scenes of the great revolutionary tragedy absorbed and agitated their souls. It is hard to reconstruct by fancy's aid the abodes in which our fa- thers dwelt on earth after the hand of the destroyer had passed over them but it is harder etill to recall into a realized existence the chambers of the soul the labyrinthal mazes of the human heart and people them with the emotions which struggled for the mastery within their secret recesses. How various were the fe«l- ■ 1838. Walker Round Boston. 97 lags which the spectacle of the retreating foe excited in the thon- und bofloms of the crowds that watched their flight The eenae of Mfety and a triamphant feeling of auccesi perhaps first absorb- ed all other emotions but another mood soon came over the minds of many a beholder and chastened his joy. Though the triumph was brilliant and full of hope yet there were not wanting memories which like the warning voice that told the Roman victor of his mor- tality lebnked the exultation of victory. Though the feast of peace seemed to be piled anew for them and the harpies driven tar away sUIl the banquet which commended itself to their lips was not without its grim skeleton to damp by its ghastly presence the exuberance of their transport. Many a household mourned the roid which the cruel chances of battle had made in ilsmagic circle. And yet more grieved over the disruption of the dearest ties of blood by the fatal discrepancies of political opinions and over the exile of kindred hearts. Scarcely a family of any note in the pro- vince but had felt the bitter pang of domestic disunion when the great question of submission or resistance to the parent State was brought to a bloody issue. Though the fleet which had vanished in the distance from their eyes bore far away from them the hostile legions which they had dreaded as the instruments of their subjec- tion to arbitrary power it also waited perhaps forever from their eyes the companions of their childhood the brethren of a once happy home the props of declining age. Many a sigh was breath- ed many a tear was shed many a bitter pang encountered in the ■ecret chambers of yonder city when the streets rung with shouts and blazed with illuminations in honor of the victorious troops that had wrought its deliverence. As we look back to that time after the lapse of sixty years we can scarcely realize that any private woes could have chequered the general joy but the general doom stamped upon the fortunes of our race by the hand of its Creator was not reversed for our fathers — it will ever remain unchanged for their children. How unmitigated soever the draught of nation- al or mdividual prosperity may seem to be still from the deptiis of tiie flower-crowned goblet the fountain of tears is ever welling up its bitter waters and ever " O'er the Sowen its bubblinf venom dingi." But something too much of this dear reader. Should we walk again together I will lead you to scenes redolent of merrier me- mories. 3 by Google THE FILGRIM8 OF MECCA. AS BONO WITH DNBOUNPEDAPPI-AUBB OH A LATB "ORKAT OCCAIION." From North Eaet South and West hail good feltows well met all t Pious pilgrims * we 've come to get drunk in old Faneuil And with pitriotic potations to settle What best we can do for our demigod Daniel. Then hip— hip — and hurra boys Bince all we can t»y boyst To these cursed Locofooos still ftili to enlighten 'em That to banking the nation Owes its civilization — Let 'a try if by popping of corkif we can't frighten *em In past times these old " redolent " n. len hare seen here Fidl many a meeting but this " great occasion" The most gloiioui far} is that ever has been here Assembled — by the "genivt of granitation. " ^ • The BoMoniaa* han long claimed for iheir city the danic title of the " Atbeaa^ of America. It has lately become a favorite resort lor poUtical pitgrinu from ibt •oath and weit who at home omaie their constiloenciea with proCeiwioni of Re- pvblican and State-Right doctrines bat IraTel all the way lo the lanetaat jonrfanrw of ukra Fedeialism to offer their dcTotiona on the shriDe of its ehoaen ' Godlike ' T^tresentollTe. It was reieiTed for the ecala^ imaginBtiona of these more ardent tsmperaiiienti to iiiTenl for it slill another aliai tie the "Mecca of CiijgilM. " It is to Mr. Prentiss or Mississippi that is due the credit of this new cognomen — ren- dered so pecDliatly felicitous in connection with the oceans of ^Md lifiwr with which tbe«a pious jlfiuRiIna«nj performnl the baptismal ceremony. tThis was certainly a lublime idea for the exterminaUon of thoas pestilent poli- ticians. It is only nsloniahing that It has not proved quite so succcsifiil as was to hsTe been hoped. Whether it was that they had been so long accustomed to Whig p q gt -guil* t* 10 have become like the * Hunters of Eentuclty ' bays iKai ftar «« anw—OTwhetharthey only mistook it fbr* rattling peal of thunder — certain it is thsl we haie not heard of a single Locolbco ajinihilsted by that tremendous erploaion of some two or three thousand champegne corks. Tbey appear to have laken effect only on the recoil laying low nobody but some of the WhisiibeniselTes on the occa- sion — and eren they we ara happy to be able to assure our readers wen easily t^ stored to their l il «iftu gt outs after a few honrs by the aid of a little sleep and soda. t We haye ihe unanimous testimony of almost all the speakera to this fact. It is very certain that old Faneuil with all its fine historical associations waa neTer bo- fore put to the purpose of a lanyard lo soak sixteen hundred modem Whig hides with a couple of thousand of champagne amp e. for the glorificnlion of a aaald-tn but eatntat^ candidate for Ihe Presidency — and it is to be hoped that it never wilt be This is a ahameM ptsgiariim on the part of this Poet Laureate. The credit of this inTalaable contribution to the science of the ninelnnlh century the di of a" jMttM ef graviMint " is doe to the lune "genius" of whose hai^ a 1886. 1 71L« Pilgrims of Mecca. 6Q ' We 're indeed s callection Of motley coinp1exioil gt ffiae spirits and gray — with a touch of the bloody — * Bnt now that we 're met lir Ere we part we can get ait All one beautiful uniform color the mvddy Abaent friends here 'a their health — and eapecially B In "fur bnaineai transactiona" he knows not hia better Better lack may he meet when be next triea to diddle The people and old Johnny Q. with a letter. Thep fall np to the briro Crown your glasses for him To OUT liege lord all loyally first let ua drink t He knows how to lend boys — Don't he Dan f — to a friend boys — —To a blind horse a nod is aa good aa a wink Bii — eipreniTO — wiUi an «iuhuaiaa ic eneoie He knows how to lend boys dec. And here 'a to young Uarry-~I wish to the d The old Harry would Uke him as quick aa he can the ehoiu of language— *f whose truly Horalian emriinafiliciiai jetitntm — a ipe- einMD haibeen already mentioned in he first note. To the acute olfactory aenaeof the lame ' Littla GBnliw' ia also due the detection of he perfiane of " liberty and pa- triotion " among the old timbers of be " redolent roor' over head. •Surely this mnube a minake — for if there was any hand present on that occa- non toMing gaily off the wine-crowned goblet which had been lately crimsoned whether aa principal or abetting accessory with innocent blood the "damned spot"* must have been "out " by that ume — or else surely the title of Bostonian "religion ■Mralily and decency " could scarcely have sat with blood unchilled and flesh nn- Aoddering at the same fenive board '. Surely a stain of blood doea not last red and reeking fbr five whole months Howeter that may be " a matter of opinion about which men may differ. " tThis was a rery proper imitation of the loyal old English prnctiea of drinking a* the fint loaM of eTery festive meeting " The King God bless him " tit is much to be regretted that "Dsn's" answer to his significant question is not giTen by dot Pocl L might perhaps hare thrown lome light on that mysterious portion of Ae Report of the Investigating Committee into th« affairs of the United Btalea Bank which alladea darkly to tha dUanrnti tn Mnnierl of Cattgnis — the Orest Regulolnr rvgnlating that illuitrioua body by loans to the amount of half a million at a time diatributed among some fifty or sixty " firiends" — to say nothing of fees by the 1 10 000 Ac he. HoweTor we suppose the distinguished indiTidual to whom this rather imperti- nenl intermgatory was addressed did not commit himself and his friend B i^ a direct re dy in words for fear of the prgierbial eara of atone walls. We are left to infer from the fbUoif ing line that the Jupiter Tonans of tha scene like Laid Bnr- Isi^ merely Sbaak hia ambrgaial cttrlt and giTS the 'nod.' zecbvGoogIc ' M TV Pilgrima of Meeea. Sept«nA«r But fltill I suppose we mnit now plsf the eivi}. Though there 'a no great lore loet between him and our D amp n.* With his hngging and funning. Like a racehorie he 'a running — And I fear that he 'U distance ui — " head and tail np "f But still for good lock sir And to please " Old Kainluck " 8ir t Oat of decency's sake we mnst give him a cup. Here 's to old Johnny Q. 1 — to the ladies God bless 'Wk His deTotion makes up what he loses in youth. For still as of old he can never address '«m. But the water o'erflows both at eyes and at moatb.^ He says he can't come sir So far off front home sir. Though he speaks fifteen days at a time as we 're told — * At this sUusion it 1 gt io be preiumed th amp t " our Dan " must halt Kowlcd fitn out of his 'coTemous «yes' in somewhat similar style to the appearanoe he so fiw- quenlly eihibiled at the Isle sestioD in his veiy ancomlbrtablc propinquity 10 " Young Hairy " in the Senate when the latter would be in TuU awing of some of hii elecCionseiing " bragging." Perhaps hia ntemory might cqtecially ncal the ooea- sion when on Ihs Preemption Bill he had evinced adiaposition to ' kick against the piicks ' and " Young Harry " gave him such a rough dressing or it to teach him to taind his poUtieal p'a and f 's and know who was his maiter. tThia fear is ab^ady amply verified for there is no doubt that the demij^ is distanced already in spile of whip and spur and the shouts and cheers of his back- ers. In fact there is only one course in tlie country on which he can ever have k ohnnM Ibr a best and that is Beitan Ccmnott. As for Ihe Kentucky horse how- aver he has Dot won the rac« yel. His friends who are now bragging and belling so high o i him forget that it is a/mtr miU race and that the lug of war lies in the last quarter. He has been three times distanced hunaeir on this gjirand already — 'the Union Course.' The fcuith we ima^ne he will find ndnuJ beoL After al^ these fiashy nags with nothing but thcdr showy " action " an not worth much IB lit Ing run. They my loo that "Young Harry" has lately fallen into a bad habit of failing m kit kntn in public — like the circus horses. One of the worst signs of weakness. TThisendearing epithet is we beliere Ihe most ugnal proof of bis precocity y«t given by that " yonihfiil " prodigy Mr. Menelee. f The capital aiory that Mr. Clay iwed to tell against his colleague ccmTuissionBr an his return from Qbent in unkind allusion to the perpetual weakness of om of Mr. Adams' eyes of his mouth not only watering bul his eyes shedding tears fbt ibe pretty object of Iheir common admiration at the Hotel is too well known to need repetition. It is to this we preaume thai this most audacious and impudent of Whig Poeti LsurealB alludes — in connection with he recent interesting occasion on which the same venerable philogynist protested the difficulty he felt in addressing " one woman " though he did not eaceainaporhis finger for "two hundred and forty own " ' whom he could talk to fbr fifteen daya at a time at the close of a aession — when he did not wiah lo give any one he attacked an opportunity of n^y. We do not remember that HcHner records any of the LMiuactoas perfcniuuicaa of HssiaT to match lUa feat of the " fiflean days. " zecbvGoOgIc 1888.1 TV Piigrivu of Meeea. M Tb»n 'b amp toast in hit letter But w« 'II gire him a better^ He wu old when amp child — he '■ a child now be *a old 1 * We 're another Whig Johnny — a beaatifiil model Of a " decency " Speaker for order and law Tbougb he makei a great noise like his nameuke his noddle Has not got much in it bnt clapper and jaw. t gt He *s a prime hand to nse sir. Either fiat or abuse sir Whene'er by a speech on the floor fae is laid oh I So he merits right well. Sir State' s-er id ence^ fi - That a bumper we fill to the ' bold renegade I ' * Wu it by happy accident' or hy cunning dsitgn that io tha toaM to Hr. Adama on the oceanon hen deacribed such careful paina seem to bare bean taken to BToid Siving him credit for the mjdom u well aa the ytart and gamUUf of Nealor 1 The UicitDUa ^Tititluti* of ttw alluaion to him a« " manifealing in hia youth the viidi'm of age and in hia age the Tigor of youth " cannot be too much admiied to whicJi- eret eiplana^n we aaiign it. tThe Democratir Review deapisea puni especially apon proper nanei lo tint although tliia line i* nluetantly odmitiad ii ie thus accompanied with hia ao- loDD pTOteaL By the way he Wfaiga do not appear to oilertaia any very high penonal reapect for tlie penonage or " sounding braai " whom they here allude lo. tt ia lo be preaumed however Gxun the eitraotdinary qaali£eationa be baa i«cem1y diapUyed for preaerring older and enforcing the deciaiona of the Chair by the " Miong arm " of the law that he will atill coalinne the favorite repreaenlatiTe of tha " decency " party in Ibe House aa their candidate for the Speokerabip. t We again enter our proteat. The gentleman ia very unbirly Mated by this Whig poet. We are for giving even the d hia due. We therefore appeal lo all preeent whether thia disjuTielire conjunction is fair The alluuon to hia being "laid on the floor" fixea of course upon the time when that service waa ao aignally performed for him by Mr. Tumey of his own Slate aa unquestionably the occasion referred to. Ought it not then to read "Both Raiand abtise air"1 Ought the eX' Speaker to be thus shorn of half of his glory f This honorable epilhet would aeem lo allude lo Mr. B— 's lestimony as to iLe outrageous abuses corruptions and utter abominations of Jackaonlam during tba period when he was himaelf a pretty thorough participant in whatever waa going whether good or bad duteque ipsa miaeirima vidi Et qnorum pan magna fui I I Tbe indefatigable aervices of Ihe gentleman in question richly indeed deserved ibe tribute — especially on tbe Soorof the Houae in his perpetual efforts to embarrass the administntion of hia more fortunste competitor for the Speaker'a chair— rather diny woilc. indeed but did an Epaminondostcom the olficeof scavenger 1 Somuch Ihe mora meritorious hia Eealous performance of it. In Christian wariare it has al- ways be«n found that deserters perpetually ' feeling the bolter dnw ' fight tijca very devila and inlheChrislian wan with the Tnrfca the proverbial expresaioD oroM which may find a new application in the present case that "one renegade ia wons itea ten Turks." 3 by Google 9B The Pilgrima of Mecca. SeptemlMr Here'i — our "worthy " right "Honorable membeir" here.F 1 Ab • choice "rflpretentatire" ot Whig veracity. Which whenerer conTicted of telling one stretcher Can fall back on another bold piece of mendacity. But the next time he may sir Try his hand in that way sir Against Messrs. C-mbr-1-ng amp . Co. we beseech him. That he'll manage it better With his " letter for letter " Than to let his own paper be the first to impeaeh him.* And here is to all onr pro-di-^'Ons boys sir The pel bantlings of Whigg'ry its glory and wonder — If their tender young lungs now can make such a noise sir. When they 're years of discretion good Lord how they '11 thnnder 1 The ancients they say Had some speakers but ihey — Tour Demosthenes Ciceros Chaihams and Burkes — Couldn't hold up a candle sir. To our boyst — who can handle sir Not logic alone — but fists pistols and dirks wbotiu "takin' raUm "And 'fcilh he'll prent 'emt" Pew MHKigniphert liave atlaineil an equal proficiency in repoiting "word Sat word letter for letter comma fur comma. " Then " notes" wert eonenl tot •om* time in the conununily u genuine tilte a great deal of other worthleas traih tltat is kept freely in circulBlion amang the Whigs by the unlimited "credit lyatcm" which they apply to etery slander that is emitted from any source against the Administra- tion. They were soon however ejposed at/aUe and coiaiier/eU in a Tery decisive maimer by "Messrs. C-mbr-1-ng dt Co." At this gentle admonition the worthy Member him ths " Mecca or Whiggiim " a rpparted to have inclinul his head in asaent lo a piece of advice so unquestionably sound and prudent Ihmigh he was heard to mutter SoUa Vtee that " if ever he was caught at that gaine again with th« Inn alluded to or any member of it he'd be iwitehtd " — fond memory doubtless recalling the tingling sensation of the Uit kind bvors which he had received in suc- cession from the hands of the different members of that firm on the occasion hers referred ta 1 Happy happy h^py Whigs — in the possession of all these " young pro- digies " o Ihiny — " interesting youths " of Uiirty-Gve — and " youthful oralora " of forty and upwards with bald crowns and possibly living grandchildren or whal we know 1 We were aware fhnn Lady BIrasington that it is not unusual in Ire- land to witness "abroli of a bat/" of sixty and six foot six but were not prepared to find the Rianufaclure alrendy so naiared as to be classed fi gt T the future among Other " Basting noiions " We must certainly yield our doubts since it has proved ■ucccsarul with lo unpromising a subject as Mr. MenefSse. We hope bowevw thai 1838.} 7^ Pilgrims of Mecca. 98 . And here's to the deserters now first in our rsnks sir — As old lovers they snjr make the bitterest haters— With their dear "credit system" and darling* "pet bsnkst" ur We mnat cherish the treason while scorning the traitors. Whig er7iBriatpIa rine off with hiaintrrFsiiiig''prodigT ''tlKni*cc gt fPhilMeCacil OT — u HacPbenoD hu more elegonlly angliciaed it — Finfat the Ifalher of Osiian and lbs great IHib giant of hi* time vbo ni we ind it recorded in the Fairy L»- gendi when hit Scotch HtbI crossed the Channel in three stppg to dfTOur him adroiU ly slipped into bed and told bisvile to infonDtlieiiBiter that Phil waa out hunting and had left do one at boms but hi* infant aon who was asleep in the cradle. The ■imple monster thinking be could fiinn a lolerable csliniWi of the proportionjof ths parent fhim the site of hi* boy went in the cradle to examine the " yomhftll pro- digy " and aa the story goes astoniahed at his dimensions put his thumb into bis moGih to aaceitain whether so large a ehild was really a aucking in amp nt and having got it bit iDstanllyoff decamped with incredible expedition lor his own land — justly omclading if a child could do such wonders that ajvli grovm man would be alto- gether nneonquersble. Atlwaeansay in the matter ia that if old mother Whiggery b playing ofF a similar ruse on the awakened giant of Democracy and b«* tamed ^uienil Hall into a cradle for the purpoM there ia liltls danger wT ntf giant being fii^ilened off by the propntioua of the present in amp ni or bis capacity to titt what* erer naeel tsefA /gr Hood be may poueaa. Tbeae young small fiy of Whiggeiy who miae such a splutter in the water and make no bones of swallowing our biggest Democratic fish as easily accofding la the Waahingion letter- writers as the whaleswallowed Jonah wheneTcrtbeyehaiMO to oome in their way moat certainly become all " aca aerpcnta " coiling thnr tails aiamid the Pole when they ivodi their fliU growth. But by the way as for these same youlhbil prodigies fttart are they era des- tined to ivacfa their 'yean of ducnliim ' As Hamlet says 'Aye there's ths rubl' * The fUthftil constancy of these " old lovers " to these their " darling peta " at the vary time whan tlksy were univeraally abandoned by all tbe rest of this cold beortleaa world aa an " experiment " that had failed ia rory beautiful and touching indeed — proving how tras it is that "a frieiidiiiiH«d ^. of adiaeountor renewal 1 is a £rieDd indeed. " Some of their qwaches which ore made up entirely of quota- lions of the/nmcr s^swM entertained of them by soms of those who Dow feel un- willing again to lean on the irvktit staff which thraw them down remind na of tho jockey who in selling bis fbundered horse expatiated eloquently on the tea- '"'"■'« i« be posaessid of his qualitiea icjm lu trcke dnoa. Such fT'mi^fli of Sdelity in mlafbrttuia are indeed rare. " Come rest in this bosnm minfi own strickea deer Thoogh iha herd bat Bed rmn thsa thy bwD* is iiiU hsrs Hen Mill is Ihe nnila bat dd dwd un s'ercut And the heart and be hand all ibina own lath* IsstI " Tha foflowing variation of a well-known son from Moon'* Mdodiet was ts- ecttly endorsed by one of these ^itbfiil swains on the back of aSoatiMte. Being Ifae only poetic effiuion that is known to hSTe ever overflowed from the fiilness of his heart it is entitled to peipctustion in the Democratic Review — as ia the poet to an undying garltaul of tame. Soira — TV Cotuervative to kit Bat^ Note. BshavB me if all those bright dollan of oaifc Google M T%e Pilgrivu of Mecca. 8«ptembab Thtmgh we naed to abuse them Tet u toola now we lue them. And to call them prime pattema of patriots pretend. But a« eoon m they've done boys All they un — erery one boye Sant cirimonie to old Nick we will send.* And u for those ignorant dogt in the ciBDger Who won't let us pocket the funds of the nation ^Ai though money coald e'er be exposed sir to danger By being lent out upon Und speculation — % M— My. K— nd— il and P— Ik B — ^nt — n Wr — ght and such folk Thou'iUt b« good far m^ ^otixih •• em Ibau wmN Lai Ifaf diKODU iaeraH* H It will. And iB prgpitaa daar " gt T«Uni"*uh fritai flldwKt -man oM maka ikM "nMtnUa " wtiU I 'Tia Ht whila Ihjutt apaci* KUDdiiaia ia kiuin^ And ikj amp ca iupn gt amp Bad bj protaat Thai ifae bauit of " eonBdanu " than nu b« tbown Whicb It "fift par canL" loTSi thaa b«1. Par tha tna " cradit fyitam " ne'er drwna of a doilif Bat atJU bniSj cntinaea lo Inst Aad Ihe bitk it pwi la ibaa whm fa« Ihaa'n pot oW Il will nenr raeall— till thau'tt bunll • A Vina verittti ii a good old adage thai abooM ba sm op in iMura of gold ■■ ■U thcM Wilis earausali tu ■ eautioa a^nal a loo dangeraui flnadom of " the na- nly mBmbcr." This tema lo hate been rather an indiecnet slip of the Umgam though neilher Ihe uncerity nor Che poetic jiiHiee of iba inUimaBt can ba qurMioDnL Il doei not Tery deaiijr appear whether the altoiion here ia lo tha " deaecten " in ipieBlion who when m longer needed are lo be conaigned to the obacohly of tha comnon contempt of all panic* — or lo the"pet banka " which after being naed as ■ "helf-wafhouae " are then to be banded oyer lo Ihe tender roerdcaof the "Old mck" who onm made ihe boaM that he eonld bnak any of them that be plaaaad with hia " great regulator. " Perhaps by an ingaoioiia JaM*-tiUtitdTt a ily hit ia intended at both as it is well known that neither ia at lieart lield in any rary t«tt afleetion by Ihe Whig*. t Tliia was of oonise the hidden meaning of Mr Reed'* *trang»40ui diiig toast " The pockets of the People— Ihe be gt t Sub-TreBsuries. " It i* w^ known that lbs Whig gentkraso the merchant* and ipecuUtora and broken eapecially in Wall ■treet really conaider IhemaelTC* the whole " People. " It i* a amp id that aome of ths company looked at fint a tiule blank and ai ha*l on the annonneanient of llii* toast which seemed lo " redolent " of Loco-fbcoiam but aa soon a* an inkling of ita pro- per Whig meaning apread around a delightful by-play of "nods aitd becks swi wreathed smilea " begitming from Ihe demigod himadf is SAid to have ran bean- lifUty twinkling Knmd the tablaa. t There mnat indeed have bten an unireraal eiprenion of diaguat throughoat the eompany at thi* allusion to the ignorance and stupidity of tha Loco-fbcoa. When thua Aripped of accessories and brought down to a naked farm this happy illustr^ tion of the absurdity of thai ridiculous " humbug " the DiToroe of Bank and Stalo by Ihe fable of the dog in 111* manger ought lo make Ibem — a* we oonfes* it does vm beaitily asbanwd of it. What Dsitba toaeb the pslilic monsy in any way W» TV PUgHiM of Mecca. fl» Tbey mfty think themselTn ufs for lome timfi yet to come But we'll Booa make 'em go air Right about and not alow air To th« pions Wliif tune of " G — d — yoo go home "• When we step in their shoea then— we 'H shew 'em our wiahes Were neret like theirs aelliih sordid and sinister — Bat as patriots we can't let the loaves and the fiafaea Go a-heggingt — so I 'II go abroad u a nainisler I '11 be off in a ateamer airi 'Faith she shall he a ' acreamert ' air And shall make the old ocean sir " boil like a pot "{ And for you every one of yon Shall hare aomething and none of yon Bat shall get a anug place discount job and what not And DOW boya 'tis time to have done with our racket We 're all as I take it pretty " decently " merry ibanudTm under pain of all wtu of poultia bond* impRKionient Bitd Maniona ipuminr } nor allow othcn to xu» it for ihtir oammoreial and ipeealaling conTHtk CD«I RidicnlouB and diB^uHingl When shall tbno Oolfaa Vondala and Hum ba diirea fnm the Capitol *We wen Bwanof tbe gcDeral Whi pmcticaof catobing up th« aayinp IhM dnp from tha tips of thaT"§T«Btiiiai '' lomnke tlmn hotwebold word* and paitr ekmoaea bm we nally did not. know thai thii particular " decant extnet" from ll« public " praTcrt" of the leader and repreaentatiTa of tbe party of "all ibe r» Egion morality decency and wealth"— this eloquent impromplu efluiion ao Imt ■nd awaet of tbe modetn ChryMaloaie tbe ' goldea-mouthed ' taial of the Whiga ton whose lipa Row Boeb rich golden streami of worda diTine — bad been M aoon Ml to mnale How fbrtunale it La that it baa been thai limety embaliaed for poa- tsiCy — thai "wedded to immortal batmoDyl " How proTidential that i a awa^ Itm waa not waated on tbe desert air but that Eebo ean^t loAly the loaiid u it ftU 1 " tDoobtleaa aecampeaiod with a knowing wink lo that beantiM patutnof ooa gt Meney Oovecnor EUawortb who was present on tbe oceaatODi who hadaahoit tne before been oKwt rhetorical and magniloqnent in his Meaaage to tbe Lefiilataie of Conneclicnl in denunciation of the practice of removal from office tar opioioa's t«ke and who bad Blicady during hie ebon incumbency of office made a cle^n jab of some thousand or so lemavals of Democrats — even Mming Mr. W^atai^ npioai^ by running down to " low walar" to change the " tide waiters." The r^ meotativea of Rhode latend and Hsine also whioh bad not been slow lo fbUow in tke IbotalepB of their illiutrioas predeeetsor on the same track no doubt chncUed nigbtily In their sleeves — as those also ofNew York at the recollection of the waM- mn and lampUgUfTt. t We ben tecofuiis another toooh of the " 'frttiUet band. " None surely hu Mi. Prentiss C Pindaric Mr. P. again I eoold indeed he the original BiiIboT invci^ tor and proprietor of this sublime ide*— certainly a something new under the sun r The ocean being made lo MJ lite s ^ by tbe sleamboata " leriathan-like " t Ha eonacience ■• the worthy Bailie would have exclaimed had he been maent what aptUykettleof fiah 3 by Google 96 7%« Pilgrims of Mecca. September^ I *re got two* Champ amp ^e bottles suug under my jacket — ' — We 'U nj nothing about the Madeira and Sherry.f So to make the world Bensible Of " the aelf-goveming principle " Let 'a go home aa '* from church " boys as atraightit aa we can well And wind np with a chorus That shall tear the roof o'er us ^ Hallelajahl to onr great demigod Dan'el With thraetimca three and amp grand choisl hsnnonjr "better to be imagined Iben dmcribed " during which the demigod himseir i gt eaid la hsTe eihibiud unequiTi^ cal evidence of oat haring been iniensibte to the meliing infiueiKes of the oecaeion while a vast majorily of the pioua and patriotic pilgrimi appeared reallj juHt aMr- eamt by thut ntalimtt.1 Hallelujah to our great demigod Dab'el I * We can only say IhU if Ibe Poet Laureate here wile the Inilb be ooght la be aahamed of himulfi for be muat bavo been cbeoling Mme unfottunala neighboor out of half a boKle perhnpi it was only m the way of a " speculMion " — f amp r th* exact allowance of each man wu a little under b baUle tMd a iaif of champagne or three pints and no uobe. i This is a very sensible coane certainty though it throw* the curious in- qniier disposed to ststistical speeitlations on the neeessity of conjecturing tbe pro- portions of other wines tbat were made to bleed on this " great occasion. " How- erer as wa cannot deny the Whigs the credit of being very gentlemanly fellows orer their cups who know how to manage these matters in handsome svl liberal style it is not Tory difficult to estimate «x pide BtrcuUm from tbe one fixed da- tum BfToTded by the champagne viz two thousand one hundred and sixty bottles^ tbe due proportions of the madura sherry port bock clarets burgundies snd ol the other indispeniBbls tt etierai of sacb a pious and patriotic cannual. tWs are assured by a Whig editor— and who would erer prssnme to qots- tion tbe Teracity of a Whig editor^— that the bearing and d^nrtment of the Whig gentlemen on their return through tbe streets was for all the world as though tbey were going straight home firtun ehuieh and the sight of so sublime an illustration of the "majesty of the laws" and " Iheseif^Teming principle" made his boson awrll with patriotic exnkation and ihanksgiTing The utterance of our Poet by tbe way would scan fhim his ndundant syilables to have become a little thickand spluttering by this tims. But Is the ears of tbe company were probably also not quite so sensitive and fhslidioos at ibatbourutbose of snAthsnion audience it wa* of no great consequence. I A Whig rqwrt of the occasion says tliat this eSect was indeed very noar being produced — whether by the escape of such ■ quantity of be fixed air from the cham- pngne orb7theeAlErfeKCncaofWhigenthusiBsm"cabin'd cribb'd confiH'd "within the walls of old Faneiiil is not partienlariy specified. II If there should seem any thing like profiinity in this ecstatic glorification it ia not our fault. Allowaneca should be made for the "two bottles" and the et-ceteraa bestdea the authority of tbe toast by a Whig clergyman who thanked Qod fbr th* fraee and booor be had conferral on the State of Maasaehusetis in beatowing lt m bsT iucb a aoD t— place* it certainly " in tbe line of saA preeedeols. " zecbvGoOgIc UNITED STATES MAGAZINE AND DEMOCRATIC REVIEW. OCTOBER 1838. RADICALISM. Thb pnrpoM of this paper is not to discau the tenets designated vnder this title but to thow the ebeurditf of the amp larm which they excite or which it is pretended they justify. This nisy Beem to be a work of supererogatioo. It is indeed hard to believe that any man of aenae can entertain serious apprehensions upon this score. In the midst of the difficulties in which we are involved and the real dangers by which we are threatened to be frightened by snch visionary evils indicstes a very whimsical imagination or at least a morbidly sensitive nature. By politicians we are aware the topic is used as a mere bugbear or rather as a hackneyed electioneering tbeme. Writers who lack originality of thought or ingenuity of reason find this a very convenient subject for declamation. De- prive them of their slang we cannot find a better word though a coarse one about Loco-Focotsm Fanny- Wrigklism Agrarianism and they would be very much at a loss. It would be almost a pity to cut them off from this fertile resource. But we should not cal- culate too strongly upon human reason. In the long run in an en- lightened community its dictates will always prevail and the " sober second thiJTnght of the people " in the philosophical language of Pre- ridentVanBuren is perhaps "never wrong." But in the passion or delusion of the moment evils may be inflicted which time cannot repair and there are some maladies of sudden origin which are incnrahle. The very pertinacity with which political partisans who although they may want wisdom are seldom without its bastard subatitnte canning insist upon those topics is a proof that they are not without their effect. Spargers ambigvas voces is a more ef- fectual method of propagating alarms than by bringing definite charges or specific accusations. Suspicion is more hurtful than ac- Inal crimination its very indefinileness gives scope to the suggest- ions and fears of the susceptible imagination. We should never DD.- zed by Google 100 Radieoliam. Octobov •Itog«Uier despiBe sneli appeals or prejudices howerer Imtional or •bsord. The French revolntion according to Madame de Suel WtB made by words. We cite tbe sentence for its apposite point radier than for tbe truth of it* application to the great polideal earthquake which shook European society to its foundation. Now we happen to know from actual obserration that the charge Against the Democratic party of holding anti-social doctrines and opinions subversire of the lights of property has done much to prejudice it in tbe minds of many worthy and sensible persons. There is in every community a large class of men and they form a most valuable portion of the population who are averse to vllraitm in every shape. Satisfied with their condition they pre- fer the atatua qvo and are unwilling to sacrifice positive benefits to speculative ameliorations. All that they ask is tranquillity that they may follow their pursuits and enjoy doraeslic hapinueast and the fruits of their industry without molestation. They reverse the sentiment of tbe old Roman who preferred hatardous liberty {libertaa periculota to the calm of slavery. Sueh persons are not to be contemned. Their influence in the eoramurtity is saliitaTy. They check the extravagance of more ardent spirfta. They form the regulator of the political machine. They are the drag on tbe wheel of slate. Their via inertia gives stability to social institu- tions. They are the breakwater which stays the flood of popular commotion. Without them we should perhaps be too prone to speculative changes too ready to embark upon tbe ocean of untried experiment. Among this class from temperament and mind we do not count ourselves nevertheless we know how to value it and even to respect its prejudices. It is fortunate that we do not all think and feel alike. It takes many kind of people says the vulgar adage to make up a world. It Is for the benefit of society that it contains adverse and contending elements. This keeps up ' a healthy vigorous action this prevents that lethargic stagnation which is more than any thing else unfavorable to its efficiency and Improvement. Diacora concordia is the law of tbe moral as well as of the physical world. It is chiefly amongst this class of persona that the apprehensions of which we have spoken have been propaga- ted with the greatest success. Secluded in their habits and ideas and isolated from the tumultnous existence of cities the ferment of political eflervescence is brought to their ears magnified by dis- tance like the " sound of many waters." The roar of faction and the turmoil of political agitation are swelled by the gale which bears them along until tbe retired msnsion and the qniet hamlet are " frightened from their propriety." All this Is so different from their tranquil existence — jars so harshly upon the uniformity of their pursuits and habits — tiiat they feel uneasy and disturbed nay anxious and alarmed for the consequences. It is to these and theae D - ectv Google less. Freedom of Opinion. 101 only whose appreheniions are unfei^ed whose patriotinn is na lt doubted whose very prejudices are respectable that we intend to address a few desultory and unpretending observations. In the first place we must observe that a great party should not be considered responsible for the opinions of all its members. This will be conceded without hesitation. "How foolish " ex- claimed Charles V. "to expect all men to think alike when the most cmining workman eannot make two watches go exactly to- gether." We cite the substance of the sentiment Admitting that some members of a parly which comprises two-thirds of a great nation hold irrational opinions what does this prove T Certainly not that the essential and recognized doctrines of thst party are wrong and should be abandoned. Would it not be hard to charge the Federal party with holding principles utterly adverse to liberty or with the design of overturning our republican institutions be- cause some of its members and a goodly number too are at heart if not confessedly monarchists Shall we lake the opinions of the modern Sydney as the Federal creed or visit upon all the doubts of Hamilton and the sneers of Morris This would hardly be fsir. We maintdn indeed that the doctrines of Federalism are anti -republican in their tendencies but it would scarcely be gene- rous to assume or to assert that they are so in the intentions of all those who hold them. In grave discussions let us abandon the ex- aggeration of newspaper polemics and both give and claim justice. Yet we hear every day the extravagances attributed to a few ascribed to the whole body of the Republican party and those who frankly adopt the opinions of Jefferson and of Madison the philosopher and sage of- American liberty stigmatized by the most opprobrious epithets and calumniated by the most ungenerous impntations. It is a remark of Chateaubriand that in a country where all men write and speak we must make up our minds to hear patiently a great deal of nonsense. The human mind in its infinite modifica- tions is prone to exaggerations and extravagancies it has its day dreams and its waking visions its optical illusions and spectral hallncinations. The most unsound theories are often the most plau- sible sophistry is often more specious than truth. Talent and integ- rity are not always effectusl guards against the approaches of blse- hood they do but lend strength and zeal to the seductions of error. Clear perception of troth is rarer than the ingenious defence of fiillaey. It is more difficult to think justly than with brilliancy. Common sense is after all the most uncommon sense. To reason well is a rarer faculty than to reason much. For one man whose deductions are uniformly sound you will meet with a hundred whose opinions are striking in statement and hsppy in expression. This world is one vast academy of Laputa and that satire of the misanthropist has been drawn fVom truth. The race of projectors 10% Radicalism. October Tisionariei and experimenters is the most namerous and will never be extinct. Where the reason is weak and the imagination liveljr there ia no end to thti abortive progeny of schemes and apecula- tions. The mind teems with these '* erutchets and maggots of the brain " like the " equivocal generation " of the slime deposited by the river of Egypt. We have but to look at the Patent Office for the exemplification of thia in mechanics. There is not a madhouse which has not some votary to the quadrature of the circle the atcertainment of the longitude or the discovery of perpetual mo- tion. Throughout the civilized worid there are constantly thon- •ands who waste their whole substance and exhaust their whole lives in the effort to attain utterly unattainable ends. There are men who can acarcely creep who are ever trying to invent means to fly. There is no end to the deliramenta of the human mind. There is no limit to the more than Chinese puzzles of the in- tellecL Why then should we object to a little theory in polidcs or be surprised that human ingenuity or inventiveness should also take thia direction t It is a subject which rises in importance above all others i which includes all others in its settlement. It is that which concerns the well-being the improvement the property nay the very lives of men. It is one which daily comes home to our "business and bosoms. " The science of governmeni is para- mount to all others. It determines the character the prosperity the existence of nations as well as of individuals. Without good government there ia no security of possession no protection of law no permanency of enjoyment no activity of industry no de- velopement of the faculties and capabilities of hnman nature. Shal- low minds we know disparage the science of politics as one of impracticable speculations and cite with ignorant exultation the famous couplet of Pope — For fanni of goieniDMDt let finis conleH Whale'er i« b«n kdminiitered ii best' as if the poet seriously entertained the belief that all the modifica- tions of social polity were equally good and that an easentiftlly had government could be so administered in the long run as to promote ^e highest prosperity of a people. One of this class of declaim- era was once citing the remark of Fox that he who cauaed two blades of grass to grow where but one grew before was a greaier benefactor to mankind than the whole race of statesmen and poli- ticians. " What would your two blades of grass avail you in Tur- key " was the prompt reply. We make these observations to show that nothing is so well calculated to interest and excite the human mind as political speculations. Nor should we think too lightly of this spirit of inquiry oven ia its extravagancies and aberrations. There are doubtless many dis- coveries to make in lolitical science as there are without cuealion. 1638.1 JPolitical Philantkropy. 103 nany evils to be eradicated or at leaat milig«ted in the social stata. Thta spirit of investigation does not exist in vain and is not or will not be without its fmite. The visions of the last age have become he realities of this and opinions which are now deemed ab- surd and impracticable may to-morrow be adopted with success. There was a time and that not far back when religions tolerance was deemed a heresy in politics as in religion and the separation of Church and State the complete freedom of the conscience from legal fetters is a very modern doctrine and even now but partially adopted. Let us hear all sides and listen patiently to all opinions. Troth will be winnowed by discussion from the chaff of error and what is good and sound will abide for die initrnction and benefit of ihose who are to come after us. Let the fullest scope be given to human inqniry even should it to a certain extent shake the admitted belief and nnsettle the existing ideas of men. The attempt to fet- ter it bat gives importance to error and the force of resiliency to heresy. Mach yet remains to be learned and done. There are still mysteries to be unravelled and problems to be solved. We nnnot feel mncb respect for him who can sit down and fold his bands in contentment with what has been achieved. It is true that in every state of society much evil will exist much suffering will be inevitable. There will always be pangs which " neither kings nor laws can core." At all ^mes men have and in all times diey will suffer many evils and oppressions. He who thinks that insti- tutjons can be contrived which shall achieve the perfect happiness of mankind is wofnlly mistaken or rather labors under a fond delusion. It is the lot of human nature to suffer. "Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live and is full of trouble." But let not these melancholy reflecUons deter us from unwearying ^orts to meliorate the condition of humanity. Much can be ae- complished to which that which has already been done cannot compare in magaitude. - There are all around us refreshing indica- tions of progress and improvement and who will limit the march of improvement A spirit of inquiry baa been aroused throughout Ae civilised world which is directed to the social amelioration of man. When Beccaria first published his work against excessive pains and penaldes the idea of abolishing capital punishment for «Ten minor offences was deemed preposterous. Now there are flourishiag States where it has been wholly abandoned and with •dvantage. There was a time and that not far back when in the words of a lats writer to rot in a jail for debt was something ■lore than a mere figure of speech. Now the public attention which has been turned seriously to the condition of prisons has rendered them more efficient by reforming their abuses and the abolition of incarceration for debt has become a popular idea hsrisg even been partially determined upon in a country where the 104 RadicaUtm. October^ horrors of the Fleet and the JlKrihalsea h amp ve acquired a painful and odiona celebrity which will be enduring as our langna^. We cite tbeae few UlnBtrations out of many which might be ad- duced. No man of a philanthropic spirit can look around him without Beeing countless evih which it would be his earnest desire to mitigate or extirpate. There are Mdeoua ulcers on the social body which require the caustic and the kiufe of the political sur- geon — en«e reddendo. By day and by night the voice of lamen gt tation is heard upon earth and asceadetb to heaven. Cruelty oi^ preision injustice are yet rife in every land under the sun. What man who sympathizes with humanity can traverse the streets of amp crowded city without having hie feelings harrowed by scenes of the most revolting misery and injustice. He sees the palaee confronted with the hovel he witueBses superfluous wealth in actual contact with utter destitntioD. One man sits down to an Apician banquet while another perishes at his threshold for the want of a crust of bread. " One treads upon the carpets of Persia or of Turkey and bnrns the perfumes of the East in his vaulted halls " while another dies on a dunghill. On the one hand riotous opnlence on the other abject misery here the child of poverty driven to crime by the desperation of want there the minions of luxury stimulated to Tice by the very satiety of pleasure. We do not say that all these things can be remedied that these evils may be entirely cured that the inequalities of fortune and the causes of vice and misery may be utterly extirpated. But we do say that the man who can look and reflect on these things with htdifi'erence or withont a yearning desire if possible to remedy or at least palliate them is of a souU less and heartless nature. There is then much justification for those who are striving for social amelioraUons which even if unat* tainable are humane in the intention and desirable in the end nor should we lightly discourage that spirit which busies itself in phv lanthropic speculations.* • Let r.iDae wbo oeer atpolLiical philanthropy r« gt id the followiog extract from a loU French work s Treatiw upon tbs Education of Molhen of Familira by M. Aiisft Martin. " Tbs gmt miaGirtiuHi of oar viltogc* i gt tbe degrodHlion of womso by tbs labtm which belong o nun. bi their eaiiyiubncy they drive thsfiocks and gather the haireat. While young girli an imtind of coquetry and tbe fbreeighl of their motherB banish them from tbe rodei fatigue* of Kgncollim but as soon u they ore married every thing 'a changed they abandon the bouse and fbUowtheirhnibands into the Idda You aee than bent to tbe earth like machines or loaded with enor- mou* burdena like beasta. Then are pnmncea in France I do not mean AfHca where they are attached to the plough like the ox and the aia. Then their lian be* oomei wrinkled their features baeome maaculine and they amp U into a premature de- crepitude moie hideous than that of old age. Bnt while they are performing the t»- bora of the woman thoae labort which soften all othera tbey remain unknown or ne- gbeted. Nothing can bemorediity and moieunhealthy^an the interior of acotlage. Often hens ducks and bogs diipute tbe poseeision of its damp soiL The door «fKna into the mud and tbe windowi when there an any cqien upon the thmgheap. Google leS amp I Beneficial HfiueHce. 10 amp But we deem it eTen fortunate for our repsbliMn ayitem end for the interests of freedom that some ardent spirits exist who cany their ideas to the verge of extravagance. They invigorate and preserve the sacred flame which otherwise might become dim or even exUnct. Their enthusiasm animates those whose devotion might become sluggish from their absorption in sordid pursuits and material occupations. Their too ardent zeal serves as a check to restrain and counterbaUnce the opposite tendency to anti-liberal opinions which under every form of government exists in the very nature of many men. These opposing impulses like the centri- petal and centrifugal forces keep the body politic in its true and invariable orbit If one man is a leveller in opinion another is a monarchist in feeling so that there is a counterbalancing weight OQ the other side. Bnt it is chiefly upon the more sluggish mass of their own party that these radical democrats exert a salutary ia- fluence. Let justice be done to those who are stigmatized by the title of Loco-Focoa Reviled as they have been and made a very by-word by ignorant scoffers the doctrines whi^h they have " Hen it U bowcTer in a modbole tike i}iat of b Mvage in the midu of the gnml- iag of animal* Bitd iImu- offensive eilialuiona that every evening two bonsn be- ings come to reM llienuelves boat tbeir fadgues Hera no one welcomes tliani nothing agreeable meets Ihetr eyea the table is empty Bnd Ihe hearth is sold. And here too otber labors await the woman and before thinking of her huaband's nip- per and Ihe care of her chitdnn ibe must ittend to the stable and give food to tlM beasts. " Wbat a diffisenee would there be if abandoning to man the rode labws of the earth and confining her own to the interior of the house the woman by her grao- fiil foresight had prqjared every thing tor the hour of return. The blaze would qiarkle on the hearth on the table polished by her hejidi would smoke the nntrt- lioni soup and the high pyramids of cheMnuts and potatoee burning invitingly Bom their skins. The good housewifb would then never be seen by her hnsbnnd butin thenidslof abondsnee and sucrounded by the nailing flock of her ehildnn. Thus a genteel and easy lifb would become the life of a villager. But nothing pvea bim the idea of such happioeu he is ignorant of comfbit ibe charm ot eaieeaea and even the power of love. His children tremble before him his wifb diMds the vigOT of his ann. The adverBury and not the proteetor of these fedds bdagi he knows no law but Ibrce. The Un reason of the peasant in his t» tuit as vrll as the fields is generally the weight of his fin. " If we u« aaked for examples we will cite whole proTiacea the nebe^ as veil as . the poorest of Prance. Perigoid where Ihe women grovel in a state of dirt and degradation which re-acts upon the whole fkmily — Pieoidy and Limousin where repnlacd to the last degree as an inferior race they serve their husbands at the taUe witbont ever placing themselves at their sides — Crisss where they are mere ma- chines beasts of burden and labor — Lower Briltimy finally where the men wo- men and children reduced to an almost savage slate pell mril in the same mud eat the same bliuk com in the same manger wtlh th«r sheep and swine. Every when the degrsdation of the woman is the proof of the brutality of the man. And every where the bniutiiation of Ihe man is the re-action of the degradation of the wnnaa Bach is the situation of the peasantry in almost the whole of civilized Enrape." And tbis is in ia belU Pranc4 the land of gtUlsntry the ranowoed naln ofclui^ airy We think there is some mom for imprOTemenl yet. zecbvGoogIc 106 RadicalisM. October maintuned through evil report are generally lound and their prac- tice with perhaps alight ezceplions would make the world happier ind better. They are democrata in earnest and their opinionB when freed from the exaggeration of pasHion are Ihoie of enlightened pbiloaophy. Their political doctrines are thoae of Jefferson of Taylor and of Madison their financial opinions thoae of all the accredited writers upon political economy. We have seen nothing in their proceedings their speeches and their resolotions which when fairly understood with proper allowances should excite the apprehensions of the most sober-minded republican. We speak now of what toe have heard and read. They haTe been attacked by hard names and offensive calumnies but their errors hare Dot been pointed out nor their reasons refuted. Their doctrine Is simply that of equal rights they are opposed to those monopolies and exclusive privilegeB which all must admit are at vaTiBnee with the fundamental principles of our Government They wish to en- croach upon no man's rights to seize upon no man's property but they insist upon a clear field and no favor. They wish to secure to industry its just reward to the mouth of labor the bread which its hands have earned. They feel that there is no security for honorable toil under the fiuctiiBliona of a vicious paper currency which a diBlinguished Senator the head and ornament of the Fede- r»l party has happily described to be the most successful of all inventions " to fatten the rich man's field with the sweat of the poor man's brow." They see that practices and privileges have been permitted to grow up under our system contradictory to its letter and at war with its spirit. They know that our institutiona have not been suffered to work out those results which they should and can produce. They feel that the word of promise has been kept to the ear but broken to the sense. They insist upon all the consequences which can fairly be educed from the principles which are at the foundation of democratic liberty. With these convictions and feelinga is it astonishing that tliey should express themselves with eamestnesa and in the heat of the conflict as all men aro prone to do sometimes exaggerate llieir opinions T Is it surprising that the voice of passion should sometimes swell above that of reason when they hear the most absurd opinions and infamous de- signs falsely ascribed to them by their oppressors who under this cloud of obloquy would not only debar them from the recovery of their lost rights but even add fresh manacles to their fettered limbs T Surely not. And if ever they should in the frenzy of despera- tion realize the pretended apprehensions of their cold-hearted ca- lumniators who would be to blame but those who having first rob- bed them of their birth-right outrage their feelinga by adding insult to injury But there Is no fesr of this. They will not fail to re- conquer their rights by more pacific measures. Dci-zec by Google 1838. RevocaUlity of Charter*. lOT It has been attempted to attach much odium to the bo called radi- c«l democrats for holding the doctrine of the rerocabiliiy of charters. For this they have heen called robbers and violators of the public faith. These are bard words and should not be applied for slight causes. It is not our intention in this paper either to maintain or to combat the doctrine. Our purpose will be simply to show that imtional and anti-social n it may appear to use one of the cant phrases of the day } it is not original with these much vilified poli- ticians but has been held by men who would give authority and do honor to any opinion. It is well known to have been a leading doctrine in the creed of Mr. Jefferson who was won't indignantly to exclaim " Can the dead bind the living t" It is recorded in every page of the profound works of John Taylor of Caroline who treated the opposite opinion as both shocking to common sense and incompa^ble with the first principles of political freedom. It {b recorded by a distinguished gentleman that Mr. Madison a short period before his death spoke of this question as at least one of difficulty and doubt. The common fallacy that a consideration in the shape of a bonus converts a charter into an inviolable contract as If the essential character of a great political question conld be altered by the intentional addition of something foreign and adsci- titious we regard as infinitely more absurd than almost any doctrine attributed to the Loco-Focos. If the converse of the opinion held by ihem could find no more specious grounds the solulian of the problem would not present much difficulty. In England the Whig or Liberal party have always held and sometimes carried into effect the doctrine which is called radical with us. The debates lt Hi the East India and Bank questions particularly the speeches of Hr. Fox will be found smple vouchers for this statement. Lately in the BiiUih Parliament the discussion of the abolition of the Megro Apprenticeship raised a aimtlar question and it is singular to observe the almost unanimity with which it was msintainod that a great political and moral measure affecting such extensive rights and interests could not be regarded in the narrow point of view of a mere contract This consideration it was alleged might give an equitable claim for compensation but by no means fetter the hsnds of Parliament. We may mention also that the American politicians who take this view of the charter question have heen moat unfairly treated. They have been accused of intending con- fiscation and robbery and the fiict has been studiously concealed that they have uniformly contemplated not only a return of the bonus when a consideration has been paid but even a reasonable allowance for the damages or loss that may be inflicted by the re- vocation of the privilege. It may be stated further that in those cases where the State in granting bank charters especially has re- served the right of revocation the stock has not been considered 108 BaHcaliam. October^ leas deeirable or the inveatment leas safe. Tbere u an eDdre re- liance upon the public faith and honor and the only effect of the precaution which is certainly a salutary one is to put the com- paniei upon their good behaviour. We repeat it has not been our intention here to discnsB this question or take part with either side but merely to show that the opinion of the popular party is not quite BO irrational so unsustained by high authority or so novel* aa ia commonly supposed. On the subject of chartered immunities il may be well to obaerve that even in Great Britain the Tory Lord Lirerpool when Premier declared in his place in Parliament that the day of monopolies had goii£ by. This was Loco-Focoism in high places indeed. We now come to the greatest kumbug of all to employ a term which seems to be stereotyped upon the lips of our adversariest we mean the panic about agrarianism. We find it very hard to be- lieve that any body can feel serious apprehensions on this score. The community doctrine U so absurd and its execution so imprac- ticable that to make it an object of serious refutation is to give it too much importance. It ia an impossible theory. The agrarians of Rome from whom we have the name were not agrarians In the modern sense of the word. They did not demand a general division of property but the restoration of the public domain to those to whom it had originally belonged who had won it by their valor and from whom it had been fraudulently alienated. It was for the recovery not the destruction of properly that the Gracchi strove it was in defence of the vested rights of original possessloa that they perished. The ancient agrarians then were anti-agra- rian as the word is now understood. In fact no attempts upon a large scale have ever been made to carry out this speculation except in the Utopia of Sir Thomae More or some other founder of imaginary commonwealths. In the popular commotions of igno- rant ages the general spoil has been sometimes held out as a stimu lue to an infuriated mob but never we imagine as a principle of permanent political organization. In that furious insurrection of the common people in France known as La Jacquerie and in soma other popular outbreaks some vague ideas of the kind may have prevailed but the unreasoned chronicles which we have of these remote events do not enable us to estimate with accuracy their causes or their objects. One thing seems to be clear that they were sudden outbreaks of the poorer sort of people excited by accidental perhaps slight causes against long and grievous op- pressions. The obsequious chroniclers tell the tale of power reeking with triumph. We should like to hear both sides. If ever there was a revolution which gave birth to the wildest phanta- sies and the moat visionary projects it was that of France. All the elements and materials of the political fabric were thrown hack 1838. Failacy of the Ommunity Doctrine. IW bto ehaofl. No prejudice howerer boary with antiquity was spared no opinion howerer fortified by authority was respected do right however legalized by the sanction of Ages was sacred — sare that of property. Neither religion nor morals was unviolated by the thorough -going reformers of this terrible epoch the sacred bond of marriage that strongest ligament of human society was rudely torn asunder. Titanlike they scaled the very heavens with impi- ous defiance. Yet the sanctity of possession was respected and if the estates of men were ofteil cruelly confiscated and for trivia rea- sons it was never on the gronnd that all men at all times were equal- ly entitled to property in the earth in its fruits and those of Indus* try. That which withstood a Marat a Robespierre and a Danton has not much to fear from "Slamin Bang amp Co." The fact is that property is the foundation of civilized society as marriage Is of domestic morals. To talk about society without the basis of in- dividual posseasion is to talk abont morality without the ezifltenM of the conjugal tie. In the wildest state man has property in hi4 implements of war and of the chase while yet nomadic he rs- cognizes individual right in his horses and cattle and civilized so* ciety from its most incipient agricnltural condition is as mnch an aggregation of possessions as of individuals or families. The fallacy at the foundation of the community doctrine is thiSf that it contemplates the earth without taking into view die addition- al value bestowed upon it by the industry of man. Withont the improvement which labor has bestowed upon it this world would be a barren waste or a rank wilderness. What were the posses- rion of a continent without the application of agriculture and the arts It is labor which gives nearly all its value to the earth the Industry of man which does much more for him than all the boun- ties of nature. It is the opinion of some political economists De Tracy among the rest that all value is derived from labor and no one will deny that it proceeds chiefly from that source. To talk dien about the original and indefeasible right of all men to the earth is la forget the fact that it owes its wealth and its worth to the in- dustry of man which is chiefly stimulated by nay which would not have been exerted without the existence of individual posies- ■ion. There can certainly be no universal claim by nature or origi- nal right to houses and furniture and manufactured products and the improvement of agriculture even if It were conceded as it re- gards the mere soil which woold not however be very desirable without the labor by which it has been cultivated and adorned. Now it is only individual poBsession and the right of testamentary transmission of property which has induced or can impel men to make those untiring exertions which have converted the rude giAt of aatnre into the products of subsistence the means of comfort tiie commodltlea of luxury and the refinements of ctvilizatioD. 110 Radicalint. October. Even then conceding the ori^nsl right of every one to the earth u it came from the haods of the Creator this has erer since the origin of human society been merged by silent and irreaistiUe compact into the more important and indispensable privileges of individual pos- session. This is the oldest and highest of all prescriptiTe titles. What is the state of man by nature it is hard to ssy. All our spe- culations and reasonings must regard him as a gregarious animal and have reference to the socisj state in which he has existed from die earliest traditions and which alone comes within the purview of political science. But it is rather too late in the day to proclaim ibese trite truisms. It is vain too to vindicate them because people who do not at once recognize their conclusiona are not to be addressed by reason. The community doctrine has not the poor merit of originality or evea novelty. It has always been n seducUve idea when sincerely enter- tained to weak and amiable minds. The speculations of the ancient philosophy are full of it and if early Christianity fresh from die precepts of its divine founder "had all things in common " the practicability of the doctrine in the present age of the world seems incompatible with the erring instincts of humanity. The anabaptists of Germany and other sects attempted it on a small scale and in a mo* dified shape but with poor success. Among these are the Moravians. We know not how their political microcosm has fared in Germany but in this country they have been already compelled to abandon in a great measure the principle. The example of the Shakers will scarcely be appealed to for its support since it would furoish aa equally strong argument for the possibility of eradicating the strong- est of the natural instincts. This brings to mind an anecdote of one of the popes who when told by a cardinal with a dismal face that a sect whose principal tenet was the injunction of celibacy had sprung up and Uireatened the very existence of the hierarchy coolly observed "don't be alarmed senza amore non si riusce without love it is impossible to succeed." The wild theories of 9L Simonianism were almost too extravagant for apprehension and too ephemeral for notice. The homely experiment of Rapp and the more philosophical scheme of Owen have terminated die one in litigation the other in abandonment. Folly like diilneas never dies. As long as the world lasts these projects will he revived by the duperfl or the duped only to perish and be born again. They are founded upon an appeal to undying principles and feelings in human nature. These might be easily indicated and illustrateu but we have not time nor space for the task. Human commonwealths must be constructed with different materials from " the ants' repub- lic and the realm of bees." If agrarianism he an universal absurdity how much more is it SO in this country where land is so cheap and many millions of UD- 1638. 7h Democratic Creed. Ill ■ppropriated territory render poaseaaion ao acceasible to all. ETSti the accumulated wages of labor soon consolidate themaelvea ii^to property of some kind and it ia rare to meet vith a man who ia not has not been or will not be the owner of land or a house. To such circnm stances men find it much easier as it is more natural to acquire property than to make war upon it. That the impnta- tion is peculiarly unjust as applied to the democratic party is ob- vious from the fact that its strength lies chiefly in the yeomanry of Ibe country who are almost to » man property holders while the opposite influence has always been most potent in cities where the clasB of mere proletaries is chiefly to be found. Again to show that the tendency is rather in the opposite direction or the dBn ger fVoro the other quarter it must have struck ever one that aa soon aa the Opposition succeeded in propagating extensively the belief that the Administration was hostile to the rights of properly it was left in a minority and it is only recovering its predominance by dint of disproving the aecosetion. We would aak too whether the repoblican leaders are from character and position more open to the imputation of being adverse to order indnstTy and property than other members of the community I Look for example at the present Administration and acknowledge if it be possible to find men who from their habits principles and possessions present stronger guarantees against the auspicion of holding these wild and anti-aocial opinions T But we must bring this discussion to a close. It is the more useless because the imputation of agrarianism to any fragment even of the republican party is false as it is ridiculous. We have yet to see the democrat who deserves the title. The accusation is unfounded gratuitous calumnious. The allegation is not made with sincerity. Why labor to eonrinee those who have no con- victions The republican creed is clear and simple. It ia the re- tention of aa much individual liberty as is consistent with the secu- rity of each and the general harmony. It respects the persons the rights the property nay the very prejudices of all. It legislates not for individuals or classes but for the whole. It recognises no political distinction or superiority. It leaves to men the control of their own actions and pursuits in as far as they do not encroach upon the rights of others. The tastes the habits the amp shioDi of the citizen it does not interfere with much less attempt to regulate or enforce. It permits society to arrange itself by its own voKtions and leaves the associadons of its members to their respective elec- tive affinities. . It recognises no exclusive privileges no selGsh mo- nopolies but embraces all with indiscriminate protection. The demoentie creed may be summed up in this brief formula. As little government as possible that little emanating from and con- trolled by the people and uniform in its application to alL GooqIc October PAPINEAU. BT HlfB A. D. WOODBklDSI* * The duTgts agnioBt me ore bU of OM kind Ibat I hsTs pushed the principles of Jtutioe and bsnevDlanc* too br — further than % cButtoos policy voold wftrnuU and fiirther ihsn the opinioni of niEuiy Tonld go along with me. In ertty acci- dent which maj' happen Ibrou^ life— ^ pain in eoirow in dtpraMian and di*- ' CW M I will c^ to mind thi« BeaaHUion and be comfbtted. " ^DinnrD BcuSt At t let the memn the groT'ling braad thy name I Twill swell thy lofty trinroph. Such may bow Like supple reed before the breath of power But though it whispered round thee bland and sweet. Thou wouldst not heed the tempter. — Then it ewne As with a tempest's rush on thee and thine. But all unmoved tbon didst abide the shock. On honor's roek thy soul was rifled deep And atorm might howl around but ne'er o'erthrow. VnwaTering champion of thy country's cause Shrink neTer from thy high and glorious task. Till free self-goTemed from the stranger's thnll Released a young Republic shall arise. Star-crowned amid the nations and shall hail With praise and blessing her tried patriot's nam amp Still at the altar of bleat Freedom stand — Fearless and spotless its high minister — And tend the sacred fire thy hand hath lit lill it shall flame to hearen that beacon-tight Kindling with Its own glow each patriot heart. What though a clood now hides it from the riew Of the proud " Sons of Liberty " still they feel *Tifl all undimm'd and pure and yet shall guide To free and equal rights. ThatalUr's fire I Each patriot shall guard it~all who lore Justice and mercy press to heap the pile ^ And earth's noblHty who will not bow Opinion's neck beneath the foot of power. Shall atir the flame. And may it not be fann'd ^ By woman's feeble breath since in her heart Foil many a chord thrills deeply at lliy name I Albaht 13t amp FBhruary 1838. zecbvGoogIc THAYENDANEOEA.* PxK-EaiifBNT among the Indtaus ot the United State* dnriag the whole period of our colonial hletoiy were the confederated tribes of the Moh amp wlu Oneidaa Cayugae Onondagu and Sene gt CIS by the French eomnionly called the Iroquois and by the Eng^ U gt h the Five Nation* and afterwards the Six Nations in conae- qnence of the accession of the Tuscaroras to the league. When the French entered Canada they found these Indians where Montreal now taods and engaged in war with a neighboring tribe called the Adisondocs. This war continued with sundry Ticisai- tudes until the Iroquois proved at length rictoriout and the power of the Adisondocs was completely broken but meanwhile the Iroquois saw fit or perhaps were compelled by the operations of the French to recede along the St. Lawrence towards Lake Onta- rio by reason of which .that part of the river St. Lawrence bore the name of Iroquot* preserved in the treaty of 1783 in the defi- nition of the houndaries of the United States on the side of Canada. Establishing the seat of their power in the region of the Lakes Ontario and Erie the Iroquois drove before them the less energeUc or less powerfnl bands which previously occupied the country and spread themselves or their authority and influence south and west over an extensive territory which now comprehends New York Western Pennsylvania and most of Ohio. This great movement of the Iroqnuis displacing the tribes immediately in contact with them which tribes again pressed upon and displaced others beyond diffused far and wide a knowledge of the warlike bands whose advance originated the general distorbsnce of preexisting relations. Among the remotest Indians of New England the Mo- hawk was a name of terror. The fugitive Hurons and Ottowas bore the name and the fame of the Iroquois inland to the Sionx of the Upper Mississippi. Bnt that which above all other things dis- llngnished the Five Nations and which probably more than thwr soperiority in eonrage and prowess enabled them to overpower so many hostile tribes was their political organization. In general the Indians of North America have been so utterly savage as not to possess enoagh either of municipal or political organization to enable them to act together efficiently for any length of time as tribes and still less have their scattered bands been capable of as- *Li amp of Joseph Brandt— Thayendanegss including the Indian wu of the Ameri- can RcTolution. By Williun L. Btone 3 vols. 8to. New Yoifc. Publiihcd hf aMMieDMifaonftOa 1B3 amp TOb III. XO. X.— OCT. H 1 14 T^yenianegea. Octoberr •ociatiog together permsDentlf in great m amp Bflea for objects either of defence or of conquest in opposilioit to a common foe. Occasion- bII ^ and for temporary objects they hare been beld in leagu* awhile by the talents of a Pontiac or a Tecamseh but then have been exceptions to the general rule. Tbe Senecas Ononda- gas Mohawks Oneidas and Cayugas on the contrary exhibited the rudiments of a welt constituted and stable confederacy each tribe having its own Beparat« usages and interior goTernment but ail for a long period conducting great underttkings in concert for the common good. From union they derived the strength and spirit by and through which they vanqniahed or overawed th* Other Indian tribes and in the same way they secured and retain- ed the respect of the Europeaos of New Yorli and nf Canada with whom by their geographical position they were perpetually brought in contact At a very early date they became the alliee of the Eng- lish of New York against their common enemy the French of Cana- da and were of course active in the border wars of the norlhern frontier and thus they continued until the war of independence which divided their friends divided them and led to the dissolution. In effect of their confederacy and the downfall of their power. Thayendanegea by birth a Mohawk and of the tribe which by the castom of the Six Nations nsnally furnished the war-chief bad home arms in the French and Indian wars and other frontier transactions prior lo the Revolution and when the war of the Revolution broke out sided with the English and served Ihem ef- ficiently in the numerous incursions and detached conflicts of which our northwestern settlementa were the scene for nearly twenty years. We say twenty years for neither the hostilides of the Indians nor indeed those of Great Britaiu ceased nntil Wayne's victory subdaed and humbled the former and compel- led the latter to surrender the frontier posts which in violation of the treaty of Paris she had so long retained and to desist for a while from open machinations against our peace. During his period then Thayendanegea as principal chief of the Mohawks and of such others of the Six Nations as adhered to the same eanse was the active and indefatigable ally of England and enemy of the United States and bis name coupled with so many remi- niscences of savage cruelty of which he was the real or supposed instigator end agent has descended to our times invested with a bad eminence of peculiar infamy. It is diatinctire of the North American savages to follow usages of war at once cowardly and ferocious* to prowl around the soli- tary house and massacre its defenceless inmates to sbnn fair en- counters in the open field to bum destroy and lay waste in sheer Tindictivcness or wanton malice to slaughter women and children with nnrelenting blood-thirstiness and to glory in carrying off the less. TJiayenAanegea. IIB ■nips of sucking babes equally amp b those of manful oppooents won in the heat of battle. Now that theee things have passed away from our own doors — from the immediate neighbourhood of so large a part of the population of the United States — much sickly •entimenlality is wasted upon the men whose only pride is in the perpetration of such deeds and whom thtis far neither persuasion nor example has been able to reclaim from their inreterate habits of dissolute idleness in time of peace and nnmitigated barbarism Aa the leader of some of the fierce bands armed agwnst us by Great Britain at that period Thayendanegea we repeat by his English name of Brandt has come down to us in the histories of that day and in the tales of border tradition the object of execra- tion and of horror. Notoriously and unquestionably he was t commissioned leader of the Indian auxiliaries of Great Britain commanding a portion of those troops the mere employment of which at all was justly stigmatized hen and ever since aa deeply disgraceful to the mother country ^e was kriown to have been present as war-chief of the Mokawks in numerous scenes of mas- ■acre and carnage. In his case as in that of other commander* common fame whether rightfully or not held him responsible for the savage acts of his savage followers. All the contemporaneous accounts concurred in irapnting to him the traits of character com- mon to his race and his position or as Mr. Stone himself says "In the meagre sketches of his life hitherto published although an occasional redeeming virtue has been allowed by some anecdotes of treachery and blood have been introduced to sustain the imputed dis- position of relentless ferocity " and we may add that with all the light that Mr. Stone a most friendly biographer and the family of the subject have been able to throw upon the question too many of those " anecdotes of treachery and blood " are in point of fact nndenied and undeniable. And Campbell in the well remembered passage of Gertrude of Wyoming has expressed the ideas concern- ing Thayendanegea handed down to ns fay our fathers. Outalissi the Oneida chief speaks " ' But this a not the time ' — be itutad up. And mou h» bivast with woe-denouncing hand — ' Tbii ii no time lo fill the Joyoua cup — 'The Mammoth comes — the iw the noniter Brandt ■ With an his hawHog deflating band — TbcM cyea bare Men Iheii Uwie and burning pins ' Awake at once and ■Hence half jaai land. — 'Bed is the cup thej drink bat not with wine 'Awake O wietchl lo night or aee no mono w shine 'Senning lo wietd the hatchet for hii tribe lt "Gunet Brandt hiswelf I went lo battle fixth idtl'" Dci-zec by Google lis TJuu/endanegea. October This Rotoriona personage is the subject of Mr. Stone's work or rather in the execution of the original purpose of preserving tbs memory of the great number of interesting eventv of which tho Indian country of New York and especially the valley of the Mo- hawk was the theatre Mr. Stone adopted the plan of associating the history of those events with an account of the life of Thayen- danegea. Though called the ' Life of Joseph Brandt ' it is there- fore a much more extensive and important work including in part as the title page indicates 'the border wars of the American Revolution and sketches of the Indian campaigns of Generala Harman 8L Clair and Wayne and other matters connected with the Indian relations of the United States and Great Britain. ' Id- deed these ' other matters'— other that is than the life of Brandt^ occupy the chief part of the work and are of the greatest value and the more permanent historical interest and we should have been better pleased with the work if Thayendanegea had been a less prominent figure in the piece. He was it is true the most conspicuous Indian of that time and that section of the country he performed the acta of blood proper to such an auxiliary but his condition was that of a simple captain as he himself states vol. ii. pp.408 in the British service he played a secondary and subordinate part in the great drama of which he is here made the hero and he ia thus lifted into an apparent position of rela- tive importance altogether undeserved by him or any other of the savage instruments of the vengeance of England against her revolt- ed colonies. We object in general to the posthumous canonization which a misdirected sympathy as we think and erroneous impression of the facts is so prone to bestow on every savage who like Thayen- danegea or Oseola happens to diattnguiiih himself by peculiar ferocity A activity against our own people and our own blood. And in the particular case before us we see that the effect of making Thayendanegea the hero of a work of this magnitude has been to seduce Mr. Stone into an over-estimate of the personal character of Brandt and of his importance in history. Thus it is we conceive that much ingenuity and acuteneaa are expended in several instances in the attempt on the one side to disclose the mind or the hand of Thayendanegea and to do him honor in con- necUon with great affairs wherein his participation is either purely conjectural or imaginary and wholly subordinate and on the othept to free him from the generally received imputation of odium in refe- rence to smaller events within bis appropriate scope and sphere. This we think to have been a fault of arrangement or plan which though it may not impair the general interest of the work and may perhaps add to it is nevertheless a defect because it is injurioiu to aymmetry of design and beeaoH it introduees qtteitionable ttctM 1S38. T^ayendanegea. lit «nd Btill more qaeaUonable eonclusions into a book whose valiM and attractiTeness vill give to it an extensive cnnency and which fe m the norelty and original sources of much of its contents will possess great intrinsic historical importance. At the sMne time Mr. Stone has explored snceessrully a rich and prodnctive mine of facta. The valley of the Mohawk and the contiguous country west of it was the seat of the Five Na- tions. There the French and English so often met negotiated and made war. There it was that the Fire Nations the Romans of the new world as Caldero grandiloquently calls them displayed their eloquence and their bravery elicited by the conflicting rela- tions of their European neighbours of Canada and New Yorl. There in the long contest of the Revolution and in the Indian wars which followed were manifested all the traits of courage hardihood perseverance enterprise intelligence and patriotism which distinguished our own forefathers and the sagacity forti- tude physical endurance fierceness and btood-guiltiness of the •avages around them. Vindictive expeditions of the expatriated tones wasting with fire and sword the conntry they had abandon- ed operations of the inhabitants for the defenee of their homes and the support of their independence and all the vicissitades of bat- tle captivity and thrilling adventure belong to the local history of that region. In addition to which during the Revolution it was the scene of many among the most remarkable acts and bril- liant enterprises on a large scale of the national forces of Eng- land and of the United Colonies. All these things render the tract of country id question pecoliarly rich in historical incident. Mr. Stone having spent some of his early years in the valley of the Mohawk in the midst of localities marked by such interesting events and of those who had acted and suffered in them was prompted in the process of time to conceive the idea of collect- ing and preserving the papers letters and fleeting recollections appertaining o the past ere they should pass into oblivion with the generation in whose possession or memory those original ele- ments of history subsisted and the present work covering only the latter part of the period of his researches is the result of that design a life of Sir William Johnson the celebrated English agent among the Indians of New York being promised which 1^11 narrate the events of the former part of that period anterior to the Revolutionary war. In the prosecution of this task the author in addition to the mat- ter previously in print has had the use of a great mass of manu- ■cript materials consisting of journals letters and other papers of many of the distinguished men of that day including those of Qe- neral James Clinton of General Gansevoort of Sir William John- son and of Brandt himself preserved by his family in Canada. 1 18 'naj/endanegta. October Coanected with the local historf which Mr. Stoae hsi derived fh gt m the BOurceH indicated or from the communicatioaa of living peraonfl be has introduced from lime to time sketclies of the ge- neral hiatory of the Revolution. While the effect of thia may hare been to render the coiitenta somewtiat multifariotis it has given the work a more diversified interest by means of the great variety of incident and of personal adventure which it brings to relieve the graver events of war and policy. Without entering into all these topics which the limits of an Ar- ticle like the present forbid and reserving the liberty of Teeurring again in a future Second Article to this interesting work ve will endeavour to throw together in a continuous narrative the priniH- pal traits in the life and character of Thayendsnegea. Mr. Stone labours to show that Thayendaneges was a full-blooded Hohawk and the son of a Sachem whose name as communicated to him by the ehief'i family was Teho-wagh-wen-ga-ragh-kwin. This reputed father is said to hare died in the infaucy of hie son and tlie mother having afterwards married HU Indian calleil Brandt her son grew up with the name of Joseph Brandt The old popular Iradman however made him a half gt blood. His being the grand- aoD of one of the Mohawk chiefs who visited England in 1710 proves nothing as to his father because the chieftaincy in that tribe descends through the female exclusively. The point is not impov tant except as bearing upon the capacity of the Indian for cultiva- tion and improvement in the arts of civilized life it being notorious that very many of those Indians at the present time who have risen above the mass are half-breeds. Who Teho-wagh-wen-ga- ragh-kwin was does not disUnctly appear. Mr. Stone conjectures that he may be the same person with a Mohawk Indian frequently mentioned in Sir William Johnson's papers as an intimate of his by the name of Nickus Brant and yet he informs us that the tradi- tion in the family of Thayendanegea correaponda with the received idea that he derived the name of Brandt not from his own father but from his mother's second husband. On the whole little on this point ia certain except that he was bom in 1742 of a Mohawk wo- man the daughter perhaps of a Sachem and that his mother re- turned from a distant expedition among the Miamis and Wyandota of the Ohio with two infant children one of them Thayendanegea and the other a daughter commonly called Molly Brandt whom Sir William Johnson afterwards took into his family as his wife though probably without a forma marriage. This connection laid the foun- dation of the fortunes of Thayendanegea. Sir William Johnson became his patron employed him frequently in military and civil business among the Indians caused him to be placed at the Moor charity school in Lebanon Coanecticut under the charge of Dr gt Wbeelock and thus prepared him by educatios employments e^ zecbvGoOgIC 188 amp 1 'I%ayendanegea. 110 aacMtion vilh the English and hia own countenance to liae in doe time to be head chief of the Mohawks. We first hear of Thajendanegea in the field at the ugt of thir- teen under Sir WiDum Johnson at Uie battle of Lake George in 1TO6 and again in the Niagmi* campaign in 1759. Between thia ' time and the year 1762 but for how long precisely doea not appear he was at the Moor school in Lebanon. In 1TS2 we find him act- ing as interpreter with Mr. Smith a miaaionary among the Mo- iiawks. In 1763 he accompanied an expedition againat Pontine and the Indians of the apper lakes. During the long interval of peace which fallowed the eoaqueat of Canada by the English o«- casional notices occur of Thayendanegea residing at Canajoharie «ne of the castles of his tribe and grestly eateemed by the mis- flloneries and odier English who risited the Mohawk country for Ilia compararire cultiration his decent life his adoption of Chris- tianity and his endeavors to civilize and convert his countrymen. He continued also in frequent association with Sir WiHi amp m John- son and his family and after the death of Sir William in 1774 ha became the secretary of Colonel Guy Johnson the son-in-law of Sir William and his successor in the post of English superintendent of the Indians of New York. When die troubleB between Great Britain imd the Colonies be- gan and die spirit of resistance to the measnres of the mother country spread from Massachusetts to the other Colonies th« Whigs of western New York found themselves in a peculiar try- ing and crrtical positimi. They were surrounded by Indiana and in 4lie midst of thera were many loyalists some of whom the JohnsOTis especially possessed great influence. Sir William had enjoyed much personal popularity as well as official power. His son Sir John Johnson his sons-in-law. Colonel Guy Johnson and X^olonel Daniel Claus had sncceeded to his estates his rank and bis officisl emfrfoymente for while Gny Johnson was nude Indian agent Sir John obtained his falher^s commission of brigadier-genn- nl of the militia. They were actively supported by the Butlers another family of great wealth and influence in their neighbourhood. Both parties whige and loyalists looked with anxiety to the future tnovements of the Indians and endeavoured to gain their good will. The Oneidas and Tuscsroras it soon appeared were favorably dis- posed towards the Colonies under the influence of their celebrated missionary Mr. Kirkland or at least woald not take up arms in behalf of England. But the Mohawks part nf which tribe lived in Canada the Cayngas and many others of the Indians of the Six Nations sided with Great Britain. Among the eircnmstances which led to dits th« public relation of the Johnsons to the Indt* ans and the habitual deference they bad thae acquired was no- 4«Qbtcdly the principal one but another was the nlUaae« of Uw 190 TTu^endaitegea. Oetob«T family with the Mohswlu Uu-augh M0II7 Brandt the wife of Sir William — in all but the forms of law— ^nd through her brother Thayend«negea. Aided by the latter Colonel Johnson intrigued continually with the Indians io anticipatian of war imd when the war commenced he with Colonel John Butler his son Walter N. Butler and Thayendanegea retired into Canada to raiH forces. Thayendanegea assisted at several Indian councils in the eooiM 9f this period and finally at a council held in Montreal in July ^T7b at which Generals Carleton and Haldimand were present he at their instigation together with a large number of chiefs and war- riors who accompanied him enlisted in good earnest in the war against the Colonies. We pause a moment only to remark that it was the anxiona wish and endearonr of the Continental Congress as it was of the United States at b subseqnent period that neither English nor Amerieasa should enlist the Indians in their contests. Congress exhorted the Indians to stand neuter and to continue their ordinary pursuits without engt^ng for or against either parly. This humane pur- pose was defeated by England who set the example of aronsing the sarages against us and notwithstanding nmnerons efforts on our part to produce a different state of things has persisted from that day to this in her unhallowed policy to the destruction of the Indians themselres and the perpetual dishonor of he English oame. Prerionsly to actually taking the field however Thayendsnegea Tisited England early in the year 1T76 but for what precise oIh ject does not appear. Having returned ha was preseut it would •eem at the affair of the Cedars in May 1776 for though he ia not mentioned by any of the old books as active in that aflair yet he is known to have been of the party of Indians engaged there because after the surrender of Major i^erhume he exerted him- ■elf to aid in saving the life of Captain HcKinstry one of the American prii oners. In the following year Thayendanegea led a band of Indians across the country to the Susqnehannah and had an interview with General Herkimer at Unsdilla but without committing any serious hostilities drew off his men to Oswego where Bir John Johnson and Colonel John Butler were concentre ting a force of Indians and Tories. This was an ominous conjunc- tion. Neither the officers nor the men of the regular British army had in general any Inducement to carry on the contest otherwise than according to the ordinary usages of war. But the Indians employed by them were Indians still — savages in spirit and con- duct. And the refugee English compelled to abandon tfanr pro- perty and their homes in CMisequence of th«r loyalty or their at- taclunent to Great Britain many of ihem irritated by iusnlts as well 3 by Google 1838. 1 Vtayenianegea. 131 u bj loisei amp nd by exile carried into the mr the fierce passioDB of men seeking for personal vengeance. The forces at Oswego were deatined to advance npon the Mo- hawk country under Colonel St Leger aimultaneously with the march of General Bnrgoyne by Lake Champlain and to form a junction with the latter at Albany. Scouting parUes of the Indians preceded St. Leger. The Six Nations were now divided and in arms some for one party and some for the other and the great council fire in the Onondaga country was extinguished. St. Leger hill siege to Fort Schuyler. The Provincials upon learning the approach of the Royalists prepared to meet them and the conse- quence was the battle of Oriskany fought on the sixth of August 1T77 in which after a desperate engagement the Provincials re- mained masteri of the field though with the loss of their bravB commander. General Herkimer and many of his followers. Thay- endanegea commanded the Mohawk and other British Indiana in thia battle and they suffered severely. Colonel St. Lcger con- tinued to press the siege of Fort Schuyler however for several weeks when he was obliged by intelligence of the alleged ad- Tance of a large body of troops under General Arnold to retreat fr«m before Fort Schuyler and endeavour to join the main army by another route. While the defeat and surrender of General Bnrgoyne in October broke the power of the British on this side of the St. Lawrence and the lakes and freed the country from hostile expcdilions on a great scale the inhabitants snflered the more from the partisan in- cursions of the vindictive Indians and Tories. During the residue of the war Thayendanegea and his Indians often in conjunction with the Butlers were year afler year perpetually engaged in harassing the western settlements of New York and Pennsylvania. What Mr. Stone says of his operations in 177$ will apply to iha tubaequent years. "Whoivvcr abloweoaUlbeitniektoany advantage Joaeph Brandt was tun to be there. Frequcnll^ moreover werelhere initancei in which individiuUa and even whole families in the ouukjrts of the Mttlementa diuppeared without anjr know- fedge on the part of thoM who were left Uiat on tneatj hod been near them. The smoking mini of their dwellingi the chaired bones of the dead were the only teMi- moniob of the eauae of the caiutrophe imdl the leluni of a e^ilive or iho di«- ckMDres of Kime prisoner taken from the Ibe furniahed mor« daAnila intbimation." Hr. Stone adda " But there Is no good evidence that Brandt was himself a participator in secret murders or attacks upon Iso- lated individuals or families. " Thia remark is a singular aequel to "the charred bones" and "the smoking ruins " and the other evi- dences of midnight massacre jnst before described. - If Thayen- danegea is to have all the honors of being "The Great Captain of the Six Natii gt ns " and if in that capacity be for years crathutftd • ISil Tiayendanegea. {Oetobtr war of insaucre private vengeance and midnight pillage it availj little to show that here and there he rescued a prisoner from the hatchets of hia Mohawks. Nor are we to abstain from condemn- ing him and wait until women and children massacred in their beds or hnrnt in the confiagration of their dwellings shall arise from the grave to bear witness Against their murderers and to give *' good evidence that Brandt was himself a participator. " Our au- thor himself says "Wherever a blow could be struck to an^ ad- vantage Josepli Brandt was sure to be there. " Very well. Wtien did his Alohawks ever strike any blow volnntariljr except from am- bush or in midnight surprises with peaceful cultivators and help- less women massacred or made captive and burning hamlets and Tillages to mark the presence of the savage foe 1 Thayendanegea ve cheerfully adroit was superior to the rest of his tribe in culd- ration and in civilized tastes and tendencies and various well ao* thenticated instances of his humanity are adduced by Mr. Stone bnt it is impossible for the " Captain of the Sii Nations " their war- chief in all the operations of the war to shake from his skirts tha guilt of the long series of enormities perpetrated by them in New York and Pennsylvania. We have not space to go orer the particulars of all theae froa- tier outrages or do more for the most part than simply to ennm^ rale them dwelling only on two or three of the most important. Early in 1778 Thayendanegea burned and wasted the setUement of Springfield at the head of the Otsego Lake. In July of the same year Colonel John Butler led a band of Tories and Indians against the settlements in the Valley of Wyo- ming beat the Provincial troops who apposed him reduced Fort Wyoming and regardless of the articles of capitulation with tha garrison by which he stipulated to leave the settlers and their pro- perty unmolested suffered the valley to be laid waste the dwelHngt to be destroyed by fire and the inhabitants men women and chil- dren such as escaped massacre to be led into captivity or driven off to perish miserably in the woods or swamps. This is the fear- ful tragedy of Wyoming transmitted to us by history and poetry as one of the most infamous and d amp riug deeds of border warfara on record. It is the generally received account. In all the books of history BriUsh and American that Brandt was associated in this affair with Colonel Butler the ostensible leader of the expedition. This however Mr. Stone strenuously denies affirming that "he vraa many miles distant at the time " in proof of which he refers to ihedv- elaration of Thayendanegea himself and " the uniform testimony of the British officers engaged in that expedition. " We should have been glad to see this matter a little more fully explained. Where was . Thayendanegea at the timet How engaged I Who 1888.1 T^yendmegea. 133 ue the British oBctn referred to by Mr. Stone u the compurga- tor* of Bruidtt Only one of them a Mr. Frey is menlioaed by name. John Brandt a son of Joseph visited England in 1622 . and vrith honorable filial piety strore in corrcapondeace with Mr. Campbell to vindicate the memory of his father from the impn- latioOB connected with this matter which the poem of Gertrude of Wyoming had disseminated wherever the English language ii read. It is singular that neither the letter of John Brant nor the documents he laid before Mr. Campbell are given to us. We dis- cover their nnsaUsfactory nature from Mr. Campbell's reply. He says " 1 rose from perusing the papers you submitted to me cer- tainly with an altered impression of hii Thayendanegea'a charac- ter. The evidence afforded induces me to believe that he oAen firova to mitigate the cruelty of Indian warfare. Lastly yos a^rm that he was not within many milea of the spot where the bat- tie which decided the fate of Wyoming took place and from your offer of reference to living wilueBses 1 cannot but admit the asser- tion. " We aslt again how many miles off was he when the battU was foughtt Where was be AfTSR the battle was fought the next and the following days when the Indians and Tories ravaged the valley and drove the inhabitants to perish in the mountains 1 Who are the " living witnesses " of his absence from the battle even t When Gordon Ramsay Belsham Adolphus and as Mr. Stone candidly admits " every written history of this battle extant not even excepting the last revised edition of the life of Washing- ton by Chief Justice Marshal " when all these old accounts con- cur in representing Brandt to have accompanied this expedition the evidence should be very full and very circumstantial to estab- Ksh the contrary " in the face of every historical authority. " W« confess to be not very well satisfied as to the whereabout and the oc- enpation of the Mohawk chief^ the man always present " wherever a blow could be struck to advantage " on this occasion when his Indians were reaping such a plentiful harvest of blood and plunder among the blazing raiders of Wyoming. We need to see mon evidence on the subject. However this may be we find Thayendanegea in the course of the same summer actively engaged in ravaging the Mohawk valley- iigniiizing himself by the total destruction especially of the popu- lous settlements of German Flats though the inhabitants receiving timely warning fled before him and took refuge in Forts Dayton and Herkimer. And in November of the same year a party of Indiana and Tories led by Brandt and by Walter N. Bntler th« son of Colonel John Butler fell upon the settlement of Cherry Valley and repeated point for point the tragedy of Wyoming. The village was burnt to the ground whole families massacred in cold blood and all who buivItwI the tomahawk and the brand w«n 3 by Google 1B4 ThatfeHdanegea. { October made eapdre though most of the women and children were after- Wftrds released. There is evidence thyl Brandt saved one woman't life in the course of the affair but whether he or Butler is to be held chiefly accountable for the barbarities perpetrated by the In- dians WHS disputed between them. Butler's friends ascribed them to Brandt. Butler himself said in a letter to General Schuyler ' I have done every thing in my power to restrain the fury of the In- dians from hurling women and children or killing the prisonera who fell into our hands. I look upon it beneath the character of a soldier to wage a war with women and children ' Nay in another letter addressed to General Clinton he undertakes to say that both he and his father. Colonel John Butler were innocent of the com* mission of any cruelties cither at Wyoming or Cherry Valley The truth is the employment of Indians in the war at all waa the fundamental wrong for which the English Government is »• sponsible to past and future generations. Vfe may concede for the argument's sake that Brandt was as well disposed aa the But- lers Johnsons and other refugees his associates and that ia con- ceding much for in addition to being a refugee loyalist equally with them he was an Indian having the passions and sentiments of an Indian how much soever humanized by long association with the English. And Mr. Stone himself relates that in after life when still more cultivated and refined by habits of peace and by society Thayendanegea justified and defended the Indian nsages of warfare. Why then seek to free him from responsibility for out- rages which hu led on the Indians to perform and which h£ thought it right to perform T To illustrate this we shall give the next of Thayendanegea's achievements in Mr. Stone's own words. The village of Minieink being left without protection except by Its own people " Captain Brandt determined to make a descent upon it for the purptwe of taking both plunder and prisoner*. Aceordingly on the twentieth of July 1779 or rather dnring tbe night of the nineteenth Ou cr^lf Meiawt ttelt upon Ot xhrnfer- iitg tMm amp c Such wu the silence of their opproacb thu $neral AMun were alnady i% fianui utoi Ue MuiMUirUs avola la Ihtir tit^iatiim. Thus surprised and wholly unprepared »ll who could escape Bed in oonslemation leaving the in- vaders to riot upon the spoil Ac. " This atUek npon and destruction of Minisink professedly planned and carried through by Thayendanegea differ in mag- nitude only not in principle from the affairs of Wyoming and Cherry Valley. It was followed a few days afterwards by a bat- tle between the Indians and a party of militia from Goshen in which the latter were defeated and nearly all killed many in the fight and many others in cold blood after it was over. Brandt tomahawked Colonel Wisner one of the prisonera with his own hand for the purpose as he himself has since explained it of jmtting the wounded officer out of pain which out author de- ec by Google 1838. 1 Thayendanegea. 196 scribes BB " B MTage exhibition of humanity. " We think it was a Teiy savage way of manifesting beaeTolence. In the same year Thayeudanegea was in the battle of Newtowo where General SulliTan defeated the British and their Indian alliei commanded by the Butlers and the Johnsons. The ravages of the Indians continued in 1790. Thayendanegea himself fell upon and destroyed the village of Canajoharie and later in the year accompanied Sir John Johnson in a robber's ex- pedition against the Schoharie settlements. But we sicken of all these horrors of savage capacity and ven- geance. From their winter-quarters at Niagara and Oswego Brandt and his Indians and the Tories their worthy companions con- tinued their course of incursions into the back settlements of New York burning pillaging and slaying until the depopulation of the country or their own losses stayed their hands and the approach of peace put an end in that quarter to their bloody vocation. When the treaty of peace came out the Mohawks and other In- dian allies of Great Britain were disappointed to find that it con- tained no stipulation in their behalf. England had used them for her benefit not for theiEs. "Notwithstanding their constancy their valor the readiness with which they had spilt their blood and the distinguished services of their great captain Thayeudane- gea " — that is to say notwithstanding the alacrity with which at the instigation and under the orders of Great Britain they had for eight years dedicated themselves to a life of robbery massacre and midnight conflagration — notwithstanding "the disUnguished services " of Thayendanegea as the "great captain" of a band of outlaws and aesassins — they discovered as it was right they should that they must either abandon their old homes or remain at the mercy of the people whose habitations and kinsfolk thejr had plundered and murdered. Of course the Mohawks gladly ac- cepted permiaaion to occupy a tract of country on the Grand River of Lake Erie ready to be again employed by England when oGca lt sion should arrive in savage inroads against the frontier settle- ments of the United States. This concession of land was originally made by General Haldi- mand inunediately after the conclusion of die war. Brandt and his people contended that it was a grant in fee and that the Mo- hawks were to be treated not only as the owners of the soil but as an independent nation. This of course the Canadian Government could not and did not allow it having been a fundamental policy of England at all times to consider the Indians as dependent tribes subject to their power and as holding only a possessory use in the soil. Any other view of the subject would hare been fata to the peace and sovereignty of the country. But while England •dhend to this policy in Canada u iIm bad alwaya doia In Iht - J 136 T^fendanegea. October odier colonleB before their Beparation she spared no exertion to spirit on the Indians of the United Slates especially those Indiaiu - of the Six Nations who remained in New York and the verioui Indians of the northwest to insist on baring all the country north- weal of the river Ohio yielded up to them in full sorereignt3r hj the United States. To accomplish this object Great Britain nolwithstantling the treaty of peace retained the frontier posts along the St. Lawrence and the lakes and thus had ample facilities to inflame the hostility of the Indians and from the close of the revolutionary war until Wayne's treaty of Greenville a period of ten years her intrigues among the Indians leA no peace to our western settlements. Har- mand's defeat that of St. Clair and Wayne's victory are the great events which mark that sarrowful period. In the nnmerons councils of the confederated hostile Indians Thayendanegea was generally present sometimes the advocate of peace at others of war but contributing efficiently to keep alive the agitalidn of the Indians. In 1792 he visited Philadelphia invited by our Government to a council there in the hope that he might be persuaded to cease altogether from hostility to the United States and even to quit the service of Great Britain. He was an object of curiosity and interest to our people on his journey to the seat of Government like Black- hawk Oseola and other Indians in proportion to the injury they have done us but the aetllers in the Mohawk Valley could not so soon forget the wrongs they had suffered at his hands and were with great difficulty withheld from taking his life. He rejected the over- tures of our Government except BO far as to undertake a spectfje mis- sion to the Miamis. Nay thongh supposed or professing to be friendly to peace he and his Mohawks it now appears on the tes- timony of his family were actually in the field at the battie of the Miamis or as Mr. Btone says " one of the master spirits against whom he St. Clair contended and by whom he was signally de- feated was none other than Joseph Brandt. " Indeed his favorite object for which in part he visited England in 17S6 had been to combine all the northwestern Indians in a permanent confederacy under the protection of the English Government. We consider the facts and documents in relation to this period of our history as among the most important parts of this work. It contains an abundance of authentic original evidence of the most conclusive character in illustration of the fact so dishonorable to her that England was secretly at the bottom of the Indian wars of that period. We have not space as we wish we had to exhibit the correspondence of Governor Simeoe Major Matthews Sir John Johnson and other Canadian officers bearing on this subject. We will adduce one thing only as an example. In the spring of 1704 OoTemor Clinton of New Tork trwismitted to Oenertl Waihinf- 1838. T^yendanegea. VSt ton an alleged speech of Lord Dorchesler to the Indians matii- feslly hoBtile to the United States and totally incompatible with the neutral relations of the two nations. Chief Justice Marshall in the Life of Washington denies the authenticity of this speech and Mr. Sparks seems to follow his opinion. Mr. Stone settles the question. He had in his possession among the papers entrusted to him by Brandt's family a certified manuscript copy of the speech preserved hy Brandt himself. Other facts of the same class which his work contains are invaluable in their bearing upon our past and present relations with Great Britain. With the defeat of the Indians hy General Wayne and the trea- ty of Greenville the military career of Thayendanegea terminated. He passed the remaining twelve years-of his life in Canada except- ing a second visit to tlie United States in which as before he was pursued by the vengeance of those who had suffered in the Revo* lution by his followers and narrowly escaped being the victim of their matured and well founded hatred. In Canada he laboured for Ibe civilization and improvement of his people and his eflbrts to establish among them the institutions of religion deserve commen- dation. Re himself procured much of the ordinary cultivation and acquirement belonging to civilized life as evinced by his speeches and by his letters. But notwithstanding his endeavours to civilize his people nay partly in consequence of his plans to introduce white settlers among them he encountered some difficulties and complaints on iheir part. He was accused of peculation but ap- parently without good cause. At one time his opponents succeed- ed under the guidance and advice of the Seneca Chief Red Jacket in having him deposed from the chieftainship by a council of the Six nations. But he was afterwards restored at another and a fuller council and on the whole he seems to have retained and de- servedly the respect of the Indians and Canadians until the end of his life. A. few years before his death Thayendanegea removed his own residence to the head of Lake Ontario and died there in 1807 at the age of sixty-four his third wife Catharine Brandt surviving him. In 1795 his eldest son Isaac a man of reckless and disso- Inte life struck at his father in a fit of intoxication and in the sud- den heat of the aSVay Brandt drew bis knife and gave the son blow on the head of which he died. Though Brandt was ac- quitted by the public opinion of the English as well as of the Mo- hawks of the guilt of premeditated murder in this afl^ir yet the orcomsuuices were cbarncterislic of the spirit and the impulses of the Indian race. Other children snrrired biro and his youngest son John Brandt he correspondent of Mr. Campbell was desig- nated by his mother herself the daughter of a head chief to ne- ceed bit father m chieftun of the Mohawks. John Brandt wh n CJoogIc ISB 'nayendanegea. October* well educated niaa served actively in the war of 1812 in company with others of bis family and tribe and in 1833 vaa elected s mem- ber of the Parliament of Upper Canada. His election was dis- puted by his competitor and set aside on the ground that many of the electors who held lands in the Mohawk country under Indian leases were not freeholders. And in the same year he died of the cholera leartng the succession to an infant son of his sister Mrs. Kerr. Having in the course of this Article expressed our opinion of Bome of the leading traits in the life and conduct of Thayendane- gea we hare a few words of general eiplenation to add. He was undoubtedly a person of rery considerable natural abilitieB culli- TBted by education and circum stance a superior to the rest of his tribe in all respects a sagacious and brave partisan ofBeer a man of general intelligence and respectability free from many of the vices of character which usually belong to those of his race and possessed of many of the qualities which distinguish the civilized man. That he was Indian still in the basis of his character and that in those military erenta of the revolutionary times which alone have given him celebrity he carried on war as an Indian we fully believe and to a mere partisan officer the captain of a band of savages though in general spirit or individual cases he shewed himself more merciful than his foUowera we cannot con- cede the honors of a great man or a hero any more than to Sir John Johnson John Butler or Walter N. Sutler the companions of his marauding expeditions in New York and Pennsylvania. If we regard him as an Indian and compare him with such men as Pontiac or Tecumseh we must place him on a lower scale of native intellectual eminence. If we compare him with English or Americans we cannot perceive any cause to elevate him as a man above other military men of the same subordinate rank. The high- sounding names of chief noble and king which are so liberally appUed to the heed men among the North American Indians lead to most erroneous conceptions of the true relations of things. In 1T63 the Mohawks were computed to muater one hundred and sixty warriors in 1T76 three hundred warriors representing at moat one thousand or fifteen hundred louls. We can readily estimate the political weight of the selectmen or even the chief citizens of a little village of fifteen hundred souls of our own race or people and if he were a good man in his station we should honor him as such and not otherwise. And why think better of the head man of a little Mohawk village or tribe I Again — if that chief citizen of one of OUT own towns rose to the rank of colonel of a regiment of six hundred eight hundred or one thouaand men and performed f^od service in that capacity according to bis lights for eight years it would be doing all possible and more diaa true justice to th* 1838. FarewelltoaRuralReMence. 19 character and serricea of Thayendanegea to place the latter on tlw same Ice with the former. We comprehend why an Indian is by those unaccnatomed to the sight Bought after as a spectacle a rarity a show but whcD we ■it down calmly to estimate the character of a roan we oinst met- ■ore him by the general standard of humanity and not allow oar- selres to fall into the error of imagining that because he is of Indian blood in part or in whole he is therefore wiser or greater than the men of our own nobler Anglo-Norman race. The general presumpiton is the reverse always. And instead of wondering that Thayendanegea brought up from boyhood under the eye and favor of Sir William Johnson and habitually associated with English- men for 80 many years should have acquired a tincture of the knowledge and tastes of civilization the marvel would have been if he had failed to acquire it as the marvel now is that the great body of the Indians have bo long remained utterly impervious to all the elevating influences of Christianity and of the European arte aid mind. Doubtless the Indians have suffered in contact with ns but they have sufTered because of their own inherent vices of character and condition such as their obstinate idleness and apathy and their want of^ and revulsion from all political Institutions — in- finitely the rather than by reason of any fault of ours. It is onr miflfortune quite aa well as theirs that they cling so tenaciously to their native degradation. In conclusion we heariily recommend this work to the patron- age of the reading public as replete with entertainment and instruo- liun and en^tled to a place in every well stored libraiy. FAREWELL TO A RURAL RESIDENCE. IT xas. L. B. BIOOVItllBT. How beautiful it stands. Behind its elm-tree's screen. With pure and Attic cornice crowned All graceful and serene. Most sweet yet sad it is Upon yon scene to gaze And list its inborn melody The voice of other days. TOL. III. NO. X.^-OCT. I D.D.t.zea by Google FhreiBell to a Rural lUstdenea For here m many a yeir Ita rsried chart unrolled I hid me in thofle quid shades. And called the joys of old. 1 called them and they came. Where Ternal buda appeared Or where the vine-clad summer-bowu- Ila temple-roof upreared. Or where the o'er-archin{ grars Spread forth ita copses green While eye-brif ht and asclepiaa reared Their antrained stalks between — And the sqnirrel from the bough Its broken nots let fall And the merry merry little birds Sang at his festiraL Ton old forsaken nests Retnming spring shall cheer And thence the nnfledged robin send His greeting wild and clear — And from yon clustering vine That wreathes the casement nmnd. The haroming-bird's unresting wingi Send forth a whirring sound — And where alternate springs The lilac's purple spire Fast by its snowy sister's side. Or where with wings of fire. The kingly oriole glancing went Amid the foliage rare Shall many a group of children tread*— Bnt mine will not be there. Fain would I know what forms The mastery here slrall keep. What mother in my nursery amp ir Rock her young babes to sleep .— zecbvGoogIc 1838. Farewell to a Rural Residene*. Yet blessings on the hallowed spott Though here no more I alray. And blessiogs on the stranger^bahes Who in those halls shall play. Heaven hless you too my plants And erery parent-bird. That here among the nested boughs. Above its young hath sUrred — I kiss youT trunks ye ancient trees. That often o'er my head The blossoms of your flowery spring In fragrant showers hare shed. ThoH too of changeful mood I thank thee sounding stream. That blent thine echo with my thought Or woke my musing dream — I kneel upon the verdant turf^ For sure my thanka are due. To moss-cup and to clover-leaf That gave me draughts of dew. To each perennial flower. Old tenanti of the spot The broad-leafed hly of the vale. And the meek forget-me-not To every daisy's dappled brow. To every violet blue Thanks — thanks — may each returning year Your changeless bloom renew. Praise to our Fadier God High praise in solemn lay — Alike for what his hand hath given. And what it takes away — And to some other loving heart May all this beanty be The dear retreat the Eden-home It long hath been to me. Hartfobd Comm. TftttJ-sdoy Jun» 2Ut I83 amp ■zecb/GoogIc MEXICO AND TEXAS.' The publications at the bottom of thia page relatire to the campaign in Texas are from three of the most influential of th« Mexican leaders on that memorable occBsion and appeared al- most simultaneoiuljr. They are all calculated to throw a light npon the traneactions of the period in question and important on account of the various official documents by which they are illus- trated but there are circumatances that gire to the first of these pamphlets a peculiar interest. This contains a plun unvarnished and soIdier lt like exposition of the events of the campaign and among others of the massacre of Fanning and his unhappy com- panions in Goliad the whole odium of which daili aSair is shown to attach solely to Santa Anna. This aroused the hero of Tampico in his quiet retreat of Manga de Clavo near Vera Crux which he characterizes in his pamphlet as " el lermino di mi cerrera publics" the termination of his public career. Some however there were sceptic enough to doubt the sincerity of this declaration and the appearance of General Urrea's Diary has shown the reasonableness of such a surmise. Had General Santa Anna really considered his public career as terminated and been as philosophically indif- ferent to the future as he has professed to be Urrea's pamphlet would have raised no emotion in his bosom. Suchi however was not the case. No sooner did the publication make its appearance than Santa Anna and his partisans make every effort to suppress it and so effectually have they succeeded in doing it that the copy before us was obtained only by a happy mantenvre. Thu fact will lead the reader to conclude that in spile of all Santa Anna's pro* testations to the contrary he is not so indifferent to public opinion as he would fain have the world believe and that consequently he may as yet be induced to recal the asserdon "that his public career is closeil " •DIario Militar del General Jose Urraa durante la Prinwra Campona da Teju^— VidoTia de Duranga IS38. Mililnry Diary of GenernI Joa. Urrea during the flnt Tezae Campaign.} Manifesto que de sue Operociones en la Campann de Tejai y en su CautiTctio dirige ■ BUI conciDdadano* el Ouural Aittonio Lopa de Sanu Anna — Vira Cruz 1837. ManifeMo of operalioni in the Campaif^ in Texas and of bii capdritj ait dreaaed to his fellow-eiiizeni hj General Antonio Lopec de Santa Anna. Eaponcinn de loa operacionai en la Campana de Tgaa dd Qeoenl D. Vieeatt FHiBoU.—nftjiat 1837. Bxpowtion of operations in Dm Campaign of Texaa by Oenand D. VincnL E^Unta. zecbvGoOgIc I83 amp I Attack on San Patricio. 133 Among otli«r inriniMtions thrown out by that party against Geno- nl Urrea there was one calculated to cast considerable odium opon his character and which he foand himself called npon to rfr pel. It was more than hinted that he was in a great measure ro gt sponsible for the massacre of Fanning and his followers in Goliad and one of the principal objects of his pamphlet is to clear himself of this aspersion. Vfiih this view the General has given a detailed and very candid account of this painful affair of real value as mate- rials of history. This psrt of his work will not fail to be regarded with deep interest particularly by erery American reader. By the prodoction of these authentic documents a double act of justice is rendered — to General Urrea in the first place and after hira to the Mexican soldiery in general whose character for honor and bumanity was unsparingly visited at the time. In the simple and soldier-like statement here made General TJrrea will be fonnd to have folly exculpated himself fW gt m any participation in this horrid sffair and to have aatisfactorily shown that the whole odium of this most infamous and cold-blooded massacre falls npon Santa Anna. We shall at once proceed to give such extracts from General Ur- ree's Diary as bear upon this subject appending thereto the official papers upon which depends the authentication of his statements. The work being as remarked above not accessible to the public we are aware that the most copious extracts our limits will permit will prove acceptable to our readers none of whom can fail to feel an interest more or less deep in the subject to which they relate. Early in January 1835 General Urrea marched with his division from Durango and joined the President and Commander-in-Chief General Lopex de Santa Anna at Saltitlo. There arrangements were made for opening the campaign in Texas and Urrea received orders to march upon Malamoros and join some bodies of troops that were there awaiting him. On the first of February he reach* ed that city where he quartered till the eighteenth when receiving Information that three hundred Texans were advancing to the banks of he Rio Bravo he marched in the direction of the enemy his forces consisting of three hundred and twenty foot and three hun- dred and thirty horse with one four-pounder. On the twentieth he passed the Rio Colorado as he advanced northward the wea- ther grew more severe on the twenty-sixth they were overtaken by a heavy hail-storm and the night was so intensely cold that six soldiers perished on the route. On the twenty- a eve nth at three In the morning they arrived at San Patricio. Here we must allow die General to tell his own story ' " At half-past thm in the nominfc an aUsck wM mode upon the enemy in the laidft of a htavy Sill of rain and though they defeitded thenuelvn vigonnuly the gals wu forced Kventicn wen found dead and twenty-four made prisoDen and a Uadard and atcunnnitioni of different kindi ftU into our handa Not a liii^ oM •f the inhabitaiils sitfectd any detriment. Ataixiiii wiD lt iniiiig C^itainPMalia 134 Mexico and Texas. October came in with eight priuonen he had aitBclied b part of the cnnny in Ibeir nocat and left sereral dead on the Geld. I reccivrd infonnation of the approach of ■ Dt. Grant and Kut out acouta to recoDnoitre. I also learned ihat Colonel Fanning hdd the Fort of Goliad with more than m% hundred men and nine pieces of aitillery. SS and 99. Halted ia San Patricio williout any thing remai-kable occurring State of the fbnx under my coiDmand one hundred and ninetj foot and me bno- dred and eighty-three hone. JUarcA I. Siill in Ban Patricio where infonnation reached me hat Dr. Grant waa on his way back from Rio Bravo wiih a party of almiu fifiy choaen riflen»en. I ataited at nighl-fall with eighty dragoons in pursail of him A atnmg north- wind waa blowing and the cold exceesire I therefore delermined lo wait for tlM enony at Aguaduln ten leagues dinani from San Patricio by which place be would necesaarily paas. I divided my troop into ten porta and plaud them in ambatb. S. Between eight and nine in the nioming Grant came post and waa attacked and routed by the parlies wlio were commanded by myself end Cotnnel Garay. Grant and forty-one of hia riSemen remained dead on the Gc d and aiz men wen taken prisoners with their arms anitmrtinn and horses. I counterumrched upon San Paliido and sent off nine scouts in the dii-ecUon of Ooliod. 3 to G. In San Patricio recediing information from Goliud and uercinng the tioops daily. 7. In San Patricio where I was joined by the forces for which I bad sent to Maiamoros. 8. Had infbrmalion that the enemy had put himself in motion to attaek San Pa- tricio and marched in the night o meet him with three hnndrcd men and the fo4l gt - pounder. At ten league* distance upon the road to Goliad I put myself in unbuili vailing the enemy. 9. In ambuah upon the stream De lag Rotas. 10. Received notice that the enemy had changed their plan and wore preparing to march with fonv hundred men to snccour hose of their party beaiegeid by our army in the Forlresa of the Alamo Countermarched to San Palhuo and ordered the cBTalry lo attack the fbnnei on their march. 11. In San FLilricio. 13. ReceiviHJ i reply from the General-in-Chief to my despatch in wbidi I had announced the taking of the said post and the deftat of Grant. 13. Marched upon Goliad and learned on the route that the enemy had advanced B strong detachment to occupy he Port of Cdpnno and that they had baited in tha MisMon of Refiigio. Sent on Captain FrBtalia witli a company with orders to fbrm a diveraion till my coming up. Chose out one hundred horae and one hundred and eighty fool and with the four-pousder conlinutd the march during the ni^it leaving tlie remainder of the troops encamped on the stream ArsniaM. 14. At daybreak I arrived al the said Miasion where I found Captain Pretalia ia hee of the enemy who had entrenched Ihemaelves in the church. The moment they observed me tliey act fire to the houses in the vicinity. I cai-efully reconnoitred the point and leins convinced that I must sacrifice manymen the place being capable of an effpclive defend I immediately decided irpon investing it and upon harraaaing the enemy all that day nnd the following nighl in oider to saiprise ibem al the next break of duy. But the slailling accounts brought na by the inhabitants of the rob- beries and outrages committed on their persons and propeity eicilad the indignation of the oflicen and soldien to such a degree that availing myaelf of an occasion in which eighty men were sent out to fetch water and forage within gimeliot of lbs parapets I sent a pary of foot and another of horse lo keep up a running lire in order lo draw the reat of the enemy out of their entrenchment j but the eighty meo immediately withdrew within their lines. My officers and aoldiera showed be greateat eagemeaa to attack them and wiahing to take advantage of the enthuaiaiai of tbe moment I at once decided and ordered a column of infontry to cbarge aoi- Uiaed by the fire of the cannon which I bad btonght neat anoagb lo baluar dow» t638 gt Engagemtnt vdtk Faulting. 1S6 tba door of the chareh. Wilb the uiTBhy on Ui«ir fluik Ibey ulTonced io mch good order and with such Bucceu Bsto come wilhin wnpac«« of ihtoatMtrj wilb- out hafing one tingle man vounded. The enemy tlioagh at lirat eonfbuDded by be mOTCBMDt opened aliTdyfirouponourinrBntry the greater part of whom being MonuUfrom Yuceton could not mUsin it and fell bock nor could my exertions avail ■BbringdienfbrwaciiBgaja} and their na tire oflJcen who a few momenia berore had been all booitiug and arrogance diuppeored in the most nitical momeit. Tbeae loldieia with ftw exceiilioni do not understand Spanish and the officer* HMoquainted with their pUni {bund il diS gt cult lo make them understand the word aTcommand. The inbntry baTing fallen back upon n Iiouk and couit-yBidi eituaU d at fifl«eli or tvtiuy pacea fioni tlie church I ordered a part or the earalry at •light in ordv lo inqiirit Ihent by their example butoll wouhl notdo. Thecairi- ry oloas was unequal to carry tlie place. The moment waa urgent \ and I ordered ■ retnat which howerer could Dot be effected with the order that disciplined troops would have maintaiBeil. In the meanlime the foiir-pouader had been brought to within twenty pocei of tbe door of the cemetery and my valiant dragoons brought it off in safety. The night come on daih und rainy and the enemy imwilling to ttytha hazard of a aecond attack led their enuencliments and took he road o Qo- liad nader cover of tbe darkoesa. My troops were greatly fatigued they had been m the march Ibr ■ereral day* in stiecEasion and during the whole of ihia day bad been without food. IS. At dsybteak I foned the church deseridl by the many and ta lt 4c poaeeasjon d the poet the enemy had left six of their woundtd and some ftmilies of settlen a well as 10100 Mexicans whom they hod forced to join their ranka I despatched tbe whereof my diapoaable cavalry in puisuitof the enemy with whom bey had a brisk sklrmiah taking thirty-one priaoners and leaving sixteen of tbeir nnmbet dead on the field. IS. Leaving the wounded lo the care of Colonel Vom I marched wilb two htltt- dred foot and horse upon Ooliad sending a reconnoitring party in advance who tod btuteen piisonera and intercepted * courier amp cta Fanning." Ste D»t». mnt Xo. l.j Tbe infonrmtion contained in tliia intercepted letter determined Genenl Vrrea to make an eflort to cut off tlie communicaUon with Victoria lie spent the seventeenth and eighteenth in attempts to effect it and on the nineteenth came up with Fanninf 'a troop. H« bad received information of the approach of Colonel Morales from Bejar with three pieces of artillery and fire hundred men to join him that daf. Upon he strength of this assurance he determined to attack Fanning though in an advantageona position and backed by nine pieces of arlillery. At half-paat one in the day the attack began and woa for a long time sustained with equal vigor on both sldea. Fanning and his gallant crew fought with a spirit brave- ry and determioBtion worthy of a better fate and poured in their grape and musket shot so efiectually as to baffle all the skill of the Mexii»n General who however persevered in the attack under hope of the opportune arrival of the reinforcement in question. But hia hopes were disappointed Morales had missed tbe track end when on die point of sinking under the heavy 6re of the Tex* ■na Urrea with great courage and address threw himself into ths l gt ont line and ordered a general charge at the point of the bayonet which wu not withont its effect and served in part to tnm tbm CJoogIc 19B Mexho and Tixaa. lOctober fbitaiteof the dtcy. Night closed in and both partiea retired wilH In their lines mutually worn out with the toils of the day. Thui ended the nineteenth of March. The events of Uie twentieth w9 must allow General Urrea himself to deuil " MircA 90. At day break I reconnoLtred the oiemy's position an} bond it fim Bine u tbu of the night pre* iaui hafing hawe*er etrengihsDed hii entmichineiA by Mvenlceirtiaiid wagoiu u well u by the bodieaof a number of dead faoneaani axea 1 gsTe orders to foirn immediately aftei refreafaiDg ihe Wop at half ptM ■X the reinfiiKaiiBnl irbich us I hsTe said had ioat its way oame op and joined Bli they had with diem one twelve and two bop-ptiunden aa w^ aa a howilzai which I had directed to be brought. I ibimed a baOcry at a hnndnd and aerenty paces amp om the eoony supported by tbe c lt nnpames of the Cofsdoiw. 1 gave Mden that the remainder of the infanlry ihoold form a column which was M advance upon he left of our battery the moment it opened fire. The instant the fire was opened WDi the moTcmenl I hod oidend wai taking place the enemy wilhont offering any neistanes raised the white ilog. I immediately otdeted the firing to ceaae and de*- patched Lieutenant Colonel Holainger and my adjutant D. JosC Qonfales to learn the eneoiy's intention. The former soon relumed slating thai tbey proposed » oqiitutate. My reply simply was that I could accede to nothing else than an ub- ODlkditioiMil surrender and Sefiois Moralea and Solas hastened to oommonicota tba aame lo tbe enemy's commiaaionen who had already oome finlh amp mn their ■Urenefamenta. Some communications passed but desirous to terminate the affab aa promptly as possible I repaired lo the spot and repeated to the bead of the depo- lotion the impossibility on my part lo accede lo any other thing than a lorrender on tiie lerms I had already proposed f^ng obliged lo refbse subscribing the capitulalioB in three srticlea for which they asked. See Docummt No. S. Then turning ID Fanniag and his companions in presence of Seflora Moralea Solas Holnnger aud Others I definitely replied " If you are witling to surrender at discretian the thing is concluded if otherwise I will return to my post and liie attack shall continoe." Painful to me aa was this reply and deairoos aa I might hare felt lo offer them the guaranties which humanity might hare prescribed it was nol within Ihe limit of my powers had it been so I should hsTe gnaranlied their liTes at least on the spot. Fanning was a respectable mun and a man of courage a quality reciprocally prixed by aaldien in the field. His manners conciliated my e«eem and had it been in my power to save him aa well aa hia companions I should hare te\l gratified in so doing. All the aasnrancc I could maks him iras that I would interpose in his bo- half with the Ctenerol- in-Chief which I accordingly did in a letter from Quadalupe. "AOer my ultimatum the leaders of the enemy's forces conferred together and llw tesultof theirdeliberations wsitoBurrender on the tcrma proposed. Theyattheaama lime guT« orders to thoae under tlieir command to come forth fironi their breast-work and pile their arms. N ine pieces of orUlIery ibree ataBdords mora than a tbouaand nmsketi a qaontity of pialola nflea and dirks of superior quality a number of wag- cna and a considerable quantity of proiisions together with about Tour hundra prisonen remained in the handa of the army among whom were ninety seren wound- ed Fanning and othns of the leading men being among the number. 1 gaTeordera that the whole of them with their baggage should march to Qoliod guarded by two hoDdred infantry and that such of the wounded aa were tmable to proceed ahoiidd be conveyed in carta wagons and other vehicles fonnd in the enemy's camp. Twenly aoTen of their dead.oflhe day preTioua were interred together with eleven of our own. We had forty-nine soldiera wounded and five officers among whom was Captain Ballasteros severely. By s communication IVom Col. Oaray I bad kamed that he hod taken posseasion of Fort Goliad where he fbaod eight pieces of sitilleiy which the enemy had not been able locarryoff. On quitting this plaecrlhey bad aet fire to the houses on their route the more effectually to cover their ratreal. Having arranged every thing for tbe aolb conveyance of the prisoncra lo Ooliad 1 1838. Orders for SkooHng the Prisoners. 131 took np nr nwich fot Vidoris wUi he gtealM pan of iLe inftntiy gt I1 the dl^NW dileuTsliy and one finir-pouDder. My object wastopoMeMinyKlfofit m wdl « of GtutdsJupe before the enemy ahoiM anive then. I halwd during ^ nighl « Coleto ten miles diMant Srom that poat. SI. At daybreak I continued my match and al teven o'clock took poneauon vt Quadalape Victoria. SS. I marched with two himdied Ibot and fifty borae to ■ moonlain pua called Laa Junlaa. Hera I met with four men fiom Ward's cranpany wbo were in aearch af pniTisiona and fram Ihem I learned thai the whole band waa in anibueh in a ndghboariDg wood. I immediaicly Bumiundcd it and sent in one of the priionna to announce to hia leader and companiona that unleas ihcy lumndeled at diaCKlion they would all b« cut to piecn. Mr. Ward known under the title of tbeit colond de^nd to speak with me and after a few minutes' conversalion he with hie troop of He bundled men surrendered at discretion. I passed the night on Iha spot and a he tUlowing morning proceeded with the prisoners Ibeit arms and a quantity of pfotriuona to Victoria. 53. In this place I Teeeived adriee that eighty-two of tha enemy bad aoncndcNd in Copano with all their orma ammiaiitinn and prcTisioas. 54. S7. These days were passed in necrsaery regulationi in tefitlinf the troops^ mdin thecoreoflbeaickand wounded. On the iwenty-fitlh I sent Ward and hi* oompaniona to Goliad. On the twenty-aerenth between nine and ten o'clock in the tnoming I lecaJTcd a eommnnicotion from Lieut. Co . Portitlo military commandanl of Goliad infbrming me that he had received an order from His Excellency the Con^ ■DandeT-in-Chief to shoot dU the prisoners there and that be had reaoliHl lo camfij with tbe same. The order in queuion was receiied by Portilla at leren o'clock on the evening of the iwenty-iinh he communicated it to me the same date but neee» Brily it only come to my knowledge after the execution had taken place. Every Individual in tny divlilon was confounded at thenewa all waa amazement asd omatemalioa. I waa no leaa struck lo the heart than my compamons in arma who Oood there the witnesses of my sorraw let one of those present at that painful D gt » nwnt deny the fact. Moreiban ahundied and fifty of tboaewbolbrtanatelyranaiDed vith me eaeaped his cataiirophe consisting of ihoM who bad surrendered at C6- pano together with the lurgeona and young men whom I had placed lo tend on tha hoapiiala whose serricea a* well aathoaeofmany otbetaof hepriaoDerB wcrev ry bupottani to tbe atmy. The melandiDly event of which I hers q gt eak has caused a more than lt »diinr r ■nisiiliiiii not only among my own countrymet but among strangers the most di^ tantfVom us. Nor bare those been wonting wbowould fix the feorfUl reaponsibility upon me although nothing could be moi« clear and unequivocal than my conduct in i^ard lo this horrid transaction. Tbe subjoined Doctmienta See Pfe.S.^ contain the orders aeni me by ha OeneraW in-Chief relative to the fate reserved for the prisoners ordns which always appeared to me harsh and overstrained even though they were the forced i«*ntl of the barba- nus and atroeioua decree which declared thoae to be pirates whom at the aame lima It sought to subdue as citiiens of the republic strange eontradJction I the £nii of thM disorder by which this epoch is chancterizctl. I was anxious lo avoid so serioua a responsibility and with thia view I deliveitd TBtioaa oiders to Lieutenant Colonel Portill a empowering him o employ the prisoner* in the rebuilding of Goliad and from that time I proposed □ augment thdr number hoping that such augmentation might lead to he savingofthe whole not however that I ever dreamed that in cold blood and without any urgent Becesaily the dtead- flll spectacte would be eihibiird of a roasaacre repugnant to the laws of war and an outrage to the enlightened character of tbe age. Nothing could be more painfiil to ms than the idea of sacrificing so many gallant men and particularly tbe amiable Kpiriled and soldier-like Fanning. They certainly surrendered in Ihefbll eonfidencs that Hedean generosity would not be Mcrile in thnrngaid tbay MWmedly did M^ RS Mexico a»d Texa$. { OebAer ec otherwUa ibej would haTC milled to ibe lut uui K gt ld that Uth bi dcaily o ponibla. I WHS alive to all the faorror and diigrace of mch ■ lacrificc and did not fiul to exert all m infiueDce with the Gentra -in-Chief to engage him lo save tboa fiom the threatened csmage and more etpeciallj Fanning but kU I obtained from hia Excellency waa a aecious reply ataling that s cruel wnse of duty compellGd him to folion- oiit he order* of the Oovenunenl and rBtiPying his prerioua ordeia. £k Ifoetanentt Nel.5 and 6.1 Thinking no douUthnt labould camproiniss between my fielinga and my seiueorduty uTid Lhnl I should Ibereby eipoie him 0 he accaaationa df hii eneniiea he communicated these oiilers directly lo ^ CommandsDlof Ooiiad Ibclaeiagmethecomenlsorhislcller £w Documcnl KoA. What woa done by the Gommanduit will appear by an exl.i'3ct wliidi is ei^en from hia Diary Stt No. b ititnt in this ai well aa in his communi cations Set Na. 6. ami 1. the reasons are given that delenuined him in the paiurul position in which he was straitened and the coaSiding feelings with which he bad to contend. And yet even after the lamentable occurrence I received a letter from the Gieneial-in-Chief of thedateaf tits twenly-siith in which he says "I aay nothing with respect to your prisonere httTing elreiidy statfd my opinion as to the bte they ought to undergo haTing been taken with anns in their bnods." According to the exposition here giTen and bearing in mind that while this trs- gtc scene was enacting in Goliad I was in Guadslupe Victoria where I receiTed notice of the aame what could I do lo prevent iti and more especially as the fiual order for carrying it into eHecl was communicated directly to Ifae commandant of the ptacel To require tue to have arrested the alai Wow wouid be to exact an im- poasibility and at all events an act of inirepid insubordination which the stoutest- hearted among us are not always in a situation and in a tone of mind lo run the riskof commiuing. Should an Btteni t be made lo convict m« in another quarter by asking why I did not guarantee the lives of those unhappy men when it was in my power by gnnting them a capitulation when they sui rendered to me in Perdidol My reply would be that it was not within the scope of my powen to do so nor would it have been hono ible to the arms of the nation or to myself. Again I should have tendered myself liable to a court-martial Ibr so dojn^ inasmuch ai having on that day tlie advantage of the enemy botli in aumbcrs and position i could admit of do othn propo^ilion than ihnt of surrendering at discretion or trying the fortune of tho field. I feci CO Ltsi^ ions of tiaviog acted in this aSair in such a manner as duty de- manded and of wiiicii the result was not in my power. As to those who have jm- ■Dmed to say that I oflVretl guarantees to the party surrendering to rae they hav* Miid so witliout any knowledge of tlie Tucta. Note sr General Ubsii. — Since writing the above the " Manifesto" ofOMwrBl Santa Anna has fallen into my IiauJs. A very important error in page 49 haa Borprised me not a little. Itl my ofEcial acooutlt of the surrender of Fanning I had these words — " Lo estd igualmente el gefe Fanning sus companeros y mas de IT»- eientosBDldados fUf tf iJuJaiaR" iheru also is the leader Fanning his companiona Andmorethiin three hundred soldiera sJ lity ^y2« UnueJMi .■ instead of the words jue tr tUtUo/ian it stands. In the General's paniplilet " qoe cipitulibom " — vAo capii- tJaled. This error is sin'uhr as giving an entire new character to the transaction and I feel myself called upon to clear it up as otherwise it would be naturally io- ftrred from the tenor of the words that I had actually made a capitulation with the prisoaers at Perdido. 1 am willing to believe that there was no bad faith in tb* sdteratioo of the phrase and that it was a mere blunder either of the copyist or the mmpositor. The peruial of the «boye extracts and of the docuroenta bjr which they are accompaniei will we think serre lo convince every inipar^al reader that on Santa Anna and on him alone de* Tolrea the odium of the massacre of Fanning and his companiona 1838. Santa Annate Manifesto. 139 in arms. A cnrioBity will naturally be felt to aee Santa Anna's own explanation of the sHair and we are happy to be able to giva it in his own words from his 'Manifesto ' which now lies beforo ns dated from hie country-Beat Kianga de Claro near Vera Cruz. It is not our wish to prejudice the mind of the reader but were wq ailed upon to state oar impression of the grounds on which he has ' rested his jusli6cation we should say that they are any thing but aatiafactory. But let the reader judge for himself " Thii last erent ibe surrender and eiocation of Fanning and hU bllowere bat faeeo prodnMiTe of much CTil to myaelf and it i gt therefore neceaur that I should make a abort digreauon reapeciing It To avoid repetition I make lUU obaervation once for all — the varof Texas wis not onl^juat on the pan of Mexico but impa. ratiiely called tor bftbt uDdiiguissd character of the bostilily wUich proToked it- It is notorious that the aoldiRs of Travis in the Alamo tlioae of Fannin in Par- dtdo the li amp emen of Dr. Grant and Hooston bimself and the Iroops of Bao Jacin* u came with Tery few exceptions from New Oilcans and other poinla of tha neighbDuring Republic exclusivelf to support the rebellion in Texas having had no prerious relation with the colonials or llieir enterjirisea. " CotaiD MexicBOs poitiaani of the former ayslmn were led honestly to believe tbai the sole reaull of lighting llie Snmn of war in the Texas would be a political diBDge in unison with their own opinions a terrible lesson and a subject of etei^ nal remorse to those whom aiabition led to ao dciilorable a reiuh as that of perilling tlie integrity of their country's tenilory "' " Thia country was soon invaded not by a nation recognized as such coming o vindicate rights poaitive or auppoaed nor yet by Mexicans ted away by a political fimalieiam lo defend or attack the public adminiitrtition of tlieir country no it was invaded by men hurried on by the lust of conqueal with rights he leas apparent and pUoMble than ttioes of Coitea and Plzarro. As for those who raiard the Btsndud of revolt throughout the immense space which Mexico posspsses from Bejsr to tim Sabine what name shall 1 give them how treat them 1 Tiie laws ever in vigo^ aad whose strict observance the flovemnient eurnestly enforces term them pirates and banditti and the nations of the ararld would never hare forgiven Mexico had aba treated such men with the respect which is due only to the honorable the op- rigte. the respecters of the rights of nations. Till then I had enjoyed among my bllow-cititens ih« lepoiation preferable in my mind to that of a brave man— tha reputation of being humane after victories won. Bo completely unfhrtnnale Wat 1 destined to become that even the solitary virtue which my bitterest enonies new denied me is now disputed. I am repreacnled as more ferocious than tha tiger I wllo was ambitious to be distinguished hy nothing so mucii as by my clemency bl a country that yields to no other in humane and generous feeling. The execution of Fanning and bis followers Is the ground on which they accuse me of having be«li tMrbarous and aanguinary. I would appeal lo auch of my rpllow-citizens as hav* csciciaad the office of judges in criminal matters they will bear witness how often ny convulsed and faltering hand has signed the aentence of death while my tears have blotted the paper. The law commands and lo the mngistrala belongs not is oiBinination but its execution and if in the applicntion of the civil cods a philoso- phical indulgrnce can never be admitted how much iesa can it be allowed lo mingia In the councils of a General in the field I The prisoners at Qollad stood condemned by tha law by a universal law by llie right of self protect loo which every natiott ntd every itidividual enjoys. They did not surreiider under ihe form of capituls- tfnn as General Urrea has shown how then could I turn the iword of justice ftota Asir heads without directing It against my own 1 LMilbeBaid{lhangh Icotifea ftat such is not my opinion Ihai the lawiaunjoat yet to impute tha bamicidetD ~ not to the hand that directa it can Iheia be a Erealei Uink MO Mexico and Ttxas. Outsbet oant Tlie pri«n«im wen in the fai^teat degrae embcnwilnc otba toiTini«ndMa of Qoliad befbn taking to Sight they had Ml £re to the place nothing waa left in but the church io which to house the sick end wounded the sole eecunty of the gap ilson consulted in perpetual vigilance being greatlj interior in number to the priaoo- OS our proTisioni wer« baitljr sufficient for our own people we wen without c^ volry to conduct tJicni aa far aa Matamoros. All theae conaidenUiona urg«d by Urn CDmmandsnt of the pl^ce weighed heavily on my mind and landed to biaa my raw- lution. Perhaps for these considerationi alone these prisoners would have been led to eiMULion by the aimiea of more civilized Europe and in a war of nation againsl naiton nor would it hare oeen the first example of a sacrifice of this stamp to iha imperious laws of necessity and self-preaervation. Should I have tw^ailced between my duty and my incUnation and have pardoned hose unhappy men wbal ahODld I have done but trample upon the law arrogaiing to myself the invidious atlribut* of nirereignty and at the same time exposing thai detachment to a ready auipriaei Whieh in their desperation these prisoners might have auemplad. But then the death of those unfortunate men cannot be excused. Il has been said that ae^ltul»- tion was made and although the conduct of Qeneral Urrea contradicts ths asaet- lion I addreaaed the Supreme Oovernment on the subject begging Ihat an inquiry might be inatiinied U show that neither officially nor confidentially was any Icoow- Udge of the same communicated to me that had such been the eaae though General Urrea had no power to grant it I ahould have been induced on the aeon of faunuuu- ty to appeal to the soverdgn pity of Congress to deliver Fanning and his aotdtn* fiom death. With less motive and taking adraniage of their medicsl skill asTcral docloia were aayed from death as well as Ibcty prisoners who were employed in the □onstruction of different useful things. In fine eighty-six men taken in Cdpan4 vera saved I having drawn up a statement that it appeered certain Ihat they nevei made use of their hjois nor had commlued any depredation though taken with arms in theii hands and havmg submitted hesametoCongiees I entreated their cleoieo- cy. It has also been asserted that those prisoners were executed in a cmel man- MTi on this point I have also requested that an inquiry should be made aatOrmy- •ell^ I cannot be responaible for the manner in which the commandant at Goliad executed the law. One thing is certain that in my prison 1 was guarded by soma of boae who had escaped from the firing which was directed without order or concart Mid that I was cruelly treated by them and that on more than one oceaaion limy proceeded eo ar aa to threaten to assassinate me aa it was they excited against KM the moat ferocious feeling and were once on the point of hurrying me away to be siecnwd OD tbe same spot in Qoliad where the others sufiered. What conlribuled to influence this bad feeling were the pampbleta eirculaied in iHe capital aome ^ gt - potently worthy of belief in which it was affirmed aa a fkcl ihat Fanning had dieeted a capilolation which was violated by my orders. 1 rely entirely upon tha good SMiM and good feeling of my {ellow-citizens and fed assured thai aa heTeii gt . foe they have always seen nw humane and generous they will not change thdi opinion on iKcoaiit of an order with which I could not dispense without trampling on a law the obserrance of which the Oovernment had just inculcated by a defini- tlVB circular. From « desire to lessen if possible what might have be^ reguded w haiab in that law 1 wrote to consult with Che Government the answer to whiek ' fell into the hands of the enemy ihos obliging ms to adopt a course the more paitt gt fill o roe aa i have always had a horror against blood spilt out of batik." The BboT« io the only extract from Santa Anna's ' Manifeeto ' of which onr present timits will admit but his exposition of the tno- tlTei that led him to Washington Is so remarkable in itself and ths tesnlta of Ihat visit so neariy concern us and form bo cuHobs a chapter in the history of tite Texan affair ttiat we are induced to make It the subject of another article. We know amp om the very 1688. Ferocity of Santa Anna. 141 beet authority lliftt Santa Anna did not mah unadriaedly upon the eril irhich he labonra but wi^i so little effect to explain away. Ha was remonstrated vith by hia principal officers but more particu- larly by his friend and relative General Cos who in return for his frankness was repaid with insolence and abuse. They represented to him all the consequences of the cruel strange and most impolitic step he was about to take. They eiidearourcd to show him that though the Gorernment had in the firit instance put forth a njanl- fieeto strongly worded and highly colored in order to meet the exigencies of the time and act as an argument tn terrorem yet that it must necessarily have contemplated such modifications as were suited to new circumstances that might arise and they be- sought him to consult the Government before he proceeded to ex- tremities. It has been observed that "when the mind is made up any argument will suffice " and acting under such a bias SanU Anna endeavoured to silence all remonstrance by an appeal to the letter of the manifesto by urging the plea of a scarcity of provisions and insisting on the risk of leaving so considerable body of men to his rear guarded only by a handful of men whose services were required for other objects in a word by affecting to regard 'the insurgents ' as beyond the pale of all civilized institutions. The general conduct of Sr. Portilla under the trying circumatan' ces in which he was placed claims the attention of every friend of humanity but here is one circumstance in particular which should not be allowed to pass unnoticed. The reader will not have failed to observe the very general and indefinite character of the order sent to him by Santa Anna as given below t No. IV. It is so indefinite Indeed that the good Commandant of Goliad is uncertain what to do he hesitates for a moment and at last decides according to the humane dictates of his heart but so very uncertain is he as to the tenor and spirit of the order of his Commander-in-Chief that he still feels it prudent to call upon Gen. Urrea to save his responsi- bility in the affair. Nothing can more strongly bespeak the reck- lessness of Santa Anna in this dark afiair than the above fact So Intent u he upon arenging the wrongs of his country upon ■' these detestable delinquents " as he qualifies the prisoners of Goliad and to strongly does he identify them with the objecU of his personal vengeance that he stops to make no discrimination no distinction between men taken in arms and prisoners who surrendered unarm- ed and a literal interprelalion of his sweeping orders would have hurried into eternity nearly a hundred human beings more in ad- dition to the four hundred and forty-five victims massacred in cold blood A subordinate officer has actually to calculate the extent and qualify the meaning of an order from his Commander-in-Chief on his interpretation of the docament and the discretion exercised by him depend the livesof nearly a hundred Americans. Happily list Mexico and Texas. October however he has a heart more humanized than bis superior and tb* bumanitf of ihe roan triumphs over the sterner duty of the soldier. We make a. closing remavk. The perpetrator of the foul deed In question journeyed from the scene of Ijis guilt in the Texas through our Eoutliern Stales to the city of Washington. He passed through portions of the Union not the moat immaciilaie in their reputation aa far as a love of good order and a reverence for the laws are coa- eemed and yet his progress was unmarked not only by any act of outrage but by any marked violation of propriety. The reflections to which this fact will naturally give rise may not be flattering to the ci-devant hero of Tampico but they will be very grateful to th« heart of every American who loves his country and who augun in this good spirit an advance of civilization and a natural and in- dwelling spirit of humanity which no untoward circumstances can destroy. DOCUMENTS BEFERBED TO m GENERAL tTRBEA'8 DIART. No. I. MtreepttA HtpeOtk ef Fanning U gt Cet. Batm. From Sthcino Devukce March 14 1836. To Col. A. C. Hatom Youri or yeslerdny 1 rtceived late in liie eTening Join me B« early a» posubla with your two hundrid men. In spile of every olMi»cle 1 ■hall immediately miirch upon Victoria in compliance with the orders of Genend Houuon. Bring with jaa nil the cattle honea mules and other things you can. If we are not attacked liere we may be on our march. Never will we be wanting to the honor of the Texiaii arme which have bpcn so htillianlly witlileJ by tlia hands of Ihoae wbo have fallen voluntary victims in her cause. Send this vary night the wagona ajid baggage of which I stand in need. Remain firm to the prio- dpXta that have led ns to Teja*. Be our nar-cry Texas and Liberly— victory st death — TntTis and bis leicuel Yours most truly W. FiNKUta. No. n. Ot/rnnixTof tkc forett Jcmid %%Ciilia4 m44rtheBTdciie/ Mr. J. W. Panniag. AftncLi I. The Manean troops having planted their aitiUery at ihe dist^nre of one hundred and seventy paces and having o fiied their fire we ni sod the wbils Bag and instantly there came Colonels Motalta and Hnliin^^r anit to ti.vm ws plt^KMCd to surrender st discretion on the tcnns Ihcy should jiiiIl" siiiinlile. AxTTCM 2. That Ihe wounded and that the commander F.-nnin^ be treated withaUposaibtacoDaid«ratioB it being proposed that we should Iny down our arms. Abticlb3 That all the detachment ahiill be treated as prisoners of war and placed at the disposal of the Supreme Qovernment. The Plain on the ColeCe bttween Guadalupe and Bahi.i Match SO 1B3G. B. C. Walm lt e MnRE CokmeL J. M. Chadvt ce MjutaiU. ApiVOTsd J. W. PumiNO Comnander. Google t838. Docvmenta ^. 143 Addtd 6y Geatral Prrta. 'When the enemy ituMd the wliils Sag I sentto inronn tbdr leader tbat I could •dmit of no other lerma Lhan iboac of ■ucrcndeiing at dilcrelion without aoy modi- fication wbalcTer as agtted npoa throu^'h the medium of iIhmc gentleman leodon of the party theiein named nor can ttie other reqiwMa made bj the rabBcriber* to ttiot BDRsnder be nceivnl. Such was the dedaratjon I belbre made which nnut ba onmplird vUh nnee iMitbn can 1 nor oa^ht I to grant any oihei thing." Joaa Ubbu." No. m. In a KiieB of ord«r« ftoffl iha Commaoder-io-Chief is the following " In respect to the piiionen of whom you Bpeak in your last commuoicatioD yoa miut Qui liiil to bear in mind ihe circular of tlie Supreme GoTemment in which it li declared that foi-eignera invuding the Republic mid taken with arma in ih^ bands aliall be judged and treated hi pirntea nod nE in my view of Uia matlci every Mexican guilly of the crime of joining tlieM adfcnlurers loses Iho rights of k cilizea by bia unnatural couduct the file Mexican priwnen whom you han taken ooghl alao to suffer sa traittxa. Gebrai. QMontu Bsmr Mat tX Sd 1336. Antonio Lopei ds Sun* Amu. To □nnuL UutBi Csmman4tr »f lit Dieisien «/ Op*ratUti4 tipat gMad. ' Id a piirate letter of the same date addressed to me by the «ame is the followii^ pregraph " In regaid to the bretgnen wlio make war and ifaoae unnaiaml Mexieana who turn Joined iheir cause you will remark liiat what I Imve atainl to you officially ia 1b accordance with tite former provisions of the Supreme GovemmenL An ezampla tanecestary in order that those adventui'ci'smRy be duly warned and tha nation be deliTered fimn the ills she is daily doomed to suffer. No. IV. Abmt or OpBUTiom. Undeidateof the present I have stated to the commandant of tliepoal of Gtdiad By a communication made to me by Col. D. F. Garay of thai place 1 am m- ftrmied that there have been lent to you by General Urrea two hundred and thiny- fbnr piiaoneia taken in the action of Encinal del Perdido on the nineteenth and twentieth of the present month and as the Supreme QoTeroment has ordered that brelgnen taken with arms in their hands making war upon tbe nation shall be treated as pirates 1 have been surprised that the edrcular of the said Supreme Gov- anment has not been fiilly complied with in this particular I tbenfine order that yon should giro immediate effect to the said oidinsnee in reapect to all tboee fbreign. ers who have yielded to the force of arms having had the audacity to come and Insnll the Republic to devastate with Ere and aword as has been tha ease in Ooliitd oauaing van detriment to our eitixena in a word shedding tbe precioiM Uood of Mexican eatiieiu whose only crime has lieen ifaeir fidelity to thnr eoontry. I trust that in reply to this you will inform me that pubUc vengeance haa hem ■*' *''"' by the pnniahment of nich deteileble delinquents. I tnmschbe tbe said decree of tlv Govenunent for your guidance and that yon may atrklly ftilSl tha same in lite lealous hope that for the future tbe ptovisiona of the Supitroe Oortnunent viH not for a moment be infringed. Hud Qnurras Buis MarA S3 183S. AjnoMO iMta xmBixtt A»u. L IIbxu fc. fc 3 by Google Mexico and Texaa. B araafrem tie Diary of LiniietiaMt Cehnd Ptrlitta. MttrA 34 1836.— In compliBnoe with ibr oiden of Ocoecnl Unco I Mt Bbout i» boilding the piMe beguming wUb the bamuki ihepriaoDeniToriiiiigBnday.thoas ezccpud who bear the chancier of offieen. Their te amp der Fuming took his meal with me to-day beef and a bottle of wine. He drank to the be^th of Oenoal Urrea. I letumed him my thanka and reiponded to hia toait by driokiiig " Tb* Countr of be Meiicani.'' Thi* aaine day arrived Cokntel De La Vara wjtb twenty dragoona and thirty bot of Yucatan bringing in eighty priaoDera who had dbembaiked at Cdpaao and were made priaonen. gt MxTci 2S. — At seven in the evening arrived a courier extraordinary from Bejar from bi gt Excellency General Benla Anna notifying to me thet the whole of the pri- sonen who had surrendered hy force of enn* wet« inunediaiely to be shot c* *1 momaUa le paim per Iru arvuu with regulations as o the manner in which it wa lobe executed. The original of this communication I have preserved. I deterred it for both myself uid Col. Qaray to whom 1 communicated it thotxght of nothing less than of such a thing. At eight tbe nme evening came a eoorier eitra^mlinary amp om Guadalupe from Qenenl Uirea who said to me among other things "treat the prisoners with considerstion and particularly their leader. Fanning. Let them be employed in repairing the hotuea and in erecting quarteia and serve oat to than A portion of the rations irhich you will neeiva firom the Mission of Refugio." How cruel is my state of uncertainty my mind vacillating between these conflicting op- dersi I passed the whole night restless end oneasf in mind. JCircA ST. — At daybreak I came to a dcterminalian to ftilfil the orders of bis E» celleney he Commander-in-Chief considering him as he superior I ought to obey- I gave orders for the whole garrison to fonn and awaken the prisoners lt fbur hnl gt gt dred and fbny-five in number who were still asleep. I ordered the eighty of this class who had come from Cdpano to be separated ftom the rest inasmuch as theii «te demanded consideration because when invading oar territory Ihey were not token with aims in their handi. We fbimed otuseltea into three divisions — lbs first tmder the oiders of the First Adjutant D. Augustin Alcerriea the second tmder those of Captain Luis Bnldertu and the third of Captain Antonio Ramirei to these officers I entrusted tb« execution of he order of the Supieme Government and of the QeneriJ-in-Chief It was executed. A great struggle of feelings among the officers and soldiers — a profound ailencel Sad at heart I wrote to Oen. Urrea expressing my regret at having been concemrd in lo painfiil an sfl^ir. I also tent off an ofGcial account of what I had done to tbe Oeneral-in-Chief. Tbe eighty prisooers of Cdp^no are still alive and T aiked for inatmctions drom he General-iii- Chief OS to what was to be done with them." DiTiaioR OF Op^noHS Didriti cf Oaiiad. In oomplianee with the definitive orders of his Excellency tbe General-in-Chle^ which I received jlirect to-morrow morning at fbur o'clock the prisoners sent fay you to this fbiti«M will be shot. I have not venttued to execute the same sentence «D those wbo sarrendered lo Colonel Tsra at CSpano being imaequainled with tbe particnlBT dnamstonces of their surrender and I Inist you will be pleased to take upon yonradf to save my responsibility in this r^atd by interning me what I an to do with them. Oouin Mfutk 96 lB3a J N. la PotTiLU. To D. Jm Uuu OfMroI s/ Mnhm. GoLUD JUircA n. Hr Dub Gcm^ul I 6d very much distressed at what has OMatmd here n aoena enacted in cold blood having passed beibtt my eyes which baa fiUod me wilk 18S8. Bong 14B lioiniT. AHIeaniajr U tliuniy duty BaaBoldiBr and what lewelonyeonniiy miut be mj gauanUa. • My deu Oeneral by you wu I aent bete yon thmgU proper oo to do and 1 nmun hen in entire confbmiiy to your wiibea. I came ■• yoQ know ToluntBiily vUh then poor iDdism to co^wrau to the bed of my hum- bla mMUW for my cooatry'i good. No roan is required to do mora than is vithin the Kope of hia diililies and both they and myself have douUIess been daoed bees SB competent lo the porpooes you had in view. I repeat it that I am poifietly wilt- ing o do any tbing Bare and excepting ths woric of a public eucutkmer by raoeiT- ing orderi to put mora peiBODa lo deaih. And yet being bat a ■uhoidinals offiow ii ii my duty lo do what ia commanded toe even though repugnant to my ftdinga I am Oenenl yonr devoted and lincen firiand To OnBUL D. JoaB Ubiu. J. N. di u Pobiilu. MT OALLANT BTSBD. Awkjr my gnllutt Btwd away Freer and fleeter still thy ipring A mood that may not brook delay Thy master's breast ia feverio^ Of apnr to urge tby pandog side Tbon haat ia sooth hut little need. Or rein the rapid way to guide Thou 'st sped so oft my gallant steed I That bosom's erery thought and prayer Fnll well thon know'st where still they dwells Lightly as winged thing of airi Good steed oh thither bear him well A Bpirit still impels him on Be swift as spirit's flight thy speed — And well thy loyal serrice done Shalt tbon repose my gallant steed I No moonbeam on onr lonely path Sheds gently down her silvery light And dark the tempest's howling wrath O'erclonds the star-gemmed brow of night Bot little or of chill or storm Hath that fond bosom Ihonght or heed. While still the flame can light and warm That horns within my gallant steed I TOL. tn. HO. X. — OCT. K Dci-zec by Google ALL THE TALENTS. A PITER-PINDABIC ODS. Odk woithy fikodE the Fed- •Enl* Whigs Natiicfl Nuioiiala a Biddle msD Or Thatao«TH other nuna H amp y enter in the bMtd Of W-bb or Philip H-ne tbeir latMl tpoDBOiB Aj worth their while to claim At giviuf them another chance to diddle men. With the belief FrtMn time to time that thef ue not the Mme Aa Iher wen once urt Ant that thejr bare turned over a new leaf. And bavs eniirdy done ain With all their old idea* of aiiatocracy And if the dear democikcj. Whom tbey are aoiT7 they lo oft hsTe cheated. Will hot Ibrget how they 're beCire been treated And juH consent Oood-naturedly to give thdr TOtea To the old wolves in thmi new abeqMldn mate Bdiering them aincerely penitent. And take them once more into fovor To try them on their new behaTimr — Indeed upon Their word of hon lt •Or they ahall ne'er hare naaon to repeot I'm no great tickler For title* nor diipoecd to be particular. And if it pleaae aU To be their own godfUhera and godmothen Tbey may be whale or weazle mU-footedbirdorbeaat ITuf-ane Whig Or anjr othen B^inniog with W Little or big. Whan 7« enjoy the perfbros of the rose ' Tod needn't let it tronlite yon ThM k were eoUed B atiokweed if it chow. Borif a Should hjLppen to get dnmk And nudvtake lo call itaelf a ciTct And on its affidaTit awear With M imbbuhing a complexion Aa a Whig ehalleoged Tote U an eleetka C^ooglc AU the T^ilentt. It WM eulirdy chan^ in form and featnie And by that name imelled nurelloiuly urecUr Are 70U bouud 10 believe it '. A trace thoagh vith audi ' odoioua oompuiMiif ' And to retura to when oui Ode bepne ThcM DiodeK ** Oim" — I tnut tktt lh gt t generic neaie will esver all Wbetber they're Webster's Guy's w B Stretching like one wide blanket over all Those oddly mixed bed-fellows — I've my doubts Whether with all th^ knack at tunung They'll erer turn tAat name to that af" Ins " For which they've been so laog and fbadly yeanUof These modest Outs I say Win not be iBtJafed Sir With claiming all the piety Decency learning mimey and sobriety Of which it is well known iheyVe the monopoly Bat they insist besides Sir That by the grace of God they prt^etiy. With an inalienable right and tide Or a possession which they choss to call so Owit Teiy nearly if not guile " Au. TBETu.EnTs''alsol Tben/ssnidd taw in the democratic ened. That htntOf't Ikt mi^ policf— It oft has lerred vs well in hour of need I And if the Whigs would but reflect a mioule They also might the Iblly see Of any other principle But still somehow the dwce is in it AD their ezpedeoce has not made them senaible Of thia plain proposition. For whether fiom obLquily of vision. Or lore of oppoaition To ttny thing a demoerat may aay —Although I grieve to hart ia The least thdr feelings — it is very certain They never have been able yet to see This simple truth exactly in that way But giving it just the reversing twist They always wilt insist. That pMon't lie mdy kontttfl But as however. We still profess to stand by the old maxim b the old-fitshioned way and to endesTOnr To prove it too our acta in Wb must St least be honest aa Tve uid il Being in the long run Tb« ndy bene it '■ saA to bet i^Mi. Dci-zec by Google All the Taientt. October And tbBrefbra wa ihould fiurly pjt than ocdil Foi hot lupenoritjr Of 'lalenta' vbich they raally do poawu And in a Tccy high iegrtt. We give itte very I gt " — bit due And tbereiora I muM boiuMlr ooii1«m^ I coiuiotHe Why we ■hould not lo Whiggwy Uot Tie undeniable then And I've no diepoeition to deny 't They do axhibit eiety day ■ TUmli' to which wecanmakenopntensMO Kor vge a ehadow of a claim or right Of competition vilhlhem in that way — Thia «« uniH frankly yield without oontoUioiL A little for ODT party to the nine I ibould be liable then To the nnpleasani ciurge of being a etntefaer in My ilateiBeiila — in one woid of Fletchering. And though that ii a name that 'i toaMcd At Whig carouaala with miich Aat- •Teting bonot yel lueh la the odd noUon Sir That ftom the ninth commandment I hare got I 'd juM u lief be routed. Or jump inu gt the ocean Sir When ' boiling like a pot ' Aa have my name aeaociatad with that I Imprimu then there 'a no denying The mnirelloua ' talent ' that they have for bfnigl For ceilainlj Ibe Ikcl ia That thia accomplishment they dnily pracdM Upon a scale that 'i really quite mbliine And ao eihauMleaa the variety Of Iheii newspaper lie« i gt — liw of all ihi^iea complexions aorta and him^ New-Tamped and poliahed up from time lo lima " That ihey would atuff The Momach of an ostrich to satiety. And scanatimei fairly torn it— they 're «o longhl TliDQgh it IB said to be so fond Of dilM knives nails and such like bagatellea. And then aa lor Iheir speeches — amp om a B-ll'a Down lo the dirty dtibblinga of a B-nd I dan not ondeitakn to speak t 'Twould take a week Not would a vohnne be enoagh To do tbem Jnatlce in thi* point of view WUch I •hmild ftal in bonor bound to do. To tell n bandaMDa II1UI19M Google An the TalenU. Reqoiiw Kme genius I would have ywi know HtiHiig it Matlj with a lecoud plumptr —Which U ihg nOe Wbaa ehalleaged oe the Bret one if jroa go To Mr. n-teh-t he will leH you ao. But jiuc to ipeah the limple M q gt id Initb Why that fbnoolh Anjrmera Poluwattamis* or fool Can do witiwut erer having been to aiiboal. To CDCeccisalhia' talent ' then withapirit la tbs Whig politician'a graaUat MsriL Kindred to thia an aereral puoot ohm — Saeh aa the 'talent' they diiplay toip^ngi Making thaii absUaweit apeakera finer onea Than all the grealeat namea of ancient alory Fonrer Taunting Each of tMr ' yoathfiil pnidigiea ' Wbo haply may diq lay Some daent 'talent 'in the H. K. tot ranting Wtlk doe proportion mixed with that of e«« Mf DwMBadoaa of the ailly igiire be b colling as the new Demoatbanea Of our Ueit land and day The ^ory and the pride of Whiggory. The poor ' jroiuA ' ttnffing With inch abanrd cooceil of hia own g^ory. That on the firat oceaaian He g«a a liule Bnrried at a dinner Or Champagite edeferatioii The unlucky ainner Belbn high hearen anch tricka hntaatie playa With hia unruly tongue. And Ihrong hia llen'a akin eo loindly bcaya Aa to become eiceaaiTely ridimloiu Hakea hia own frienda aahamed a whole month after. And ftmiahea material ta tickle ua With Loco-Foeo laughter For twice aa long. Snah too theb well-known 'talent ' Sir for bragging Which they diaplay In ifty way a fr om Mr. CI— On all occaaiona dragging In by the head and ahoiddera aome bold boeat Even at the cooitoona table Wban one ahonld be a goitlcnian if able Coolly condoling with hia hoM That ha ao aoon mnat knk For other lodging-rooma at K-nd-A-k M Whig name At ■'hoge-pawed' denoeialie frrmar. Goo ^lc All the Talenia. While jb viU role the rout In tba While House by foir Potomac's tide } From bold bhiff Harr of Kentucky Wbon galluit skill at " Brag "'b bisMgbeU pride In which I hope he is moie lucky Beaidca not plsyiog- oS the same ' odd tiieka ' Ab inthe gon^Kng of his politics DoTO CO tlie pimieit irhipster ofibe pne gt In his rqmit Of erery elacdon " ViCTOHr " And matten of thai Boit Tki* ' talent ' ■Iso- we moH needs eonftsi Id b lemsdceble degree. They certainly poaeess. Not oagbt I tv omit their ' taleiit ' Drawn frwn the laine ilhutrioo* eiami^ For svtarmg — in amp style so bhiff and gallanl. When they would be perticulaiiy polite Tie nially charming qnileF I dare not grre a sample For fiar that il might shock the Muse's ear Wbo does ool often bear Soch ' winded words' by Hdicon's eAA menntabv Nor amp ir Castalia's fountain. Where she is wont to roam. She might indeed be fcand away. And na relam to me for many a day. Were she to hear me say. "0 d you Ma'am go hamof And Adapts of iwnring — lien's no saying What are the limita to their versatility For they possess no less abihly In the congenial 'talent ' too i^ praying. Til said that Mr. CI— at the next sesaion lotands to nin for chaplain should he try it 1m Will surely be elected for in piety —We can't refuse in candor the confiMSion — Bis Bpeecbea beat the parson's prayen all hollow —To malte Dp for their plent- -Ifbl defleiency of ar ument. And then be nay. Oh happy Mr. CI— t Repeat hie prayen in public erery day And for rariety "O d " the Speaker in the H. R. one day. And preaeh a aennon there the next if Sunday Should chance to follow. Beaidee haring many an occasion. Well worth the Irying 3 by Google Attthe "Lilentt. Onr tlM WMB qf thi* btnigfalcd natioOt Ta whom it will bo Ttry edifying Of ihoving off hi gt ' talent ' loo fbr eryitig. 80 theicfiini worthy Mr. Sliotr On nejn " First Monday " Youll not aueoipt to be A candidate for yonr old chaplaincy If yon taha my advice. Sir. Among thdr other ' talent* ' U AnotlKr yet in which the balanra ia. Beyond dispnte all on theii aide — 1 mean in fittux^ng In which thejtjujtly take a gentlemanly pride. Wilneae oh B-ddl- D— n-ng B-11 and C-mpb-4I And M— ry who didst get thy qiumUm mff in Leas than no time — Or if ftom Mr CI— it be no crime An ' elegant extract ' just for «nee to borrow In good plain Bngliab didU gel pmnmelled d^^ wdL I hope thou bait recovered from thy brniaea And that no longer man The Mom yet weepa at Ihe aad tale of bottow Thy oountenance of twenty difieieat fanes i«l Being a itionger man Strong I ahontd think as half a dozen oxen And clearly loo a better hand at baling Thy brother Whig in mauling thee so aodly Did uaa thee mrj badly — Bapadally as Sunday morning Upon the " Honorable" Honae was dawning — And though a Loco-Foco I would gladly Have aaen him pot the stocks in. Nor with ths fist Alone are they accomplished thn* in dealing — They haTS on equal ' talent ' with the Puf- -01 when they can Inflame their chivalry with the safe foding That 'tis an nnamied man With whom they have to do —Eqieually if he's gray-beaded too— Oh then these gallani Hotspur* of young Whiggery Can bring him np before them in Oommit- -Tee — eilting aa his jirig es Call him a rascal knave and rogue. Sir— ni treat him In styb which I must really call atrocity — And if a hoir's-breodth more than they 11 permit —So quick B« they upon the trigger— ha His elbow nudges They'D shoot him like a dog Sir — zecbvGoOgIc dotober. And toch the Wdor of tlnir biars flioeit^ I ■bonldn'tbcmrpiiKd if then they'd cat himi In fhct Sir this is A fimiiil« 'talent ' that ot6%aying Which they do sometime tnily in A very gnUaat style— 'irhcD fbrtune send* One who will medcly beer it In tba troe Christian Bpirit Which when one cheek ie tmoie the other Icdda. But if the ettempt. Sir miraei. And be tdina nnmd with anezpected Bponlc and Treeli them ■■ Gh-l gt -n did or D-no-n Oh then the word " quick march— right aboot amp ce t " ii And DOW I'm thiokiiip. It connM la the Wlugi be quite Bfreeable And they ere mt a few That take delight in the Democratic Reriew To Ueten thna to their own pruee* Pieaented in ■□ many different phases Which must if any thing coald be able Tinge with a bluah of modesty their phiEzes — I say I'm thinking. That after corering them with so much glory Aa die has dooe already this is A lit place for the Mdk to fold her wing. And tberefbre she will dose the category Of ' talent* ' which ahe haa essayed to sing Unworthily I know though ten anion With one whieh— there's do blinking Tba sad acknowledgment — they beat na hollow in _I mean in drinLing Why some of their late feala in swallowing Were done on so magnlEcent a scale I know the Mosa wculd wholly fail Were she to don the hi^ aUcmpt of oIIowiDg Oat tba sublimity of tba " great occauoD " Whsthar in lyrio aong or prose narration. And therefore ihe knocks under Qnies ovecpowend with admiring wonder. With this advice by way of ptroisticn — When you infite a Mt to dine Of pioiiB pilgrims who Iuitb such a nice seas* Of eonteienee {or the temperance of the people At to ferbid {be inning of a ILcenoe On a Miall scale to tippte — Provide your vine -^yoa wotdd not be dmnk Sir out of bouse and Home— by the MMMMdl Google THE INDIAN 8UMHGB. To a reaident la New England the very name of Indian Snmraer calls up BO many eflflenlially poetic images that it is difficult to ap- proach the subject without permitting the thoughts to run riot over the fairy Bcenes which that ieason presents and we marvel not that it has suggested to the muse of America some of her most brilliant effusions for it would require no great effort of the imagination to perceive in its balmy and buoyant air a portion of that divinus affa~ tua of which the old poets spake. But it is our object at present to describe the Indian Summer In ■ober proee for the benefit of those readers both in the Old World and the New whose good fortnne it has never been to become eye- witnesses of its beauties and we must tberefore strive like the Cunuean Sybil — Magntun pectore eicoHissa deam — and confine ourselves as far as may be to plain matters of fsct. The temperature of the last two years owing to the proximity of Halley's Comet or to some other cause not yet explained has differed so materially from the average of previous observations that the ms- teorological tables published during that time supply us with no accurate data for our present investigation. It will be sufficient therefore to state in general terms that from the end of Angust to U e end of September the thermometer announces a gradual and constant dimination of heat but that in the early part of October a strange interruption occurs to the progressive fall of the mercury and when in the natural course of events we should be led to antici- pate a still farther increase of cold we are surprised to perceivoi that for two or three weeks successively with a few slight ezcep- tioDSiBn elevation of temperature is experienced to a degree greater in many cases than the average of the first week of September — sometimes as great as the mean of the month of August. This seeming anomaly of Nature is not peculiar to the American continent Abrief season of heat immediately preceding the rigors of winter is observed in all or nearly all the northern countries of Europe and Asia variously designated as " the latter " or " second summer " the " afler-heat " the " summer- close " and many other like terms in which the same idea is embodied differing only with the idioms of the various languages in which they occur. In Ame- rica however that season is marked with features so distinct from those which characterize it in other countries as to entitle it to S separate consideration. In the Old World indeed it is accompanied IM tU Indian Sammer. October viUi few disdngniBhing phenomena beyond the mitdnOBs mnd eoft- nesB of the air which from the gradually incraasing obliquity of the aun'8 nys at that period of the year we ihould ao little expect to occur. Bat with us the "after-heat" is attended with circuni' atancea of no common intereat and beauty. In New England espe- cially it it a rich and gloriona seaaon in which Nature would aeem atrnggling to withdraw attention from the decay which is stealing upon her by the increased gorgeousness of her apparel and the spring-lijce youthfulness of her voice and air hiding moreover those defects which she cannot otherwise conceal by a thin veil of mild and imoky haze which " SolUiu dcnrn tha hoar anitcnly Of nifged desolation and 63ia np Anvwilugapa— — ■" which increasing infirmity has begun to reveal upon her countenance. The most peculiar characteristic of this Second Summer consiata in the wonderful and beaatiful change which takes place in the forest. This feature however though it continues throughout the whole of the Indian Summer's brief reign begina strictly apeaking to derelope itself at an eailler period. The first sharp frosts which occur about the latter end of September or the beginning of Octo- ber are the agents by which this change is effected and it is not uncommon to behold the leaves of a whole forest with the eietf- Uon of the Evergreens passing in a single night from their natural color to every possible shade of yellow bTown and crimson. The aap becomes frozen during the night generally by a deposite of hoar frost on the leaves but the alteration of color does not take place until the following morning when as the snn rises the frozen sap is melted. The dense white vapor which rolls lazily away from the forest as the morning advances reveals the sudden change. At the withdrawing of that curtain the Oak shows its deeply tobed leaves transmuted to a pale brown a chocolate brown or a deep crimson inclining to what painters term Indian red. The Birch and the Willow appear of a pale straw color sometimes mingled with a slight tinge of brown and sometimes retaining a mixture of the ori^nal green. The Wild Poplar — the Aspen — exhibits its on- qniet leaves of a yellow tint approaching occasionally to orange and fhwn color. The Elm bright yellow or pale brown. The Sycamore changes to a clear bright brown. But perhaps the Ma- ple contributes more largely to the dying glories of the forest than any other of its children. Its broad leaves flash forth upon the sight robed in every intermediate hue from bright orange to the deepest scarlet while the clustering berries of the Ash of a paler shade of red and the crimson leaves of the Shumach and some other trees blend with a fine middle tint the Oak's more sombre pink and the Maple's brilliant hues. These many colors mixed up with the dif- zecbvGoOgIC 1838. T%e Indian Sammef. 160 fennt BbadM of green which the eztensiTe family of GrerfreeiM diaplky preient a conp-d' lt eil which must be seen to be fully appre- dftted. On canvass It la impossible though the attempt has fra- qnentljr been made to convey a correct idea of such a scene and ibe most glowing verbal description does not and cannot succeed in placing it in all its strange beauty before the mental eye of one who has not looked upon the reality. Where the forest occupies a gently ascending slope revealing to the eye the tops of the various trees rising above each other in almost imperceptible gradation this display of Nataire's handy-work is beheld in the greatest perfection. The effect is still further heightened if the sun is just beginning to sink behind the hill which is covered by the forest. His oblique rays passing through the differently tinted leaves wonderfully enhance their brilliancy and the spectator is startled at times as the more gaudily colored trees rustle and quiver in the ligtit wind widi the idea that the forest is on fire. This change of the leaf occurs as we have already stated about the latter end of September or the beginning of October. The consequent beauty of the forest continues however until the early part of November though the leaves are liable to fall from the first thoment that the frost haa affected them and many do indeed amp I1 daily especially from the more isolated trees. Where the forest is dense they are more protected from the wind and the progress of destruction is consequently slower but by the middle of November almost all the deciduous trees are dismantled and stand if we may misquote the poet Wuh all tbeir fading booon thick armaid than. The Oak however is an exception. Sturdily does he resist th« spoliation of the wintry blasts and retains his leaves until the win- ter is far advanced. In fact it is not unusual to behold " the mon* arch of the woods " respectably clothed in a suit of sober brown as late as March or April — emblem of the decayed gentleman strug- gling against the blasts of adverse fortune and supporting almost to the last a decent exterior. It is generally admitted that this beautiful feature of the autumn landscape is pecutiar to the American continent and several rea- sons are given to account for the fact. The frost undoubtedly acts upon the forests in other northern countries as it doeq in this inas- much as those forests like our own undergo "the change of leaf." But the European trees do not exhibit in their change that almost infinite and gaudy variety of lint which is so remarkable in America. In England and probably throughout the continent of Europe a sombre brown and yellow are the prevailing colors the Oak the Chesnnt and the Beech assuming the former tinge and nearly aQ the other forest trees fading to a pale or a brownish yellow* after IS6 7%« India* Summer. October the frost has sttacked their le amp yes. The American forest is prind- iwlly indebted to the presence of the Oak end the Maple for its dis- tinctive feature and it is probable that these two children of the woods are of a different species from the Enropean. The English poet who so minutely describes every change and characteristic of the varied year makes no allusion to any other than a gloomy and sombre change of the leaf and thus speaks of the universal innm- neas of the autumn in England "Bat K« tbe fading inanr-colouTtd woods Bhade i eq gt 'Diiig over shade tlie eoantiy round Imbrown ■ crowded umbra^ diuk and dun Of BTcry hue from van-declining green ToMotydaik."— It ia evident that such a description would present a very incorrect idea of the American forests dnriDg the continuance of the Indian Summer. With us the brighter hues predominate yellow orange crimson and scarlet blend beautifully into each other the brown merely serving as the medium or half tint to make the harmony of color complete. Scarcely has nilnre become enveloped in this gorgeous winding sheet when the other characteri sties of the Indian Summer begin to develope themselves. The temperature of the atmosphere during the hours of sunshine becomes milder than it has been for weeks before. There is a balmy and voiuptuoUs softness and stillness in the air resembling the early days of June. There is not wind enough to shake from the trees the leaves which hang from their branches by so feeble a tenure. A thin smoky haze floats over the whole face of nature softening and blending distant objects and combined with the tints of the neighbouring forests giving a warmth of tone and coloring to the whole landscape. The sur- face of the ground also partakes of the hues of the woods. The ftUen leaves scattered about in rich profusion as thickly as those "which strew the brooks in Valombrosa " form in spots where the wind which showered them down was thrown into eddies a variegated robe to conceal the withered grass and the decaying flowers. The sun though pale in the meridian height at bis setting is tinged with a ruby gleam which is reflected from the windows and which suffuses every object on which it is thrown. The moon also wears a blush as she rises and the planets which hang in the flushing west wear a more golden aspect than ia their wont. During this brief return of a genial and serene atmosphere if a few mild nights successively occur it is not unusual to behold the young Birch trees which are amongst the lirst to yield up their leafy treasures bursting their newly formed buds and making a second though fmitless effort to clodie themselves with green. It 1838. T%e Indiax Summer. 157 nrely hnppeiu however that more Uuia three or four sights paas eooBecutiTely without frost so that the young and tender learefl can 011I7 just unfold themseives and die. The first cold night breeze nips the nntimely birth and they fall upon the decaying remains of their predecesaors. It would seem that the soft hazy calm which characterizes our late autumn or Indian Summer is not altogether unknown in En- rope. Thompaon in describing those phenomena which as h» says " give the season in its latest view " seems to allude to such a feature in the English autumn MMntims light shadowing all a tober calm Fleeces DDboundod ethei whoM leait vbtb Stands trtmoloui nnoanaiB when to tuin The daw7 ikiitad clouds imbibe the inn And through tbeii ludd veil tail Mftsmd linoe Sbed o'ei ttie peaceful worid." From the description of the season we turn to the question what are the causes which produce this phenomenon T We believe that DO satisfactory reason has ever been advanced to acoount for the existence of the Indian Summer and until we have made further advances in Natural Science it is to be feared that the subject muat remain amongst the " res incognitas." The most probable hypothe- sis which has yet been hazarded is to the following effecL It is well known that water when passing into the form of ice gives out » large quantity of its latent heat. In the high northern latitudes visited by Parry and Boss it appears that the winter commences in the beginning of September and that throughout the whole of that month the process of congelation proceeds with great activity. It is reasonable to suppose therefore from the immense amount of ice formed during that period that the quantity of heal thrown into the atmosphere during the month of September must be enffieieot to exert a very powerful and perceptible effect upon the tempera- ture of the air in countries lying south of the Arctic Circle espec^ aOy as the northerly winds prevail at that season. The only objection which can be argued agunsl such an hypo- thesis is drawn from the fact that heated air always has a tendency to ascend whilst the colder and heavier air rushes in to supply its place. It is argued therefore that the heat arising from the formn- Uos of northern ice would rise to the upper regions of the atnio^ phuB before it could reach the latitude of the United States. Tet this objection is not so forcible as it may at first sight appear. Evea supposing that the heat given out in the process of congeladon in the north frigid zone does rise still it is not lost nor can it rise to any great height because the more elevated strata of the atmos* phere are always intensely cold s and ere the warm air whkh risM 158 7^ Indian Summer. October from the snrfiu^e of the earth can mingle with that above it it miut part with ita heat to the lower strata of air through which it passes so that the greatest degree of heat miut always remain in the mid- dle or uader currents of the atmosphere and must therefore be cs- pable of affecting the temperature of the countries orer which it floats. But besides this there is always a tide of heated ur rising from the equatorial regions and flowing North and South. If then du- ring the month of September there be a similar tide rising from the North Polar Sesi and flowing towards the equator these Udes must meet somewhere near the forty-fifth parallel of latitude and at that point there would be a pressure and condensation of the air above which must cause a part at least of the heal to descend and this pressure of the upper strata of the atmosphere whilst it would af- ford a partial solution to the increase of heat during the Indian Summer would also account for the calmness the softness and the dryness of the air so prevalent at that season. In connection with the hypothesis above referred to we may ad- duce another fact which will perhaps aid us in investigating the censes which produce the Indian Summer. From observations made on the thermometer in mines it appears that there is a pe- riodical revolution of temperature at a depth of thirty or forty feet beneath the surface of the earth the maximum of heat occurring about the middle of October and the minimum about the middle of April. Earth being a bad conductor of heat especially when it is dry the process by which the mazimnm is attained at that depth must necessarily be very slow. The direct action of the sun's rays in warming the earth does not probably extend to more than four or five feet bnt the upper stratum being once warmed communi- cates its temperature slowly to that which lies immediately beneath it and that to the next and so on progressively. The upper sur- face of the soil is kept at a high temperature by the immediate in- fluence of the sun probably until the end of August though the process of transmitting the heat from the higher to the lower strata is still going on below and continues until the middle of October even after the surface of the ground has become quite cool to the depth of a foot or more. During the month of September it is pro- bable that the temperature of the soil at the surface remains sta- tionary or nearly bo but after that period — that is when the air be- comes colder than the ground — there must bo a gradual giving out of this accumulated heat into the atmosphere during the month of October and in fact until the snow and the ice prevent its further disengagement. This most to a certain degree have the effect of rendering the air at that period of the year warmer than it would be without such a eounterbalaacing provituon of nature and al- though it is avowedly ininffident to produce all the elevation of 1B38. Intcription. 160 temperature experienced during the Indisn Summer it nuy atiU be e powerful auxiliary vith other csuBei in producing that pheno- menal . Other canaes doubtless exist but those to which we hare advert- ed in this paper are the most probable that we are yet acquainted with. The subject does not admit of demonstration and in this case perhaps he is the most scientific who can pye the keenest guess. The trne origin of the season which we have attempted to describe like that of the aboriginal race whoae name it bears will in all likelihood ever remain in obicnrity. INSCRIPTION ON THE DOOR 07 A OAMINO BOVSt. n eat troia portes k cet autre L* Espoir r Infamie et U MorL Par la premiere on y entre. Par les denx antrea on en sort. Here fickle Fortune holda her eoart. And to the mansion crowds resort. Her golden smile to win One gate admits the eager bands. And Hope the portress smiling stands. To let the strangers in. To lead them forth two gates appear. But say 1 what forms are stationed there The purpose to attend I At one Dishonor atill abidea And et the other Death presidea The gamester's only friend. Dci-zec by Google SONNETS. THE OOTTAOE BIBLI I stood beneath ■ humblest horel's rooft Though scarce a shelter from the soddea stomv— Wretched and cold and frail and far aloof From hnman dwelling nor did other form Of Ufe appear save one old withered crone Childless and friendless there who dwelt alone — Alone with Squalor and pale Misery While Hung er gaunt looked forth from her dim eye. " Good mother fate hath hardly dealt with thee t " "Ob no I "—and pointing to a sheltered nook Before unnoticed — "I hatk still that BookI" Upon my cheek then might that old crone see A blush and tear of penitence and shame — ■ I went a humbler man and wiser than I came. TO MY HOTHEE. Purest and loveliest of earthly mould- Again to that dear bosom am I press'd That gave me life Blessed be thou thrice-bless'd E VThile thus thy shielding arms thy child enfold I feel as in some sanctuary shrine. Where nought of ill or sorrow may have power To rex this passion- wasted heart of mine. Or mar the holy peace of this sweet hour. Nor life alone to thee my being owes — For thou hast been an angel-guide from heaven To my weak spirit — and wfaate'er it knows Of beanty truth or good from thine was given Oh let the sacred tears these lines that blot Speak the deep language which my feeble words may not I zecbvGoogIc 3 by Google 3 by Google 3 by Google 3 by Google POLITICAL POETRAITS WITH MN AND PENCIL. No.X.} riLiz sRtmoy. Thovoh the recent sppolntmeiit of Mr. Obvmbt to the emi- nent poflt of Attorney General of the United States has broaght him prominently before the conntry as a high execntire offieer and a distinguished profeBsional man yet he needed not that to place him in the aeriee of our Political Portraits. A life now ad- vanced beyond three-score years with a repntation never sullied— a consistency so marked as to secure the constant confidence of those with whom he has acted and to make him an honored guide as well as trusted champion of the Democratic cause — an unflinch- ing support while war was raging of the honor of his country a never tiring exertion to procure and sustain the snccess of her arms and a ready and cordial eloquence to cheer on tlie patriot — in peace constantly turning the opportunities of public place to the intro- duction~and promotion of laws distinguished by a spirit of wise philanthropy or calculated to extend diffuse and equalize the benefit of our institutions in every part of our vast confederacy— these acts and such conduct long observed and known would en- title him without any distinction of place to be included among those men on the incidents of whose lires their fellow-citizens love to dwell. A regard for consistent and faithful public servanla is one of the most striking traits of American Democracy. Of the fickleness attributed to popular approbation in other countries we have assuredly experienced but little and the occasion is scarce- ly to be found in which the Democratic party of the United States has deserted those who have been true to its principles. In most instances — perhaps without an exception in every instance — where those have lost its support who at one time stood high in its confi- doice the change is to be traced to the recantation of declared opinions to the ardor of ill-timed and importunate ambition to the false calculations of vanity unwisely over-rating individual importance or to the foolish freaks of personal rivalry and jeal- onsy. Such causes have too often separated from the Democradc party some of its ablest members and justly deprived them of the honors they coveted. These would have been easily won by con- aislent and disinterested exertion for the public welfare and a fo^ bearing and quiet reliance on that popular approval which is am* VOL lit. HO. X. DOT. L 162 Political Portraits.— No. X. October to be cheerfally conferred sooner or later on tho«e by vhoin it it deserved. The Imtli of tMs is eslablisbed by our poUticil history from the earliest times of the Republic down to the present — from the days of JefTerson to those of the subject of this notice — and it ought if properly weighed to impress on the mind and conduct of erery public man a useful lesson of forbetrance consistency and ready but not selfish devotion in the serricc of bis country. Fblix Grunpt la a native of Virginia having been born among the mountains of Berkley county on the eleventh of September 1777. His father had settled in that remote region which was sttH subject to the ravages of the Indians shortly after his emigration from England. Not long after the birth of this son he penetrated yet farther to the West and finally fixed his residence about the year 17S0 in Kentucky. This Slate which then formed the western portion of Virginia was suffering under all the severities of Indian hostility and during the closing years of the Revolutionary war there were few of the brave settleri in its scarcely penetrated forests who had not witnessed the uplifted and bloody tomahawk of the savage. It was not till the end of 1783 that the cessation of hostilities with England allowed an eflective force to be sent to the western country. This with the rapid increase of populfttion. soon enabled the hardy pioneers to check the outrages of their vily foe. "I was too young " said Mr. Grundy in an eloquent speech delivered in the Senate not long since when some observa- tions recalled the early history of western adventure — "I was too young to participate in these dangers and difficulties but I can re- member when death was in almost every bush and every thicket concealed an ambuscade. If I am asked to trace my memory back and name the first indelible impression it received it would be the sight of my eldest brother bleeding and dying under the wonnds in- flicted by the tomahawk and scalping knife. Another and another went in the same way I have seen a widowed mother plundered of her whole property in a single night from affluence and ease reduced to poverty in a moment and compelled to labor with hei own hands to support and educate her last and favorite son — him who now addresses you 1 " " Sir " said Mr. Gxundy addressing the Vice-President in the course of the same speech and looking round upon his asHOciales in the Senate "Sif the ancient snfTer- ings of the West were great. I know iu I need turn to no docu- ment to teach me what they were. They are written upon my memory — a part of them upon my heart Those of us who are here are but the remnant — the wreck of large families lost in ef- fecting the early settlement of the West As I look around I see the monuments of former suffering and woe — ask my colleague General Desha what he rememberet He will tell you tiiat while his father was in pursuit of one party of Indians another 1838. Ftlix Orundy. 188 Innd c amp me «nd mnrdered two of hia brothers. Inquire of yonder g«iitlen»n from Arkansai GoTernor Pope what became of his bro- ther-in-law Oldham I He will tell you that he went out to battle but nerer returned. Ask that Representatire from Kentucky Mr. WickliSe where is his uncle the gallant Hardin He will anewer that he was intrepid enough to carry a flag of truce to the hostile savages they would not recognize the proteclioD which the flag of peace threw around him and he was slain. If I turo to my old classmate and friend Mr. Rowan now a grave and potent Senator I am reminded of a mother's courage and intre- pidity in the son whom she rescued from savage hands when in the very grasp of death. " Among the hardships and anflerings of a school like this bravery independence self-reliance caution and wisdom are imbibed even in boyish days. From these harsh but useful lessons were derived the traits which have since continued to characterize the man. A desire strongly displayed as youth grew upon him for instruction of a kind less rude — a marked fondness for books and study — ■ waa with difficulty gratified by his widowed mother. Her own slender resources added to the few means of education which Ken- tucky could then afford obliged her to become herself the princi- pal instructor of her child in bis earlier years and not until the eatablishment of a school at Bardstowa by Dr. James Priestley could she secure the liberal education which she so ardently wished him to enjoy. Among his fellow students were several persons who have since become eminently distinguished in the West both in professional and political life. No one of these surpassed and but few equalled him in the literary standing he attained. The first intention of Mr. Grundy's mother was that he should be educated for the medical profession but a talent for debate evinced when at school and his own subsequent wishes ultimately led to the selection of the law. He pursued hia legal studies under the direction of George Nicholas then the most celebrated coun- seDor in Kentucky and a statesman whose name is connected with the vigorous support of Democratic measares and principles — es- pecially on the permanent division between the two great parlies which ttjok place shortly after. A personal friendship was cement- ed by similarity of opinion on public measures — idem velle et sen- lire de republica — and until the death of his venerable preceptor Mr. Grundy enjoyed the benefit of his wisdom and participated in his warmest affections. His admission to the Kentucky bar oc- curred about 1797. His entrance on a professional career wse speedily followed by bis appearance in political life. In 1799 a Convention waa called for the purpose of revising the Constitution of Kentucky. To this body he was elected a delegate from Washington conn^i lc HH PolitietU Portraits.— Tfo. X. f October where he resided. H« ir» a freqaent and prored hiniHlf U be en able debater. The principal poiat towards which his exertions were directed was the establiBhrnent by the fundamental law of a system of circuit courts throughout the State. It was not how- erer deemed aa advisable measure at that time by the CoDrention but the Legislature were authorized by a clause in he Constitu- tion to establish such courtSi subordinate to the supreme appeUate tribunal as they should in future deem expedient With the adjournment of the Convention Mr. Grandy'a public ■errices did not terminate. He was soon after elected a representa- tive in the Oeneral Assembly and continued to be a member of that body by successive refilectiona until November IS06. The measure he principally exerted himself to carry was the establishment of the circuit court system which he had failed to induce the Conrentioa to adopt. He was satisfied that this was the only plan for securing uniformity of judicial decision and practice bringiug justice prompt- ly and frequently to every man's door and giving to all the citizens equal participation in the learuing and ability of the principal judges. For several sessions he pursued his bvorite meaanre with rarioos but never complete success until in the year 1802 it was adopted by a large vote of both Houses. Even this however proved in- sufficient. It was negatived by the Governor and returned to the Legislature with the reasons of his disapproval. These were again discussed but the views of Mr. Grundy were ultimately sustained and the measure became a law by a constitutional majority of both Houses. Another subject which occupied his attention as much almost as the previous one and during the greater part of time when he was in the Assembly was the protection of actual settlera who had purchased public lands from the Stato. The system of sales on credit the injurious consequences of which both to those who bought and those who sold had not at that time been fully de* veloped had been adopted in Kentucky. The necessary result was that there were numbers of settlers who having devoted their means to reclaiming their lands from the wilderness were unable to meet the payments due to the State and were thus subjected to the loss of their hard-earned property. Frequent eflbrts to enforce the forfeiture of these lands were opposed by Mr. Grundy and he was mainly instrumental in the adoption of a course of judicions and liberal indulgence. The year 1802 was marked by an intereat- ing occurrence in his legislative career. He was engaged for several days in a debate conducted with great animation and ability almost exclusively between Mr. Clay and himself. A law had been passed to'incorporate an insurance company of which the avowed object was to insure boats and cargoes on the Ohio and Mississippi. Into this law a clause was inteodseed which after authorizing the corptK ration to receive and assign bonds bills and notes in the coni«e 1638. Rlix Orundy. 106 of its bnsineBs declared that "such notea as wen psjrable to beartr might be ■■fligoed by delivery." Under thia provision the comps- ny oBsumed the right to exercise banking powers. As sooa as this sssnmption was known Mr. Grundy introduced a bill to repeal the law it became the subject of a warm debate between him and Air. Clay and finally after six days discussion passed the House and •abseqnently the Senate. The Governor however reCusing his approval it was returned to the House where it again passed after renewed debate. It failed in the Senate the second time for want of a constitutional majority. In this iudiiect manner was the first bank established in Kentucky. In the autumn of 1606 Mr. Grundy was appointed a judge of the Court of Appeals and in March following on the removal of Judge Todd to the Supreme Court of the United States he became his iQccessor ae Chief Justice of the State. The ioadequate salary of the office however and the little attention he had been able to give to his professional buainees or private afiairs while engaged in the pnrsuito of public life induced him in the year 1608 to resign his office and to devote himself exclusively to his profession. Believing that he could do this with more success in Tennessee and especially that absence from Kentucky would effectually withdraw him from public life he removed to Nashville which became from that time the place of his permanent residence. In his professional exertions he met with the distinguished success due to his ability sad legal aeqnireinenta. His practice became lucrative and extensive. Hia BCrvicei were constantly demanded in the adjoining States and he stood by general consent among the most prominent members of the Western bar. The love of political life was not however ex- tinguished. The controversy rapidly tending to a war between America and England enlisted his patriotic feelings and roused his scarcely dormant desire again to participate in public affairs. When therefore in 1811 hii Democratic fellow-ci^zens selected him as a candidate for Congress he did not refuse the offer which resulted In his almost unanimous election. Mr. Qrandy took his seat in the House of Representatives on the fourth of November 1811 being the commencement of the first session of the twel^h Congress. It was a proof of the high repu- tation which he brought with him to Washington that he was im- mediately placed by the Speaker on the Committee of Foreign Relations — a body to whom it waa well known would be pecu- Uarly intmeted the consideration of the vital topics then pending between this country and Great Britain and which in fact seemed already to involve the question of peace or war. His feelings on that subject were candidly and fully made known. He seized an early occasion end in his first speech declared that unless Great Britain would rescind orsatisfactorily modify her Orders iaCouocil zecbvGoogIc 166 Political Portraits.— Xo. X. October and abandon entirely the impressment of American seamen he was in faTor of a declaration of var. These opinions boldly avowed and sustained with his nsual and impressive eloquence vere cheer- fully haiied by thote who believed the time for decisive measures had arrived aa assuring in their support the hearty codperation of the West. But hey drew down upon him in a corresponding de- gree the displeasure of those who were opposed to sach a course and he was soon selected as a special object of abuse and calumny by the Federal newspapers. He had not however been trained in that hardy school of public service through which we have seen him pass to be affected by such attacks. Finding from day to day that no mode of redress was left but " to oppose force to force in defence of our national rights " he strenuously advocated both in the Committee and in the House at an early period of the session the bill which eventually passed to raise an additional military force. When on the first of June 1812 the Message of the Pre- sident recommending war was referred to the Committee of Foreign Relations he cordially united in the able report by which that re- commendation was justified and during the sessions with closed doors in which it was for several days warmly and even violentiy discussed he was among the principal of those by whom it was eloquently and successfully vindicated. He met with a jnst reward in the feelings of his constituents. They sustained him not only with the voice of unanimous approbation but by their prompt and gallant actions. They proved themselves ready on the instant to uphold with their arms the measures of which their representative was the advocate. Mr. Ornndy continned in Congress during the three following sessions embracing the principal portion of the war. The ab- sorbing topics of discussion throughout this period were the va- rious bills of necessity introduced to raise funds by loans and taxation for its prosecution and to increase and strengthen th« Array and Navy. There was scarcely a debate on these subjects in which he did not participate. He had voted for the war as in his opinion just and indispensable to the honor of the country. He was therefore in favor of prosecuting it with vigor. Every ma- tured measure of offence or defence found in him a willing ready and able friend and when it became necessary to resort to ex- tensive taxation he without hestitation voted for and advocated the whole system ss proposed by the Committee of Ways and Means ft was against measures such as these that the partisan spirit of the Federal Opposition was principally directed. They knew that without men and money the war could not be success- fully maintained. They believed that Its foilnre must overwhelm its champions with popular indignation and disgrace. There were those among them with whom the love of country was a feelinf 1838. FeUx Gnmdy. J6T leu ftrong than dislikfl to thoie in place. Pftrtuans bo recklesi deemed it no disgrace to adopt every measure in their power to prevent the enlistment of men or the filling of gOTernment loans. Actuated by this apiriti they did not hesitate in some portions of the Union to proclaim as foei to their country all who lent their money at this time of need tu the National Treasury and in- stances were not wanting of their being denounced from the la- cred desk as enemies of God and man. Mr. Grundy in one of his speeches while advocating the justice of tire war look occasion especially to notice this highly unpatriotic conduct. After review- log the series of measures adopted for the avowed purpose of dis- couraging enlistmenta and preventing loans to the Government be exposed in forcible language the real guilt of such proceedings. "They/' said he in concluding his remarks "who discourage en- listments or use their influence to prevent loans to the Govem- nent are tn my judgment guilty of moral treason. By such . condnet they are weakening the arm of their country and strength- ening that of the enemy more effectually than if they were at once to pass over and place themselves in his ranks to fight against their countrymen. It it true the Constitution and laws will not punish hem but they must and will receive die decided condemnation of «veiy patriot" Language such at this drew down npon him the undivided odium of those who had pursued the course he so un- equivocally reprobated. He became the constant theme of their anathemas and it may not be uninteresting to record one from among the man specimens thai might be found of the manner in which hia manly exposition of their covert hostility to their country was denounced. "What " writes one of these reckless partisans "if we now lend them money They will not make peace. They will still lianker for Canada. They will still assemble forces and shed blood on our western frontier. Mere pride if nothing else would make them do L The motives which first brought on the war will still continue It if money can be had. But some say^will you let the country beeome bankmptT No the country will never become bankrupt But pray do not prevent the abusers of their trust be- - coming bankrupt Do not prevent them from becoming odious to the public and replaced by better men. Any Federalist who lends money to Government must go and shake hands with James Ma- dison and claim fellowship with Felix Grukot. Let him no more call himself a Federalist and friend to his country. He will BE CALLED BT OTHERS INrAMOUS." Against Isnguage such as this Mr. Grundy found an ample shield in the increased affection and confidence which he obtained among his Republican friends but especislly among his own high-spirited coasUloente. The kuer bad been from the first the brave aad 3 by Google 169 PoliHcal Portraits.— No. X. Ocb gt b«r gallant snpportera of Ae war. The army vaa filled with Tolan- taen rrom among them and it was in allusion to their readineia CTery where to serve theii country thai he remarked in reply to an aMertion of the right of the militia not to pass beyond the limits of the United States "thai his constituents had never studied feo- graphical bonndaries when contending against the enemies of their coantry and that it was enough for them to know where the foe was to be foandi in order to assert their constilational right to meet him." From the time Mr. Grundy left Congress mitil the year 1829. he took no direct part in public affairs with the exception of serving for a few sessions as a member of the Legislature of Tennessee. He was indeed occssionally employed in temporary official Imstf in which his services were sought on account of his ability and high integrity and among these ought to be particularly mentioned he settlement he effected of the boundary line with Kentucky which had long been a subject of fierce and threatening controversy Mtd repeated though unsnccessful negotiation. But during these fifteen years his professional duties and the nurture and education of his children formed his principal and favorite employment and he had every reason to be gratified in the high legal reputation and aoe- eessful practice he continued to enjoy — and not less in the happi- ness and freedom from misfortune which attended his domestic life. In 1S20 on the resignation of Mr. Eaton as a Senator in Con- gress Mr. Grundy was elected his successor end took his seat in the Senate on the seventh of December. His term expiring on the fourth of March 1833 he was reelected for the succeeding six years and has eontinued a member of that body until lately placed by Mr. Tan Buren in his cabinet as Attorney General of the United States. Throughout this period he held a distinguished rank as an able de- bater and judicious counsellor. To the firm support which hhi strong and tmchanged Democratic opinions would naturally have induced him t» give to the administration of General Jackson he added that confidence in his wisdom and that warm personal regard which had grown up and were cemented by an itHimate associatioa of more than twenty yean. When the Senate rung with the fieree denunciationB of hie political foes and rivals upon the removal of the public money from the Bank of the United States Mr. Grundy not only supported that measure by unanswerable views of ila policy and justice but vindicated the motives and character of tiie President with all the warmth and spirit of ancient friendship. Few debates involving important public principles occurred diK ring tiie nine years he was in the Senate without his participation in them. He sustained the right of the Executive to remove per- sons from office as one founded on a fair construction of the Con- stitution and practised without question for forty years but in s» I83S. Felix Oruniy. 109 doing he did not recogniae a mere difference of political Of^niona nn- accomptnied by the abuie of official power or inflaencei^s affording a just gronnd for its exercise. In the repeated diicuHions to which the tariff of 1828 gare rise he seized erery occasion to expreaa hia oppoeition to that measure. His opinion was that the power to impose duties on imports could not be rightfully tia lt d for th« purpose of protecting domestic manufactures «zcept to the extent of the selection of particular objects for taxation within the limits of the revenne actually necessary for legitimate purposes. When the events connected with this subject assumed their serious aspect in 1833 he used all means to effect the passage of the Compromise ffill was a member of the committee by whom it was remodelled and was among those who were most instrumental in warding off the shock threatened by a conflict between the general confederacy and a single Sute. Upon all measures connected with the abolition of slavery he has acted with the same republican spirit and evinced the same anxious desire to preserve unimpaired the well settled compromises of the Constitution. While in the Senate Mr. Grundy successively held the prominent posts of Chairman of the Committees on Poat Offices and on the Judiciary. The former proved to be a place of great labor and responaibility and required an examination into the whole history and business of the Post Office Department accompanied with ela- borate and voluminous reports. That branch of the Executive had never been previously organized on the principles of strict accounta- bility which existed in the others and the result of these investi- gations was to place it upon the same footing by a law matured in 1836 of equal benefit to the Department and the community. As Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary he introduced and carried through many important bills. Two of them particularly deserve notice. The first was to extend to the new States the ci^ cnit courts of which they had never yet enjoyed the advantages and thus give to their laws institutions and practice the considera- tion in the decisions of the Supreme Court only to be obtained by having their own judges on its bench. The other was a bill violent- ly resisted but successfully vindicated and at last triumphantly car gt ried of which the object was to prevent institutions chsrtered by Congress from issuing notes after their charter had expired it was intended not only to prevent such an abuse of trust for the fo- tore but to stop as it effectually did the unjuatifiable conduct of the Bank of the United States chartered by Pennsylvania in flood- ing the country with irresponsible notes originally made on the faith and under the guarantee of an act of Congress. The close of Mr. Grundy's legislative career was marked by a philanthropic act whose usefulness it is to be hoped will be wida- ly fell he introduced at the late session of Congress a bill which Google 170 Political PortraiU.—No. X Oct«b«r wu ■ubseqnentljr passed with litlle slteration to secure the lires of passengers on bosrd or steamboBts its provisions wer« carefull ^ considered and it csnnot be doubted that if properly carried into effect they will tend to check the great and apparently increasing disregard for the security of human lives from this cause. On the first of September 183S he became Attorney General of the United Slates being the first time he ever received an appoint- ment under the General Gorernment and with the exception of hia very brief term on the bench of the Supreme Court of Ken- tacky the only occasion in a long coarse of public life on which He has held an office not derired immediately from the aufl^ages of his COns^tuents. In person Mr. Grundy is of the usual height and his coantenanee though marked by a mild and bland expression is full of ntellW gence. His conversation is characterized by easy humor and his manners are simple and unaffected. Though not of a disposition to permit difference in political sentiments to affect his private in- tercourse he is yet remarkable for his own consistency and firm- ness in adhering to those principles which he adopted in the outset of public life. Commencing as a Republican of the old school he has so continued without deviation and no circumstances however toying have induced bim to waver from his esrly faith. As a Se- nator he always felt that pride of place jualitiable in one who had so entirely achieved a prominent position by his own exertionst and although in wit and sarcasm he had no superior yet he has never been found to indulge in remarks unsnited to the high theatre in which he acted so conspicuous a part Never did he degrade the elevated body of which he was a member by language that could not fail to lower it in public estimation. He eloquently and con- clusively vindicated on more than one occasion the majority of which he was a part from the imputation of a disregard for its in- dependence and honor and he defended the Senate itself from tha charge that it could be ever lost to the manly asser^on of its own rights. It was during one of these debates that he concladed a very able speech of which uafortunalely there is no report by the following language illustrative of these opinions — which we quote by the way rather as the sentiment of the speaker than as exactly our own opinion. "If " said he "the time shall come when the Goddess of Liberty can find no resting place in the Executive mansion when the spirit of faction shall expel her from the other end of the Capitol — yet she will still linger about this chamber an- willing to be gone and if at last she shall be compelled to take her final flight the parting impress of her feet will be found upon that dome which orershadowa the American Senate." 3 by Google THE EXILE. Aa wearily npon a lonely strand Whofle rugged front the ocean ki 1ow lares. Wanders an Exile from a distant land — Far o'er that wild infinity- of wares Sending bis soul's sad flight as though its wing* Dore-like some leaf of hope back to its ark might bring i-^ As on that orb which setting now to biro Sbeda on his own loved home its dawning ray Through the thick film of tears his eyes that dim His yearning gaze still lingers — ah who may Measure or tell the gathered griefs of years From the heart's bitterest depth o'erflowing in those tears 1 No Toica comas to him o'er the waste of wares But the wild dashing of Ihe unresting surge And that dim moan from ocean's mystic cares Forerer echoing like a solemn dirge. As though of thousand spirit-roices swelling Far down below to chaunt the drowning seaman's knelling. No roice like those dear tones by lore's lip spoken Whose memories yet murmur on his ear — No imaged word or smile — no sign — no token— With one bright beam that aching gloom to cheer- How like an angel's risit might it blesi. To soothe and nerre bis spirit's fainting weariness Nor Totce nor sign 1 — and is he then forgot. So soon BO utterly so lightly there Whither 'mid all the anguish of its lot As to the hearen of mortal hope and prayer. His faithful heart still sends its deep sad yearning — Like a slow fire within his wasted bosom burning 3 by Google lis TV ExiU. OcbAtt The breeze which round his throbbing brow ia pUyiiig Am it would gentl r cool its aching ferer Late round that heart'fl fari blessed home was atrsyiag Where still its thoughts its prayers are hovering ever— Does not the Spirit of the Zephyr bring One thought one prayert for him upon its viewless wingT He may not know — «nd what is hope's fr«il trust For human heart on it alone to lean For aye too often trampled in the dust. Bleeding and pierced hath such fond heart been seen Which rested for its very life alas. Upon that quivering reed — that trembling spear of glass 1 Mightiest and frailest thing of mortal birth Art thou oh Love — for ihougn thou oft canst scorn Like the proud oak the blast that shakes the earth Too oft the flower whose ioveliness the mom Hath smiled upon — whose blight eve weeps to see. In gentlest tears of dew — were fitter type of thee. The absent — the proscribed — the un mentioned— how Should woman's tempted heart yet cling to him. Unfettered in its faith by bond or vowl For ah time hath a subtle power to dim Those hues of fancy which the fair young Hours Of love's communion weave from summer's brightest flowers. Peace murmarerl — nor let one wild doubt dare Blaspheme the holiness of woman's love — Which when most tried and tempted most can bear. Its immortality of truth to prove — Brightest the glow gt worm's ray in darkest night. And shall the cloud e'er quench the star's heev'n-kindled light I Tet still ah who can chide that many an hour His weary spirit flag end faint — surrendered. As in a nightmare spell to the dark power Of that despair of hope deferred engendered — And as through dreary mists his sad steps go The lamp that guides their way burn sometime dim and low I 1S38-1 7%e Exile. 11 Not ever thai — oMmu it flunei on high. All earth and hnven with iu owb glory fliubisg. As the young d amp wo from iu br-radiknt eye O'er derkesi cloud can shed its own bright bloshiag — Oh not of earth that Ugh^^nd erer may The etherial lore that fired still feed the lacred ray I Ob fearless then and free his spirit goes Proudly aa soars the eagle toward the son. And o'er its own earth-sullied darkness glows A glory from the light it looks upon Fair smiles its hope and nerres its 6ttggiag will Iu weaiy lot to bear unbent unbroken still. A power art thou of more than mortal birth —I know thee now — ob Love I — that canst inspire Thus glorionsly a spirit of the earth As with the breathing of a hesrenly fire With thine own essence — gentle fair and pure Fearless to dare and Inut and mighty to endure. Tbioe is a power within the torpid spirit To quicken into life each slumbering seed That from its hearen-birtb it doth inherit Bidding it spring to glorious word and deed — And aye in proud aspiring fix its eye On all lliBt'i great and good true beautiful and high. Thine like a scroll to bid the darkness flee O'er the lair face of earth and nature dwelling — Each gloomy doubt each low despondency Eaeb base desire each demon passion quelling — lt And to the bear'n- touched eye all things disclosing Sri^t in the light of love and harmony reposing. Thus as despair or hope alternate sway The hours of that sad Exile slow and long In low wild wailinga breathes his lyre's lay Or proud and soaring swells its loftier song— Ah when to its loved home shall fate restore That banished heart and sadness sway the lyre no more I zecbvGoogIc THE DUKE OF BEICHSTADT.' M. De Montbel's life of the younger N amp poleoD U certainly one of the curiosities of literature. That a rainiater of Charles th« Tenth exiled with that unlucky monarch from his natire country ■hould employ the leisure of his banishinent in Austria in coiupoaing B memoir of the Son of the Man who raised his towering empire on the oTerthrow of the Bourboji kingdom is one of those curioai results of the Ticiesitudea of fortune which are continually proving that history is more incredible than romance. With familiarity un- restrained indeed eneouraged and with access to the best and most authentic sources and materials of information M. De Monibel also had a subject rich in the sympathies the glories and the mysteri- ous realities of the extraordinary offspring of the most wonderful man and marriage of modern times. And he handles his subject with a fervor delicacy and pathos that heighten its intrinsic at- tractions. Of the regal and Austrian coloring of his portrait we may beware while it is difficult to resist the touches of domestic lore and goodness that abound in iL But making due allowances for the influences under which he compiled this highly interest- ing memoir it is but justice to acknowledge that the well-beloved object of so much tenderness hope and panegyric was one of the most remarkable and promising youths of any age or counby. With such principles personal merits education family and popu- lar alliances it is difficult to imagine what might have been his destiny had but health and a good constitution been united with his other preeminent advantages. Whether a frail body was lu- dermined and consumed by the workings of an imprisoned spirit that cancer of the soul even while surrounded and susluned by the utmost personal kindness and affection it is impossible to say. Bnt we may conceive how a youth of ambitious and thoughtful temper passionately alive to his immense father's overwhelming renown yet conscienUous dutiful and grateful to his Auatriao kindred — while burning to distinguish his devotion to Napoleon's memory languishing and dying on the very proscenium of the vast theatre of his utmost triumphs — we may well conceive that the susceptibilities of such a son so situated might wear and waste and wither a stouter frame and bring the ill-starred Duke of Reichstadt's young hairs with sorrow to a premature grave. The French Revolution of 1830 could not fall to stir up every drop of French blood in the body of a youth jnst then of ui age for romantic eathnsiasm noble action and love of country. We uCbaileBX. 1838. Young Napoleon's Claims. ITS ■11 know how U excited even he Bober and thinking people of this remote region. It reached America in the beginning of Septemher and mast needs hare roased the long dormant hopes of the lur- Tiving male head of the Bonap amp rte family having resided for fif- teen years in philoaophica retirement on the banks of the Dela- ware to flee it restored if not to the throne at least to the country of the French with the heir of Napoleon at their head and hia le- epectable uncle the protector of the young Astyaoax — amp a his father called him on the memorable occasion of hia leaving Paris'. But on the twentieth of the same month the tidings of the Revolution were followed by accounts of the proclamation of the Duke of Orleans u King of the French. Joseph Bonaparte's letter to the Chamber of Deputies was nerertheleae sent to France reclaiming the right of his nephew to the erown and there is no doubt that yonng Napoleon himself his grandfather the Emperor of Austria and Prince Metternich as ia sufiicienUy disclosed in M. De Mont- bel's work contemplated with solicitude the reSstabliahment of the Duke of fteichstadt not only as the rightful but the most accepta- ble and desirable occupant by whatever title of the vacant su- preme authority of France. There was a strong Bonaparte party then much more so than is supposed and the Republicans were ready to act with them for the restoration of Napoleon the Second. General Lafayette's great induence was exerted with Louis Philippe ■o far at least as to prevail on him to recall the Bonaparte family to their homes and posseseionB in Frsnce which Louis Philippe promised to do so soon as it could be settled with the several foreign powers with whom the banishment of the Bon amp partes was stipulated by treaties. To this effect we believe General Lafayette wrote to the Count of Survilliers Joseph Bonaparte with many ex- preesiona of kindness and goodwill. The General vindicated his agency in the choice of the Duke of Orleans but he wrote in the strongest terms of respect for Joseph. It was the opinion of many Americana as well as French having good opportanities and well qualified to form a correct judgment that if he would as guardian of his nephew without any claim of personal right throw himself on the grateful recollections of the French they would sustain the yonng Napoleon's claims to the French throne and hold it for him tUi the Austrian Government permitted him to seek it in penfon which it was believed the Emperor and Prince Metternich would ftllow if it could be undertaken with probability of suceess. M. De Montbe gives the Austrian version of this sffair in the fifth chapter of his work a version composed after the exigency. But there is a French version too and perhaps even a traas amp tlaDtic one. A personage visited Vienna M. De Muntbel informs ns whose name celebrated in the annals of the Revolution and of the Empire* is blended with all the epochs of the history of French political ITS 7%e Duie of ReichHadt. October GonTiilsioM commiuioned widi poaiiive propoiitiona in favor of the Duke of ReiehBttidt tinder cover of a totally different miesion and his communications were liitened to but with a coo compo- ■nre which disconcerted his projects. Prince Metternich asked for guaranties and ao forth. It matters little now to derelope this in- terren^oD since the object of it is no more and was not then pat forward whfa French alacrit}' but held' back with German pro- crastination till too late. There can be no doubt that Joseph Bonaparte was much urged and encouraged to make the attempt by credible representations which impressed on him the duty of affording those who were anxious to restore his family an opportunity of doing so. The Orleanists were then considered the weakest party in France the Napoleonists the strongest and the Henriquists the next strong — the Republicans with rery little force owing to the fears of a teign of terror and moreorer willing to unite with the Napoleon- ists. It was deemed best by the opponents of the Orleans dynasty to suffer the morement to be purely popular and spontaneous to avoid all conspiracy and secret contrivance and leave to events their natural developemenL On the twentieth July 1832 Joseph Bonaparte sailed from Phi- ladelphia for England where he arrived on' the sixteenth AugnsL Two days after his departure the Duke of Relchstadt died and tidings of his death was the first intelligence his uncle received os landing at Liverpool. After three years residence in England he tetumed to America arriving at Philadelphia on the eighteenth October 1835. On the first July 1836 he sailed from New York ' on his return to England and has resided in or near London ever since — but intending however it ia understood to reestablish himself finally this winter at hia eatate called Point Breexe on the Delaware near Bordentown New Jersey. It is sud that Napo- leon after hia last abdication when contemplating America as his place of retreat before he gave himself up to the English desig- nated to his brother on the map this spot as that which be the Em- peror would prefer in this country — between the two principal cities on a large river in the midst of every rural and near every dty accommodation. There aurrounded by the memoriala of hie much cherished brother the Count of Surrilliers has long lived with all the gratification of respect in philosophical retirement. From the time Napoleon united the imperial diadem of France to the iron crown of Italy three memorable campaigns saw him triumph successively in the capitals of Austria and PrnsBla. Tht victories of Ulm and Anslerlits of Jena and Friedland of Eck- nuhl and Wagram dictated the treaties ol Tilsit Presburg. and ^enna. Austria and Prussia were forced trembling to submit to the mutilation of their territories and the terrible aUiuice of th« 1838.1 Portentous ConfiagraOon. 177 «onqiieror. After a thousutd yean eziBlmMi the BQcient Go* manic Empire was ntterly ernflhed Napoleon distributed the fng- menta among kings of h^ own creation princes henceforward hia Taaeals his tributarieat and whom he sobdued eatireiy to his will by creating himself protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. Mediator of the Confederation of Switserland he stripped her of ber libertjr her resources and her soldiers. His brothers adonted with the title of kings served him as prefect* to gorern Spain Nei^es Westphalia Holland. He recalled kings and kingdoms at pleasure. His immense empire eKteoding from the shores of the Baltic to the Pyrenees numbered among its towns Rome Ham gt burg Lubeck and Amstsrdam. Forty-two millions of men bore th» name of Frenchmen an eqnsl number obeyed his sword. An heir was wanting to this formidable inheritance. Born of a Rerolntioa wbose whole religion consisted in haired of kings the triunpbant soMier demended Ibe daughter of tihe Czars and his pride pre* MDted Maria Loaisa to France as the most splendid the noblest at his trophies. The Rerolution also was conqnered. At her accession to the throne of Napoleon the young Empress was receiTed with acclamation and homage sumptnons and brilliant festivals succeeded one another when their splendor was obscured and suddenly interrupted by one of those sinister accidents whicbt like the mysterious and terrible chaiaeten at the feast of Belshax- mr reveal the truth of a firightful future to the feers of nations. A rapid £re devours the brilliant but fragile edifice in which the Frioce of Schwarzenberg had surrounded the newly married couple with all Austria and Europe famished of illustrious — all France.had that was powerful. The joyous music of the dance is suddenly interrupted by cries of terror of anguish and despair. A female torn from be flames throws herself into them again — a mother seeking her daughter among the numerous victims — the edifice £tUi to the earth — Paaline De Schwanwnberg is no more young* amiable beautifnl she is snatched from the tenderness of her noble husband of her young family of that cherished daaghtw for whtHn she had sacrificed herself in striving to save her from a danger she no longer suffered. People again saw those fats omens of a terrible conclusion which darkened the nuptials of Marie Antoinette they seemed to foresee the still more awful conflsgration which setting fire to the vorldf would break out between France and Austria. Napoleon •od Schwanenberg would meet but henceforward elsewhere than at festivals. This passing impression however was soon eficed in die great movement of prosperity and power. How indeedi could they believe in catastrophes t What struggle was to be flsaiw •d at the sight of snch power T What eaetny were they to dieadt VOI~ lU. MO. X. — OCT. V Dci-zec by Google 178 ne Duke cf lUicAstadt. October. Beddei ot wh amp t could Ntpoleon b« unbitioiifll What did thflre remain for him to ask of fortune The coDfioement of Maria Louisa wxi extremely painful. It might be said that the child was averse to entering a world wfaera he was only to agipeaT for an instant to larrender his roung destiny to all the caprices of fortune. It was eight o'clock in the morning a hundred and one guns an- noanced tumnhuoasly to the capital that an heir was bom to the Tvler of Europe couriers set off in erery dir^ehon to announce this great event to the cities of the Em^nre and to all the foreign courts. With a rapidity till then unexampled four days after th« turth of die King of Rome M. de Tettenborn atd-de'Canip to the Prince of Schwarzenberg arrived at Vienna bearing the news to the Emperor. Napoleon in the exultation of his joy hastened to show his bob to tiie Princes of his family to the Ministers of the Powers to the Dignitaries of the Crown to the State Corporations edmitted to present their homage to him. On this solemn oceasion the Senate neglected not to renew the oft repealed assurances of its immoTeable fidelity to Napoleon and Its President might believe in the truth of the predictions which he eddrcssed to the Prince in the following words " Your people saUte with unanimous acclamation this new star which has just risen in the horixon of Prance and whose first ray dissipates Uie very last of the shadows of future darlmess. Provi- dence sire who has so visibly conducted your high desiinles in giving us this first-bom of the Empire desires to teach the world that there will descend from you a race of heroes not less lasting than the glory of your name and the institutions of your genius. " Suffer sire that on diis day the Senate mingle its dearest sen- timenle with the first of its duties and that we separate not onr r^ •pectfnl tenderness for the son of the great Napoleon from the holy obligations which attach us to the heirs of the monarchy as also that in the homage we have just presented to your majesty we do not sever the humble offering of our love for your sacred person from the tribute of onr profound respect and our immoveable fidelity." Sneh were some of the pompons the imposing and the ominoua urcnmstances that attended the birth of young Napoleon. From this abridgment of M. de Montbel's rather fiorid preface we proceed to lay before the reader a biographical and character- istic outline fortnsd by merely translated detachments of his work in such arrangements as niay serve to depict the noble youth whose birth character habits prindples life and death it is our object to present — omitting the great events of Lis father's career witii some of whose closing scenes H. de Montbel enlarges his biography I83S. Portrait of Yovng NapoUon. I» of the son. Familiar as they are to every one we need not repeat them nor snfler more than a mere transient view of the mother to intercept the picture of the son whom wo wish to exhibit by him- self. America has this remarkable local interest in the Bonaparte Md Boarbon epics and episodes. The reigning Kin of the Frenehf with his two brothers was here some time. The British Govera- ment agreed with Bonaparte in 1803 to send Louis the Eighteenth Charles the Tenth and all their family and followers to Canada and keep them there. Napoleon's plan in 1815 was to make this country his residence and his brother coming her« at that time has been among na almost ever since. On the fifth of September the Emperor was on the confines oC Moscow making preparations for the battle of Borodino giving orders for that great action which was to begin at daybreak — stir- ronnded by the chiefs of his army who were receiving his instnie- tions. Suddenly Count BauBset prefect of the palace arrives at the «amp sent there by Maria Lonisa to deliver to him the portrait of the King of Rome. At this news all preparation are suspended. In the impatience of his joy he orders the picture to be unpacked end placed without delay in his tent. It was painted with great talent by Gerard — the young prince re- presented reclining in his cradle — a sceptre and the globe for his rattle. Napoleon contemplated with transport the features of his son. He called the officers of his household and the generals who awaited his orders that they might share the satisfaction which filled hifl heart. "Do you believe gentlemen " said he "if my son were fifteen there would be nothing but his likeneaa aniong so many brave men " A moment afterwards he added "this por- trait is really admirable — I am charmed with it 1 " He would have it placed outside of his tent on a chair that all the officers and soldiers of his guard might look at it and find in It further motives for renewed inspirations of courage for the greet action that was to take place the next day. The portrait remained thiis all day exposed to the eager looks of the soldiers. It was afterwards placed in Napoleon's chamber in the Kremlin. We pass now to Napoleon's abdication and the departure of the Empress and fer son for Austria. The twenty-ninth of March Maria Looiss left the Tuileries to repair to RambouiUet. a royal castle destined to witness other mis- fortunes. When they attempted to take the young prince to his mother who was waiting for him to set out he made nnusnal ro- sistance cried screamed his littie hands seized the draperies of bis apartment — " I will not " said he " leave the palace " Mr. de Canisi the officer on duty had to help Madame de Montesquieu carry him to he carriage. An instinct of repugnance to this jotuv ".tOoqIc 180 lie Daie of Rtichttadt. October ne^i diQ fnnenl of his polidcal deftth seemed to be rereUed to the jrouag prince. After this h« wu eatablisbed at Vienna. The dine bad come when hia already active intelligence denunded the care of a con- aected methodical and gradually developed education. The Em- peror of Austria was to coafide this education so delicate in many respecta to a man whose existence uid character would justify the wisdom of his choice. At Maria Louisa's request he designated Count Maurice de Dietrichstein of one of the most UlustriooB families of the Empire and who united great nobleness of senti- ments and the eleration of a truly loyal character with extenslvp 'and rarious information. By his high social position snd univer- sally acknowledged qualities Count Dietrichstein merited the eon- fidence of the monarch. Such a choice proved the imporlaaee the Emperor attached to the trust he thought he could only place in inch worthy hands. H. 'Welli. together with M. Boos bead gardener at Seb«B»- bmnn was chosen to accompany the commission to St. HelMA. M. yfttHi was a scholar versed in the natural sciences diligent in his labors and consequently quite incapable of intriguing. At the moment of departure however M. Boos the friend of Madame Marchand mother of the first valet-de-chambre of Napcdeon and attached to the immediate service of the young prince charged Welli with a letter and small package directed to her son. The package inclosed she said a lock of his hair which she beggad faim to ^ve privately to Marchand lest he should be deprived by tfae Governor's severity of this remembrance of his motber'a tea- derness. When the expedition was within view of St. Helena Buob Stdimer gave advice and orders to his suite conformably to the inslnictions he had received he warned them that do letter or package was to be given directly to the French on the Island that every tlung was to be trusted to him to be sent through the indifr penssble mediation of the Governor. He consequently ordered them to tell of every thing they had in their possession. WelU fearing to disoblige M. Boos by breaking bispromise was silent and when landed easily succeeded in giving Marchand the package which his mother sent him on which occaaion the Emperor Napo- leon hul another ftte like that of the picture. The intimacy immediately established between the Emperor of Austria and the yonng prinoe was touching. A secret iastinet ■eemed to inform the child that his whole future existence was -to be sheltered under the protection of his grandfather. The Empe- ror experienced the deep interest which a being so near to hisi must necessarily inspire who Ifaough so yonng was tfae spoitof an Inconceivable destiny they never lefi one another. A pUy- 1838. 1 Courttf^ and Jki^ment Diflayed. 161 honse Boited to the child's age was fixed in the Emperor'B tpart- ment who iritDessed with delight the ilcil the agility lt and tb« tiariBpOTts of his tnerriment. The young duke penetrated even to die cabinet wliere a monarch one of the most skilful lawyers of his kingdom was in the practice of himself determining a^er careful and eonsidente examination the petitions his subjects pre- sented to him at andiences granted without difficulty to the hum- blest inhabitants of the Empire. The presence of the yonng prince was a relief amid these grave labors. His conTersalion in- terested his grandfather. The child spoke with entire confidence for he was sure of receirlng answers adapted to hie understanding «Bd explanations made with that benoTolent feeling which gives them so much attraction for all auditors. No difference was made between the Duke of Reichstadt and th« jroDDg Archdukes of Uie family he received the same care'and ths same proofs of tenderness at court the same honoura were paid Besides the signs o^ intelligence that the young prince gave he manifested also steadiness and skill as was remarked in several in- ■tances. The ItaUan Qeneral Pino had given the Emperor a young lion recently taken from its dam. Too weak to be dangerous it nsed to play with the goats in one of the parhs of the menagerie of Schccnhninn and drew public attention. People went to see and Caress it like a playful dog. One day the Emperor accompanied by his children and the yonng prince went to see it the youngest of the Archduchesses seemed alarmed not at this animal bnt at one of the goats which ran towards her in a threatening manner. "Do'nt be afraid " said the child skilfully seizing the goat by the horns "I will prevent its approaching." "See " said the Emperor smiling. " he is very young but he already knows how to take hold of a dilemma." In the year 1S19 Ae Persian Ambassador Mirza Abul Hassan Chan made his entry into Vienns and plsced at the feet of the Em- peror and Empress the presents his sovereign seivt them. Among these precious objects which consisted mostly of cashmeres was die picture of a Persian Monarch richly framed with a greenish Chinese stone a voluminous manuscript of the poet Feth Ali eom- posed of forty thousand distichs snd entitled the Book of the King cf Kingn in imitation of the famous poem of FerdussI and above all the scimitar of Timur celebrated in Europe under the name of Tamerlane. Abol Hassan then Ambassador now Prime Minister of Persia was a man of intelligence and information but having many peculiarities of behaviour and especially an extreme assur- ance. He bad visited several European Courts. At I^ndon Law- renee had taken his picture for the King of England finding that painter at Tienna he hastened to visit him at his workshop accom- 18 gt 7%e Thike of Reicksladt. I Oelober. panied by M. de HAinmer the Court Interpreter. The Duke of Reichstadt being cnrions to lee ibe Persian weot to Lawrence's at the same time. Abul HasMn waa presented to him and immediate* ly began to converse in English with Count Dietrichstein giving vent to all the petulant vivacity of his character. Struck by his etrange and nmsy manner the young duke who waa then eight yeara old said very gravely — "That is a lively Persian my pre- sence does not seem to impose the least reilraint on him." At this age the child was remarkably handsome he spoke with ease and with the accent peculiar to Parisians. We delighted to bear him express in the naif laugaage of his age very just thoughts and observations. It was necessary he should be early accustomed to the German tongue he would hear it constantly spoken around him he ought to understand what was said in his presence and profit by such means of instruction. But when we tried to make hua pronounce some German words he made deter- mined and desperate resistance as if in speaking that language he feared he was abdicating his title of Frenchman. Considering his age he kept for a long Ume to this resolution which howevert eventually yielded when he learnt German with wonderful facility and soon spoke it in the Imperial family. It was truly a plea- sure to auperintend the ready labor of his young imagination. His very faults showed quick intelligence and deep reflection. He reasoned by analogy and ingenious etymological observations. There waa very early in his young head a reasoning power highly interesting to perceive. From this time he manifested his diBerent characteristics — kind to inferiors amiable to his governors but without much display of attachment. If e obeyed from conviction but always began by trying resistance. He liked to be striking. It was evident he generally thought much more than he said- A temper which might have rendered him deceitful was to be sub- dued and we succeeded by dint of assiduous care and with diffi- culty. Ha received our reprimands with firmness but whatever displeasure they gave him never bore any ill-will. Ho always finished by agreeing to the justice of what was represented to him. When dnring the day there had been a coolness between us owing to some severe lesson that evening on taking leave he was always the first to offer a friendly hand begging us to pardon him and for- get his faults. There was one distinct feature in his character he conld not bear to be deceived - he likewise disliked tales and fables. Morali- ty could not persuade him in that way he waa invincible to aueh narration it is false he would say what then can it be good for t His extreme curiosity as to his past situation his fither's history. Ids actual existence and the canses of his fall embarrassed us »verj 1838. Neaaof Napolean'a DeatkdmmHnicated. 188 day vrwrt waw tn could not s amp tiafy him while it wss a pnniah- ment for tu at last the Emperor arrired. We hastened to impart to him the questions the child convlantly pat to vs begging^ him to gire orders respecUng them. The Emperor answered — *' Truth ia to be the basis of the prince's education yon are to answer freely all his questions that is the beet And the only way te quiet hia ima- gination and inspire him with that confidence which yon require in order to guide him." At first he interrogated us with eargemeaa and surprising affluence of ideas. Being authorized to answer him we did it with great freedom. As the Emperor had foreseen after a few days he was satisfied with this kind of conversation and then he became calmer and more reserved on the subject What s««ais incredible is that at no age and under no circuSi- atances did we ever hear him express a regret as to his former situation 4 but as already said his words were far from reveaUng all the aecreta of hia soul. Afierwarda we saw that he appreeiated the faults hia father committed but never nttered one word abont them. The news of the death of Napoleon was brought to Vienna by « courier of Messrs. Rothschild. -Count Dietrichstein had been otiliged to go to Wurtsburg. The Emperor commissioned me to announce this mournful event to the young prince who had juat sttained his tenth year. It was on the twenty-second of July at Scbcenbrunn in the same place on the same day where he him- aeli^ eleven years after expired ^at I informed him of the close of his father's existence he wept bitterly and his grief lasted several days. M. de Forest sud he to roe my father when he died little thought that I should receive from you such affectionate ears and so many proofs of attachment. The prince alluded to a circumstance in my life which I had related to him in the cam- paign of 1809. Being taken prisoner at Ratisboa I was conducted. . «i^ several other Austrian officers into the Emperor Napoleon'a Meaence when he was on horseback sarrounded by his numerous staff among whom were several marshals and he was very much agitated. ' We continued to occnpy the prince with the study of modern languages and literature. He had during sometime a skilful pro- fessor Mr. Fodevin of whom death robbed us.before the close of tliis part of his edacation. With him he studied deeply the Freueh classics analyzed and appreciated them in their most perfect works. He had cultivated his memory by learning many fragments of the Henriad the tragedies of Racine and Corneille. The masculine ge gt Bins of Corneille struck him though in general he was insensible ia the charms of poetry. He loved nothing but truth and elevated thoDghts and could not understand the merit of mere harmony of expreasioo or the powerful attraction of a well turned rhyme. IM 3V Duke of Reiekttadt. Oetol gt er Amang French antfaon he pr«ferr«d La Brufire wboae Charae- teratics he read and poadered nnich admiring the depth of his obserrationi vhich predilection belonged eBsentially to the tone of hi« mind. Distnistful perhaps because of his position which bo jadged with discernment he scrutinized men he knew how to Interrogste and examine them. His opinions were ^nerally se- vere bat we were often obliged to acknowledge the trndi and jmU nesB of bis remarks. The prince also occupied himself attentir^ \j and Bucceeflfiilly with German literature. Among the poetSt he preferred Otethe and Sebiller. His taste led him \a read with in- terast the Toluminous writings of Schmidt Mailer and oar cele* bra ted historians. Endowed with great dexterity in bodily exercises be was active md skilfnl in all games with children of his age^ especially th« young Archduke Francis who wnt his usual companion. He was accnsloraed when rery young to ride on honebacki and acquired great skill in that eKercise of which he was very fond. His decided taste for a military life induced his grandfather to yield to his wish to wear a oniform even before be attained his •eventb year he wore the dress of a soldier. He studied tactics with seal and application and when to reward him for his good eondnet. and exactness in erolotiona the insignia of the rank of sergeant was bestowed on him his joy was excessive be ran and boasted to his young friends of the promotion he had gained by M* merit and he afterwards passed through the grades of the military tderarchy and learnt in them the minutest details of service. He was always averse to being treated like a child. I remember to have heard an anecdote on this subject that shows his disposition. Every spring the Emperor gave a Ate in the magnificent green- honsee he bad built near his palace. Here In the nridst of all th« ridies of the vegetable world tables were spread around at which were seated the Empress and the ladies she had invited die men moving about on the space diat separated them from the flowers by which th^ vrare surrounded "the Duke of Reichstadt had just attained his twelfth year. The remarkable growth which prov- ed so fatal to him had not appeared but the beauty of his features was distingoiahed. The Empress called him to ber and caressing him desired to place him among the ladies but he blushed and re- fased to sit down saying very gravdy " my place should be among the men.*' He was always so remarkable for thought that properly speaking be bad no childhood. Living with persona older than himself he seemed to take pleasure in their conversation. Without being at til extraordinary ia early youth his intelligence was nevertheless preeocious his repartee was as quick as it was just he expressed Mmself with decision and ia terms remarkable for their proptiety 1638. Btoral S^-ength of Character. 19^ and elegance. Thoroaghly Kcqualtited with the theoriea of the French gt nd German langn amp ges he wrote generally with parity and finish but Bometimes in a negligent style that afleeted eren hia oN thography and which was in direct contradiction to his real infor- Diation and extensive and assiduoos reading. The Emporor. busied with the moral derelopement of hia grand- ton confided the care of initiating him into the policy and philoso* phy of history to the man who by ^is long experience derated rtatioD and great io formation was best calculated tb fulfil the wtahea of the monarch. Prince de Metternich was charged to give to the Dnke of Reichstodt an exact and complete history of Napo- leon. Re was at all dmea surrounded by numerous and actire conspi- isciea. It was therefore necessary to keep him from contact with persons whose intentions were suspicious. This watchfulness of which he was aware and the motives for which he fully appreciated was necessary for many reasons. Otherwise we may suppose how many intriguing men would have profited by snch facility to display for their own advantage their officions zeal and crooked counsels. What la not allowed to any prince could not be tolerated for the Duke oir Reichatadt. In aeveral instances when talking of the great memory of Napoleon his peraonal situation his future exist- ence and the efforts that would be made to draw him into political parties and movements he said to the Emperor and Prince Meitor- nich — "The aim of my life is not to be unworthy of my father's ^ory. I shall consider that I attain this high aim if as much as in me lies I succeed in appropriating to myself some of his fine quali- ties endeavouring to avoid the rocks on which they wrecked htm. I should fail in the duties which his memory imposes on me if I become the sport of faction and the tool of intriguers — the son of Napoleon can never condescend to play the part of an adventurer." The first impression this wonderful young man made on m« greatly surpassed the favorable idea which according to common opinion I had formed of his capacity. I did not expect to find lik anch extreme youth penetration and solidity of character in 'S» great a degree. It waa my happiness to inspire him with as Tamh confidence as he created interest and attachment in me in talking' to me he seemed to wish to open his heart and he explained his present feeling by saying that I was the man of his choice. From the beginning of our relationship I endeavoured to give him tnak and sincere advice and afterwards lost no opportunity of telling' him of his faults. I reproached him with levity as opposed to M* Qsual severe sense of right — a common want of application to thingv of which he did not think. I told him that one of the most useAil' and indispensable studies for him was early to accustom bimsetf t» eonqner his desires and that he should remove all obstacles tint MS ns Duke of ReichatadL October tnigbt impede die complete derelopement of bU intelleetiul fftcnl- tiei. He w»B grateful to me for this advice and seemed diBposed to profit by it. "What remembrance have tbey of my father in EgyptI" aaid he tome. " They think of him ai a meteor that passed dazzlingly over the conniry." "I can Buppoae Buch an opinion on the part of Ibrahim and Me- hemet Ali whose elevated mind was capable of forming Buch a judgment — ^but the people who had to support the miserieB of war ■re they not resentful 1" "Since then the enmity to Napoleon has given way to other en- mities there only remains a great admiration for his memory. The hatred between the Turks and Arabs is so active that present anffenng has quite destroyed the memory of what was undergone at another time. " "I can understand that explanation but in general the multitude considers a great man as it looks at a fine picture without being able to give an account of what constitutes itij merit consequently the traces left in their memory are quickly effaced. It is only sn- perior minds that ean judge appreciate and remember great men. " The habitual topic of our conversation was bis military studies. Plutarch was a favorite author he bad thought of bis writings and loved to talk to roe of tbe great men of antiquity whom he judged with remarkable discernment. The solid and creative talent of CttMT be preferred to the dazzling triumphs of Alexander but of all great captains he moat admired Hannibal. "You have " said I to him "a noble course before you. Austria is your adopted country you may by your talents prepare yourself to be of great future service to her." He answered in these re- markable words. " I know it as well as you I must not think of troubling France I will not be an gt tdventurer 1 am not to be the tool and sport of liberalism. To tread in the footsteps of Prince Eugene of Savoy would be a noble ambition for me but how pre- pare myself for such a part how attain such a height — I wish to have around me men whose talents and experience will furnish me tbe means of completing such an honorable course." The Revolntton of 1S30 had a great effect on the Duke of Reich- Madt and created in his mind an agitation and ferment that it was difficult for htm to overcoroe. At the moment when recent and ooofnaed newe of events at Paris left tbe result doubtful and allov- «d ns to believe in the possibility of the revolution his first impulse ms to say witli vivacity " I wish the Emperor would allow me to march with troops to the aid of King Charles X." I have this fact from two persons nearly related to the Prince both in an elevated •odal position holding nevertbeleas directly opposite political 1838. 1 Iniroduetion to SlarmonL 19T opinions. Bat in tbe poiition sad at tb« age of th« Dnke of..Reich- ■tadt hie opinions on this subject wonld not 1m consistent thej changed and succeeded one another with a rapidity that saddened and exhausted him. The warlike preparations to which the Revolution had every where given rise the conversation of military men who expected soon to enter upon a campaign the newspapers and public speak- ers assuming from day to day a more threatening aspect acted strongly upon his youthful imagination. Desire to take an active part in an approaching war was a passion which increasing with the flnctaaUona of his mind brought him o^n to a state of the most painful distraction. "To be a soldier and inactive whilst all around me is in motion that " sud he "would be a shocking situation on the other hand to take part in a war of aggression against France I what would he thought of me I But victory alone settles men's opinions success is the essential condition of popularity as well as glory. I will only bear arms in case France attacks Austria my duty would then be to defend my adopted country " A moment afterward he said to me vith great emotion — " and yet the will of my father imposes on me ft duty that must govern all the actions of my life." In the private circles and at the court balls he was regarded with great interest. His situation attracted general notice h gt s wit his easy conversation the vivacity of his repartees the elegance of his dress and manners his graceful figure the beauty of bis featuresi •ecured him marked success. The women towards whom in gene- ral be was amiable and gallant were always attentive to him. He confided to me that his heart was prepossessed with the charms and lively intelligence of a young and beautiful woman the Countess ■ — whom he bad met several times at court whose conversa- tion had interested him and who appeared flattered by his atten- tions. I Saw how dangerous for him was a passion which would not only distract him from bis labors and his duties but might ex- pose him to a reputation for levity which it was important to pre- vent. I told him so he listened with interest and after several re- lapses of which he frankly tnid me he completely conquered a pas- don which might have placed him in a mortifying and embarrass- ing situation and in many respects could not fail of being fatal to him. Marshal Marmont being at Vienna towards the end of tbe year 1630 Count Dietrichstein informed him of the Prince's wish to see him and that he might meet him that evening at a ball at the Eng- lish Ambassador's. The Marshal went there and saw the Duke who was eagerly seeking him. Count Dietrichstein told the Mar- shal he would present hira to the Prince whom they approached immediately. DC zecbvGoOgIC IM The Jhiie vf HeickMtadt. Oetobn^ '•Manhsl " uid the Di gt k« of Reiohsudt "I euntot tell yon what plewdre it gives me to see one of Ibe most illuatrioos geaenls vho fought under tsy father's orders 7011 particQlarly who wen his aid-de-c amp mp in his first campaigaa you were with him in Italy you followed him to Egypt end Germany. I hare studied his history with deep attention and hare many questions to ask you eonceming facts about which I wish to be enlightened." "I am at your orders my Lord " replied the Marshal During this time every eye was attentive all wishing to listen to a conversation they eould not orerhear but in which the Prince appeared very ani- mated and the Marshal much mored. Curiosity was roused from the be^ning every one desired to witness the public meeting be- tween die son of Napoleon and one of the most distinguished offi- cers of his army and what effect the conversation of the ancient companion in arms of his father would have on the young Prince. Taking advantage of a movement in the ball room the Marshal left the Duke for an instant and approaching Prince Mettemich informed him of his question saying that before he answered he wanted to be sure that he complied with the wishes of the Emperor. "Marshal " said the Prince to him "the wishes of the Emperor are that the Duke of Reichstadt should know the truth to conceal it front him would be impolitic and I think even criminal. " At the Prince's request the Marshal's conversaUons were changed into lectures on the military theory of Napoleon's campaigns. They took place regularly snd without interruption for three months. The youth listened to them with lively interest his eyes sparkling with intelligence in his penelraling look the Marshal discovered the eyes and soul of Napoleon. He followed him with insatiable aridity. His remarks were just and concise his qnesUons showed a quick apprehension but he made them rarely for he avoided intermpting instructions which absorbed all his faculties. Whenever an appeal was made to his memory it was found inrallible ai well as his judgment. His correctness attached him particularly to the first campaigne of Napoleon which also served as the foun- dation for the Marshal's lessons. According to the custom of the members of the Imperial family who devote themselves to military service the Duke of Reichstadt had paaaed through all the lower ranks he had thus learnt all military deUila with a zeal it was constantly necessary to moderate Ihal it might not be hurtful to his studies. The fifteenth June 1831 he was named Lientenanl-Colonel and took the command of a battalion of Hungarian infantry of Giulay then in garrison at Vienna. He entered on his new duties with great ardor. Polite kind anticipating the officers' wishes behaving o them more like their companion than their Prince he soon exer- died over them an influence which he knew how to gain over all t8SS gt DUease becomes Seated. 180 who rarroviided him. His whole life p amp seed in the study of Iheoiiei nuncmrriag in the field and i» the bamcVs. I admire hi gt military psBsion and intelligence said Count Hart- maim to me i but from he fourth day of his command hie roica was hoarae at which I was not surprised for that effect is common on all who ax« not in the habit of commanding a long line even the most robust Consequently I did not think I ought to prerent his eontinning in the service. At this time there were no perceptible rigne of disease though undoubtedly even then he bore the germa of the terrible malady under which he finally sunk. Some slight and frequent attacks of cough the continuation of his hoarseness and weakness after fatigue seemed to me evident signs of a coosd- totion that required Bttenlire watching and constant care but the Prince persisted in attributing his debility to not being accustomed to mueh bodily exercise. Activity alone said he can cure the evil eauaed by too long and uninterrupted application tg sedentary pur- suits. With incredible strength of character he carefully con- ««aled every indication of phthisical indisposition so much did he ftar-that the knowledge of hia real situaUon would decide his return lo a peaceful and quiet life. In the spring of 1831 the Prince entered on his military career. From that time he rejected all my advice I was only the spectator Ofan unmeasured zeal and unlimited eagerness for his new pursuits. From that time he thought he was only to listen to the passloa which dragged on fais feeble body through privations and labors entirely beyond his strength. He would have thought it disgrace- flil and cowardly to complain when under arms. Besides In his eyes I had wronged him by retarding his military career. He feared my observations might again interrupt it. And though in all our social relatiana he treated me widi extreme kindness as hia physician be never told me a word of truth. I could not induce him to try again the mnrialic baths and mineral waters that had been so useful to him the year before. He had not time he sud. Several limes I found him in his barracks overcome wiOt amp tigue. One day particularly I found him lying on a sofa exhausted almost ftinting and unable then to deny the distressing state lo which be was reduced. "I owe a grudge " said he "to this miserable body that cannot follow the will of my sonL " " It Is* indeed uBfortn- Bate " said I "that your Highness cannot change your body as yen do your horses when they are fatigued. But I implore yon my Lord to remember that you have an iron soul In a crystal body and that a wilful abuse of it cannot fail of being amp tal to you." His life then was wasting away. He slept scarcely four hours though naturally he required much sleep he eat scarcely any Uiing His whole exiateuce was centred in riding and military exerelae. H« took iw rest. Hia height increased he beeaoie gndnaUy 100 J^e Duie of Reichatadt. Oetober tbinoer and his complexion of a livid hue. To my questions he slwaf a answered " I am perfectly well." One day we were talking on the important snbject of religion he spoke of it in a touching manner. The sophistry of certain works and the conduct of some tndiriduala had cast a shadow of doubt orer his mind but his soul was religious. If he spoke of his doubts it was as a man who feels the necessity of attacking and conquering them. I had published an account of my travels in the Roly Land. He grew warm while talking of these biblicsl remem- brances and his heart usually so firm seemed like metal in a slate of fusion which becomes malleable against its nature. " My reading " said he — " and some examples I have had under my eyes — have thrown me into uncertainty. The sight of minute practice carried to excess sometimes to superstition and moreover «t variance in the same individuals with their moral conduct has had an unhappy effect on me. But my father after the example of every legislator who preceded him has loudly proclaimed that reli- gion is the indispensable foundation of every social edifice. What ia so necessary to human eociety must be right. This appealed to my reason and what an appeal to ray heart when religious reflec- tions are continually in my intimate acquaintance with the Empe- ror 1 With him religion is not merely a word on his lips but* thought in his soul. It is the vital principle the effect of which is constantly seen. Whether he prays or speaks or acts I always find in him the same deeply religious man. This constant sight has happily spoken to me in a way I understand. I have understood I have felt all that is sublime in religion being able to enlightea one amidst the uncertainty and darkness that surround him. " M. de Prokesch told me that on the thirteenth of January 1832 he found Jiim agitated he had been invited to a ball at Horshal Msison's and was vexed about iL " I have asked the Emperor " said he "if it is necessary I should go he allows me to do as I please. I have no reason to complain of the Marshal but it is impossible that decently I should be at Louis Philippe's Ambassa- dor's at the very time when he is issuing against me a decree of exile and proaeriptioii. There would be so inconsistency in sndt s situation which might shock all who witnessed it and which un- doubtedly would injure me seriously. " The Duke of Reichstadt vexed at being deprived of his military trocations tried to conceal hie sufferings he was firmly resolved not to be sick and though he had entire confidence in the talents of Doetor Molfettis and honored him with his affections he en- deavonred by his answers to get rid of his attentions and refused to submit to tiie prescriptions that had been se salutary to him. " The doctor in his vexation ssid to him one day " as a good and ' "e Priaoe I have for yon the truest affection but I do not 1838. The last Momenta of the Duke. 191 like you «s a patient" "And I " skld the PriiMse " lore yon u a man of le amp ming and intelligence but jron know I hate phyaic." The Frinces of the Imperial family are obliged to receive he viaticum in the presence of the Court. It was feared to inform the Duke of Reichstedt that the time had come for him to fulfil this last duly. The Court prelate Michel Wagner who had instructed him while a child did not feel able to propose it to him. The Archduchess Sophia who had given the young Prince so many proofs of tender and affectionate inierest took upon herself to conceal this terrible trnth from him by persuading him to unite their prayers he for his cure she for her approaching accouch»- ment. The ceremony was performed in the midst of a sad and nnmerons assembly who were present at the sacrifice though the Prince was not aware of it What amp sight I the union of these two members of the Imperial family at the foot of the altar one pale exhausted almost expiring receiring the sacrament of death when hardly on the threshold of life the Archduchess in all the brilliancy of beauty youth and maternity preparing herself by this religious act to consecrate the birth of her second child. It was of a deeply touching character the reflection which thus united in one prayer life and death the cradle and the tomb. The Prince grew perceptibly weaker and worse every day he was sometimes carried to an encloaure in the gardens of Schceo- brunn end there placed on a balcony that projected from his apart- ment that he might enjoy the air which his lacerated breast now breathed with great difficulty. Soon he could not leave his bed. He was in that state fluctuating between hope and despair which is the characteristic symptom of his complaint but when he spoke to tu of his approaching death it was with the immoveable firmnesfl of a brave man. On the evening of the twenty-first of July Doctor Malfettis in- formed us that he feared the worst the following night Baron Moll never left hie chamber but unknown to him for he could not bear any one should stay with him at night. For some time he seemed to be dying. Towards half past three he raised himself on his couch and exclaimed " I am sinking I am sinking I " Ich gebe unter Baron Moll and his valet de chambre took him in their arms and tried to calm him. " Mother 1 mother " were his last words. Hoping that it was only a passing weakness. Baron Moll hesitat- ed to tend for the Archduchess but when he saw the Prince's fea- ture becoming fixed and deathlike he trusted him to the valet and ran to call the grandma tresse of Maria Louise and the Archduke Francis vhom the Prince had asked to be with him in his last moments. Maria Louise thought herself able to stand by her ex- piring son but she fell kneeling at his bedside. The Duke at Reichstadt could not speak his dimmed eye fixed on bis mother m 7%e Dvie of Seickatadt. October tried to expreaa to her the feelings his lipi had not lire to ntter. The prelste then pointing towarda Heaven he raised his eyes in VDSwer to the tbonght. At eight minutes past fire he expired with- out a struggle in the same chamber which the triumphant Napoleon had occupied in the same place where for the last time dictating peace as a conqueror he slept amid all the illusions of rictory promising himself a glorious marriage and the eternity of his dyn- asty. It was the twenty-second July the onniTersary of the act which had giren to the Duke of Reichstadt his last name and title the anniversary of the day on which the Prince learnt at Bchmn- bm amp n the death of Napoleon. On the coffin was the fallowing inscription "To the memory of Joseph Francois Charles Duke of Reichstadt^ ion of Napoleon Emperor of the French and of the Archduchess Maria Louisa of Austria born at Paris twentieth March 1812 sa- luted in his cradle by the title of King of Rome. In the flower of bis youth and endowed with every fine quality of mind and body of an imposing stature noble and agreeable features elegant in his language remarkable for his military information and aptitude he waa attacked with a phthisis and died in the Emperor's castle at Schoenbmnn near Vienna the twenty-second July 1833. " Unfortunate Prince when in agony you slowly approached the tomb you exclaimed "so young alaa most I end a useless and ob- scure life My birth and my death — they are my history." Ahl your life did not close without fame though deprived of the peril- ous honors of power the terrible brilliancy of battles without great events but not great qualities. Yonr existence furnishes by its con- trast widi the prodigious life of yonr father one of the most elo- quent pages of history perhaps the most worthy of our meditations. That being la not extinguiahed without glory which learns how to conquer the love and regrets of the Imperial family and of a peo- ple whom the author of your being crushed under the power of his rictories. The lamentations of the people of Vienna escorting to the tomb of the Czars the coffin of the son of Napoleon is a noble funeral oration. The tears shed at your funeral are preferable to those drawn by victory for victory draws more than tears. If to give the world one of its sublimest lessons heaven chose that yonr premature end ehonid be the lenninadon of a great sacri- fice at least it took care to adorn the victim with such high qoalir tie* and precioue gifts as rendered him worthy of the oblation and eonsecratod him forerer in the memory of mankind. 3 by Google THB UNITED STATES MAGAZINE AMD DEMOCRATIC KEVIEW THE CREDIT 8Y8TEM.* Amoks the phreaei which wiihin a y e gt r or two past hare be«n leaounded through the community by partiz amp n zeal for the purpose of disturbing the reflection and judgment of our fellow-ciliiens none perhaps has been the subject of so much senseless declamation u that at the head of the present article. If reliance is to be placed upon the evidence furnished by newspaper parsgraphs dinner orations and Congress speeches "the Credit System " is the veri- table horn of plenty from which all the bounties bestowed upon our favored land have been poured forth. The extent and fertility of our territory — the variety and value of its staple productions — the indomitable energy of our citizens and the habits of industry and thrift so widely diffused among them — the security furnished bv our ■ystem of self-governraent against improper restraints upon indivi- dual enterprise — and the protection for the acquisitions of diligence and economy guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States in its golden provision that nothing but a sound and equal currency riiall ever be made a legal tender for the payment of debts — these are all nothing compared with the Crsdit System in promoting the prosperity of the country. The phrase in question denotes something wholly distinct from that mutual confidence and good faith among men which are the most essential elements of the prosperity and happiness of all com- munities. These fundamentals of well ordered society reqnire to be preserved equally from violent outrage and fraudulent cupidity. The principal object for sarrendering a portion of our natural lib- erty and submitting to the restraints.of any form of Goyemment is to afford this protection by pifecing every individual however dif- ferent with regard to strength cunning talent and wealth equally imder the broad osgts of the law. But is Uie srtiftcial policy dignified with the name of the "Credit •Theerediliyitemof France Great Briuin and Iba United Sute*. ByH.0. Carey author of the Priticlple* of P dUie«l BMoomy. Philadelphia. ISSfL Google 196 - TTu Credit System. NoTember Syatem" «s organized in Engl amp nd and for which such omnipotent control over the right and pririlegea of erery clais of cilizeng hu been claimed in this country intended to promote this lecurityt Not Bt all. On the other hand its direct tendency it to snbrert that equality of riiihts which is the foundation of our forms of Oo- Temment — to aicritice the physical comfort and the moral welfare of the many upon the altar of Mammon for the advantage of the few — to bestow inordinate power upon the mere shadow of wealth kl the expense of permanent general prosperity — to invest combi- nations of irresponsible indiviiluals with tiie monopoly of an artificial measnre of value by which arbitrary control over the subsistence of all other classes is conferred upon them and they are enabled to modify pervert and break down with impunity ell laws which in- terfere with their cupidity. By means of secret and concerted ar- rangements these soulless combinations src able to practice acts of injustice vitally affecting the most important interests of those who are unable «o resist their power which no Individual could venture lo perpetrate without becoming obnoxious to the penal laws. Hence the manifold advantages of capital loaned upon credit for the en- eonragement of industry and enterprise are diminished by the in- crease of risk. Confounding two things wholly distinct in their ef- fects upon the community — the loan of mere credit and the loan of actual capital — the modem "Credit System " has deeply impaired integrity and good faith and nearly destroyed mercantile stability. The publication which has more immediately drawn our attention lo this subject at the present time is obviously a piece justicatif to the famous letter of Mr. Nicholas Biddle addressed through the public newspapers to Ex-President Adams on the fifth of April laat That notable dncnment spoke for itself in terms so explicit as to require neither comment nor explanation. AH the discreet sup- porters of the Bank of the United States in every section of the Union were struck with dismay at its promulgation — while the peo- ple at large rejoiced that the Corypho-ua of the "Credit System" in this country had cast aside the Iricka pretences and newspaper puffery under which its msnagement bad been prerioosly veiled and presented its policy boldly before the world ss sn antagonist power to the principles of Government estahlished by the Con- stitution of the United SlHlea. Every feeling of indignation which the insolence of the langnage was calculated to excite was smother- ed by the ludicrous spectacle presented by an aspiring clerk eni- ployed by a few capitalists abroad and speculators at home stmt- ling forth from behind his desk with his pen behind his ear end dictating to the Legislature of the Slate of New York and to tb« people of the Union at large in such amp pompons style of military grandiloquence. No great period of time had elapsed before it wae discovered that this flourish of belligerent phruei concluding with 3 by Google less. 1 ITie EviU of tkt Englisk System only Imitated 197 Ihe delicate panillel between the poBition of Mr. Biddle himself — posted in his broker's office contriving aehemespolilir'allyaiibvemve of the best interests of the community in order to bring profit to his employers and odium on'ihe Government — and that of the patriot Jackson before Now Orleans fighting the embattled enemies of his country — was a sad blunder. His doctrines on the currency wen found alsii on examination by some of his friends to be so much at Tariance with all honesty and fair dealing as to threaten more injury to the "Credit System" than the most powerftil attack npon it from whatever quarter. Under these circumstances the publication in question was made by Mr. Carey for the evident parpose of justify- ing and expounding the leading views of this unfortunKte letter. By whom its principal materials were furnished or under whose direction they were strung together cannot concern the public in the slightest degree. In offering to the consideration of our readers some general views upon the ''Credit System" we do not propose to follow the details of Mr. Carey's book. The character of his Acts a great portioV of which appear lo have been made to order will be seen by the samples we shall furnish in the sequel. The credit system of England of which our own is an humble attempt at imitation is regarded by many as the most beneficial in- vention of modem times. The unalloyed advantages derived from its operation in the extent of her commerce and manufactures and the vast wealth of many of her great proprietors and capitalist are continually held forth to our admiration. Many active and influen- tial individuals from views that are not difficult of comprehension are constantly insisting before the American people that the highest welfare of the community at large will be promoted by extending this system greatly beyond the principles which have been adopted by England. This sentiment appears to be the staple of the publi- cation in question as well as of the document to which it is evident- ly a subsidiary. Like most imitators these advocates of the English system seem to be more deeply enamoured with faults and defects become in- curable by the course of events than with any of its real advan- tages. Because England during the long and bloody wars of the French revolution legalized the suspenaion of specie payments this country according to these high authorities ought to have pur- sued the same course in a period of profound peace and universal commercial intercourse for the purpose of enabling a few gamblers on a large scale to realize their unrighteous profits — and after the suspension had been effected to continue it longer than otherwise wonld have been done by their profligate management. Contracts which bad been entered into under the faith and eonGdeuee that they would be fairly liquidated were discharged by a depreciated medium worth is the market from one-teath to one-fourth part of the earrencj- HIS l%e Credit ^atewt. CNoronber^ in view of which they had been made by which all calculation fore- ■tght and economy on the part of the community at large were frva- trated through the averpowering influence of the banks. The plen- tifulneas of paper currency and the facility of obtainiag aceommo* da^ons had led to rast numbers of improvident engagements. A sudden contraction of issues rendered it impossible to fulfil them. The mieforlunoB and consequent distress of thousands upon thou- sands of meritorious indiTiduals whose property and means of lirc- lihood had been suddenly swept away by these flagitious ezpanaiona and contractions of the currency issued and controlled by the banks were flippantly ascribed to the hostility of the Ctovernmentl The results of the experiment of the English gorernment upon the pros- perity of her people were of course kept nut of view. What they were one of her most enlightened and distinguished statesmeD has informed us. In 1828 Mr. Huskisson stated in the House of Com- mons in the debate on the national debt bill that "the bank restric- tion of 1797 which had continued for a quarter of a century had produced more calamitous consequences — mors confusion — more moral and political evils than any other measure Parliament had ever sanctioned." In this opinion the Chancellor of the Ezcheqner of that time Mr. Goulborn who entertained different views from those of Mr. Huskisson on most questions of general policy imme- diately expressed his entire concurrence. That they were both abun lt lantly justified by the slate of things actually produced by this favorite feature of the " Credit System " will be shown in the pro- per place. . As to the wealth and prosperity which this system is represented o have poured forth upon the English nation — the fact that its opera^on has concentrated the whole property in the kingdom into a few hands while the mass of the population have been gradually- reduced to a condition of poverty and dependence is wholly over- looked. But as a matter of example to the free prosperous and independent citizens of the United States this is by far the most important consequence of the "Credit System." That such has been the effect of its operation we have only to refer our readers to a work of the highest authority — Marshall's Statistics of thi British Expire. Among the exhibits contained in the seventh volume may be found a statement which elucidates this point more conclusively than could be done by any quantity of argumentative deduction. By a careful analysis of the latest population retnmst it is shown that all the inhabitants of the three kingdoms amount- ing to twenty-four million three hundred and six thousand seven hundred and nineteen are devoted to a condition of laborious and unremitting exertion for their subsistence excepting two hundred and seventy-five thousand two hundred and four individuals belong- ing to the higher classes — consisting of nobility capitalists bank- 1S88.I RenUt of tke B»gHak CndHayrtemonOe People. 1W •EB Ax. Of thesfl excluBire feroriles of Hhe " Credit SyBtom " ona hundred and aeventy-nine Ihotnand nine handred and eigbty-three naide in England proper five thoniand two hundred and four in Walea twenty-nine thousand two hundred and three in Scotland and BiTty-one thousand fire hundred and fonrteen in Ireland. Taking the whole together the result of the artificial state of things brought about by this system is that nearly one hundred individuala have been brought down to a state of permanent seiritade — we will aot use the oflensire term slavery — 'in order to maintain each of theaa nnproductire consamers in afflnenee and splendor I The details for each county in the three kingdoms are fumiabed in the volume In ^eation showing the number of persons employed in agricnlturet fa each of Uie handicraft trades in manufactures amp c. How well jostified was John Taylor of Caroline — one of the most sagaciona tif th« great men of Virginia dniing her brightest era of intel- lectnal power in declaring that the operation of the banking sys- tem must inevitably produce a more nniverssl and degrading con- dition of dependence than the feudal system was ever able to effect In his masterly performance the " Inquiry into the principles and po- licy of the Government of the United States " Mr. Taylor distinctly portrays the conflict between the principlesof the Credit System and dtoae upon which the vital interests of the people of sny free coun- try are based. In precise accordance with his explanations of these eonseqnencea the population of Great Britain and Ireland are now reduced to a condition far more deplorable than the serfs of Poland and Rossis since the general difTusion of knowledge only serves to render the former sensible of their entanglement in the political spider's web wonnd about them by the Credit System and to con- vince them that nothing short of revolution can extricate them by breaking at once these artificial reilrainis upon their means of comfort. Hr. Marshall has condensed the results of the Credit System of England into a single sentence at the close of the In- trodaetory remarks prefixed to the sixth volume of his work pub- lished at the commencement of the present year. He observes tbat — *'the progressively increasing privation and degradation of a great portion of the population amid a progressive accumulation of capital ascendency of money influence and consequent display of luxury an unparalleled extension of mechanical power and in- creased facility of intercourse successive alternations of seeming prosperity and extreme depression progressively incressing pso- perism end its concomitant crime and threatened change of long established institutions — are all circumstances which call imperiou»- ly for the most profound consideration and regard of all the friends of social order and integrity of interests." In full view of such a picture drawn by a person of great ability »d high character who has devoted many ytesn of his Ufa to the zecbvGoOglc 900 THe Credit SytUm. {MoTamber coUectian and srrsDgemeat of the fiieU to which it refen we find in our principal cities a voluble buetling class of individualH who constantly employ their powers of persuasion to conTince the citi- zens of this free country that the principles of carreocy and fioftnce which have led to these results in the land of our origin is of all others best suited to onrselres. Their argumenls generally remind US of La Fontaine's fable of the Man and the wild Horse. The con- venience and advantages of riding on the part of the former are sufficiently obvious but those of being ridden are to reflecting minds not quite so satisfoclory however plaoaibly end ingeniouily set forth. So much pains have been taken to satisfy the people of the United States that the policy of England on he subject of currency are based upon just and true principles that it seems necessary to re- mind our readers of the source and progress of the modem " Credit System." Sensible and judicious individuals are oAen led to adopt extravagant opinions from the want of sufficient materiali for form- ing general and consequential views. The various circnmstancM which have gradually brought about the corruption of the very lif^ blood which nonrialiBS the body of the community under which England now labors and to produce a similar result unwearied ef- forts have been made in our own country is not only deeply inter- esting lo every reflecting mind but a brief narrative showing the principal stages by which this system has reached ita present mag- nificence will serve to explain Ae condition of English society d^ veloped by Mr. Marshall more distinctly than any other course. All who are conversant with the History of England are aware of the leading circumstances attending the most important oceurrenee which has befallen that monarchy in modern times — the RevolatioD of 1688. That great event established for the first time in England the principle that all government is a trust for the benefit of the gov- erned who are not to be regarded even in a hereditary monarchy as the absolute property of the King. However this might conflict with the maxims of the fundamental laws Somers and the leading Whig statesmen of that day overturned without ceremony the doc- trines that the King could do no wrong and that the Royal authority descended by right of hereditary succession by declaring James II. to have forfeited the crown and bestowing die Supreme Executive Authority upon 'William III. a foreigner who had married the eldest daughter of the dethroned King. This transcendent invasion of the royal prerogative was impe- riously demanded by the grossest measures of misgovern ment as well as the most clearly established designs concerted by the King with that personification of arbitrary power Louis XIV. agaiast the permanent welfare of the people of England. So strong was the feeling throughout the nalion against the measures of the King that 3 by Google 1838. 1 System Hventei hy Patterson. 901 gt ranks and parties aiMjuiuced in his expulsion from the throne though the coniequencea of this step became aabflequently the oo eaaioa of violent party disaentioas. . James sought refuge with his patron in France. The change of incceaaion was the cause of protracted and most ezpenaiTe wars with that power based upon the identical pretexts with those be- tween the two canntiies a century afterwards the difference being that in the last instance it was Ft«oce instead of England which had dethroned her monarch. ' Thifl contest not only laid the foundation of the present Credit System of England but was the immediate occasion of the existing condidon of that of France which is regarded with so much antipa- thy by Mr. Carey. The bulk of ibe English Nation had acquiesced in the change of succession under the Act of Settlement. But the enormous expenditures which prored to be necessary to maintain the new order of things induced a very large proportion of the land- holders upon whom at that period the weight of taxation mainljr fell to consider the question in a diSeient poiot of view from that In which it had been originally presented. For the purpose of avoiding the embarrassments which thickened upon the English ministry from this ominous quarter they adopted various expe- dients for temporary relief. The principal mode of alleviating the clamors of the land-holders who controlled both Houses of Parlia- ment against the increase of taxation was the borrowing a great portion of the increased expenses to carry on the war upon annni- lies which were alone to be discharged by the current revenue. Even the despotic government of Louie XIV. independent as it was of any recourse to popular assemblies was obliged to incur vast anticipations of its revenues from the impossibility of providing by taxation for the current expenditures of the war. During the pecuniary difficulties in which the two Qovemmenta of England and France were involved in different periods of Ae ver two Scotchmen presented themselves each ofi^ring to these respective nations a sovereign panacea for the relief of their most distressing malady — the want of money. There can be no doubt but William Patterson was the original projector of that ingenious system which of late has been the theme of eulogy from so many eloquent individuals as the greatest of human discoveries. The Scotch Darien Company organized for the purpose of controlling ^e commerce of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a eommunica- tion across the Isthmus and which was the foundation of the famous South Sea scheme and the Bank of England — both bssed upon the same general principles and both devised by Patterson show that the world was indebted for the invention of the " Credit System " to him and not to John Law who was twenty years his junior. This tnvendon has immortaUxed he two distinguished finanders who 3 by Google Ml TV Cnat Sfrtem. NoTember. curied into opefalion In the respective kingdom of Great Britain Uid France the great modern improTement by which Slates and indiTiduala are rendered more wealthy and proaperoua wholly from the single fact of being plunged into debt and embarraMmenL Lifco moat appliances for the univeraal relief of corporeal nnlediee thia great remedy is inoperatiTe nnless where unlimited confidence ia placed in its potency. Whenever faith is implicit and aniveml Ae powers of relief possessed by this system are marrellous indeed. Nntwitfastandlng the perplexities in which the English ministry of the time were inTolved from the TSst expenses of the war they listened with great jealousy and caution to the flattering pictures of ease and aflhience drawn by the glowing fancy of Pattertos. Both Somers and Gndolphin who were the soul of the measures for sustaining the Protestant succession were so deficient in coo* fidence that not until one million two hundred thousand pounds sterling in cash was actually paid into the Royal Treasury by him and his associates would they consent that the Bsnk of England should become a corporation. This loan formed its original ea H- tal which in the days of Walpole was increased to nearly ten rail- lions under circumstances we shell hive occasion to explain. The privileges conferred in the first instance on the Bank were exceed- ingly narrow compared with those with which it was afterwards invested. Until the time of Walpole the limitations upon its pow- ers were enforced with such strictness though it furnished from time to time considerable facilities in effecting the anticipations which had already become an important part of the financial policy of England that no immediate and palpable inconvenience thea multed from its operations to the public at large. It therefore gradnally acquired the confidence of the mercantile community and was thus by degrees prepared to discharge the political func- tions which were afterwards devolved upon iL But the similar projects of John Law fell upon more congenial seiL They were soon sdopted by the Prench Government upon a seals of magnificence greatly exceeding the schemes for making money plentiful which after his pattern have been devised in our own time and country. The Royal Bank of France was established — the capital stock of which like that of the Bank of England and the first and second Banks of the United States all resting upon the same genera principles was principally composed of the pub- lic debt. Paper currency was soon issued in such abundance as to produce the highest state of prosperity throughout France. Money became such a drug that the ordinary rate of interest was reduced to two per cent per annum. More than twelve hundred neir coaches were at once set np in Paris by individuals who had real- ised fortunes by the operations of the Royal Bank. To ensure snd perpetDste its success Royal edicts were Issued ordsring aQ 3 by Google Laa'a Royal Bmti of France. 90S neeirerfl of die nmrne to accept onl^ Its pspm- for tbe pnblis tftxei and all indiriduali were expreaaly prohibited from making any paymeata of auma above a hundred lirres leas than twenty dollars in any currency excepting bills of the Bank. Another mesBure was adopted for the pnrpoae of preventing demands upon the Bank for coin and for szpelling epecie from the kingdom which surely ought to have reconciled Mr. Carey to the wisdom of French management aa it coincides precisely with Me riews of the injurious efiecle of a specie currency. An edict was iuued prohibiting any other corporation or individual under the penalty of ten thousand livree from having gold or silver coin in posses- rion to a greater amount than five hundred ' 11 v res less than one hundred dollars. When these meaanrea had been adopted the teenes witnessed in the Hue Quinquempolx where the Royal Bank was located rivalled in extravagance any which within the two or three yearq paat have been exhibited in Wall or Chesnut street. A dividend of forty per cent was soon afterwards declarM by the Royal Bank which still held reserved profits to an amount ex- ceeding one hundred and twenty millions of livres. Its sharca BOW rose to more than twenty times their original cost For an adequate idea of the avidity which pervaded all classes of society from the very highest to the lowest for embarking in the Royal Bank we most refer our readera to contemporary descriptions which may be found in abundance in the memoirs of several dia- tinguished individuals who flourished at that day. They likewise depict in terms of execration sufficiently strong against its inven- tor the universal ruin which overspread the kingdom when this scheme exploded. The operations of this bank managed upoD the identical principles taught by the Philadelphia school-^-some- what tinged perhaps with the infatuation of which we have seen quite sufficient examples among ourselres under similar tempta- tions and which always accompanies such apecniatiuns amtmg ean- guine people — are not only the main source of the want of credit and confidence In all paper currency which prevails up to he pre- sent day among the people in every part of France which Mr. Carey censures with so much severity but this general overthrow of all confidence and good fsiUi by means of the credit system was undoubtedly the most powerfnl of any single canse in producing the French Revolution. The frauds and impositions which men had been enabled to practice upon each other were aggravated by the general belief of the wanton oppression of the Government re- sulting from the practical identity of the Royal Treasory with die Royal Bank. The distress arising from calamities of any kind earae therefore to be habitually attributed to Uie Royal fiscal mea- anres. Under the pressure of immediate want the people of France did not siO gt to reflect how far circumstances beyond iJie control of Dci-zecbvGoOgIc 9M TV CredU SgaUm. November die King gt nd hit minlsUra might have produced the high price of bread which oecasioned the tumults that brought on the outrs^a which oTerthrew the GoTernmeDt. The people knew that pricea had been extravagantly inflated by the coaneiion between the Gor- ernment and the Royal Bank — they accordingly attributed the famine which rendered them deKperate to the meaaurea of th« Gorernment Popular jealonay had become o easily excited by the oppressive conBeqoences of this unfortunate connexion that even the talents and integrity of such men as Turgot and Neckar were wholly inadequate to satisfy the people as to the correct man- agement of the public finances. We should probably hare felt somo snrprise at the credulity and extravagance of any people becoming frantic with rage against their rulers under such circumstances if the censure to which our own GoTcrnment has been from time to time subjected from in- dividyals of high character had not sufficiently satisfied us that the connexion of the public finances of any country with the "Credit System " upon the Law and Patterson model as was originally introduced among us by Robert Horris most create Tinlent expressions of popular feeling under the fluctuations it ineTitably produces. The profits derived from the burdens im- posed on the people are exclusively enjoyed by the Bank or Banks — but the censure which justly belongs to their mismsaage- tnent is as a matter of course wholly thrown upon the Govern- ment. Accordingly the publication of Mr. Carey ascribes all th« embarassments with which our citizens in every walk of life have been risiled within the last three or four years from the eipsn-. sions and contractions of the banks to the measures of the Execu- tive of the Union. Excepting in a single instance he does not un- dertake to explain the operation of these destructive measures — and his single specification can hardly be regarded as a fortunste one for his purpose — since he has pitched upon the importation of the foreign indemnities in gold. Now if our memory serves this im- portation was expressly desired by the claimants to whom the money belonged in consequence of that mode of remittance af- fording them a greater degree of profit than any other as may be seen by the correspondence published among the Documents of the Senate at the last Session. To cbarge this measure upon the Executive ss en act of hosliFity to the mercantile interest — nay as the principal and specific act of that kind which could be mustered into the service on this great occasion — appears to be making an tppeal to public credulity quite in character with the design of the publication. . When the banks last year at once refused to dis- charge their obligations both to the Government for the vast amounts of public money held by ihem and to the community at luge this defiance of Uie laws subversive of the highest in- 3 by Google 1838. Character of Waipole. 206 teregta of society is jnitified by a pretended necesBity arieing from the policy of the OoTernmeat I After the implicit faith given to ■uch pretexts by indindakle who on most other subjects do not ■eem to be destitute of judgment and intelligence we can realize the etnpendons influence which the most ebsnrd tales exercised over the inflammable passions of the French people which had been so long repressed by the most rigid tyranny. But to return to onr account of the English system on the death of James II. in France the great question of the KeTolution of 1688 assumed a new sspect in England. It was conceded on all hands that James had been guilty while on the throne of the high- est outrages upon the rights of his subjects. But now the offender had died ought the penalty for these enormities to be inflicted on hie son and heir — an infant but five months old when his father was expelled from the throne T At the rery foundation of the laws under which the land owners of Great Britain inherited their estates from their ancestors lay the fundamental pr'.nciple of the hereditary succession of the crown. They had acquiesced in expelling James as the only mode of effectually protecting their rights and liberties. But influential ihdiTiduals among them began to express scruples after his death as to the right of extending this forfeiture to his heir and making him the victim of the misdeeds of his father of which he was equally innocent and unconscious at the time they were committed. These scruples were not probably lessened by the rapid and alarming increase of the burdens o laxstJon which the support of the public credit required under the practice of borrow- ing on minouB annuities the principal sums necessary to carry ob the war. The public feeling became so strong and general on this subject that no doubt now exists that the Isst ministry of Queeo Anne had determined to bring about the restoTation of the Stuarts but their plans were frustrated by her opportune death. The head of the House of Hanover accordingly ascended the British throne under the provisions of the Act of Settlement. Uuac- qnainted alike with the language habits and views of the people of England George I. was politically dependent upon the individual be had selected for Prime Minister — Sir Robert Wnlpole afterwards Earl of Orford. He was unquottionably a person of great ability and greater dexterity. Those who are curious in parallels between individnals of former times and those of onr own day and nation will discover many points of similarity between the character of Waipole and of distinguished personages among ourselves wbo^ with equal disregard to those great principles of popular rights which led to the application of the term to politicians of a former generation — affect to imitate him by caDing themselves Wbig*. Plausible and ingenious in his eloquence unprincipled in his mea- sures and profligate in his personal habits he avowed that Ui VM Tie Credit SjfHem. Norember neasares for iDaintainin the Gaelph familj on the throne wen wholly based upon penonal corruption. Beyond the diBguiaea ne- ceesary to avoid shocking the publie sensibility he evinced a total disregard for all those virlues which in every age and country are «ssenti«l lo the preservation of the blessings of good government. The prejudices to which we have referred as pervading the bulk of the landholders against the Hanoverian dynasty induced Wal- pole to organize an efficient influence which by its general difTusioii throughout all ranks and classes and the zeal and activity of those scting under its impulse might serve to counteract the power of the owners of the soil. He according ly arranged the funding wf^ tem upon a new Tooting — substantially the same upon which it re- mains at the present time — and adopted various expedients for in- creasing the financial and personal importance of speculators who produced the bubble mania during the earlier years of George I. The South Sea scheme resulting from the original plan of Patter- son before referred to soon became so popular that its stock rose to a thousand per cent above its par value. Among numerous other projects inflated by the financiers of that period there was one for raising flax in Pennsylvania the stock of which sold in X gt ondaa for fifUen hundred per cent. Those who may wish to obtain authentic information as to the fancy stocks of that time may fiad an ample fund of entertainment and instruction in the third volume of Hacpherson's Annals of Commerce. The ex- plosion of these bubbles impaired public confidence to such an extent as not only to have nearly ruined the Bank of England bat to have hazarded the ascendency both of Walpole and the dynasty of which he was the main support With his usual dexterity he however succeeded in turning these disastrous results of the Credit System to his advantage by the pretexts they afibrded for increas- ing the capital stock and enlarging the powers of the Bank greatly beyond what would have been sanctioned by Parliament but from die necessity of aflbrding relief for the general distress which pre- vailed. He by this means was enabled to give it new weight and ImporUnce as the focus of his schemes of corruption. He then modelled his plans of taxation in such a manner as to raise sup- plies as tar as possible from those classee of the community who exercised the least influence in Parliamentary elections. The land tajE was lessened from the ratio imposed in the previous reigns and all money and funded property was wholly exempted from any portion of the public bnrdenst the weight of which was provided for by customs upon the importation of foreign commodities fixed kt moderate rates . that commerce might not be discouraged and mainly by assessed taxes and excise duties upon the necessaries of life. By this arrangement which has become the established finan- ebd policy of the British Government the prodnetivfl claaaes an ISM. Corruptiim of Ot EngUtl Syttem. 909 Bade to smtain tlwt inordinate ahare of the expenaea of the StsM^ ct the ume time deriving from ibeta cflmparBtively few advaatags^ which has gndually prened Ihem down to their present degraded condition. The measnrea adopted by Walpole for the purpoae of counteract ■Bg the political control poiaeaaed by the owners of the soil resnlted in arraying the whole kingdom ii^to the two great parties continually referred to in die publications of that period by the namea of the DMHtied interest and the landed interest. The principles which originally separated the Whigs and Tories were wholly lost sight of^ when royal prerogative gare way to ministerial influence as the predominating power of goTernment. The credit system was now in full operation in its present shape. Its great engine the Bank of England was freed from the greater por- tion of the restrictions previously imposed by law upon its manage ment — its capital stock made ample and its efficient means of control over the business and business men of the kingdom by alternately excidng hopes of gain and apprehensions of loss through the skit fnl management of paper currency and public debt had became fully nnderatood by those in power. The preservation of the Guelpha on the throne did not however require Walpole to task the vast in- fluence which this great machine of Scottish invention but enlargedi improved and in short newly arranged by himself was able to ex- ert upon a trading and manufacturing people. But his successors who did not entertain similar feelings towards the landed interest pursued a different course. His pacific temper and love of personal ease led him to prefer the quiet employment of personal corruption upon influential individuals whose service ke desired rather than the more ambitioua mode of endeavoring to overcome the oppoaition of the land owners to the Hanoverian dy- nasty by holding out great temptations to their leadera aa a claas. Since hia time how many of the expenaive wara into which England has been plunged have been prolonged from the neceasity of pro- viding for the dependent branches of the aristocracy by the increase of the public eatabliahmenta whose officers have always been priit- cipally drawn from that class and to build up fortunes for them by means ofthe jobs and contracts growing out of a prodigal expenditure of tile public money Walpole opened the channel to the great depths of corruption by organizing the credit system-— but left it to hia enceeBSors to explore its foul recesses. The greatrevolutionin the ownership of landed property which the operation of this system has bronght about in England had hardly commenced at the close of hia long conUnuance in power. The expenditure of the war which ■neceeded his retirement and of the seven yeara' wari bore heavily Bpon the small proprietors. The increase of taxation oocaaiooad bf theae wart combined with the inequality and injwUee of te 90B lie Credit ^ftUn. NoTember distribution of iti burdens together with the increue of luzuriom habila inseparable from the preraleDee of euddenl^ acquired or fae- titious wealth soon began to extirpate that ancient race of indepen- dent yeomanry who caltirated their own soil and who had for cen- turies constituted the bone end ainew of the English nation and were its strength in wari and ita ornament and glory in peaces Year afler year these families moat of whom had succeeded to pa- trimonial farms held from Tsry remote perioda and to which some of them derired their titles from the dissolution of monasteries and many of them from a far more distant era gradually sank under the pressure of this system until at the present time few of this class can be found extant in any part of the kingdom. Theii small est«les bare been by degrees engnlphed by the wholesale acquisitions of the paper-money Lords as the great capitalists ara familiarly termed and the families of the former owners bsve been reduced into the mass of tenants manufacturers artisans and pnn- pers of which the number of the latter is now much greater than of the affluent class. Upon the succession of George III. in 1760 the prejudices against the Hanoverian dynasty disappeared. The young King was a native of England and had been educated under the direction of Lord Bute in all the mysteries of King-craft approved by the school of the Stuarts. The landed aristocracy before that time had largely participated throughout their different branches in the wealth and honors derived from the enormous civil military and naval establishments kept up by England in every quarter of the globe and some of the most opulent of this claaa had become in- terested in her national debt which at the peace of Paris in 1763 had already reached one hundred and forty-five million pounds sterling equivalent to about seven hundred millions of dollars. During the previous vsra the monted interest and the trading com- munity had realized vast profits from the loans negotiated as well as the supplies required to carry on hostilities at home and abroad which became permanent burdens upon the public resources. The private interests of these predominating classes were therefore iu- . timately combined in maintaining the credit aystem as established by Walpole upon immoveable foundations and from the accesaion of George III this system is to be regarded as a paramount princi- ple in the practical government of Great Britain and serves to ex- plain much of its policy that must otherwise be regarded aa unac- countable. It does not come within the scope of our present design to en- deavor to give a detailed explanation of the influence which maybe justly attributed to this system in originating and fomenting the ruinous contest which resulted in the independence of the United Btatea of America. The continued popularity of this unnntunl 1838. Wars prodtictd by the £ngli»k System. »0» war in ParlUment and among the leading ckase a ia Englafld under the great diuasteni which it occasioned may be fairly ascribed in » great degree to the lavish expenditure or public money which it produced sad hj which it was much aggravated and prolonged. The irresistible temptation for borrowing money to be expended by indiridualB principally far the benefit of each other and to be charged upon future generations was found to be so orerpowering to human cupidity that had not the commerce and manufaciurec of England been brought to tb« verge of ruin and the sufferings of her productive classes become insupportable it Geems probable that the very extravagance of the public outlay required to carry on this war would have induced its continuance for a much longer pe* Hod. The pretext under which it began was the necessity of draw- ing a revenue from America for the support of the eatabtishments of England. Its result was the addition of above a hundred millione of pQunda sterling to the permanent burdens of the British nation. We are compelled to past over the instructive lessons upon the results of the Credit System which the annals of England afford daring the few years succeeding the American war and come at once to the great epoch — the wars growing out of the French Re- volntion. At this day probably not an individual can be found either in Europe or America who has beatowed the attention upon the subject Deceaaary to form an opinion who will not admit that the necessity for the interference of England with the internal Oo- vemment of France which was the sole pretext of the war was die preservation of the "Credit System." The alarm which the doctrines and above all the measures adopted by the French peo- ple for the subversion of the existing institutions which had im- poveriobed nad oppressed them for the sole advantage of the privi- leged 'classes produced in every part of Europe was nowhere so deeply felt as in England in consequence of her artificial and un- equal syitem of finance and taxation which we have endeavored to explain. The French people excited by the transports of their recent liberty with the innate extravagance of their national char- acter rioted in exceases which afforded the only grounds fiir a war the main object of which was avowed by Mr. Pitt to be to prevent the dissemination of French principles. The flame of war was regarded by the English rulers as the only efficient mode of neutralizing the contagion which the example and success of the French had produced among the middle and lower ranks in England under the weight of taxation with which they were burdened. This struggle lasted more than twenty years. As its main ob- ject was the support of the Credit System of England we shall merely glance at its eSeets upon that system and upon the people under ita control. The outrages in France which resulted in lie overthrow of the VOL. III. HO. XI.— 'MOV. o Dci-zec by Google UO Tke Credit Sytem. NoTember monirclij origimtett m we have already mentfoneil In the acarcity and high price of bread. For ^e pnrpoie of aggravating the ca- latnilieB of the French people under the vain hope of iubdutng them hy etarvation an order in council wai issued by the English Govern* roent in 1793 directing that vessels of every nation laden trith bread- stufie bound to France should be brought into England. This was the first of these high-handed infractions of neutral rights which afterwards became so common in the subsequent stages of this bloody contest and was the occasion of that remarkable dis- cussion in the cabinet of President Washington between the Se- tfrelary of Slate Mr. Jefferson and the Secretary of the Treasury. Mr. Hamilton which forms an important era in our own political history. Immense quantities of grain and flour were brought to England by this measure and placed the Government in a diletama to escape from which its interference with the subsistence of ths people began which has sitice been pursued to such an oppressive extent by its corn taws. This importation had created so mneh alarm among those dependent upon agriculture as to cause exteo- mve runs upon the country banks — of which a greater number were closed by commissions of bankruptcy during that year than had ever before occurred. To avert this injury inflicted upon the most im- portant political interest in the kingdom. Government were com- pelled to purchase and warehouse the imported grain upon its own account. This purchase wat made by an issue of exchequer bills which with the other Issues required by the public service created an amount of paper currency at the close of 1796 of more than twenty-five millions sterling independent of the issues of the Bank of England amounting to about nine millions and one-half and those of the private banks estimated at half that sum. The credit of the whole depended upon the stock of the precious metals in thff Bank of England the amount of which under the practice which then prevailed was unknown to the public but which by the pub- lication of the accounts of the Bank by the Committee of Secrecy of the House of Commons of 1832 appears to have been but one million and eighty-six thousand pounds. The Government wsa nnder engagements of subsidy to Austria and Prussia for the pur- pose of carrying on the war against France amounting to six mil- lions sterling. The French viclofies in Italy — the disturbed stale of Ireland — the mutiny in the fleet from the oppressions practised on the sailors — the failure of Eeveral banks in the north of Eng- land — and the unsatisfactory temper of the tax-paying population all together had produced a high degree of consternation in the minds of the directors of the Bank who laid before Mr. Pitt then Prime Minister a statement of the condition of that institution shewing the impossibility of sustaining a run for specie should « penie take place as was then strongly apprehended. During the 3 by Google 1838.1 Suapension by the Bank of Englan^. Sll few dayi following the detnsad for cash eTidentl ' increiatng a.a order in connci was isBned on Sunday the twenty-sixth of Feb- ruary directing the Bank to suspend specie payments which was sanctioned fay Parli amp ment on the next day malting a lega prori- flion that all payments accepted in bank notes should be a dis- charge in law — and that all collectors and receiTera of the reTe- nues ahould take bank notes in payment The principal capitalists bankers and merchants all of whom were deeply interested in support of the existing system publicly pledged theraselres to support the credit of the Bank paper and new and severe laws against seditions practices were enacted to prevent complaint on the part of the mass of society whose wages were not raised thoagh all prices of commodities and the expenses of living soon became greatly enhanced by this practical destruc- tion of the standard of value for the benefit of the higher classes. But notwithstanding of the severity of the laws against combina- tions among the otiier classes — when diey saw paraded in every quarter the statement that three thousand of the principal bank- ers and merchants of London had combined for the purpose of snstaining an irredeemable paper currency the profuse issue of which had begnn so materially to increase their burdens they soon found themselves compelled by the great principle of self-preser- vation to organize themselves for the purpose of effecting a cor- respondent rise of wages. The Trades' Unions which have in their consequences produced such an injurious efieet upon the true and permanent welfare of the most industrious moral and frugal of the operatives in Great Britain and have led to the infliction of so many evils upon the the mass of society became genera under this necessity. For a considerable period as Imnk notes were freely received in all the most important paymenle and the English gold coin in ao tna circulation previously was estimated to exceed twelve milliana sterling very little inconvenience was felt from any practical dif- ference in the currency between paper and specie. Up to the year 1800 the market price of foreign gold and bullion did not exceed an Bverage of seven per cent premium. From 1800 to 1809 it ranged from ten to fifteen per cent We take these prices from Wetten- hall*s lists which are regarded as the highest authority on these subjects. Great difficulties and confusion then began to arise in the adjustment of contracts between man and man. Innumerable pub- lications were made on the subject of the currency end the prevail- ing opinions among the mercantile classes were that bank notes had not depreciated but gold had risen in price. In 1610 Mr. Horner's famous Report of the Bullion Committee brought the whole ques- tion before Parliament and after prolonged debates the House of Commons adopted Hr. Vanaittart's resolutions by an overvhelmiBg 313 7%e Crtdit SytUm. Norember - insjority — declaring that he notes of the Bank of England weie equiTalent to the current coin of the realm and that the high price of bullion was not occasioned by the Bank restriction nor by any excess in the issnes of the Bank. Immediately after tliis Lord King who inherited the views of hia great kinsman John Locke on Uie subject of currency as well as on questions of general po* licy notified his numerous tenantry that baring contracted to pay their ancient rents in lawful money he should require of them either gold coin in payment or s sufficient amount of bank notes to purchase at the market price the weight of standard gold necessary to discharge them. This was regarded as a practical defiance of the doctrines adopted hy the House of Commons. A bill was in- troduced making it penal to pass guineas of full weight in payment for more than twenty-one shillings each and taking away the legal right of distraining for rent from landlords to whom the nominal sum due should be tendered in notes of the Bank of England. It was at the same lime proposed to make bank notes a legal tender but the country having been plunged into unforeseen difficulties al- ready no one could undertake to predict the consequences of such a step and this proposition af^er an animated debate was with- drawn. Among the curious results of this law as finally passed was its oflering a premium for making guineas lighter than their legal weight A full guinea could not be offered nor received for more than twenty-one shillings under a severe penalty — but one diminished was worth at that time from twenty-eight to thirty ■hillings and might be lawfully passed at that value. Afterwards in 1813 when gold bore a premium of forty-five per cent. they were worth much more. Those who may be inclined to pursue this highly interesting and most important subject will find in the ParliameDtary debates of that period a fund of information. In an article of his kind it is impossible for us to thread the labyrinth into which the credit system was involved during this suspension. Among the most important results of the war expressly waged for its support was the addition of nearly eight hundred millions ster- ling or about three thousand six hundred millions of dollars to the public debt of Great Britain and Ireland if we include the mockery of the sinking fund by which the people were so long deluded. During the year 1797 and 1798 the price of three per cent stock was as low as forty-eight and large loans were negociated on public account at this rate payment being made in bank notes for one bmidred pounds by which upwards of two hundred pounds were added to the capital of the national debt. Subsequently stock roee to an average of fifty-five to sixty at which rates the greater por- tion of the immense loans referred to were negotiated. Recently the price of the same slock has generally been from ninety to ninety- five and the vast profits made by the cootmetort upon luch enor- Dci-zec by Google 1838. Consequences of Ike Suspension of Specie Payments. 213 moVB sams from this mdrknce alone may be nnderstotKl. Had the loans been negotiated at the cnirent rate of interest at the time die money waa needed the bolders might have been required to accept Ae Bubaeqvenl market rate of interest or be paid off by a new loan negotiated at the market rate. By increasing the capital instead of the rate of Interest it is placed wholly out of the power of the gar- ernment of the present day to relieve the pnblic from any part of the burdens imposed by the improvident contracts made during the war arid leaves no remedy for the evil bat invading the capital it- self. Profligate as this arrangement may appear its effect upon the tax-paying population was trifling compared with compelling them to change three thonsand millions of dollars of public debt — contract- ed in paper bearing a discount compared with gold of from s^ven to forty-five per cent. the greater part of it when paper was upwards of twenty-five per cent discount — into the aame nominal amount in gold. This was the consummation of injustice towards those on whom are imposed the burdens of the State. It was howeveri only one of the many manauvres by which money was legislated oat of the pockets of the mass of society into those of the managers of the Credit System — precisely like that by which Hamilton by his corrupt scheme for funding the debt of the Revolution gave twenty flhillings of the public money to his supporlera for what had cost them bnt two and six pence. The course pursued by the Emperor of Russia in equalizing the currency of his vast Empire after th« wara with Napoleon were governed by a different principle. Russia has participated in the advantages of the Credit System on a large Bcale. The Imperial Bank of Riissia suspended payment for seve- ral years and its issues of paper had been so prodigal as to have frilen into great depreciation compared with specie. A vast amonnt of outstanding obligations prevented the restoration of a apecie standard at the nominal rate without producing almost an universal orerthrow of property. It became a grave and difficult question to determine how the commerce of the country could be carried on under the existing mediunt or how an equal and stable currency could be substituted without ruining nearly every person who had entered into eontracta. Under these embarrassments the Emperor Alexander had the good sense to ask the advice and opinion of three of the most distinguished financiers in the world — Mr. Alexander Baring of London now Lord Ashburton Mr. Gal- latin of New York and Baron Dupin of Paris. They concnrred that to require debts contracted in a depreciated medium to be paid in specie would be the height of injustice and must lead to deplorable consequences. As the best mode of avoiding greater difficulties though not itself free from objection It was recommended by these experienced and judicious advisers that as depreciated paper had been allowed to become the practical mMsnre of Tsloa 3 by Google ftl4 JU Credit System. {Noramfcer. in riew of which a great amoiint of public and private eagagemenU had been entered into it was imposaible to realise the esaenlial bene- fitB of a metallic currency in reference to thoae contracte excepting bf an equitable and definite rate of depreciation. The advice was ftdopted and the ratio of payment in specie upon all previous con- tracts was prescribed by law. As far ai could be possible by a geoe- Tal measure of this kind substantia justice was thus done both to public and private creditors. But in England all pubhc and privat* engagements to an aggregate amount which fancy can hardly realize when expressed in thousands of mimons of dollars and which had been contracted in reference to a paper corrency depre- ciated from ten to forty-five per cent below specie were at onee required to be paid in gold. This messBre enhanced the burdens imposed upon the tax-payers as well as upon every person whose outstanding debts exceeded the sums due to hira. to an incalculable amount. In adopting it the interests of the wealthy were alone cou- ■ulted. Every other class of society were sacrificed for their ad- vantage. Thepolicyofthe amp edit System in thie respect is exhibited in one of the returns annexed to the Report of the Committee of Secrecy upon the Bank of England in 1832 by which it appears that up to that time there had been divided in bonuses and extra dividends among the stockholders in addition to a permanent divi- dend of seren per cent upon the ca{Htal stock upwards of fourteen millions sterling or nearly seventy millions of dollars It would have been obviously impossible to secure the acquies- cence of the landed interest who exercised at that time a more powerful comparative influence in Parliament than at present un- der the operation of the Reform bill in such a measure had not their interests been ostensibly provided for by that supplement to the Credit System — the Corn Laws. During he century preceding 1797 the price of the agricultural staple of England wheat had not averaged forty shillings per quarter or five shillings sterling a bushel taking one year with another. The average amount of the circulation of the Bank of England was at that date about eleves millions and of private bankers about four millions. When the restriction of specie payments look away every check from the coiners of paper money but the moderation of their own desires for the acquisitions of property the issues of ttie Bank of England increased to twenty-eight millions and those of private bankers to aboat twenty-two millions. The natural consequence of this mon- strous inflation was not only a great increase in the price of wheal and of all articles of subsistence but great improvidence of engage- ments of every kind. During the suspension of specie payments the average price of wheat was upwards of eighty shillings per quarter or more than ten shillings sterling a bushel. It was a ne- cessary corrollary of the measure by which the national burden* 3 by Google 1838. Contrast bwtween Prance and England. SI ware enh amp nced that aome step be adopted irhich «honld naablc the landlords to receive their rents as well as the holders of tha debt their diTidends. The com laws were therefora derised for he pnrpose of keeping up the prices of agricultural produce at the unequal rates to which they had been raised by iheCredit System by shutting out all ootnpetilion from Ui« English markets excepting «n occasions of scarcity precisely on the principle that the tariff laws of this country were contriTcd to sustain our manufocturei Wider the expansions of ovr own currency. Like all artificial schemes for counteracting the aatura course of things the Com Laws have inflicted ao inealcnlaUe amount of posi- tive suffering upon the industrions classes of Eagland without sub- ■tantially benefiting those in fsror of whom they were imposed. The deep dissatisfaction which generally prevails throughout tha Biiddling and lower classes wluch lias already produced the R»- Cormof the House of Coimnons and threatens from its daily incresM to effect still more important organic elianges in the British Gonsdta- tion may be principally ascribed to lt his iniquitous legislation is fevor of particular interests. It appears to be impossible that a sys- tem which sacrifices the security and wetl-being of bo many miltiona •f the most valuable portion of the population for the advantage of a few thonaandi should in the present age be permanently sustained. The high prices exacted for articles of food for the purpose of keeping up the rents of the great landholders — and the vast harden •f talation imposed on almost every thing which enters into bumaa eonsnmptioB — excepting perhaps only the air — which are render- ed necessary by die expenses of the public debt contracted and enhanced ia the manner we have described amounting at this time to more than one hundred and fifty millions of dollars* year besidea die vast expenditure required to sapport the army navy and great public establishments— contrasted with the moderate remuneration for labor can hardly fail toproduce greater innovations in the form af government at no very distant period. Her present situation appears fnliy to justify one of the most distinguished of her recent historians in denonnoing ** those twin-curses of England — ^paper money and public credit." Among a peopleso generally well in- formed and so clear-sighted with regard to their interests as diosa •f Great Britain the great Democratic principle of self-government Bast sooner m later assert its natural rights in placing a propor- tionate share of taxation upon property instead of imposing tha whole weight of the pnblic burdens upon industry. While the jteopk of the English nation Itave been thus sinking in die scale of comfort and personal independence far different has been the fate of the French. From the era of their Revolutiod Iheir condition has been continually improving. Travellers on the it of Europe previous to 1790 were invariably aceastaniad 3 by Google ffl6 IV Credit Si/alem. Noranber to inttitnte eompariuns between the comfort of the full-fed labor- ingcl«saeaof England and the destitute porerty-atricken peasantry of France. The books of English touriati for half a century were filled with these parallela. The contrast at the preeent time i gt RtQch stronger in favor of the French. Though they hare bds- tained the enormoai expenditure of the warn of Napoleon — the nvBges of two general inraaionfl of their territory — the burden of indemnitieB to the Allied Powers to an immense amount as well as to their own emigrant nobility — still the great tnaM nf the people of France hare been constantly progressing in gene* ral improrement of condition. At the present time there are at leant ten times more independent proprietors of land in France than at the brjeaking out of the Rerolution. While the ownership of the soil has been concentrating in England into the hsnds of the few it has been distributing in France into those of the many. This is one of the inevitable consequences of the different systems of financial legislation which hare been pursued in the two countriei since the French Rerolution. The one has had a tendency to enrich and render independent Ihe middling classes — the other at we have seen has impoverished the mass of the conimontty for th« purpose of adding to overgrown fortunes. As the former result it diametrically opposed to the object of the "Credit amp fstem " it meet with the most pointed censure throughout Mr. Carey's publication. His remarks upon the commercial classes in France partake ■trongly of the feelings of those days when French Jaeoblns were held up to popular odiam by a portion of the polittciaoa of tUe eonntry through the application of the most extravagant epithMe which our language could furnish. Because the cnrrency of FrancA is principally metallic there being in circulation at this time accord- ing to his statement which is manifestly exaggerated an amount of gold and silver exceeding six hundred millions of dollars in that Kingdom — the consequence of the former experience of the French people in the blessings of tbeCreditSystem — Mr. Carey charitably aacribes this preference of a solid and equal cnrrency to the total absence of common honesty throughout France I He even permit hie prejudices against metallic fcwm amp ug's to carry him so hr as to assert that " the foreign trade of France has been in a great measure destroyed by frauds in the preparation of commodities for exportation " That the foreign commerce of that country is not so extensive as might be expected in the present conditian of the world considering the vast resources and local advantages of that wealthy and- powerful Kingdom is to be attributed rather to her mistaken policy in restricting the importation of many of the pn^ dnctions of other nations than to any want of good faith and personal integrity in her manu amp cturers and merchants — who will probably compare with advantage with those of most other iiatio»s* 3 by Google HBSLl Mr. Carefa Pacta. 3It The ilatetnent which we hKve quoted is based bj Mr. Ctny upon Us own authority. Heappean to hare derived others upon which he founds leveral diRparaging remarks relatire to the commercial intercourse of-PiMice from the letters of Michel Cheralier who trarelled ettensirely in this country three or fonr years since and is well known to many of onr citizens. M. Cheralier is a person possessing Tery strong powers of description and is a writer for- the Journal desDebsts — a political journal of coniiderahle notoriety at Paris. An indiridual really disposed to gather beta relative to the character and policy of our own country for aa authentic pubK- eation would be qnite as ercnsable for taking die anthority of that race of letter writers by whom the reputation of our own newspaper press has been so much injured from their habitual libels upon truth and decency. From whateTer origin the statements of Mr. Carey are derired— it ■ obvious from the character of the greater part of them that he has not bellowed the slightest regard upon their accuracy. Throughout the work the attention of an ordinary reader If kept constantly on the stretch by the most astounding discoveries of which the following which forcibly struck os at opening of the book is a fair specimen. In illustrating the barbarity prevailing hi France from ihe absence of paper currency compared with th« prosperity end abundance of England — he says upon his second page " The ovnn' of a loom in India takes more than hair of the product and lires In poveitr and irrecehednew. The owiur of a few lootna inXyons takaa one half of tbe piodoct. Tha woifanan raceiTes br.hii ahaie only oim hal£ Both are pMl. Tbe owner of looms in England uui the United filatea lokei one tenth leaving niiM tenths to the laborer — boili an enabled to live well and conuanilj to improve tlieir eonditioo." This exposition of the melancholy stale of things in other coon- tries at the very commencement of such a publication was calcu- lated to create some surprise. It must immediately occur to all well informed men that nothing like a loom — such as is employed by the manufacturers of England and this country is to be found io India — ^where cloth is made principally in the open air the work- man digging a hole sufficiently large to receive his lower liraba under the shade of a tree upon which he hangs his gearing— ^nd instead of treddles and the other appliances of onr looms uses hla toes for the purpose of springing the threads of his warp to receive his long rude shuttle. That it is the general practice for the owners of looms at Lyons to reijuire half their products is so manifestly absurd as not to merit formal refutation. Soon after the invention of that wonderful monument of ingenuity — the Jacquard Loom with which an ignorant workman is able without assistance to execute fabrics of the greatest elegance and variety of figure which before this invention were within the power of only a few of the moet skilful and intelligent wearert aided by dnwboya it mty by Google SIS Ute Credit Sj/ttem. NoTember lutre been lliat half the product of these eompliealed mkchinei were required by their owners. Bnt that the owners of the looms for weaving plain stnfis at Lyons which are evidently referred to by Mr. Carey take one half of their producta is probably quite as true as that the operatives employed in the mannfactoriea of this country receive nine tenths of the profits of their labor — or as that the laboring classes in England are remarkable at the present time for their abundant living and constant improvement of condi- tion. It surely would be treating the understanding and information possessed by all classes of the American people with too great a degree of contempt to suppose that m«ny of Uiese statements of facta set forth by Mr. Carey required the slightest comment. We shall instance a few otheia hereafter. Afl to the general effect of the sound and equal currency which hae prevailed in France since she had the wisdom to profit by the lessons taught by the great disasters brought upon all her product ive interests by the Credit System we shall content ourselves with quoting the evidence of the London Quarterly Review for January 1816 in an authoritative article npon the Congress of Vienna. No one acquainted with the political influence ander which the Quar- terly waa established and has been since conducted will accuse it of undne partiality towards France. On the other hand the an* tipathy which its conductors have always manifested towards that nation even exceeds that of Mr. Carey. At the close of the long war the consequences of which upon the prosperity of the English nation we have endeavored to describe the Reviewers say — "In point of fact the finances of France are strange as it may appear in • far more donrishing condition than those of any of her neighbors while the reaaurces of every other State have been gradually ozhansted in the late contest she has fewer financial difficulties to contend with at this moment than any of tiie Powers which were lately opposed to her." This remarkable freedom from the internal embarrassments in which all the other continental nations were deeply involved in consequence of their servile imitation of theOe- dit System of England — sporting with the prosperity of their indus- trious popniation by the abuse of paper currency for the advantage of the few — must be wholly attributed to a steadfast adherence in the midst of unprecedented difficulties to a just and inflexible mea- sure of value by the French Government which profited by its ex- perienee of the atsignata after it had become settled from the dis- orders which attended the earlier stages of the Revolution. While all the other principal Continental Powers impoverished their sub- jects by sanctioning the circulation of a currency of depreciated bank paper. Prance by simply avoiding this greatest of all national calamities though finally conquered in this great straggle came ont «f the contest with her internal energies and resources unimpaired. 3 by Google 1838.1 Conation of tkia CotnUry t^ Oe RevolvHtm. 919 After tbe cnonnona mate and aaciifieea of % war waged npon « ■rale which had nerer before been witneued in any part of the world her people had not been delivered np to be plundered by RrtiGcial engines of extortion under the pretext of affording them relief from their burdena. Perhapa a mora potent reason than eren their preference for a netallic currency has giren rise to the inTidious remarki of Mr. Carey upon the French people. Since they have relieved themselves from the conseqaencea of the Credit System their public finance* have been wholly managed by responaible public officers placed under the most efficient penalties in ease of the mismanagement ot perversion of the public money from its rigid application to the public service. As the publication of Mr. Carey is designed to ■hew that indiridasls aaaociated together for their own gain by financial operations in paper money of their own creation are enti- tled by right to use the public revenue for private speculation his prejudice against the French system of Finance might proliably Influence his views of tlieir whole social polity. Having fonnd occasion to dwell at so much length upon be results of the " Credit System " as presented by the existing condition of England and France we can hardly command sufficient time or ■pace in the present Article to complete our original design of ^ving a detailed exposition of the ori ^n and consequences of the operation of this system among ourselves. We shall therefore content ourselves with a few remarka upon thia topic leaving it to the judgment and experience of onr readera to sqply our deficiences firom their own redecUons. Before the adopUon of our present form of Oorernment lh« United States as well as most of the individual Stales wers deeply embarrassed by financial difficulties. The great bulk of the people were depressed by the loases and sacrifices of the war of the Revolution — of which thoae occasioned by the de- preciation of paper currency were by far the most hostile to llie return of prosperity since theyweakened not only all confidence sod good faith among individuals but led to a general distrust in the security of any form of government. The measures adopted to raise the revenues necessary for the support of the institutions of society and those pursued by individuals for the recovery of debts produced an intensity of distress throughout the Union which no language can adequately describe. Destitution of the means of payment became so general among the people that arm- ed combinations were organized to extort from the Legislature the privilege of paying obligations in paper cnrrency. Relief was the rallying cry among the diaorganizers from one end of the continent to the other. But the clear-sighted and honest patriots of that dayt well understood the original source of all these caUmiliiss. The 3 by Google tW IV Credit Sfatem. NoTflmlMn tbiue of pttper enireitc^ hsd defrauded and brought Into diitrea the bulk of the community by placing thero wholly in the power of iharpen and flpeculatora into whose handi most of the arail- abte properly had become concentrated. The iasue of more paper would only increase the avidity of those bloodsnckers by further means of gratification. After remaining in a state of the most pain- ful anxiety from insorrections and violent infractions of the laws in the beat regulated sections of the Union for a considerable period the great men by whose counsels and courage our NaUonal Independence had been achieved despising the empirical remedy of paper money for the general distress and taking counsel only firom their high sense of justice and the public welfare determined to prevent the recurrence of such evils by endeavouring to eatab- liah an efficient government which should secure the rrnitB of in- dtiatry from such misguided attempts. The Convention was called for the purpose of frsming a Constitution for the United States. The discussions which arose in this body an outline of whicb will doubtleas be found in the forthcoming work of Mr. Madison snd will be received with the deepest interest by every American soon made it apparent that a great diversity of views prevailed as to the extent of power necessary to be given to the General Gktr- emment for the prevention of anarchical excesses from popular excitement in tbe States as well as the degree and tenure of the authority with which the Ececulivn branch ought to be clothed. The disturbances which had arisen among the people for the pur- pose of compelling the States to declare paper money a tender for debts and the want of confidence in the people to which we shall presently advert induced a portion of the members to declare them- selves in favor of a strong government practically independent of the people. A larger part of the Convention had determined to make as few innovations upon the existing institutions of the coun- try as might consist with sufficient power to assert our national rights abroad and secure the protection of person and property at home. At the head of the supporters of a form of strong government was Hamilton a man of great industry talent and skill in man- aging mankind. He had come to this country but a short period before the Revolution broke out and entertained an honest and deep preference towards the institnlions of the nation of which he was born a subject. His whole knowledge of the American peo- ple had been gathered in tbe camp and the artiHcial atmosphere of cities. Wholly distrusting their capacity for self-government he proposed a Chief Magistrate and Senate for life to be invested with powers in effect not only irresponsible hut self-elected. The power of the United States would under this system become the property of a close corporation into which none could have fonnd 3 by Google 1638. Commencement in the Vuited Statet. SSI idmitUnee but by the sssent of th« exiBting members for life. This waa not the precise form but each waa the aubatance and ia- eritable result of Hamilton's scheme of Government. His plan was powerfully resisted by Fraaklia Madison Randolph Gerry and several others who had spent the greateat portion of their livea among the freemenof the United States and fully appreciated iheir character. It was rejected and a form of Government resulling from a oomproiniHe between various conflicting views was with great difficulty sent forth to the people and finally adopted. Upon the organization of the Government under thenewConstitu- tioD the important post of Secretary of the Treaaury was offered by Freaident Washington to Robert Morris who had been Superinten- dent of Finances under the Confederation. He was a native of Eng- land and entertained the views of the monied interest of that coon- try B8 to the advantage of hanks and paper currency which we have already explained. He had put these views into operation while Superintendent by procuring the establishmeut of the Bank of North America in which he placed about half a million of dol- Ian imported in specie by the United States from France being the only actual capital originally in the posBession of the Bank — while the profits realized upon the iisae of paper currency based upon this public money were shared among the private stockholderst who barely contributed their bonds for the amount of tbeii sub- scriptions. From the confidence which his good fortune in the management of the public finances had inspired in his own mindi W well as among his friends who bad liberally participated in the fruits of his success be became a speculator of the boldest charac- ter. Like many others who founded their hopes on the quicksands of the Credit Systemt he was seduced into enterprizes by which he was irretrievably mined and spent the latter part of his life within the jail limits. Among the greatest men of any age. President Waahingtout throughout his whole career was remarkably distinguished by his anxiety to seek and his inclination to follow advice. In select- ing Morris for this situation he doubtless acceded to the wiahea of bis leading friends in Philadelphia — then as now the focus of paper money speculation. But the Secretary of the Treasury would not be able to engage in private transactions based upon the pabhc resources. Morris accordingly no doubt perceived that his interests would not be so much advanced by taking the office as by having it placed in suitable hands. He dierefore declined the appointment faimsell^ and recommended Hamilton in his stead who had been ^u Aid ie Camp to the President and enjoyed a large ■hare of his confidence and esteem. He was appointed. In the discharge of the duties of the Secretary of the Treasury HanUton received important assistance from the experience of hJa 99 7^ Credit System. NoTemW* friend snt palron Morris. The funding system was projected en* abling the holders of the public secarities most of which had been wrong from the necessities of the brare defenders of the eoantry and those whohad patrioticallyfurniihed them with supplies at ratei ranging from one-qusfter to one-eighth of their noroinal amount to charge them upon the public resources at the full sum instead of their equitable ralue. By this nnscmpnlous measure the monied interest of the country was arrayed in support of the friends of strong go»ernmenl. After the example of Walpole they then ar- ranged the machinery by which their power might not only be ex- tended over the whole community but enabled to perpetuate itself by self-elections agreeably to their original design. The Bank of the United States was created. This measure was vehemently re- sisted at the threshold by those who had taken a prominent posi- tion in framing the Constitution on the ground that whatever pub- lic necessities might be supposed to require this establishment the power of chartering it had been denied by the Convention. How these schemes by which vast sums of money and almost umlimiled power were legislated into the hands of a few individuals were car- ried through Congress is now to be gathered only from tradition. None can reasonably doubt but the leading policy of the EngliA Credit System was liberally applied to overcome the scruples of several individuals. • President Washington from his correspondence lately published by Mr. Sparks appears to have been wholly opposed in principle to the adoption by public authority of any paper substitute for a sound and equal currency. By the incessant representations of individuals who surrounded him and in whom he reposed great confidence he was reluctantly induced to believe that so universal and powerful had popular feeling throughout the Union become In favor of paper currency that the country could only be saved from the horrors of anarchy by the charter of the Bank. His con- stitutional objections to the measure having been overcome with the greatest difficulty by a sense of absolute necessity he with great hesitation acceded to it. Having now acquired the absolnte and irresponsible control over the ordinary medium of commerce the friends of atrong govern- ment could make money plentirul or scarce at their pleasure and were of course able to ruin or enrich the trading comniunity at their discretion. They were accordingly secure in the permanent allegiance of this infloential body. For the acquiescence of the mass of he people in their measures they mainly relied in the first instance upon the personal popularity of Washington which was almost nnbonnded. Subsequently Uie excesses of the French t^ Tolation were turned to a similar purpose in this country as in Eng- land for the purpose of alarming the community at large and it^ 1838. Poliof of tke BanJt of He l^iUd States. SSS daciag them to aupport the kindred Credit Sygtema of th« two eomi- tries. All who did not implicitly support the self-created aristocra- ey were identified in principle with the Bangainary monaters which the long miantle of deapotisni had produced in France. Many in- diriduala of feeble diacemment but correct intention* were arrayed in favor of the Credit System under the sincere belief that this was the only mode of escaping from the destruction of all property re- ligion and morality. Under the Administration of the elder Adama the measures adapted by the friends of strong goreromeBt for bur- dening the people with aoormona establishments in order to control the whole by corrupting a part of the community became so gross and palpable that the systematic exaggerations and mistatements by which they were sustained began to lose their influence. Th« sedition law instead of repressing inquiry into the tendency of these measures only served to increase the anxiety of the people for their permanent wel gt 'sre. Had not the suicidal meaanrea adopted by the friends of strong government accelerated their re-' tnoval from power the policy of the United States would have doubt- less presented a connterpart to that of England and the results presented at diis time by the agrandizement of the few at the ex- pense of the comfort of the many might have been quite as atriking. It is not now in our power to follow the various expedients Knd transfbruations adopted by the party by whom the " Credit System" of this country was originally projected and organized. There can be no doubt however in any reasonable mind but the original intention of governing the people of the United States by an irresponsible and self gt eleeted body of men has heen constantly kept in view. Whenever the sUndard of value exclusively recog gt nised by the Constitution could be permanently overthrown the power of the managers of the Credit System over the subsistence industry and enterprise of the country would be perfect. The leading measures of the Bank of the United States have all been evidently directed to this result as is proved not only by inference but by the language of its managers from time to time. It is not necessary to quote passages from Mr. Biddle's letter which is so fkmiliar to all — but we wovld refer our readers to the celebrated pamphlet published by one of the oracles of the Bank during that period of general prostration and distress which succeeded the few fint yesrs of its operation under the charter of 1810. In the "in- quiry into the cansea of the present commercial embarrassments of the United States '' it is stated in terma "that with a currency coti- rertible into specie our former prosperity while peace and nnol^ Structed commerce prevail cannot return." After drawing an ai»- palling picture of the universal distress then existing — showing that all commodities and real estate bad fallen more than one-hUf in Talue it la argaed that the Conatitnlion only prohibits the Stales by Google 9H TU Credit Syttem. NoTembtr from nukingf paper enrrency a le^l tender but that Congreas po*' aeaseB that power and is imperiously called on to exercbe it aa a measure of relief eorrelatire to the protective Bystem. The tariff ia ahovn to be nugatory aa a tneaas of encouraging induatry unleu accompanied with a currency hot convertible into the precious me- tala. "This for the security of paet accumulations and means of future acquisition is indiapen sable" — otherwise "the banks and a few wealthy indiriduals will stand by to gather up the fragments of our wealth — they whoee cry has been orer-trading extravagance specnlation amp c. but whose object if they have any but a blind por- poae ia to grasp upon the ruins at little coat." This delicate thrust at the Blate banks waa evidently intended to excite feelings among those who were suffering under the calamities produced by the Bank of the United States of a similar character with those recent- ly raised* against the Executive Government. Instead of counte- nancing the suspension of specie payments by the Bank at that time Congress adopted the more judicious course of investigatiag its mismanagement and violations of its charter. Had the charter been then abrogated in pursuance of the recommendation of the Committee an incalculable amount of demoralizing influence ai welt as positive toss would have been spared to the industry of the Union. We have neither time nor space at thia time for details opon this subject aa we must touch upon some of the anggestiona eontained in Mr. Carey's publication. Ita object being to vindicate doctrines which if carried into practice most inevitably destroy all the sanctions by which pr lt ^ perty ia protected by placing the earnings and accumulations of every individual In the community exclusively within the control of the manufacturers of paper currency who would enjoy an ir gt responsible and omnipotent power over the price of every thing — BO term is so continually repeated as security. In reading the work its iteration becomes so tiresome that one is ready to exclaim with Falstaff "I had as lief they would put rats-bane in my mouth aa offer to stop it with eecurtty." A curious parrallel is drawn be- tween the relative security of property in France. England and ae- reral sections of the United States. The ground assumed is that whenever the banks are able to issue the greatest quantity of paper eurrency and make the largest dividends — the security of property ia the greatesL The property of the thousands upon UiousandSf whose means of. subsistence are suddenly snatched away by die ar- bitrary expansions and contractions of paper is considered to be wholly unworthy of regard. It would be supposed in bet from thii publication that die term property ia applicable to nothing but bank stock. Where banks are not compelled to redeem their issvea the security of property is the greatest because there can he no cheek to thair extraragance — and of eonnw whenarer the apoeit 3 by Google 183S. The InseaiTily proiactdhy this System. 836 in any conntrj' is leuened the greater ii the increase of security— KcarUy being perfect where there ia no specie whaterer Such of our readers as may not be Balisfied with this self-evident deduction we wonid refer to pages sixty to sixty-four of the publication itself^ where ihcy will find a train of demonstration establishing this prin- ciple beyond doubt or question which rivals in precision sndconcln- aireness any which c amp n be found in Euclid. In that extraordinary manual for political neophytes promulgated by Mr. Biddle at Princeton in 1835— which like "The Prince" of Hachiavel has been made to bear various iaterpretations agreeably to the taste and temper of the reader — may be found this emphatic injunction " Personally and singly objects of iadifierence our col- lected merits are devoutly adored when we acquire the name of the people." Upon this hint the name in question has been extensively arrogated by the managers and sUpendaries of the banks. Not- withstanding this authority we would venture to suggest that all countries are not solely inhabited by corporations. In some re- gions under the sun beings exist possessing both souls and bodies-— hopes which may be disappointed and feelings liable to be lacera- ted. Occasionally even in this country k person may be found having connexions either of blood or friendship. Engagements may be entered into under the expectations of profit which involve individuals throughout all the ramifications of society. Under Uie strong temptations aHbrded by the facility of obtaining accomoda- Uons such engagements may not impair the security of banks whenever necessity or caprice shall induce them to diminish the amount of currency in circulation and throw whole communities into agonies of alarm and distress. The managers of the banks doubtless remain "as calm as a summer's morning" — but what is the security of those unfortunate individuals who have placed them- selves in bondage to them and what is the security of their still more unfortunate wires children and others dependent on them The swte of feeling in our principal cities in 1819 1826 1829 1831 1834 and 1836 will furnish a satisfactory answer. For an indivi- dual instance well authen^cateil of which many counterparts have existed among siirselves we take leave o refer our readers upon this point to the sixth and seventh volumes of Lochhart's Memoirs of Sir Walter Scott. They will find in those volumes a most af- fecting commentary upon the doctrine of security as promulgated in Mr. Carey's book. The process by which one of the noblest of human intellects was gradually weakened and the life of that wonderful man prematurely shortened may be there distinctly traced to this security. The Bank of Scotland lost not a farthing — but the high-spirited Scott from a state of affluence became a bank- rupt in consequence of the engagements into which he was seduced by the temptations of the Credit System and the recent publico TOL. III. NO. XI. — NOT. p Dci-zec by Google S36 The Credit System. November tion in answer to Lockhart by the friends of the Bsllantj^es hu conclusively proved that Ihia high spirited man was reduced for the maintenance of that delusive splendour which it enabled him to assume to the rejection of the solid independence which hii unrivalled talents could so easily have commanded to expedients of equivocal morality and finally of treacherous seHishneas to his friends that would merit the harshest epithet were we not so well acquainted with the specious chicanery by which thia fatal system of gambling in credit so often warps even the integrity of ita vota- ries to acts that would call a shudder to the heart of the same in- dividual if presented to his mind in the naked profligacy of dis- honor. But this new literary illustration of the Credit System possesses an extrinsic and melancholy interest which may induce as to recur to it again. Were not similar results quite common among ourselves it would seem to be the most extraordinary part of this heart-rending narrative that Scott continued to the last to defend both by tongue and pen the system by which he was ruined — - so strongly implanted in the human mini is the spirit of gambling Notwithstanding the banks of New York resumed on the first of May in defiance of the hostility of the Dank of the United Sutes the Boston banks with a single honorable exception continued up to the last moment to manifest the most servile obedience to the mandates of Mr. Biddle for embarrassing the trade and commerce of the country. Accordingly we find a great portion of this pnb- lication occupied with the most fulsome compliments upon the ex- cellent management and unrivalled usefulness of those banks. The small amount of specie held by them and their issues of small notes are represented to be the sole causes of the prosperity of that section of the Union The indtaslry information and enterprise of the people and the great equality of property which prevails there beyond most other parts of the country are nothing compared with the advantages derived from their banks. The statements of their operations as given correspond entirely with the truth of these inferences. So far however from bank failures having been few and far be- tween in New England as stated by Mr. Carey in no part of the Union of similar extent were they during the first half of the period referred lo so numerous and so destructive to the security of the ordinary intercourse between man and man. The annoyances hazards and losses from the continual failures of the banks and the depreciation to which the currency of the greater part of them was mure or less subjected became at last so burden- Bomti lo every kind of trade and industry that it became necessary to devise some plan for the correction of these evils. No adequate legislative restrictions upon the recklessness of some of these banks could be obtained — or if obtained could be enforced. An expe- 1833. 1 Restraint upon Imum of Paper. 837 dienl was finally adoptei which fur* long time effected the reatnint so esaenlial to the beat interests of the commnnily Boston being the principal mercantile mart all the currency in circulation thruughout this section of the Union tends towards that point. The banks in all parts of New England were required to maintain dieir notes at par in that city by making sufficient provi- sion for their redemption there. The notes of such as refused to do this were received in Boston and immediately returned opoa the banks issuing them and specie demanded. Most of the weak banks which had before enjoyed nearly the monopoly of the ordi- nary circniation in consequence of their notes nut being receivable ■t other banks and thus being passed from hand to hand in common payments to the exclusion of almost all other currency were by this measure either broken up or compelled to limit their circula- tion to their means of redemption. In the course of a few monthg the surviving banks found it expedient to redeem their notes in Bos- ton in order to avoid the necesssity of keeping on hand an amount of coin equal to their issues which alone would afford them a suf- ficient protection for the sudden return of their notes upon them. The vigilant and unsparing application of this process for restrain- ing the improvident issues of the other banks together with the daily exchange of paper among those of Boston kept the whole in excellent condition until the universal confidence created by the great expansion of the Bank of the United States in 1835 followed by the other leading banks induced a practical relaxation of these salutary precautions. The banks of New England soon fell into disorder and some of those which had been regarded among the most respectable of them exploded. The Credit System of this or any other country cannot be pre- served in a sound condition and prevented from inflicting the great- est evils upon the community which sustains it but by the efficient restrictions upon its abuses which the constant demand for specie will only enforce. The success of the banks of New England under the operation of this continual call upon them has always appeared to be the most cogent example which could be cited in favor of the specie section of the Sub-Treasury Bill of the Senate discussed during the last session of Congress. As far as the public revenue may extend this might be made to interpose a constant check upon the excess of issues by the banks precisely as the necessity of redeeming the notes brought to Boston for the pur- chase of goods kept the banks of New England in a sound and wholesome condition. As Mr. Carey goes against all restraints upon issues of paper he most carefully suppresses all reference to the principle to which the banks whereon he bestows so many en- comiums owed their usefulness and the confidence of the community. That snch a principle alone can keep paper currency from ope* CJoogIc 228 The Credit Si/stem. { NoTember rating as a moet pnwerrul engine o fraud is abundantly shown by the proceedings of the Legislature of MBasachusetta during its lut sesgion. The losses of the community from the explosion of tho banks had become so oppresBive that thongh not less than one hundred and twenty Bank Directors were among the members the force of public sentiment compelled investigation. In several cases it was attempted to lay the censure upon individual mismanage- ment — but where both the temptation and the impunity for frauds are so overpowering the demoralizing consequences belong to the system and not to the unfortunate persons whose fondnesa for display and distinction may have made them victims to its seductions. One of the reports that upon the Kilby Bank states expressly that it has been the nsunl practice for individuals associated together for the purpose of establishing a Bank to procure a Charter subscribe for the stock borrow a sufGcient sum of specie from some neighbor- ing bank or banks for a single day to enable them to obtain the neceaaary certiUcate that the bank poaseasea the amount of specie required and put it into operation without any capital whatever excepting the promissory notes of the associates representing the shares of stock. The bank then issues paper currency and its shares are broiiirht into the market. This statement it must be borne in mind is not the slanderous invention of some opponent of the Credit System. It was officially made by a Whig commit- tec of a Whig Legislature anil sets forth the usual practice in a State where banking according to Mr. Carey is practiced la a higher degree of perfection than in France Eagland or any part of the United States. Our readers will judge whether the re- straints upon issues which prevailed for several years in Massa- chusetts were uncalled for under such a practice — and when the banks created by it are eulogised as the best in the world by a writer they perhnpi can guess in what sense the following extract is to be understood. We take it from the 128th page of Mr. Carey's work — giving the passages in italics as there found "Wor^IhewaratrninKtbnTik nnd bunk noEFs at ancnd.there vould be an innae- diiU c iciinnc e of deposUr* sssinst the properly of those indebtrd lo tbe bank*— tbt delita of the banks wnuld be cancfllfd— ihtir linbilitiei would be diminished— l/u eurrfncii Kiniid be diminished mid pricei iratild rise. If there be a continued diminution of conGdpticc the import of roin will alford no relief but will on the wntrarv t^nd to a conntnnt di^ninulion in the quilitf of labor — in the power ot production — in the rewnrd of lioth laborer and capilnliM. If then be a reatoraticin of rnnfid'nr.c the reverse will lie the case. Cenf^aict cmmot bt mtond tmiler U prtseiU sgrlem." We forbear comment upon Mr. Carey's doctrine that prices rise in proportion to the scarcity of currency. As he has written a stately octavo on political economy we feel bound to treat the po- sition of so distinguished a theorist with all deference. This as veil as his doctrine that the security of paper cnrrency is incr 1B38. 1 Deposite of Public Money tn Banks. 2S9 by the diminatioD of specie ta Joubtlesa a portion of the tranaeen- denta economy known only to the chosen few who are admitted to the mysteriea of the great marble temple in Chesnnt street and which is to he implicitly believed by all true worshippers. Mr. Carey is particularly energetic on the subject of giving the public money to the banks and sums up his riews with these conclusive positions " Thai tilt Bllempl to lubMitule QoTemrnenl Agenls in lien of the banki for the tecript md diiburaement of the pubUc rennae teiida to prereal ihe resunation of confidence-" " That the utempt to compel ths ate of gold and liWcr for all sums under twenty dollara and in all paymenla to the QoTemment has a. simiUr tendency." " That bolh tend by tfaeir prcTenling the restoratioa of coiiGdenct to diminish the piodnetircneu nf labor to the injury both of he laborer and capitalist." An inexperienced person might be somewhat puzzled to imagine why no credit is allowed by law to be given to any purchaser of the public lands even upon the security of the increased value bestowed upon the soil by bis improvements and time is only allowed to the merchant for the revenue levied upon the importation of foreign goods to enable him to sell them and avoid advancing the cash from his own capital upon ample security — yet the on gt limited use of the public funds should be bestowed upon such indivi- duals without property as may aEsociate themselves oa stated to be the usual practice in Massachusetts whose banks are represented by Mr. Carey to be the most perfect in the world — and the similar mode explained in Mr. Spencer's Report on the Bank of the United States of which no loyal supporter of the Credit System dares question the stability. But the foregoing passages taken verbatim from Mr. Carey's publication fully explain this paradox which it seems eoald only perplex the vulgar. The abject is to restore confidence If no individual in the community can be found who will trust such a bank and a law can be carried through Congress compelling its notes to be received for public dues and the public money ia required to be deposited in it without security confi- dence in the bank will undoubtedly lie not erased The experiment of President Jackson conclusively established this result. When the chafer of the Bank of the United Stales was drawing near its close without anj' probability of its renewal by Congress many individuals were then as now desirous that a sys- tem should be organized for receiving keeping and disbursing the public money which should relieve the mercantile community from the periodical paroxysme which its management by banks had continually produced. They predicted on the floor of Congressi that the Slate banks could not be trusted with the public money— that they would inevitably fail. In consequence of the abuse of the eonfidence which would be created in them. Many of those now most earnestly engaged in restoring the State Bank Deposite Sys* 3 by Google mo 3V Credit Sgateiit. Nornnbcr tem vera at that time filled with the eptrit of prophecy in foretell- ing the ruin which would be inflicted on the community from piecing the public money in them. President Jackson no doubt wai natDrally led to believe that the long established course of business pursued by the importing merchants ought not to be suddenly cheeked by a change of system. For a long period they had paid the taxes levied upon the coDsun^ jng community through them into the banks and had often received great fnciliiies from them in making payments — which the banka eonid well aflbrd to give as they received interest from the mer- chant Bs for an advance of cash — while not a farthing was advanced in consequence of the bank being a public depository. An alteration of this system at once might expose the merchants who had regu- lated their business in view of it to great inconvenieDces. Princi- pally from a regard to their interests for which many of them have rince expressed but little gratitude towards the veteran he pro- posed the State Bank Deposite fiyittm as an experiment. Could the public business have been securely conducted and the publie ftiith protected let the merchants he accommodated by all means was the general response of the Democratic party. Few of them were on this account inclined at that ^me to support the project of an Independent Treasury. Bui in consequence of the banks and the tpecslators nmning riot with the public money the experiment failed. The whole com- munity were visited with deep suffering and distress in consequence of the inordinate expansions into which all the banks following the example of the Bank of the United States either heedlessly or designedly plunged themselves. By voluntarily suspending specie payments the banks voluntarily forced a separation from the public finances in which they were sustained by the merchants. Upon what ground shall the people of the United States who have been the rictims of the suspension be now asked to repeat the experiment Will not like causes produce like effects T What assurance can be given that the public money shall not again be made the stakes in this species of national gambling I If it be the design of good government to promote industry sobrielVi and prudence there can be no question as to the proper conrse to be taken after the lesson furnished by the experiment. Only those will advocate the restoration of the public money to the banks who would raable speculators to defraud the public at large by throwing the productive interests of the country into a state of embarrassment in order that a few individuals may prey opon them with impunity. A vast expenditure of declamation took place during the two last HMions of Congress on the subject of Relief. We eatertaiD a very 3 by Google 1838. Remedy for the Etta of tke SytUn. 881 strong opinion that cvre ii better than mere relief— tnd that jirevtn- tion is wiser than either. Congress with great firmness adopted the first step towards cnrinf the disorders into which the currency had been thrown by the im- prudence of die bankfi to use the mildest term by passing the penal law against the issne of the defaact notes of the old Bank of the United Slates. That at once changed the system of military strategy announced by Mr. Biddle in his general orders of the fifth of A.pril last — compelled the banks of PenDsylrania to re- same under the spur of the public impatience and indignation — re- qnired the vsseals of the Bank of the United Stales to change front — and restored commercisl confidence thraugboat the Atlantic sea-board as if by magic. This was not exactly the " change of t^ttem" bespoken by Mr. Carey for that purpose but it far surpassed in salutary influence any temporising or tinkering measure for con- necting the Public Treasury with the banks which had so flagrantly beUayed he trust reposed in them. Should Congress exercise the viadoiD of taking the next step for the permanent cvre of the erils of the circulation which for the last three or four years hare afflicted the community — by adopting the plan recommended by the Presi- dent for the management of the public finances agreeably to the Constitution — the public faith wilt not again be thrown into jeopardy by the profligacy of irresponsible indiriduals. The final step should be to secure die convertibility of all paper currency by the ■dvption of he measure for preventing all these manifold evils in future proposed by Mr. Crawford in view of the terrible disasters of the reTulsion of 1819 subjecting all individuals associations and corporations issuing paper currency to the penalties of a bankrupt law whenever they sliall refuse to redeem it in lawful coin. This will protect the community at large from the lamentable consequences of sudden expansions of the currency which have so frequently ex- posed all our productive interests to such imminent perils. We folly appreciate the utility of well organiied and well conducted banks in the management of real mercantile trsnsacdons. .Oar views on this subject were explained at length in the article on Commercial Banking in our May number. But it is worse than folly — it is madness in any commercial country to permit its earrency whatever portion of it may be for convenience in paper to l gt ecome more plentiful than though it was wholly metallie. Honey is only the measure of value. Whether there is much or little in the world is of no importance because the general ratio of prices very soon adopts itself to the quantity. But whenever a commercial country suffiJrs its currency to become inflated beyond die level of other countries by which its prices are artificially pushed up their commodities soon flow in upon it in undue propor- tions to the destraedoB of its industry and an exportadoa of iti 3 by Google 238 TTie Credit System. INoremtter specie mast be made for the purpose of producing the equilibrium. This is the nniferaal law of commerce throughout the great republic of nations. Our otrn country by overlooking its operation haa been periodically subjected to rerulsions which have nearly changed the respectable profession of the merchant into empirical gambling. After each expansion of the paper currency rum upon the banks take place to obtain coin for exportation they are obliged to cuTtaQ their operations and ruin those dependent on them^ or to dishonor Iheir own paper and throw the burden upon the industrioua classei. This process has been repeated quite too often in this conntry. What is now required by the increased information which haa been spread throughout the Union by the experience of die last few years is that the laws shall protect the honest the industrious and the prudent instead of affording facilities to gambling and to fr«nd. TO A LADT READING. Thou art bending orer Uiat lettered page. Like some fair statue of former age In whose heavenly grace of maiden form Hath a spirit entered all bright and warm. For on earth wherever its wing may roam It hath found not a purer or lovelier home. It may flush its whiteness with living glow. And kindle ita eye with a beaming light. With a gentle sighing sweet and low It may breathe like the breath of a flower at oigfal. But it may not break the marble charm That enchains like a fetter limb and arm. And the careless eye might scarcely guess That there's life in that spell-bound loveliness —Ob such to my heart's enraptured dreamt Doth thy statue-hke beauty lady seem* Unheard and unseen as I kneel afar. As the Persian kneels 'neath a worshipped star* What doth it tell thee that page of wbilAi That thus it can rivet thy soul and eye As it glances there in thy lamp's soft light Like snow that sleeps 'nealfa a moonlit skyt 3 by Google 18. To a Lady Reading. Hath a Poet'a glorions spirit passed Like B breath of flame o'er the page bo fair With a light and s power whoie spell shall last Long aa its words are burning there Doth it tell ihee of high and noble troth Like a soleinn hymn's inspired strain^ Doth it bid thee keep ihy heart's pore yonth Like a vestal robe from spot or stain — Doth it cheer thy world-worn spirit to mount On wing that may never sink or faint — Doth it charge thee to guard the holy fount Of thy warm young feelings from poison taint From aught that ever ■ shade or chill O'er their gushing brightness might darkly fling And in lofty and gentle meekness still To know but Ioto for each living thing Oh if such the strain of the Poet't lyre Breathe deeply young maiden the sacred amp r^— "Tis ao angel's voice is whispering thee Listen oh listen reverently Or is it some record of human griet^ — Alas what record from it is free — Swelling thy heart till it find relief In the gushing flow of its sympathy t Oh bleat be that gentle spirit that moves Our heart with its power so strange and deep. That can smile with gladness but better lovBs Sadly yet sweetly with grief to weep 1 Ah ne'er from thy heart be that spirit fled — It is well for it maiden such tear to shed I Or is it some story of olden time. Imaging other age and clime — Bidding the phantoms before thee pass Of their spirits of beauty good and ill. Like the forms that o'er an enchanted glaaa Sweep life-like but dim and shadowy stillt Ages ago bare their mouldered bones Vanished in dost those mightiest ones. Yet still on that page as by wizard spell Throngh ages to come shall their memories dwell — Solemn and deep the truths they tell To the thoughtful spirit — oh heed them well I 3 by Google 4 To a Lady Reading. NoTemboTi Or tells it of childhood's loveliness. Still fresh with the hues of its nadre beaveOt With its joyous smile and its quick caressi — ^To image the angels to mortals girenT Doth it mirror thee as thou wert a child. Bearing thee back o'er the waste of yean With step all buoyant free and wild. And eye tinelon lt 1ed by thought or tearsT Gaze well on the lovely reflection then. So raonrnfully sweet to our world -dimmed eye Oh that our spirits might know again That beautiful brightness and purity Or speaketh it haply of deathless love. That time or trial may darken never. Shining on like the blessed stars above. Through cloud and storm of the earth forererl Doth it tell of some gentle heart that still Struggles a bitter fate to bear Cheering ever with hope its fainting will Though such lingering hope is but slow deapairt Earth knoweth no nobler or lovlier thing Maiden than passion thus pure and bright — Alas that ever its love-plumed wing Should be prisoned and chained from its heavenward flight Well may such tale thy young bosom thrill- Well may a tear thy dark eye Gil Or is it the page that in lines of ligh^— The finger of God itself hath writ. For a cloud by day and a flame by night — Oh faithfully may we follow it I Ev'ry anchor of trusted hope may part Gv'ry holiest bond of affection sever. Bring still the wounded and broken heart To that living page — it will fail it never I Be it ever oh maiden the altar shrine Where shall rest that pare young heart of thine— Let me not break such sacred spell — As I came I depart— oh fiire thee well I 3 by Google ROMANCE OF AMERICAN HISTORY.— NO. II.* WIST POINT. A TALI OF TRZASON. By tie Avtiaref Burtt gt » '" Li^fiUe " if lt . CHArTER PIKBT. Thb disc of the setting snn just touched the outline of the forests crowning the heights of Hoboken on a bright afternoon in Septem- ber 1780 when k single horseman nudehisappeBrance on the rirer- road leading from Tarrytown to New York towards which pince then in the possession of the British troops under Sir Henry Clin- ton he was slowljr trotting his horse. His journey was nearly ended with the day for the needle-like spire of Trinity Church had been for the last half hour a prominent object in bis eye and the expanded bay girt with its majestic islands and covered with the fleets of England assured him that he was approaching the head- quarters of the British armies. He rode slowly along with his arms folded across his breast and the reins dropped carelessly orer the drooping neck of his large brown horse who stumbled and floundered over the rough road as if he had lieen ridden fast and far. The horseman was a hearily- fr«med man with a dark countenance rendered still darker by thick brows and whiskers. His face wore an expression of dogged reso- lution and reckless daring His costume was partly that of a yeo- man partly military — a fustian frock buttoned to the throat and reachi ng to the stirrup and a broad flapping hat that he wore — be- longing to the class of yeomanry and a leathern belt stuck with a brace of pistols and sustaining a serriceable broadsword with stout baff bnck'flkin breeches somewhat soiled and darkened by long serrice — appertaining to the latter profession. He appeared lost in thought and indifferent to snrroimding objects but the alert and wary movei-nente of his eyes and what a little closer scrutiny dis- covered one hand of hia folded arms resting on the butt of a pistol and the other grasping the hilt of his broadsword showed that he was on watch for sudden danger and prepared to meet it He had just gained the brow of a gentle declivity over which the road wound from whence there was a view of the town and from which the broad banner of England floating above the quarters of General Clinton was fnll in sight when the sun dipped beneath the • This genenl Me to s uries which vill afibrd many and varied sobjecti of in- terest fbr the gratification of tmr naden was accidsntally omitl«d on pubUahing the bit number "The Chaner ■ tale of ConDecticot " wlueh appeared in tbs Douoaatie Ilc*i«v for February last. 3 by Google S36 Romance of American History. — No. IL NoTember horizon amp t the same instant tb« report of the flunset ^n fired from the Batteiy reached his ear* — the flags on fort and shipping do- ■cendeil from their staffs and orer the fortified town night and watchfulness took the place of day and security. The horsemaa now gathered the reins in his huge brown fist settled himself in his saddle and muttering in a sort of subdued growl "Come Bruin we hare loitered full long — stir stirl a measure of com and a cup of sack await us at the inn so forward 1 " He applied as he spoke both spur and whip to the sides of his beast who forthwith throwing back his ears set off towards the town at a round pace. A short ride further through a straggling suburb brought him in front of a low barrier thrown across the street with a sentinel pacing before it and a guard-house with a group of soldiers a few yards within on the left. When he came in sight of this obstacle instead of checking he urged his horse forward and rode directly towards it as if he intended to clear it at a flying leap. The senti- nel on perceiving him challenged in a quick stern tone. Without replying he continued to advance at speed till within ten feet of the gate when with a sudden and powerful jerk he threw his hone backward on his haunches and leaped off to the ground just as the ball from the sentinel's musket hummed harmlessly orer his head. "Well aimed for a beef-fed John Bull " cried the horseman with a loud laugh springing into his saddle again. The corporal of the giiard with his command on hearing the report of the piece hasten- ed to the post and a dozen muskets were instantly levelled at the rider who sat immoveably on his steed gazing coolly on his adver- " How sir What means this bravado T " demanded the corpo- ral of the guard "surrender or I fire upon you. " " Softly good sir corporal You've wasted powder enough al- ready. I did but try to see how well you kept the barriers — and what mettle your men are made of for the story goes that a pretty wench or a jug of whiskey can cross your post in broad noon and the Bentinel's never the wiser. It's "Who goes there I" "Han with a jug o' whiskey. " " Stand man advance jng o' whiskey and give us a taste." Or "Who goes there t" "Husband and wife." " Stand husband advance wife and give ns a kiss " Ha ha ho this is your system of tactics down in York they say up above. Ho ha ha t " His laugh met no o^er return than a few round oaths firom the soldien while the corporal replied "You should come then ia a wench's shape to test us fellow. " " Wench or whiskey I must go into the town. " " Show your passport." The man drew from his packet an iron box deliberately tapped 3 by Google 1838. Weat Poitit.~A Tale of Treaaon. S37 the lid opened it look therefrom amp pinch of enuff and handed it orer to the soldiers. One of Ihem only aeknowledf^ed the compli- ment hy thrusting his arm through the barrier and helping himaelf to half the contents. ^ " So ho man you'd best take a shorel and fill your knapsack. Here ser^^cant is my passport " added the faoraeman thrusting his fingers beneath the snuff and extracting a folded paper crumpled and dingy. It was pronounced correct. "Now pass sir " said the subaltern " but if you approach the next post after this fashion may they send a score of bullets through your jackeL I should not have borne with you as I have but my orders led me to look out for one of your cut and kidney. " While he was speaking the barrier was thrown open and the horseman dashed through with a coarse joke at the expense of the soldiers which in the breasts of those gentlemen excited wrath rather than mirth. In a few seconds horse and rider were lost to tbeir gaze in the increasing darkness and gloom of the distant streets. After riding a short distance the stranger tnmed from the principal sireft to the left and entered a winding lane which by a circuitous route led him towards the Battery. On the corner of this street then called Queen and Broad street he came to an inn from which proceeded the sounds of mirth and music. Here he drew rein and dismounted amid a throng of idlers gave his horse to a negro hostler with strict injunctions to take the best care of him and then with the cool impudence of a man confident in great physical powers passed through the crowd jostling to either side soldier and townsman and entered the honse. Proceeding direct- ly to the tap-room which was filled with smokers and tipplers he called loudly " Black Sam " " Here sir. What gen'lman wish I " A can of ale dashed with brandy. " Then striding across the room he flung himself into a chair which a httle thin man vacated at his approach and throwing his feet over a table on which three or four men with blue coats cock- ades and strait swords were resting their mugs he received his po- tation with the addition also of a pipe and tobacco. Leaving him to discuss these at his leisure the abject of ale-house curiosity and the centre of sundry ominous glances we will change our scene to the quarters of Sir Henry Clinton. At the period of onr story the British army under General Clin- ton held quiet possession of New York. Sir George Rodney with a fleet recently arrived from Great Britain rode at anchor in 338 Romance of American History. — No. II. Norember the bay. GeQewl Washington with his army lay at West Point and along both shores of the Hudson au^mendng his forces and making extraordinary preparations — with the cooperation of the French fieet and army under Count de Rochambeau and the Cheva- lier de Terney lying at Rhode Island — to attack New York. With this object in view vast magazines of military stores including ves- sels battcanx cannon and provisions had been collected at West Point. Sir Henry Clinton was informed of this through spies and il became an object with him to get possession of this post not only that he might defeat the scheme of the Americans but alio open an avenue of communication with the army in Canada. But independent of either of these objects he saw indeed that on the possession of the Highlands by the British army rested solely the tenure by which New York could much longer be held by the crown. Therefore he prepared to direct all his energies to the accomplish- ment of this design — to concentrate all his strength to this one ob- ject with the determination to seek no other conquest until the flag of Great Britain should float above the citadel of West Point and its dependencies. The quarters of Sir Henry Clinton were in a mansion called the * Kennedy-House ' on the southwest corner of Broadway adjoining the Battery. About eight o'clock on the evening of our story it presented a gay scene. Before the door a military band were at intervals playing popular national airs officers were promenading up and down or lounging about the hall-entrance in conversation horses held by orderlies champed their bits impatiently and paw- ed the ground the apartments were brilliant with lighu and from the open windows came the laughter and musical voices of women children were plnring about the equestrian statue of George the Second in the Bowling-green and a little further off on the sward a party of youths and maidens of the city taking advan- tage of a waltz played hy the band were whirling around in dizzy circles with great spirit. All was life and gaiety and no where were visible any signs of the sanguinary war that filled the land. Within the mansion and in a small plain but richly furnished apartment sat around a table to which the wine and dessert had been transferred from the adjoining lining room a party consisting altogether of gentlemen. At the lime we are introduced to them one of the number a middle aged man with an air of command and habited in a military surtout which betrayed no insignia of the wearer's rank was warmly speaking while the others were interested listeners. '■ Now gentlemen I have shown you the importance of the secret correspondence I have so long been engaged in through Major KnAri with this unknown individual. That he is in the confidence of Washington is certain. His information has never in a single 1838. West Point— A Tale of Treiuon. 239 inBtance prAred incorrect. In hie last communicadan he said the time had at length arrived when it had become expedient and was for our interesta to faring the affair to a crisis saying further that if I complied with his terms action should at once take the place of writing. These terms and the means of obtaining an interriew vith him he did not mention but promises to send ns by a spe- cial messenger a full exposition of his views and hia real name for which hitherto he has adopted " Guslavus " as Andr6 has that of "John Anderson." " Have you any idea. Sir Henry who your myaterions correspon- dent may be " asked a gentleman in the uniform of a British Admi- ral who was seated opposite to him. "I have my suapicions Rodney hot until the arrival of the let- ters to destroy or confirm them I will not injure the fair fame even of a foe by whispering them." At this instant a slave in a livery of silver and green entered the room with coffee when through the half-open door a noise came from the street of voices in uproarious altercation. " What's the disturbance without there Nero " demanded Sir Henry Clinton half rising from the table. "Ony de press-gang mnssa Dey cotch big rebel at black Sam's — he no want to go 'board ship mas* Rodney — S0 nm yell littly bit — dai's Bll massa Knyphors'um. " "I wss afraid. General Knyphausen " said Clinton resuming hb ■eat ^nd addressing a stoui corpulent oflicer witli stiff white hair highly powdered wearing the uniform of a foreigner of high mili- tary rank. "I was afraid your thick-sculled Germans and my Eng- lish guards were at loggerheads again. Hark I whatisthatT" "To the main-guard with him Drag him to the Sugar-House I Give him a birth in the Old Jersey " mingled with the clashing of weapons came loudly from the street "It is time forme to interfere "said Clinton rising and advancing through the hall followed by the others. "They have a harder case ihkn common tn deal with and I fear notwithstanding my strict orders blood will be shed in their anxiety to secure him." When they reached the door they saw by the light of the lamps a gigantic fellow with his back planted against the iron railing en- closing the eqnestriun slatite of the King defending himself with s huge broadsword from the assault of half a dozen men in blue coats and cockades who were thrusting at him with swords but unable from the circling sweep of his powerful weapon with which be kepi clear a wide space around him to get near enopgh to lue them with effect "Hold men " cried General Clinton as the leader of theassail- anta drew a pistol and was levelling it at the man's breast swear- ing he would pnt an end to the contest "Pnt up your piatolicap- 340 Romance of American History. — No. II Novendiar tain of the gang — and you fellow give your weapon to the captain of the guard." "If he will have it let him take it " said the man menacingly. "I am protected by a fair passport and was quietly on my way from the inn where I put up to these quarters when these skulking cbipt followed and set upon me here and by if they haT'at had a taste of my quality by thia time perhaps they'd like to trouble me again." " Advance corporal of the guard and secure him " laid General Clinton sternly. *' Charge bayonets t Forward-march " cried the subaltern who on the first alarm had turned out his command. The press-gang opened to either side and left our qnondam horseman exposed o the bristling row of bayonets that advanced upon and enclosed him. " Surrender " cried ibe sergeant of the guard. "I am an American citizen — the bearer of a message to General Clinton and am protected by his passport. Lay a finger on me at your peril." As he spoke he drew a pistol from his belt and coeked and levelled it at the head of the corporal. "Ha saysheT"e c aimedSirHenryC inton hearing his words and turning to Sir George Rodney "our man by haliden. Stand back corporal. Fellow I am General Clinton. If you are the bearer of papers In me come forward and deliver them. First re- aign your weapons." The man advanced gave up his pistols and sword and taking his passport gave it to the General who after glancing at it said " It is as I thought. Follow me. " Accompanied by the other gentlemen and followed by the mes- senger. Sir Henry Clinton led the way to the apartment he had left when closing the doors and satisfying himself that he was secure from interruption he turned to the man and demanded the letters of which he was the bearer. Unbuckling his belt he touch- ed a concealed spring in the end of his empty scabbard when the steel dropped to the ground. Taking it up he drew from it three rolls of thin Indian paper addressed to Sir Henry Clinton and gave them to him. Ader rapidly glancing over the contents the British General energetically struck the table. '■ Gentlemen it turns ont as I antici- pated. My secret correspondent is . You may leave the room " trusty Jack Smithson " as I see it is on the back of the letters. Ho I without there. Markham take Mr. Smithson under your care till I want him again and see that he neither leaves the home nor has communication with any one." 3 by Google lesa We»t Point.— A THa of Trgaaon. 341 The eaptain of the gnird received his ehmrge and ntired. "It Is as I thought " eontinued Sir Henry Clinton "Genend Arnold ia my correBpondent. " "Arnold " excUimed the others simaltaneonsly. "Arnold snd none other — and on this supposition hare I so long kept up the correspondence. We will now examine these letters. Here is one endorsed "important and strictly private." Breaking the seal he rapidly ran his eyes- over it his features as he read lighting up with animation. Suddenly rising he said with energy "This afiair haa got to assume a magnitude and importance I had not anticipated. This morning Genera Arnold took the ammand at Wett Point. " " At West Point " repeated Rodney with surprise. " Then is it ours " said General Knyphansen shivering his glass on the board in the animation of the moment. " Listen to his proposal. He makes me a direct offer to surrender himself. West Point and its dependencies with all the miUtary •tores and provisions cannon vessels and flotillas in such a manner as to contribnle every advantage to His Majesty's arms and the safely of our men. Now gentlemen are we in a way to pluck the fruit so long ripening. " "There is indeed an opening for a successful operation that claims our most assidnona care " said Sir George Rodney. "West Point appears to roe an object of such vast importance that no hazard •r expense ought to be weighed against it. It will give ns control of the Hndson from the sea to its source facilitate our interconrm wiUi the Northern army and be a barrier to the intercourse between New England and the States of Jersey New York and Pennsyl- ▼ania. " " And alsho vat is of equal iraportonshe " said General Kny- phansen "it vill terange de plan of te kombined armies ant vieet of te Fransh ant le Americans in leir contemplate attack on dis ei^ of NeaveYork. " " West Point must be ours gentleman " said General Clinton de- cidedly. " From its peculiar position and strength it is the Gib- raltar of this rebel country and must be taken before wa can get a permanent foot-hold in America. Its possession offers to ns all the advantages yon have named. But on the ground alone of de- feating the projected attack on New York it becomes us to pursue any plan that will place it in our hands. Not only will its capture serve to defeat the project of a combined attack but by cutting off their supplies produce disaffection and ultimately desertion in the ranks of the rebels and excite disconteni among their French allies. It will be of incalcnlable advantage to the service and crown the campaign with triumphant saccess. Let ns now see what further this traitor-Oeneral has to ny. He is no stickler but comes out vol.. III. MO. XI. — NOT. 4 Dci-zec by Google 94li Romance of Ameriean Hiatory. — No. IL NoveiaiMr with a clean braasL Ho t here ia the whole giat of the matter. Hear gentleroaa " continued he reading from the paper ia hit hand. ■ I wish you to send some one in your confidence 1 should prefer Major Andr£ and indeed do not desire to negotiate with any one else as 1 deem him the most befitting person fully aulhoriaed by your house to confer with me that the risks and profile of the co-partnership may be fully and clearly understood. A speculation might at this time be made to some adrantage with ready mon*^.* " Bah I this then is the way the wind blows. " " Sent to him. Generate von pag of monies to py Vest Poin." " So Arnold baa a mercenary as well as a revengeful motive in this treason " said Rodney wiUi some surprise. " I am told his extravagant style of living has involved him In rretrievable pecuniary embarrassments that he has resorted to shifts as trustee of public fnnds that have laid him open to anspi- cion and lost him the confidence of Congress the first intimation of the displeasure of which was conveyed to him by the promotion of five Major-generals over his head. A brave officer be certainly ia but no excess of physical courage can atone for the want of moni principle of which he aceme entirely destitute. He is prood. vaiot and hasty of speech widi many private vices which he has vainly hoped'to gloss over by the brilliancy of his military career. In tbia he has been unsuccessful and his elevated rank only makes more con- spicuous be man's private actions. Smarting under mortification disgust and tlie stings of wounded selMove he has determined to avenge his real or fancied wrongs on hie country and has resolved to ofier her up as a sacrifice to his injured pride. He accordingly wrote to me under tlie signature of ' Gustavus ' assuming as you have just seen in the paragraph I read to you the character of a merchant. This was eighteen month's ago. The correspondence had eondnued for a twelvemonth before I could arrive at any proba- bility as to who he might be. At length being confident from the accuracy and importanceof his informaiion that he muf t be of high rank and a member of Washington's councils of war I began to make myself acquainted with the characters of the American Gen- erals and investigate their histories to discover what iofficieni causes of disss ^s faction existed to induce any one of them to turn traitor to his country. My suspicions from obvious reasons rest- ed on General Arnold and we now see that they are confirmed. It is gold the geutleman wants and it must not be withheld for it ia plain he will not stir a step without being paid for it. I must send Andrti to close the 'bargain' with him forthwith." " But " said Admiral Rodney " how shall we be able to take ad- vantage of this man's treason We cannot piece an expedition 10 take possession of West Point in secret and Washington will In prompt to defeat any scheme for which we make open preparations." 3 by Google 1838. Weat PoinU-^A Taie of TVeason. M3 " Every body knowi. Sir George that w« hare loag contemplated vith the aid of your fleet an expedition to the Chesapeake. Thii will be a good mask to cover our real deeigHs. Under this feint we niuBt prepare for a sudden movement up the Hudson." *' Admirable. I second it vith all my heart " exclaimed Rodney. "'Tiah rer' exahellanL Ve till take te repel rort now amp t Bborge ant Sir Benree." A little more coQVPrsalion followed in which the steps to be taken for bringing the important a^ir to a crisis were settled the neasenger was then called in and dismissed with letters o Arnold when the two gentlemen took their departure to make preparations for Um contemplated movement against West Point and promptly second the treachery of its commander. CHAFTXK FOnBTH. About three o'clock the following af^rnoon a sloop of war got under weigh in the harbor of New York and spreading sail after aai stood boldly np the Hudson. As night approached she entered the Highlands and came to an anchor off Verpknck's point and within range of an American battery thrown up on the headland. Her progress up the river had been watched by spectators qa shore with apprehension not unmingled with curiosity. But as she stood standing on her course without manifesting ttny hostile pur- pose she was anpposed to bear a flag for the purpose of opening a treaty with Washington and was suffered lo pass the several bat- teries that lined the shore without being fir«d into. After she had swung round to her anchor and her sails were furled and a double watch set two gentlemen came on deck and took an elevated position on the quarter deck from which with night-glasses they began carefully to reconnoitre the land. One of them waa in the uniform of an English Naval Captain and was the commander of the vessel. The other was a handsome young man with noble features « manly and elegant person refined by an air of grace and high breeding. He was dressed as a British Army officer and his bearing was marked by the frankness of the soldier k tempered with the courtesy of an accomplished gentleman. While his companioB constantly kept the glass to his eye in the direction of the western shore he paced the deck with an impatient step. At length he paused for an instant t» glance landward and exclaimed in a disappointed tone ** No boat yet Captain I The night is advancing 1 " " Nothing in sighl hut a brace of rebel barges that are lying oK and on to prevent us communicating with the shore. They sii» lt pect us strongly of being here on mischief and the good dimei in- land doubtless tremble for their poultry and dairies." 3 by Google 944 Romance of American History. — Ho. U. {NoremlMr " A bott " cHed the young officer who while the kptslB wu speaking had placed the glass to his eye. " It i gt putting towards the ship. Ah By Hearen all is lost The pjard-bost has chal- lenged and detaiaed it No they are permitted to paas and are rapidly approaching. It must be him we aeek I I will receive him in your state room Sutherland. I haTe some papers to prepare beforehand and will leave to you the honor of ushering the gen- tleman below." The officer had left the deck but a few minntes when the'wmlch on the forecastle suddenly snng out in a rough stem Toice ** Boat ahoy " " Hulloa " was the distant replyi in a Toiee equally hoarse. "What boat is thatt" " Ferry-boat " "Is this the way yon come athwart His Majesty's hawserT" growled the officer of the watcK " Order that boat alongside I " said the Captain adrancing to the gangway. " Aye aye sir." The boat was polled alertly alongside and a man stepped from her and ascended the side. " Which is Mr. John Anderson " he asked in a bold swaggering manner. " If yon have business with any one on board Ae Vulture you bear some token from him you came from T " said the Captain half interrogating. ' " West Point " said the man in a subdued tone. " 'Tis right. Follow me below." "Where is Gen — the principal I" exclaimed the young officer on seeing a rough gigantic fellow enter the cabin behind his friend "On shore " said Smithson gruffly "and bade me give you this letter if ytiu be Mr. John Anderson." " Give it me '* be said taking it from his hesitating hold and tearing it open. 'This will be delivered to yon ' he read 'by Smithson who will take yon to a retired place on shore where with perfect safety to yourself we can confer together on the matters touching your mission to the Highlands. GcsTAvrs.' " Leave the ship By — no Andr^ " said the Captain " I allow no soul on board the Vulture to put foot on rebel soil. If thisOen- eml wants to see yon he must come here." "That he was to meet me on board I certainly understood from his letters to Sir Henry " said Major Andr£ "but if he fears to trust his person with us I see no alternative but to do as he desires." " Not if Harry Sutherland can help it shall you have any thing to do with his proposition. If you are eaoght on shore they'll bang 3 by Google 1838. West PoinL—A Tale of TYeaao*. M5 yon aa snra u the deril. Ho no. 'Twill never dOi my dear boy. Nerer If he wants to aee you let Mm come waA see you here." " My dear Sntherland the adrantagea in this matter are not hta bat onrs and we must not calculate risks in securing them so rast ud important aa they are to His Majesty's btsm. My own life is mtthing weighed against the value of West Point. Bat there is ho aeed of saerifieing life. There is no danger nnder cover of night. of going on shore and meeting this man an hour's time will suffice for the interview and I shall be on board againt by two hours before daybreak. "Major Andr6 I'll be— if you do." " Not amp word Sutherland " said the officer playfully " this project moat not be given up at a time when it is about to be crowned with snecess— the hour has arrived when the fruits of our long pending negotiation may be gathered — when the hopes of General Clinton nay be realised — when the reward for which we hrve so long toiledt may be reaped.. Fanciful apprehensions oiight to have no weight widi me now nothing life itself Would not make me waver. Every thing depends on me this night. I will go on shore and meet Ar- nold. I see no great risk in it and what there is I cheerfully en- counter for the sake of the object I have in view." HWell do as you will Andrfi. I have no power to control your movements my orders being to afford you every means of achieving snccessfuHy your objecL If you mnst go — go and Qod bless yon I but I fear evil will come of it." cB AFTER vtrrn. Shortly afterwards enveloped in a blue greatcoat wUch entirely hid his nniform Andri went over the side into the boat accompani- ed by Smithson and in a few moments they were lost to the eyes of those on deck In the dark shadows of the shore. In the host was » negro who with Smithoon pulled actively towards the land and is a quarter of an hour after leaving the ship die little skiff shot into a narrow inlet ahroiided by the beetling cliffs in impenetrable gloom. Andri instinctively laid his hand on his pistols and as- sumed an attitude of caution and defence. The oars were laid aside as they entered the creek and the men drew the boat some distance inland under the branches of the overhanging trees. At length they ceased their exertions. " We must be near the spot now. Sambo. Open the whites of your eyes and look sharp about yon. " "'Tissogoramitydark massB Jack niggar no see one debbilbit. Die look wery like de place nebherdeless. Chow 1 hear dat bnll* frog close here mass Jack 1 I beam him here when we lef Ki I *tie jis de place for sartain snre. " Dci-zec by Google 346 Romance of American History.— No. II. November *' Boat there I " nid e low roice from a short disttnce off. " Bo amp t it is " answered SmithsoD. "Have you been snceetsful T " "He is here." An exel amp mation of satisbction waa uttered a heary fooUtep hastily apprnaehed and the indistinct figure sf a man appeared on the bank. The next instant a dark lantern was sprung by hint and a bri^t light shone into the boat exposing the oecnpaDta while the individual behind it remained invisible. "You are welcome sir " said the stranger afler a moment's Surrey of the party. " Smithson you will remain in charge of the boat and take it round to where 1 have directed you to meet us. " The British officer now landed. The greeting between the two persons was marked by haughtinesB on one part and fawning cour- tesy on the other. The words of the Eogliehman in exchanging eatntations were few and brief. The other who was a stout gen- tlemanly looking man with a decided n^ilitary air without noticing his manner passed his arm through his and led htm by the light of the lantern a few yards from the boat to a forest path in which stood two saddled horses tied to a tree. "You will mount one of these horses if you please sir " said the stranger who it is perhaps unnecessary to say was General Arnold. "How mean yoo General Arnold t" demanded Andrti in sur- prise "is not our interview to take place here '* "So far as conversation goes it might sir. But I have a por- tion of a correspondence several important docnments plans of correspondence and other papers necessary to our purpose to ex- hibit to you. For these we must have lights and the privacy of a room. " "Well." "A short distance from this place is a retired house tenanted by 'Sraithson. He is away and there we shall be private. 1 have brought these horses that we may ride thither. " After hesitating an instant the jroung Englishman as if deter- mined to risk every thing to effect the object of his mission said abrnptly "mount sir I attend you." For a few moments they threaded the forest path and then emerged into a highroad where their wsy from the absence of trees became lighter. Th^ rode forward in silence for neither the one probably from contempt the other from shame at the de- grading part he was playing felt disposed to converse except on the topic that had brought fpo such opposite spirits in contact and ihia had been mutually deferred till their arrival at the place of their destination. Suddenly the dark meditations of Arnold and the pleasing recollections of Englandt with which the light-hearted 1838. We»tP lt n%t^-A TdUof TVeofOfi. S4T Andrj ma beguiling the way were iaterrupted by the stera cbal- lenge of a tentineli « few yards in advance. Andii looked up and Mw tbftt they were just entering a amall Tillage. "Frienda " replied Arnold. ** Advanee and give the conntersign." " Congreaa. " " Paaa fl-Ienda. " All this paaaed like a dream to Andre's BenseB. In an inatant however he realized the full extent of hia danger reined in hia horse and half turned to fly. Arnold's hand' was initantir laid on hiB bridle. " This is no time to waver. Ride on with me. There la no danger to a cool head and resolute spirit. " The words were spoken in a low or hurried tone close to An- dre's ear. A moment's reflection convinced him that it was vain t» think of retreating and that his only alEernatire now was to meet the emergencies of his situation with coolnesa and presence of mind. He therefore rode on simply saying in a tone of calm and dignified reproof "You did not tell mc sir that you were about to conduct me within the AmericMi lines else I should have insist- ed on coming to terms with you where we landed and not so im- prudently risked my Uberty and perhaps ray life. " "I presumed yon placed that confidence in my honor. Major Andr£ which would hare rendered such an intioiation gratuitous. With a passport signed by me you are aware that you can return whenever you please. " Andr£ said nothing but the curl of his lip at the menUon of "honor " would have conveyed more to his companion had it been Ught enough for him to have seen the expres8io9 of hie fea- tures than a volume of verbal replies. In a few moments afterward they arrived at a low farm house* with a paling running along the front. As they dismounted they were startled by a heavy cannonading from the river but some distance below "We are detected " exclaimed Arnold "that firing is at the Vulture." The two gentlemen hastily ascended the steps of the porticO and looked southward. A league below for that distance bad Arnold led Andr£ from his ship they saw the Vulture apparently wrapped in flames from the blaze of incessant discharges of artil- lery both from the shore and her own decks. From the batteries on Verplanck'fl point they beheld a long Jine of guns belching forth fire the glare of which illuminated land and water far and wide while by the light of her own guns they distinguished every spar and rope of the sloop of war ardietinctly as at noon-day. " Good God all is discovered — all is lost " cried Arnold. *' To horse " 3 by Google dU Romance of American History.— No. II. I NoTember "Hold I" Mud Andr^ laying Wa hand on his arm "yan need fear nothing. The Americans think tile sloop lies too near the shore for their good and are firing to compel her to change her position. See the ii already making anil. " For a quarter of an hour longer they anxiously watched the moTementa of the vessel which aRer retdmtng the fire of he Americans by a few broadsides got under weigh and still TisiUe by the blaze from the guns on shore ' slowly dropped down the river and came to anchor some distance below and beyond the reach of the batteries. Satisfied that his conjectures ee to the cause of the firing were correct he turned to Arnold and said "It will only be a longer pull back for that black bearded eaqoire of yonre General Arnold with a little unwelcome day gt Iighl to help hiin too I fear unless we can briefly despatch our business." CHAPTIR flIXTH. Without replying. General Arnold led the way np stairs by the light of his dark-lantern and ushered Andr£ into a small room the door qf which he carefully closed and secured then cautiously examining the apartment to see thai there was no introder on th«r privacy he placed the light on a small table and motioning to his guest to take one of two chairs placed by it he seated himself in the ether and proceeded to lay on the table sereral papers which he drew from a concealed pocket in the breast of his snrtont. While thus engaged Andr£ sat silently surveying his features. They were east in a noble mould. But the lofty forehead was contracted and scowling with the dark and uneasy thoughts of the mind within the well-formed month was compressed with gloomy determination and his fine eyes in which nature had secreted the power that controls and commands men were restless and shunned the calm gaze of his companion's. " I am now ready. Major Andr6 " said General Arnold after ar- ranging bis papers on the table "to listen to Sir Henry Clinton's proposi^on. " ' Andrfi continued to survey him for an instant longer and then replied with a look in which scorn and pity w«e equally mingled. "These shall be laid before you when yon have detailed the mode by which you can favor His Majesty's arms. " " 1 can read the meaning of your glance Major Andr^" said Arnold slightly coloring "and appreciate yoar estimation of me in relation to the part I am about to acL But I have weighed all this well. I am prepared to meet the scorn and contempt of gen- tlemen so that the personal feelings that t hare in this matter are gratified. Major Andr6 1 am an injured man I have repeatedly fought for and fire tiroes shed my blood in defence of^ my country. by Google 1638. Wut Point— A Tale of TVeomn. Me and flbfl has Teirvd«cl me not only with contumely asci neglect but irith open inenlL It ii nselese for me to unfold to you the tisane of canaes by which I hare been goaded on to th» step. It ia enough that I have calmly reBolved on it and for nearly two years hare been slowly bnt anrely laying the foundation for its comple- tion. I hare now reached the point when deliberation or repent- ance »e alike rain. When I reaolved to repay ray country for the WTonga she had loaded me with it only remained to decide the best means of doing it so that I could brin^ about adrantage to myself as well as injnry to the canse I was about to deserL My reward from the crown I was aware would be measured by the injury I inflicted on its enemies. It occurred to me that I could accomplish my object through West Point ' 80 soon as this idea occurred to me I directed all my efforts to get appointed commander at this im- portant post. I have sncceeded. It is now in my bands and shall be transferred to those of General Clinton provided that — " here the arch-traitor hesitated and looked down but the next instant continued with assumed indifierence "provided that the price I name for my services shall be agreed to. " " Name it sir. " " One hundred thousand pounds sterling in five qaarterly pay- ments one quarter in haiid and the rank of Major General in the British Army. " *' Your services should be great to merit this sir. " ** Let us weigh one against the other and see which will kick the beam " he said with a faint attempt to laugh and appear at his ease. Unrolling a small chart he spread it on the table with the aelf- satisfled air of a man who expects to give surprise "Here " he said displaying the map which was covered with lines of fortifica- tions " here is a plan of the works at West Point. You will per- ceive on inspecting it that besides the principal fort there are three lines of fortifications between the river and the inmmit of the innermost range of highlands composed of upwards of forty redoubts. Bnt this map will serve only to give you a general out- line of the works. Here is a paper which will show the number of men stationed at each with the amount of military stores and pro- visions. Here is a bird showing the easiest paths and means of access. On examination it will sufliciently explain itself. Hereis a fourth containing the Artillery Orders which have just been pub- lished at West Point showing how each corps shall dispose of itself in case of alarm. This you will find of vast importance as it will enable you to know the precise condition of every part of the gar- rison when you attack. Here is a fifth document in which yoa will find an estimate of the forces at the different posts. This marked F. No. VI. will show how many men tt will take to man the works. In this numbered G. TIL yon wilt find a return of 960 Romance of Americait Bittory. — No. IL Norembcrt the ordntnce in the different forla redottbta ftnd batteries gt 1h remarka on the vorksi deMribiog tb^ cbnitraction of each vtd its strong and weak points. Lastly here ia^a report of the last conn- cil of war held at head-quarters and it contains hints written with pencil in the margin respecting the probable operations of the cam- paign. I yesterday received it from General Washington hinaself. " As he finished speaking he laid the remaining paper of the pac- quet on the table and looked up with an air of triumph. As he anticipated the expression of the young soldier's countenance was that of undisguised astonishment and gratification. " Place those papers in my possession and carry out in your own person the spirit of them to the letter and the reward yoa hare named shall be yours " said Andr6 with animation. Arnold coldly smiled and said " It shall be mine to ^ee that the post at West Point is weakened by such a disposition of the troops as shall leave but a small force for its defence. At those points most inaccessible I have ordered seating ladders ostensibly for a very different purpose to be constructed in the forest where at the place marked with an X on the plan you will find them piled np ready for use. What think you Major Andr^ — is it well planned. " " It is most skilfully planned sir " said the yonng man lost in wonder at this perfection of treason. '* It is sir. But it remains to be ably seconded on the part of Sir Henry Clinton. The only obstacle to its success will be the difficulty of openly embarking troops on the Hudson without its ob- ject being suspected. The vigilance of Washington never sleeps 1 " As he spoke these last words his voice fell and ha looked hurriedly about as if he felt or feared his presence. "This diffieully is easily settled " said Andr^ slightly smiling at the sudden change in his manner. "Under the pretext of an ex- pedition to the Chesapeake of which doubtless you have heard some rumours troops are now embarking in Rodney's fieet. By to-morrow morning there will be eight thousand on ship-board ready to ascend the river at a moment's warning." "Then is success certain. As soon as it shall be known that your ships are spprosching I shall despatch parties from the garrison to the gorges in the hills and other remote passes under the pretence of stopping the advance of the enemy in those quarters. There I in- tend they shall remain until your troops have landed and marched to the garrison through other passes where there will be left no troops to oppose them." "I cannot refrain from complimenting you sir on the masterly r in which you have laid your plans it is the perfection of " AndrS hesitated when Arnold completed the sentence. 3 by Google 1838. - Yeronica^a Lament. 8 amp 1 *'of treason. So be it sir. If I bring about my enda I care not what name men giro it" The terms of his treachery baring been agreed on Arnold now earefally divided the papers in two equsl parcels while Aodrfi filled oat a carte blancke prertouely signed and dtilirered to him b^ Sir Henry Clinton for this purpose in which the terms of General Arnold were acceded to on the fulfilment of the conditions implied therein. He gave this covering a cheque for twenty thousand pounds sterling to Arnold snd received from him in return the pa- pers in two parcels which at the argent desire of Arnold who 'jaenifested the greatest anxiety for their security he placed aepa- Tately between his stockings and feet drawing his boots on over all. General Arnold now pleaded the necessity of returning forthwith to his quarters at the Beverly House opposite West Point and de- laying only long enough to fill out a passport for the protection of Major Andrfi on his way to his boat be a few moments afterward took leave of him before the house and galloped rapidly northward- to bz ooktinues. VERONICA'S LAMENT. " As I MBTerwd with tha widowed wift and uw h«r shrink beneuh tbe light •ir like a withered flower and Ibtd her furred pelisia eloser about her with her thin wsaled hand I could haye wept over her faded joulh and blighted feelings. It is painflillj erident that tha meinory of hat error and her wrongi lits heavily upon her and Ihal it is a poisoned chain whou ftueis can be flung off only in tbe graTf. "— Jlfin Pardo^i 'City af Ou SuUan. ' Comb back oh quickly come sweet Spring I've waited for thee long Oh baste and with thy flowrets bring Thy soft cherubic song — I know thou 'It break this slumber deep Though settled in a dreamless sleep. Oh come I unlock that icy chain. And set the streamlet free — ■ Heand'iing through he verdant plain. Sweet music shall its be In concert all the live-long day 'With zephyr's sigh and wild bird's lay. abyGooglc IBS Veranica^s tament. Te cold north winds I basta hute «vky Ah je u-e wondrous strong Around ns wrecks of beauty lay That struggled with you long — Go seek thy far off goal for then Sweet Spring will quickly come again. Hy soul grows sad v-7-I 'U sit me down Beside the siTent tomb TQl wtnt'ry windi haTO passed away And with them wint'ry gloom — Hassnra long ago was laid Within this cold and cheerless shade. Awake awake yon ehrystal skies - Are glorious to behold — The loreliest flowers aroaod ns rise And clouds like liquid gold — Awake it is the twilight hour Thou know'st full well its soothing power. Ah I can it be that I have lived Till Spring's once lovely strain Comes like a midnight requiem Or clanking of the chain. To bind the wearied spirit here. When earth becomes a desert drear Methought when earth agun waa filled With soft melodious strains — When hearts wont forth and gently thrilled O'er Nature's varied plains — Methought he then again would wake. If aught this awful sleep could break. But now the thunder long I ween Will roll above his head And vivid lightning's too will gleam Around his cold cold bed — Ere he again will wake to view The earth tho' clad in verdure new. s. a FlTTB¥IELD BIaSS. 3 by Google CLAIMS OF THE BEAUTIFUL ARTS. What i gt the true principle or consemlisinT or rather whkt i« the jnineiple of conservatism in a tnie society — a lociety which hu Tor itA end the welfare of ila indiTidaal members and the pre* semtion A" its unity among the nations I We conceive tbia qaes- tion has to do so intimately with the subject we hare taken in handi that we mnst devote some pages to answering it before we proceed to coQsider the claims of the Fine Arts ae a branch of natioaal edacation first upon the State Governments as representing the people and then on the thoughtfol lovers of onr country taken Individ nally. The spirit of the age is mechanical and etilitarian. We hew constantly of the application of science to the Arts. But it b to the useful art* — to the preservation and commodity of the mortal life. Whatever respects the spirit's life mainly is considered by us visionary and unreal. Beauty is hardly conceived to be a real end for a human being. It seems not to be realized that like joi- tice and holiness it is a state of immortal being diacriminating man from beasts and much more desirable therefore as an object of pursuit than wealth which indeed is only valuable as it is snh- sidiary and productive of those states of being which can be de- nominated beanUfuI just and holy. One would think from the laa- gnage held in our lyceums and legislative halls that the songs of Homer the tragedies of JGschylus and Sophocles the high rea- sonings of Plato the institutions of Numa — who built a temple to the divinity enshrined in each rule of ciril duty — the statues and and temples of all antiquity were the play-things and card-honses of an infantile condition of the race and that we we oZone were the adult And whyT Because we make our own laws and elect our own rulers according' to our personal interests. Because we daily discover new means of turning time into money The ge- nius which in days of yore loved to ascend to the golden ages and beyond inqiuring into the final causes of human existence and penetrating the material uses of nature for that truth and beauty which elevate and spiritualize our present being and reconcile us to time by proving it the transparent veil of an eternity whose cen- tral peace is realized by thought — this genius has fonnd it is said by some worthier themes and fields of action in the political rela- tions of men and the economical concerns of society. Time seems to have brought forth a new Jupiter ths wealth ot naTioiTB who drives into Tartarus all his Titanic brotherhood. Again is Pro- melheas chained to the rock and there is little reawn to hope that ecbvG00 ^lc 4B4 Clatme of th* Beantiful Arta. NorMnbar this new wiser Jupiter will bow hii heareas and come down to beauty's feet go that as of old a Hercules ah amp ll arise to anbind the death-defying genius. Tbe science of the wealth of nations has indeed its end — to de- atroj squalid want and grant leisure to every individual to find oat snd unfold himself. But farther than this wealth is an unqualified bane. For as far as it is the representative of bodily luxury it de- ceiTes inasmuch as bodily luxury is an eril. And it deceires hard- ly less by becoming the representalire of intellectaa luxary for all the statuary and painting and books it can buy are utterly in Tain to supply the place of the free eve and ear and heart which / the pursuit of wealth destroys but into which nature's beauty always steals when the physical system is neither enervated by in- dulgence nor overtasked by excessive labor. And let us not be misunderstood. We would state the dangers of our Umes and evils which our government accidentally nourishes but we intend no doubt upon its legitimacy nor a sigh after the despotisms and aristocracies of an old world that are passing away. We do not undervalue the political action of men nor would we Begleet the economical concerns of society. We are conscious of being only too strongly interested in these things ourselves. We have much ado to wait the reasonable time in which the millions who are just becoming aware of their political rights may learn the duties involved in them. But K is only because our sympathies with ihem are so strong that we have so little patience with their boyism and their recklessness of consequences their so continually expos- ing themselves to the wise shakes of the head and not unmerited re- bukes cf those who by reason of their own sinkiag life do not feel the resources of nature and how youth may return from afar pro- vided it keep its faith and hope it is our loving faith in the legid- macy of our government which quickens our eyes to all the dan- gers involved in an imperfect developement of its energies. We deiire to see its conservalive principles unfolded. We feel sure that it can cherish a diviner god than this modern Jupiter whom it has nourished into existence as its first and meanest fruit. We woulddedironehim therefore by proving ihatheis thesonof Time and the phenomenal and nurtured by the earthly and would re- store to his throne Prometheus the Son of Heaven who benevo- lent to man teaches him heavenly arts and brings him fire in hia mnaical reed. Unless this is done our free institutions must decay for nothing lasts except through the clGciency of its generating eanse and the passion for wealth was not the generating cauae of our independence. On the contrary it would not have been gained if wealth had not been felt to be quite a secondary matter. Wit- ness the non-consumption non-importation associations of those thms witneis the mercantile communities of Salem and Marble- 3 by Google 1638. lUsponaibUity to Pogterity. 9S5 head refiutiig to Uk« adTantage of the BoetOD Fort bill aad mag- nanimoualj ofieria^ their ports to the merchants of the oppreBied ttfwn withont charge of alorage or wharfage. ' Not wealth but the dignity of man vai ever preient to our lathers ai the first object of the free instituLions for which they were contendiog. The writers immediately preceding the Revolution Were traiucendxtital They eonslantly weat np beyond material and immediate intereatSi to- prineiplea. When they do speak of the advantages that will accrue to the trading interests it is to be observed that all these are to fall upon poBterltT gt That principle of responsibility to posterity one of the divinest of Heaven's inspirations is ever mare present to them than personal interests. Hence the sublime moderation of the revolationary auemblies. Who can read their record without feelings of grandeur which archangels might shareT What a con- Omet to the stormy assemblies of revolutionary France do their profound feelings of reverence their slowly gathering hostility present Conld some Carlyle dramatize for ns the American revo- lution how different would be the work from the wondrous repre- sentation of the French revolution by which we have been astonish- edt — aa different as was the ancient celebration of the festivals of Apollo from the Bacchic orgies. For to different are the events. Carlyle calls the French revolution " a fire creation." The American revolution might then be called a creation from the world of waters where all proceeded in order. The event so named wat in no de- gree a destructive process in all essential psrticnlars it was « con- ■tructive one. It was the final development of wise councils in wise minds. It exiated in the son} of the people in the form of ■ devotion to the moral and intellectual welfare of the country long before it wrote the Declaration of Independence or elected Wash- ington the eommander-ln-chief of ita armiea. In these wise mindsi not less than in the argument from pure reason is founded our trust in the le^timaey of our government. The former indeed might be set aside on the plea that men are not purely spirits of reason but creatures of instinct too and primarily. But when we reesll those men in whom pure reason seems to have been in^nct who lived freedom before they declared it or even apprehended it as an ides we feel that all that waa revolution sry in tlieir action was but the accidental accompaniment of the truly conservative principle of society. Republicanism ia not to he judged by all that happena in a republican country. We do not ascribe the lynch law and mobs of our day to the principles of our government for we per- ceive these things happen only among those who have lost sight of its true principles in pursuit of some of its nearest fruits but we look back on such men as the elder Quincy who with purest love of liberty burning in his breast a fire that might not be quenched anj yet consnmed nothing of his moral refinement boldly cama 3 by Google M6 Oatvu of ttfl BeaaUftl AtU. NoTcnber. fonrard in dte path of dnty ttod dsfended the British aoliUgn for firing on the Boaton mob. At that mosaent Dothing leemed so im- portant Tor the Hbertiea of maiti u to conciliat« that rery mob bst Qnincy acted on the priaeiple thKt joatendawere tobeaonght onlf bj jnat meana. The valne of political freedom in the eyes of oar Falhera ma to give scope to the moral and intellectual dignity of the iadiTidnal man. Freedom waa in their eyea an end like Beauty Jnaticet Truth it waa the proper itate of being for hnmanity. And thera- fore lt ma so little said or thought by them of the natur amp l wealtii which was to be poured over the land from within and withont by the combination of a fVee community with an tmimpeded interna industry. According to them the highest object of cirll inatito- tions ia to make free indiriduale and iodiridiuJa are free only an they can enltirate their natures according to the ideal which eadi beholds impressed on his inward being. But in our repubKc are there a majority of freemeni according to this Idea T Alas for human nature Eren in the gardea of Eden where Ood walked and communed with man as friend talks with friend it would first try the experiment of plucking the fruit of the tree pleasutt to the sight and good for food instead of seeking dili- gently for the tree of life which was growing unforbidden la the midst of the garden. And this tree of our life the generating idea and conaerrative principle of our government the inward freedom of the Indiridual is neglected by us for the goMen apples of wealth I This ia obrions from the tone of the debates in Congress tiie newspapers the periodtcsia the popular orators of the day. On free institutions are spoken of mainly as instrumenta for the pro- duction of wealth as if man was made for wealth instead of wealth for man. The increase of property hsTing become the end of the people inatesdof Freedom Beauty and Moral Elevation it becomcf the end of the aerrants of the people. As the electors so will the elected be. Where wealth is the first object of society office is sought for its emoluments. The duties of the office then succumb to the interests of the officer impartiality and disintereetedness are lost And ii not this beginning to be seen I Men are sent to Congress expressly to take eare of commerce to take care of manufactures to take care of rail-roads and canals and benks but who are elected with express refereuce to the care of the fine arta of colleges of the moral and religions interests of the country T Hare w« for- gotten that scripture of Shakspeare "Tbaicii Bmyatnryin tbanulofStala Wbieh buh an ^MnlioB ni Than m 3 by Google 1838. EviU of a National Devotion to Wealth. 367 The opponenta of Repablicanism would convince us that a repre- aentation of theaa spiritual interests in Congress is virtually ex- eluded by our Constitution because not eipressly provitJed foF. Pointing to the lords spiriluat in the British ConstiluLion to whom the institutions of learning and religion are a personal cnucern they tell us that although that country does not appear so free as ours theoretically yet inasmuch aa a material interest gives a local habi- tation and a name to the spiritual interest the elements of indivi- dual freedom are preserved in the institutions literary and religious which are thus made independent. The children of Ught thejr maintain must make interest ivith the mammon of unrighteousness for the children of darkness are wiaer in iheir generation. Even despotic Prussia according to these reasoners in providing meana for the liberal culture of each of its subjects in science literature and art aecnres to them a personal freedom that is higher and purer than the freedom of a democratical community where by reaaon of its dovotion to wealth no scope is given to any art or science not immediately applicable to the production of this sordid Tbia is an imporlant argument and we should have nothing to reply did wo believe thai there could not be a more adequate repre- sentation of the spiritual interests of the country than has been obtained yeL But the difiiculty has its root much more superficial- ly than among the principles of our Constitution. It results from our having fallen below the spirit in which the Constitution was conceived by reason of our devotion to wealth. Going back to the time when our Government germinated among the Pilgrim fathers for instance weseethatamid pinching wan tend every kind of hard- ship a University was foitnded and provision made for a more general education than any other governmentdid at that time afford to ita people. And the Revolutionary fathers as they arc called who are the only true Conservatives the world has ever seen since they alone acted on principles which would constitute a perfect so- ciety formed the Constitution strictly in the Pilgrim spirit. They seem not to have anticipated the exclusive direction which the ac- tivity of the country has taken when knowledge itself is pursued for its subserviency to a lesser good and thus has lost its indepen- dent honors and higher relations. We may believe that they could not have conceived that the time should come when a petition of their beloved University for a safe building for its library the largestlibrary in the country and mnchof it— Sc American niche irreplaceable would lie over from session to session of their own State legislature neglected and in prosperous times too. Still less when the election of its very officers should begin to have respect to their character for businevs rather than to their power of awaken- ing and cherishing genius. We may believe that if they could hare VOL. III. KO. XI. — fOV. B DC zecbvGoOgIC 968 Claims of the Beautiful Arts. Norembcr looked forward to compare the Masflachuaetts Lans published In 1823 and ihe Echool law of IBSfS with the " Ancient Charters and Colony and Province Laws." ihey would have asked with grieved ■mazement how it could be that when we were richest and most proBpcroufl we should hare sunk so far below what we were capa- ble of in the way of providing means of edneatioDi when we were poorest and feeblesL These tilings are relevant to our subject. It is the same spirit which builds colleges and collects librariei that patrooizci the fine arts for it ia a spirit growing out of reverence for the indi- vidual man. The fine arts were never playthings. They were never conceived in amusement nor is their end amusement. They arise out of the higher principles of our being and they tend to ex- pand and unfold them. They «re to be cherished on the same grounds that any other means are taken to raise men above th^ brutes that perish. - They can no more live without reflective cdI- ture than can the moral principles of our nature without the aid of religious rites and revelation. Out fathers it seems did not dwell upon the immediate conse- quences of our government raiaing its millions nnreSned unedg- cated instinctive physical into self-estimation and self- direct ion by saying to each 'the world ts before you go and take your shares the race is to the swiftest andthe battle to the strojigeat ' They did not think perhaps of the real danger of throwing open all the avenues leading to every species of natural power to every individual of those millions whose physicnl energy in every other country which history knows has been coerced by one or a few endowed by the faith of the multitude with divine right. But this oversight if it was one was it not their strength rather than their weakness Is not the fact that men not merely so high-minded but so deliberate so moderate did feel in themselves that whicli gave them this sublime confidence in the allegiance of freemen to intellectual and spiritual good fraught with inspiration for uit Why does it not kindle in us a spirit e ually sublime Must it ever be only those who are in adversity that can act for coming generations Must the prosperous always be reckless and selfish I It is in no doubt then respecting the legitimacy of our republi- can government that we speak of the dangers which threaten the highest interests of society in this country. We are ready to grant that it is better if such is the alternative for millions of people to be moving towards the acquisition of such personal power and in- dependence as mny he involved in the pursuit of wealth than to be chained to a car like beasts for the purpose of dragging one or a few individustls towards the same low end. But we mainUin that wealth is not the conservative principleof any state — by reason of its nature and its nece^snry efTccts on the personal character of 3 by Google 183a Tke Religions of Antiquity. 360 thoBf eogaged in Ita pursuit. The conserv amp CtTc principle of kll Boctfllies is one. It is that which unfolds the higher faculties of mmn over the lower which creates the repose of the physicB without its enerTHtion and the activity of the spiritual on objects beyond the reach of accident. To consider in detail the effects of the pursuit of wealth as the highest good or as the chief means of se- curing the highest good on the moral and intellectual character of the intlividiials engaged in it — or to call history to witness the ef* fects of this piirsnit upon nations to whom it was a national object — would alike in»olve a demonstration of our assertion. But this would take up more space than we can spare in this Article. Har- ing indicated these two courses of thought to our readers and having referred them to Heeren's Researches into the ancient his- tory of Asia and Africa for data on the latter subject we will pro- ceed to seek for traces of the conserrative principle which may be found contending with the elements of destruction in all Uie na- tions of the past and which we would fain see in our country de- stroying the seeds of destruction that as yet lie near ihi^ surface. And we have hope of this for we remember that a new element which antiquity did not know has been added to modern times in the religion which grows out of the ideas of holiness and lore symbolixed In the Life of Jesus Christ. x. This Religion is nut indeed actually what it is potentially what It was in its symbol. We believe it as a written creed as an his- torical fact but we do not realize it as a life. If we did ours would not be the mechanical age. If we did the economical arts would not take the place of the culture of the soul. We should not place a knowledge of the political history of nations or of the snrfaces and mechanical powers of nature above the analysis of the human being. We do indeed have the intellectual frame-work of a religion as immeasurably beyond the religions of antiquity aa the Divine mind is beyond the human mind. And yet so litUe is this religion realised thatwedaretosaythe religions of antiquity were much more to the nations of antiquity thnn the religion of Christ is to Christendom/ They surely irfere so in the flourishing eraa of those nations. AV'lthout dwelling upon the Oriental and African nations who^ halls of legislation and civil judicature and commercial negotiation were the temples of the Gods — so magnificent in siae and beauty and no truly built for everlasting that moderns stand in awe before their ruins of three thousand years and ask if men like themselves could ever have raised structures so sublime even under the inspiration of the Infinite * — without dwelling on these nations all whose refined polity and o tb« Histories of Pratia Egypt Ethiopia Ac — 3 by Google 360 Claims of the Beautiful Arts. rNovember gigantic power greir out of their religions let us come down to free Rome whose Cicero in its most philosophic age wks a minis- ter of the omens of birds or to still freer Greece where there was no state priesthood bnt whose lawgivers and statesmen pro- vided for the perpetual reproduction of the religious sentiment by all that could charm the eye the ear the taste for beauty. The stern Lycnrgus no less than the milder Solon provided for a per- petual recitation to music of the songs of Homer. And Pericleii who had ieamt from Anaxsgoras that tiod was mind was the pa- tron of Phidias the sculptor of gods and the architect of tem- ples. The acknowledged presence of the religious instinct and iu felt importance to the organization of society is la nothing shown more clearly than in the anxious carefulness of the greatest minds of Greece and Rome who seeing through the symbols of their religions and feeling all the disadvantages of the mistakes into which these led the un philosophical yet did not dare to give up the popular rites. Socrates' dying command to Crito to sacri- fice a cock to Esculapius has for us the profoundest touch of pa- thos. This was no concession of fear for had it been morally possible for Socrates tn have truckled to the powers of the day in his life he surely had no motive to do so at his deadi. No it was a tribute from his own heart to the heart of his own country- men. Their very superstition was venerable in his eyes who felt that an honest mistake on this loflieil subject still left a man higher than the shrewdest conclusion of the understanding could place one that denied there was a Divinity or neglected so venerable a truth. In this view fir which there is much more to be s amp id that wa omit for want of room it becomes a question of great interest what Is the reason that Chrittinnitv so much better adapted to our nature than the religions of antiquity so much purer and more elevating is so inefTeclive in comparison. How is it that when a religion of augurs and omens of oracles and sacrifices to imaginary gods was never for a moment neglected by the lawgivers and statesmen of antiquity that the lawgivers and statesmen of our freest portion of Christendom made so little account of our religion inquire so little into the divine will Why is it that the acknowledged oracle in our breasts of the truth of whose responses there is an acknowledged standard in every library in thn country is never referred to in our deliberative assemblies and halls of legislation Why is it that in the warehouses of business on the exchange in the corporation rooms of msnursctories on the wharves and docks it would not appear even to exist Homer taught the Greeks that if ■ wall was built on the seashore withouta sacrifice to Neptune the waves would overwhelm it. The older Oriental prophet taught ami we have it in our own sacred book that when the children of men devised to build a tower " to make themselves a name " in despite or carelesSt 3 by Google 1838.1 1^ Spirit of Ckristianity. SJ61 of their God — the Lord carae down and confounded their work. We may smile and call these children's stories. It were wiser on onr part to raise ourselves to the level of children's innocence and sflk. what principle what ererlaating troth these voicBB convey out of the far antiquity t We raay find to our surprise that these chil- dren realized more truth in their partial revelations than we in our fall one. For no muter what truth exists in the words thui we pronounce with our mouths we have no more than we live. Christianity is indeed the Inie religion if we rememher to define Christianity as the Life of Jesus Christ and not the actual spirit of Christendom. We very much donbt as we have said whether Uiis llitter since the days of Constantino who gave ao fatal a blow to Christianity by stretching it politically beyond its vital extension has ever risen to the fervor of piety we say nothing now of the purity and justness of the sentiments which durinj iheir prosper- ona eras always pervaded every heathen nation. While Christen- dom was a society of converts merely — hat is to say from the time of the apostles to the age of Constantine — it was indeed a living power moving with all the energy of the divine in human nature over the chaos of exhausted religions gathering to itself ■11 their religious life and consuming their dead bodies. But im- mediately on this fatal patronage it began to be amalgamated in un- natural union with these dead bodies and the religion of Christen- dom no longer burning pure on its appropriate altar of the human heart fell beck to the old heathenisms that were so to say gal- vanised by the elherial elemenL History shows us that Christiani- ty received no developement in human society worthy of the name of a derelopement of Christianity during the ten centuries after Constantine.* It may be doubted whether the few truths that did get abroad disconnected as they were from other truths which Jesus saw in the forefront of God's throne did not do more harm than good. The doctrines of the immortality of the affections of future retribution an unpardonable sin the efficacy of the prayers of saints the power delegated to man of binding and loosing for heaven as well as on earth unexplained by the lofiy metaphysical system and morality of Jesus put into the hands of men a power of torture and oppression as much more terrible than any held by antiquity as sptrilual dismay and anguish are more terrible than bodily fear and pain. But this Worship of ike Devil as the actual Chris^anity of the dark ages has been admirably defined was an effective worship abhorrent as this religion is to human nature it was present in its day to the minds of si people as the more be- nignant religion which we intellectually acknowledge is not to ours. Hence arose the heroism of chivalry and the crusades which play • See Siamondi's DecUtM and F«B of tho Roman Empire. Dci-zec by Google SOi Claima of the Beautifitl Arta. November in those dark clouds of time like the lighming in the thunder-atonn with a lerrit^e beauty. Nor let us fail to mark the iDimediate effect of this lightning of heroism. No sooner is it manifested than soDg grows beautiful again. And beautiful song wakes up architectuie and painting and sculpture and tliese reproduce each other to- gether with the spirit of research into the long forgotten pwt\ gt n lt l behold a new era of the arts a new beautiful civilization which ist however but an after-thought of the Grecian and Roman civilization baptized with the name of Christianity. But the part of Christiani- ty which galvanized European heethenism could not make immor- tal what was essentially dust and an age of infidelity such u an- tiquity never knew succeeded the ineffectual protest against the- Catholic Church ail over Eui'ope. In England indeed that protest produced a temporary resurrection of the mind and an inquiry into its divine relations out of which came the literature and poetry of of the age of Elizabeth and afler a slight relapse more apparent than real the great Puritanical movement which gave birth to Mil- ton's Spiritual Epic and planted the root of a christian nation on the shores of America. Now for the first time was the political aide of Christianity unfolded. It is a matter of amazement with what indifference the politicians of this day allow to lie unconsult- ed the writings of that fruitful era when the mighty tree of Ame- rican civilization first germinated far down in the virgin soil of a new world. In the papers of Sir Harry Vane to speak oi' but oue of the great men of that period whose name and works are hardly known amongst us is a mine of political wisdom. His " Healing Question " plans such a government as that of the United States and it is all drawn out with reference to giving to every individual freedom from all masters hut Christ and in reliance upon the truth that the more men are freed from the temptation to power over others the more will they become sharerH of that power which keeps harmonious "the communion of he just." But because political freedom has bearings so important on the material interests of man those relations to hia spiritual welfare for which the Puritan heroes valued it have become of least in- terest. Yet we owe all that is valuable in our American freedom to that rool planted with prayers and sacrifices of the purest devo- tion and watered with tears and blood. The reminiscence of Puri- tanism was the most powerful element of that spirit which pro- duced the Revolution. The American Revolution was indeed the flower of that unsightly root. The odor of the sanctity of the Puritan saints gave its sweetness to the fragrant breath of the Re- Tolutionary heroes. The American Government is founded on no paper constitution although it was manifested and declared there- by. It is a tree which grew up in all its fair proportions amidst a storm which would have torn up any superficial growth. It ex- zecbvGoOgIc 1638. Religion a Conservative principle. 263 iateil in tlie Bonts of men in the habiu of the people long before it Bhowed itself in the high places of pover. It was th« ultimate frail of the Christian seed when it was at length planted in the wild aoil of nature. There has been then a divine operation in the soul of our atate also which muat be kept alive. We are no exception to the gene- ral rule. Here as elsenhere religion was the principle of gene- ratioi^ and must be cherished as the principle of conservation. But this brings us only to the threshold of our subject. The ques- tion now comes how is our religion to be administered so as to an- swer this end Our forefathers made no especial provision for it— involred it in no material interest — gave us no hereditary represen- tation of 'it It was something so positive so incorporated with thent that they believed the best they could do for it was by nega- tive provisioifs that should guard us from the domination of secta- rianism religion cut vp. They leA time and thought to bring to light a fit symbol and true priesthood. From heathenism in times past had been borrowed many an un- fit symbol and dangerous had been all priesthoods proved whose establishment depended on the caprice of men. Hence perbapi our fbthers came to the conclusion that the crown of thorns wai the only symbol and the Sorrowing the only priesthood and these they had good reason from the experience of the past to believe that God would always provide. And forever sacred be that symbol and that priesthood But it is obvious since Christianity has the promise of the life that now is as well as of that which is to come that sorrow is not the only means of spiritualization. If the Redeemer died in the agony of the cross while darkness covered the noontide sun and the earth quaked with horror yet he did also return to his own with countenance like lightning and garments white as snow and while the earth trembled with joy rolled the stone away from the tnouth of the sepulchre and sat npon it in triumph saying to his disciples ' Peace be unto you ' — ' the son of man shall come in clouds of giory -wilh all his holy angels ' — mystic words which mean do they not that humanity shall be glorified even to the divinity from which it has fallen Spiritu amp liaation then in joy and gladness is to be sought for and when we consider on the one hand this genius of the religion which may be defined as the reunion of the human spirit that has fallen into matter and circumstance with God its cause and aus- tainer and on the other that the beautiful world around us. At Time's roarin loom doth nlwsys dy WedTing for Ood ths ganscnt that wo see him by we are directly led to the means of spiritualization that mayyetbe wielded by our governmeDt not only without eneroaehing upon otir 3 by Google SM Ctaima of the Beavtiful Arta. NoTember. ConaUtution but in furtherance of ita spirit. And this bring » baclc to the subject with which we be^n our remarlu — that is to BAj the Claims of the Beautiful Arts upon the attention of the Go- vern men t. There is an eternal alliance between the Pine Arts and Religion for beanly ia one aspect of truth. The sentiments of good and beautj are aspects of truth reapectirely to the conscience and imaginatioa and are twiaborn in the spirit of man. These sentiments are best preserved in union with each other because the nature was intend- ed for a harmonious development. In youth when imagination is alire and salient religion may be brought to bear on the energies of the soul and become its life and thus form the life of the na- tion. Now if imagination ip the minister of beauty instead of being the minister of terror and unreal objects the character of the nation will follow accordingly. Hence artists are a natural priesthood of the race. No less than the Sorrowing are they chosen and appointed by God and beyond the reach of corrap- tion for their certificate is divine and they bring it in their hands. Their power comes by what they produce from inward inspiration and can be increased in no degree by any artifice. Their honors Bre personal and intransmissible and therefore not liable to heredi- tary abuse. They are perpetual symbols of the Divine in hu- man nature and as such should be acknowledged. And is it an extravagant demand that this acknowledgment should take the form of "maintaining them at the PrylaneumI" It is no more than has been beforehand paid for and with interest by those whose works by breaking the power of wealth over the imagina- tions of men shall preserve the spirit that created the CoostituUon. It has been already remarked that wealth derives its charm prima- rily from being supposed the only and inevitable means of luxury if leisure and opportunity for the production of works of beauty is afforded to all who have genius therefor if every Corregio among us can feel that 'I too am a painter ' and every Claude hidden among the pastrycook^can learn that painters' colors are their elements of power so many of those who at present pursue wealth will be cut off from the career — for they will find their luxury in the narrow bounds of the painter's studio. And if fine works of art are scat- tered every where not only more artists will find out their genias but multitudes not in the high rank of creators yet who are now un- easily pursuing Ihey know not what will find the true enjoyment of their natures as men of taste no longer stimulated to labor beyonti the healthy point. Thus enjoyment being at hand the fever of the times may in some degree abate and population cluster round the seats of art bringing society to perfection there ceasing to spread over into tha wilderness foster than the means of culttire can follow. Then are 3 by Google 1838. Importance of a Public Patronage of Art. S65 betnlifol collktenl employ menta that f pring up in aocietf which is thus refined. Among the least of these the care of the beautiful buildingfl and their treasures is an employment calculated to make happy persons adapted to such quiet occupalion. Nor will society in its very economical interests flourish less than at present. From this thickening of population new demands will be made on the agricultural and mercantile classes and all kinds of mind will thus have their element in which to work happily and successfully. It cannot be but that in this case the new era of art already begun by Christianity will unfold a glory in some relation with the superiority of our religion to all others and commeoBa- rate with Uie theoretical perfection of the government in which it is to preserve life. We might indeed be satisfied and grateful if nothing more were obtained than the reproduction of such eras ai came and passed away with the short-lived civil freedom and the eranescent religious life of the nations of antiquity but we cannot limit our imaginations to this. But not only is a maintenance a merely just compensation for the services that artists render a government it is an indispensa- ble condition of these services being rendered. The care of world- ly concerns is utterly incompatible with the life of an artist. Those early days when impreBsions are most easily received and imagi- nation takes its character should not be lost to his education. "Genius of any kind or in any age " says the eloquent author of the Introduction to the Study of the Classic Poets " is a being of an extremely tender and susceptible nature its thought temper and dimensions depend much on external accident it may be stifled in its birth enervated in it« nonage or curtailed of its fkir proportion by defect of education it has no irresistible tendency towards maturity it has no indefeasible claim upon immortality. Whether itself shall be consummate or its creations everlasting rests upon other causes besides the power of its own physical es- sence. It is not merely a tree the fruits of which may be sweet or sour according to the measure of its cultivation it is also not nnfrequently a flower which dies or blooms as it is visited with b blight or fostered by the dews and gales of Heaven. " The biog- raphy of men of genius sadly confirms this view. How large Is the proportion of those whose maturity did not answer he pro- mise of their first unfolding notwithstanding the success which they did attain. How large a proportion have died in the meridian of life worn out with their fierce conflict with circumstances ' A malnten lt iiici' then should be provided for the sons of genius who are themselves devoted to their art. It should be liberal but a true artist will prefer a simple life. Upholstery and other expen- sive caprices of fashion are far below the beauty that his eye makes whenever it rails on the face of nature hat can nfrer b« ec by Google ■ MB Clatffw of the BeavUful JrU. { NoreoW ihnt out from the hearts thnt love and leek her and that is wfi- elent for them in the way of luxury Beiaty — gt living prcMiiM of the euth Siupauing ths most Ikir idoal fbnn* Which anil of dcUeau Bpirita halh oompiMad From euth'i materiitU — waiU upon his auipm Pitches her tepta berare him u be move* Aa hourly neighbour. But he should not be condemned to a lifp. of celibacy who needi more than others the ministrationB of wife and family and all the comforts of home. Nor should he be condemned to toil first foi the commodity of life to whom appears t iat " relation of the forma of nature to mind " which "is n lt it fancied by some poet but standi in the will of God." For he is to be employed in making it kuowi to other men less gifted. Many can receive and enjoy what a few only can see originally or create. But we are not pleading entirely or chiefly for the sake of the gifted indiriduals of whom we speak. It is the country which sustains the greatest loss when genius dies discouraged and silent. Nothing is so desirable for a country as luxuriance of genius. Had circumstance prevented Raphael and Michael Angelo from giving outward form to their spiritual visions it would doubtless have been a personal suflering to themselves for a few years. It might have postponed to the other aide of the grave some of their glo- riouB self-consciousness. But the hnman race would have lost more than they. They could not have been altogether depnved oE their personal enjoyment of the vision and the faculty divine bat would the human mind have suffered leas loss that it suffered ignorantlyt It is common to say that great genius will find its way out. This can never be proved. We know only such genius as does find its way out. And we so often see it scathed by the storms throngh which it has won its wsy that we may reasonably doubt whether it ia not oilen entirely silenced. Every man of genius must be known as strangely powerful in his own circle. But we believe with Gray that many a mule inglorious Milton has reposed unknown to fame in the coonli^r church-yard. Any one who reads carefully Dunlop's Lives of the Artists will see proofs enough that God has not been sparing to our country of his heavenly priests of beauty. But almost every page of these Lives is a heart- touching appeal to our governments for their pater- nal protection. There ia no want of the spirit of disinterestedness and self-sacrifice on the part of artists. Kvery ore must feel that imder such circumstances as are related in this book every pro- duction was but a feeble indication of what might have been don« under better auspices. With respect to the greatest artist tliB 3 by Google 1838. Importance of a Public Patronage of Art. 267 tvaatry bis produced it m a fact worlh obserriDg thkt he waa born with a patrimony which he could set and apptjr to tbepsr- poseB of his education. He did so and went to Europe and having studied with Sir Joshua Reynolds proceeded to Italy and spent yean in study 'there. As long as this patrimony lasted the glory snd joy of successful genius was his. He once told a friend that until he was obliged to spin his brain for bread he nerer felt any fluctuation in his powers but could always at will return to the state of mind out of which he paints. The glory of this genius it 18 true has not become dim for it leans upon a philosophy which looks down on ' circumstance that unspiritual god and miscrea- tor. * But the joy and gladness of independent exertion is in some degree shadowed. And is it not mournful that he should have come home to his own country away from the great patronage of Eng- land becaasB his love for it was so strong that it worked in him the wish to adorn it with the genius so highly commended abroad and that the country allows him to be depressed by want and to tnrn away bis mind from greater works to smaller ones becauM only thns can he earn his bread t In all the numerous institutions which onr libera means of public education throughout the States have endowed ii there not one which might alTord to the greatest Painter in America if not the greatest in the world an endowment vhi'h would pnt him beyond the fear of want Suppose a provision ■of this description in reference to our colleges generally were in- troduced to practice by some of the more influential States would not the brilliant eloquence of Carolina burst forth in favor of such proteetron of the art of her native-born son and would not his adopted Massachusetts with her deliberate reason sustain the claim T If our legislatures had no such powers we might heave a sigh for the departed glories of Kings and Popes who called forth genius to adorn their palaces. Better that it should be patronised and de- light the eyes and cultivate the minds of a few than of none. The difference however ought to be that in a democratical coun- try these treasnres are more widely diffused and therefore not lees but more in number. They should be placed as in Athens upon a hill to answer and call upon the universal mind. The caprices of Individual patronage have been the torment of genius in all aristo- cratical governments. The patronage of a great people made through enlightened representatives of its love of art might be adequate to cherish it in all its forms. Another mode of performing this parental duty if it may not more properly be called a filial duty which our governments owe to their conservative principle is to throw open a free academy to young artists and since this cannot be immediately furnished with the works of dte great masierst we should provide a fand for send- ing the most remarkable pupils abroad. Dci-zec by Google 968 7%« Vnf or gotten. I November Another mode of contributing to the same end would be to ofier prizes for statnea and pictures which when purchased might adorn the rooms of public edifices to educate the laale of those who could not afford to own tliem and serve the still farther end of being «c- eesrible models for young artists who need to learn the details of execution hj copying what is excellent. Occasionally master pieces from Europe would be added to these collections. Public spirited individuals as the great importance of this subject nnfolded upon the mind of the nation would find their delight and honor in ndorning our public places with the proofs of heir own spprecli- tion of be amp nty and the value of the redemption of the sool thereby. We have said nothing of architeclure because this is more ob- Tionsly a national concern and comparatively has not been ne- glected by us. It may be worth while hoffever to remark in passing that the prodi^ous monuments of this art of which Hee- ren's Researches have given us an account were not the produc- Uon of one generation of men but works which it took centuries to complete. Perhaps it is our greatest fault with respect to archi- tecture thai we attempt too much at once. Being in a hurry to complete our building we necessarily lay it out on a small scale- But is there not something sublime in that trust in posterity which lays out a work the unborn must complete T This call from the past — has it not relations with a sense of responsibility to the fu- ture — tending to deepen the sentiment which bind* the generations together and give a sort of sensible inunortality to the seaUment of patriotism We have left ourselves no space to apeak at large of die claims of the arts upon wealthy individuals. But perhaps we have in* plied the chief arguments we should use. Wealth is not beauty or enjoyment. For these the richest are pensioners upon genius. They should cherish genius accordingly with liberality of hand and re- verence of heart not as an object of charity but we would be taken with due limitation as an object of homage. Thus may they rise into its atmosphere and give their material wealth ■ value which intrinsically it does not possess. THE UNFOBGOTTEN. Forget thee I will school my heart Though hard oh hard the lesson he To know no more the hopes the joys That mingled with the thought of thee. zecbvGoogIc "ne Unforgotten. Forget thee 1 yea mj soul no more For thee shall kiodle into flam^— No more the pnlsea of my heartt Shall throb with fever at thy name. Forget thee if the things that were Had stamped no image on my breast. The aighl of all that thou hast tored. The hallowed earth thy foot hath pressed I wontd forget thee if the Toice Of music did not soand as thine Or if thy heart in alt I see And lore were not revealed to mme. If when among the worshippers I sit and offer up my prayers My thoughts my worship were the same. And offered at one shrine wiUi theirs I eonld forget thee — hot to thee My inmost thoughts my prayers ascend With thee my orisons begin tn midnight dreams of thee to end. Forget thee if it be thy wish I may not — dare not disobey Though every parting thought must rend Some dearest chord of life away. Thus only may thy will be done^ Thus only thui— can I forget For while one trembling throb remaini Thou art Its sonl — its being yet. Then when my last of tears is shed Hy last fond word of sorrow spoken. Remember thou — I know thou wilt The heart bright girl that thoa hast brok«i Then would I not my throne exchange For erowne or all that crowns can pre One moment in thy thoughts to reign — One moment in thy heart to live. 3 by Google Mt lyre my lyre give me my lyre — I feel Deep in my Uboring agitated Bonl The blaze of inspiration. Ah how long Since with ita eacred light this brow has beamed Scattering the sbadei that hang around my path. Wary Niagara thy gloriooB face First to my heart the heavenly gift restores. Which wo's insane and impious band bad aeind. Tremendous torrent for an instant chase The shadowa that inToIre thy threatening front. And let me gaze upon thy tranquil face. I am not all unworthy of the sight. For from my very boyhood I have loved Shunning the meaner track of common minds To geze on Nature in her loftier moods. Serene in grandeur and in terror calm. To hear the bowl of furious hurricanes To see the thunderbolt hurst o'er my head Has been my fearful joy. And when the waves Chafed by the storm have lashed ray vessel's sidci And wide before me Ocean's caves have yawnedt I 've braved its peril* and its wrath I 've loved. Bui never never was my heart o'erwhelmed By all its horrors in its fiercest rage. As by one glance dread Cataract at thee. Mild and majestic first thou pour'st along. Then — into broken billows bursting forth On^K n — thou rushest in resistless course Rolling thy myriads of whitening waves. Hopeless to stem as Destiny's blind stream. But when the precipice from which they leap Is reached — whst human voice can then describe The eddying whirlpool's terrifying rosrt My soul is lost in widely wandering thonghta— In vain my misty vision seeks its track. As on it hastens to its utmost bound. The smple marge of the high precipice Millions of billows dash and madden by. And millions millions urge these millions oti 3 by Google 838. j Niagara. And far beyoDd in foam and thunder die. They reach and leap the barrier. The abyiis Swallows insatiable the sinking waves— A thousand rainbows arch them o'er and o'et. And the woods echo with their deafning dash. The downward shock bursts the deacendinfi sheetSt They rush in fragments o'er he ragged cliffs. And then — dark clouds of mist above the gulf Extend in giddy whirls and heaTen-wsrd raise Tlieir tower-like mus— while the lone huntsman netr. Pauses with terror in the forest thadet. Yet something more my anxious sight demandi. And with untiring gaze still seeks the palms — Ail— the delicious palms that spread their learea Before the smiling sun and from his rage ' Shade the dear plains of my own Cuba's isle * And wave their tope to Ocean's slightest breath. Why are not tkf-y before my longing eyes With the calm sky that hangs above their heads T But no — Niagara — the forest pine Crowns with a wreath more fit thy awful brow. The palm the myrtle and the fragrant rose. O'er that gay garden shed their gentle sweets Unmanning him who breathes them — but to thee Fate grants a nobler purpose — by thy side The soul soars high above all trivial joys — Han feels bis freedom — and he almost seems To share thy grandeur when he speaks thy name. God— 'God of truth in other realms than this What execrable monsters have I seen Blaspheme thy name at Superstition's shrine. Bathe realms in blood light up the blaze of war In brother's hosoms — subjugate the earth And claim Heaven's sanction for the deeds of Hell I What wonder that my soul within me bnmed At sights like these Again too I have seen False Science dare to lift the sacred veil With which thou guardest from the eye of man Thy solemn mysteries— 4nd reckless plunge Its votaries into error's wretched gnlf. For this it is that when I seek thy face •Tba anllioT is a naliTe of Cu'ja. 3 by Google Niagara. NoTember I sbun maokind and aeek for it alone In the anblimit ' of Bolitnde. Here my soul opeaa all to the^— it feels Thy hand in the Burrounding majasty And in the ceaaeleai thunder of theae wafea It heara thy awful voice. Thou fearful atream How do thy terrora tear me from myself And fill my sonl with wonder. VHio supplies Age after age thy unexhatisted foantt What powerful hand drives Ocean's billows baek Rushing to mix its kindred streams with thineT God God himself has crowned thy head with clouds Speaks in thy roar shines in thy radiant bow. And in thy strength shews kii omnipotence. Thy waters as I watch their ceaseless flaw. Teach me how Time becomes Eternity. Day afVer day of life thua glides away Until man wakes to woe. And I alas 1 Feel that my youth is withered — and my brow Furrowed with woes that all my days hare borne. This Btormy heart till now has never known ltd wretched solitude has never f^t The nameless sorrow of s loveless life. Oh had a being such aa I could love Shared my l»ne path to this tremendous brink. What joy to gaze upon her speaking face To watch the paleness of her altered cheek And see her brightening with her gentle fean. Sink wHh a smile in my supporting arma 1 But ah such transport never can be mine. Without a country and with nought to love. What is there left for me but tears and wo Hear dread Niagara my latest voice Yet a few years and in the cheerless tomb Thy feeble bard at last will find his home. Oh may my strunlw as thy name immortal 1 May future wanderers by thy lonely side Heave but a sigh in memory of me — And when the sun of my brief life has set Fearless I '11 fly where Heaven directo my flight And lift my head amid surroonding clouds To listen to the ecfaoe of my fome. 3 by Google A NKW YORK ECLDODB. The b«sl things are the most linblc to abuse and nmong lliem the happy reslorm- tion of conSdence and credit. And have not ihi^se already been abused 1 and U Ihereno ftar that likecauses may produc* likEeffeelsl Are there no just apprehcn- ■lons l™i we should atrainlielnductdto run riot in the wjldnesa of speculation and to witness the luiury and exiraTftgancn that arc evpr seen to follow in iis train 1 AniiouB to comribule out mitr- to the sloi'k of prudent pmvpnimjves we heve re- louchn and adopted the following Eclo^e fhim the pen of Charles Jenner. n post who wrot* in the early part of the last century sn era rendered memorablB for the mania for speculation whicli rciullod in tiip famnus Sonih Sea hubbla Law's Mi»- •issippi scheme and other ruinous ehimeras. Lot us learn wisdom d«ar u it it generally in thai cheapest of schools— Experience' Dof-ciays were past and suns of milder gleam Shed their soft hues on Hudson's busy stream Along the Etirface of Ihe spreading Bay Dimpling llie wave the evening bieezes play j The Battery's tvalks displayed a mingled throng Pacing the margin of the tide along. At Buch an hour e'en men of bttsiness dare Desert their desks to breath the bracing airj Frudentio strolling down the street was aeeil To loll upon a bench and vent his spleen He meets Araro on the accustomed seiit And thus in grumbling strains the veleranB greet PKUDENTIO — AVARO. Ataro. Well met Frudentio — Come man sit you domi. How fare ye T pRUD. Sick of this confounded town. Ataxo. Aye ao am I. Time was when it was said ' A penny buys a pennyworth of bread ' But now contractors meet with no control Your penny scarce will buy a farthing roll. Time was when glulled markets fed the poor. And gpod trheap things were cried from door to door Sut now the bakers get each week a rise And all provisions double in their price. Pevp. Say how can it be otherwise I look here. What shoals of puppies every where appear I TOL. III. NO. XI NOT. B zecbvGoOgIc I J Time Was.— A Nev York Eclogve. Norentfwr That fellow wriggling on in dandy pacei With insolence and folly in his face. Must Tais« his soap and candles to afford To deck his precious person like amp lord And he with long curls and mustachios too Must pay his barber out of me and you. Time was when satin waistcoats and scratch wigs. Enough distinguished all your city prigs. While ercry sunshine Sunday sew them run To club their sixpences at Hoboken When graver citizens in suits of browD Lined erery dusty avenue to town. Or lead the children and the loving spouse To spend two shillings at the Brooklyn House But now each 'prentice spruce in suit of greon. At Brighton or the Narrows must be seen Where in road parlies they run down to dine To play the gentleman and drink bad wine While the spruce chariot rolls their bosses down To country seats a doien miles from town Or railroad whirls them with their tight-laced danghten And languid demes to Saratoga's waters. Nay friend you '11 own that prudence self allowt The man of wealth his coach and country hoose By common justice every man is taught To taste ^e blessings by his labour bought But say if candor can forbear to scoff When men begin just where their sires left off' By trade to gain is now too slow a way Fortunes must spring like mushrooms in a day Hence came those most destructive modes of robbing Your dangerous onder-writing and stock-jobbing. E'en merchants now laborious trade despise. And find hard money the best merchandise Hence springs the irrecoverable debt. Hence "Whereas" fills each page of each gazette. Time was when tradesmen laid up what they gained. And frugally their families mainlained When they look stirring house-wives for their spousM To keep op thrift and order in their houses Who did not blush at night to sit them down And make the children's clothes or mend their own 3 by Google Time Was. — A New York Eclogue. 876 Would Polly's frock to younger Bess tranafer And trim their caps without a milliner But now a shopping half the day ihey 're gonei To buy fi»e hundred things and — pay for none Miss cannot brook each old domestic rule But lisps the bad French of her boarding school While erery street hovtever small and far. Resounds with screaming note and harsh guitar And every floor however high and dirty Jars to the din of cracked piano-forte. Time waa too when the prudent damea would aUy Till feaat and holy-day to see the play Now at the Park each norelty thoy greet. And scarcely deign to take a second seat. They met at cards upon high days alone. And then at cheerful loo or cheap Pope-joan Now every lady issues invitations For weekly rout« to far and near relations. Each rising morn biings forth ita fresh delights They run the city over seeing sights And spending half their lives in hackney-coaches. Hurry to Niblo's when the night approaches. Hence those assemhiies where the white gt gloved iparki. Spruce haberdashers pert attornies' clerks With deep-enamoured 'prentices prefer Their nvii to many a lighing milliner In scraps of plays their passion they impart And breathe soft things of Cupid and his dart. How lawyers clerks their genius learnt' improve. And throw by Blackstone for the " Art of Love " Apprentices can frame acrostics terse. And fill the day-book with enamoured verse. And a soft sonnet to their Delia trace In act of measuring a yard of lace. Too true my friend and thus it is the fashion For fool to rival fool in dissipation It matters little where their sports begin. Whether at billiards or the bowl and pin Whether they tread gay Niblo's fairy round Or stake their fips upon the skittle-ground. The self-same idle spirit drags them on And elerk and merchant are alike undone zecbvGoogIc 876 lU Sober Second-Tliought of the People. November While thoughtless imitation leads the way And laughs at all the grave and wise can B«y. The jjrudent youth whom some fond parent's care Had Uught to dread the subtle gambler's snare A year or two enjoys a life of quiet But soon come down the giddy sons of riot Thty show llie lure and tempt him to the town. Where every sharper marks the pigeon down. Destructive custom quickly draws him in. He plays for triHea and they let him win He doubles slakes and feels no saving rub And now is ballolted at every club No more he dreads the rattling of the dice And what was once amusement now is vice He views the Faro-bank without affright. And cash and honor crumble night by nighL AvAmo. Sad truths are these my friend I what can we layl PBrn. Why nothing— let the thiidren have Oieir way All we can say will never make them wiser Be sage Experience then their best adviser. But hark 'tis striking eight then come your way The breeze is blowing chilly from the Bay. "The lime is out of joint " as Shakspeare ssyj — Though I forget in which 'tis of his plays — But we can 't set it right so let it pa«s. And home with me and take a parting glass. THE SOBER SECOND-THOUGHT OF THE PEOPLR " As soon B» the Sullan ro»o the nfxt morning according lo euMom be went isto his cloirl 10 have ilw plchsure ot conl«np1ailng and admiring AUn-ad-Deco'i palate but when h fitM looked thai wsy and aavr the empty space in^raiati polnee he llintight at Aral Iir was misluken. end rubbed his cfei but when be looked agnin and saw nmliing of ihe p.ilnce anj-inorp i he second time than the finl bii amazement was so great that he atood for soni tim musing with himself and ie6eelinghow eo largs a palace as Alla-ad-Deen'a which he saw plably everyday and the night before should vanish so won and not leave the least remains behuxL At law he retired to his apartment not without looking behind him and ordnred th« grand vizier lo be fetched in all haste and in the mean lime sal down but agilaUd by so miiiydilf'Tent thoughts that lie knew not what to resolve on " If tlio Princess Scheherazade were still alive and disposed to Ttiakca 'night's entertainmeot' for her sleepless lord of the hiitoiy 3 by Google 1838. 1 T^e Sober Second- Thovght of the People. 217 of our parties in the year of our Lord nne thousand eight hundred and ihirty-eeven and ihirty-eighl slio could not liiiil a more suitable illuslraiion than her own iltscriplion of llie Sultan's wonder on the occasion quoted above to convev an idea of the blank and and dis lt mayed astouishment wiUi which the Whim's now look abroad in quest of the magiiiticcni structure with all its {mill delusions and exuliing hopes which bui yesterday seemed to iliem lo lower like the pyramids towards the allies anil to rest upon a busia not less broad and secure than theirs. Eia y.'Slerday And Eiigldod mighl Imie atooil Ogainsl ilie wucld NuHT none ao poor o du licr leisrenue 1 In an article in our September Number on the existing aspect of the case at issue between the two panied our rcadem may re- member the pride and aatigfactiun with which wc contemplated ibe present attitude of the Democracy and the conlidencc with which we anticipated the early triumph which it was impossible to doubt was defliLoed to cruwD this the laat struggle of the long ' seven years war' in which it has been engaged. The view there taken of the actual state and prospects of things was founded on a priori reasoning — on our conviclioDS of the righteousness of our cause the soundness of our principles the true wisdom of our proposed mttaaures the unan- ■wered and unanswerable force of our argumentH — and on our reliance upon that unfailing sagacity which Mr. Van Buren has so huppily yet profoundly termed — "/Ae Sober Second-Thought of ike People " to apinreciate fully in the end the real merits of the great parly issue in controvecsy. Thi lt confidence had never wavered nor grown pale in the darkest moment of adversity and seeming ruin. It was the sheet-anchor by which this Ad ministration had rode unappalled and unmored through perhaps the luost severe hurricane that has erer within the history of parties In our country swept over the land to try mea*s souls and test tlieir principles. How fully thai confidence — then exultingly derided by the Whig press as eilhera lt Mind infatuation or a dishonest affectation — has been jnetitled and more than justified by the event is now apparent to all eyes. But we hare to confess that its realization has come earlier and more OTerwbelmingly than we then expected. That it must ere long hare come was no more to be doubted than the reflux of the tide we behold ebb from before our feet — than the rising of the sun on the morrow in the Eaat that yfe see to-day sink below the western horizon. Bat unlike the tide and the bud the exact period of a great popular reaction of this character did not admit of precise cal- culation nor did the uncertainly necessarily attendant upon the de- gree of rapidity with which the process would work itself out in the Wat affect the certaloty that It must and would come sooner or later iu a mighty majestic and overwhelming flow of the waters of public opinion. It is a remarkable fact — and the strongest evidence that could be cited of the impregnable strength of the democratic cause 378 7b Sober Second-Tlwugkt of the People. Norembcr ia IhiB country — that this unwnvering certainty was not alone enter* tained by the more profoundly reflective few of the friendB of the policy of the Admin iBlralion but was the universal reeling of al- most amp 11. It was a deeply seated instinctive conviction which do defeat no disaster no hostile clamor of abuse could ever shake. No cause whose truth was thus attested from within and wbosA hope thus sustained by its own unexhauetible resources ever has been or ever can be conquered. But none — not even the most ar- dent and sanguine — looked for the consninmatiuB so soon. The best that we hoped for the elections of the present fall was to mske • gallant and close struggle and possibly to hold our own and we looked forward to the next Presidential contest in 1840 as des- tined to be the gnndjinale of this long agony of political warfare which hoB lasted now through two Presidential terms and part of ■ third. It was manifest that the field of the argument was now wholly oar own that he panic was over and with it all the re- sources of our adversRries exhausted and we supposed thai the great reaction of public opinion which wbb to produce the effects we anticipated was now about to come into play and to consum- mate itself within the course of the next year or two by a slow •nd gradual process. We were in error. It had been silently going forward for down through the broad depths of the popular mass with but slight indications appearing occBsionally on the sur- face and was already much nearer to its maturity than the limited local observation of any individual cnuld have ventured to imagine. We did not render full justice to the popular intelligence in our idea of the length of ^me which wonld be requisite for its 'sober second-thought' to work out its conclusion from the chaos of delu- sion sophism and mystification in which the industrioas ingenuity and eloquence of our odversaries had so long labored to involve the great issues at stake. We acknowledge the error and will seek to profit for the future by the lesson which has corrected iL The struggle is over — the battle is fought — the victory is com- plete — and the campaign has now at length reached its close. It be- gan in the Presidential contest that resulted in the first election of General Jackson and has been maintained ever since without in- termission and with many severe encounters in which though on the whole triumphant the Democmtic party has occasionally had to sustain some trying reverses. The straggle has been between the Democracy under the guidance of an ad ministration to which its cause and its representaiiTe character atone lent the powerful energ}' which it wielded and the a nti -democratic party of our population no inconsiderable power under the gnidanre of its old Federal leaders and ambitious modem apostates from the former — nniled in an unholy alliance with an enormous money power whose station has been the van of ijie fiirmidable line of array resting on the cealral poiiU-d'apyvi of the Bank of the United States. In 1638. no Softer-Second Thought of the People. STB the earlier sUgea of the umpaign there vas a certain degree of confusioQ on both sides from an sccidental combination on tbe part of each with uncongenial auxiliaries which towards the etose vhea the natural affinities of principles had time to come fully^ into play has been seen to rectify itself. We refer to the State bank interest on the one side and to the great Southern Slate-Rights party on the other. Under General Jackson's ad- Binistration a portion of the former was in a temporary alliance with the democra^c cause not more uncongenial than hat of a large por- tion of the latter with the anti-democratic party to which its prin- dples were in truth more essenUally hostile than to the Administra- tion which it labored to overthrow. But towards the close we hare MWa the mutual transfer of these two forces over to their mors iMtural positions- and it may be to this disentanglement of the ' question from temporary false issues and accidental embarrassments nnder the influence of the great test principle of the Independent Treasury that we may ascribe the rapid certainty with which he sagacity of the democratic instinct of the mass of he people has reached tbe result we now witness so much earlier than any aniid- pations whether of foe or friend. We repeat that we consider this long and arduous cumpaigaiit Wi end. The general truth of this opinion will not be affected Ky the local struggles in which the Whig party may still attempt to make bead against the Democracy at various scattered points. Without indulging in the common inflated exaggeration of partisanship we cannot avoid the conclaston to which our calmest reflection on the past progress and present aspect of our politics irresistibly lesds onr judgment that the " Whig party" ts at this moment on the eve of a total dissolution. Like the French army at Wsterloo all the fnry of Ihrir successive onsets having been successfully with- stood — the last being the heaviest and hottest — they are now in full rout slreamiog lar and wide over he plain disorganized dispersed destroyed beyond the hope of a rally — even did they possess the support of a pstriode cause or the resources of the genius of a Napoleon at their head in both of which we may snfely pronounce them equally deficient. Wo here distinguish betiveen the " Whig parly " as a whole and Federalism or the anti-Ot gt mnrral c cippnsi- tion which will always exist to any democratic administration being founded on an irreconcileable hostility to the popular and liberal principles which must always animate such an administra gt tion. This old and imperishable nucleus of opposition must always retain its cohesion and vitality having a consistent body and an animating spirit of principle of its own. But the " Whig party" which has been able to wage so long close and seemingly doubtful a contest with the Democracy though this old anti-popular Federalism is the nucleus about which it has formed and expanded 880 T%e Sober Second-TTtoiiffht of the People. Norember itself to the numerical magnitade we have seen yet in truth com- priaea vast numbers of adherents — constituting indeed the main bulk of its voters — who are not less democratic in their asp iralinni and sentiments than any other portion of our population. All Uiis rust class belong naturally by their proper instincts anil affinitiea* to the other side and arc only retained in their present false posi- tion by the influence of accidental causes and the temporary deln- niims which it is the perpetual occupation of their leaders to keep alive by all the thousand arts of partisanship that daily disgust us. This is the class for which are intended the perpetual declamations against the personal incompetency gt nd dishonesty of all the leading members of the Administration — all the nonsensical tirades of which the falsehood is known to none better than to those who use tbem about "the sword and purse" — about the corruption of elec- tions by the office-holder's throuj^h the national revenue and 'British gold' — about the destructive and sgrarisn designs of the Democracy their hostility to all commerce credit and national industry and prosperity and the abuse of power and atnbitioua monarchical aspi- rations of tlieir leaders. These are a few of the themes of untiring denunciation of the dominant party which enable the Federal leaders together with the fallacies and myslilications of their doc- trines of political economy to keep in a constant state of delusion and escitement that great bulk of their supporters who are oa honest as they are mistaken in their opposition to the men and the measures of the existing Administration. But such delusions ean- not last forever. It is manifest that « party thus constituted can never very long hold together. Its whole theory is a falsehood ai initio — a falsehood to the fundamental principle of our organic law which is Demociv.cy — a falsehood even to tlioxe whom it deludes into a support of its objects by the profession of a popular character directly at variance with the true spirit of its measures and with the known and avowed opinions of all its principal leaders and controlling influence — and the greatest and the deepest of all moral truths and every moral truth is a political truth. is this thai a lit cannot stand. As a body it has no vital principle its principle ia on the other hand one of decay and destrneiion. It is a hollow and a rotten thing and however fair it may show externally to the eye may at any moment when least expected be on the very point of crumbling in dissolution. ^Vhat are the indications and the reasons on which we grannd this opinion that the Whig pirty is on the eve of that dissolution which is the necessary ultimate fate and retribution of all poliliral falsehood T We will endeavour to state them as briefly and clearly 0* we can. In the first place the Whigs have assumed in tho late contest a position which atTurded no other third alternative baa rictory or 3 by Google 1838. Vte Sober Second-TTiovght of the People. 281 deBtruction. Plantin^f themaelrea on the ground which seemed to give Q great advantage in the straggle they committed and staked every thing on its issue and may be said to have cut olT all possibi- lity of their own retreat in esse of the improbable contingency of failure. They assumed that the Administraiton was lie cuncen- irated embodiment of all that was unprincipled and unpatriotic and tbnt it hkd been driren in the desperation of the failure of its reck- less experiments and corrupt schemes for the perpetuation of its power to such gross extremities of profligary as to open the eyes of even its own well-meaning friends to their past delusion and to arouse the tardy but overwhelming indignation of the great majority of the People to hurl them from the dignities disgraced and the authority abused by them. This was their indictment which they committed themselves irrecoverably to sustain or else to be non- suited and driven with disgrace out of court. Under the influence of a delusion the most fatal to their own cause they believed that by a happy chance they had succeeded In cajoling the majority over to their side of the case that they were sweeping the country with a revolution which could not now be arrested — anil that the Demo- cracy of numbers' was now with them. Believing themselves therefore secure of the verdict which was to crown with victory lieir long struggle for the spoils of power a change was seen to come oier the spirit of their dream. In relation to the intelligence of the people and their eompetency for self-government and like the Jew in the play they shouted fxuUiogly — Oh wise youn^jnd^ — s Dnniel come to judgment I That judgment being now too manifestly to admit of a doubt rendered against them — contrary to all seeming probabilities but one short year ago — what remains to them T The very democratic pro- fessions they have lately felt compelled to adopt preclude them from all right to except to the judgment. It is decisive final abao- iile. and overwhelming. It leaves no room for evasion no excuse in mitigation of the penalty which it involves to the false accuser on whose head thus recoils the ignominy which he was seeking to heap on the innocent. There were no extraneous circumstam^es mixed up with the iaaue' to bias unfavorably against them the popular pre- judice. There was no blaie of personal popularity — no "hurrah- for-Jftckson " — no victory of New Orleans — no delusive flood of paper-money prosperity spread over the land — to the influence of which on the ignorant and unreflecting mass' they might ascribe the judgment rendered by them. All such influences so far as they were involved at all bore strongly in their favor. All the plausible tnperficial arguments — the catch-worda — the ear-tickling phrasee and criea — were on their side. On the side of the Administration it waa all stern severe argument on abstruae queationa of political economy and profound truths of constitutional law. It rested on asa 7%e Sober Second-ThougJU of the People. ■ Noveraber its principles and oa thero alone — and they hare been the ■ aign' in which it has conquered. In such an iisue— thns made hy them- •elfes and thus eonteated in an inceMant etruggrJe of argument before the people through the preai in the legiilative hall in the popular meeting at ^e street comer by the family hearth in the artisan's workshop and the farmer's field — the acquittal of the accused is the ignominious condemnatioM of the false accuser and the defeat of the present year is an orerthraw and a dissolution of the Whig party which admits of no recovery and no hope. In the second place ttiey have no consistency — no cohesion — no principles that can be understood and felt to hold together in one organized maas and body elements so heterogeneous. The pretence of opposition to " Executive usurpation " has long since become obsolete and too manifestly inapplicable to the present state and tendency of things to be any longer available. That of a National Bank they nov undertake to disavow — not only in the act stultifying their entire policy as a party during the last eight or ten years but in point of fact eS'ecting no other object by the too tardy and com- pulsory disclaimer than to convict themselves of a dishonest idcob- sistency between their professions and their well understood re- served intentions which is always an unpardonable sin in the eyes of an honest democracy. That of a sincere distrust of the compe- tency of the people for self-government which is the real animating principle which alone gives life and any degr.ee of efficiency to their central nucleus of aristocratic Federalism — involving possibly an honest desire to govern them for their own good through the in- telligence of the more cultivated and wealthy few — they dare not and cannotavow but are compelled both by their own late incautious prnressions and by the manifest necessities of the case to dissem- ble and no party can ever liope to succeed in a country possessing free institutions universal suffrage and unrestricted liberty of dis- cussion which has any thing to conceal any false professions to make any unavowed ulterior objects to attain. They have no longer as an 'available' principleof party organization the clamor against the Administration ' as the responsible author of the calamities brought upon the country by the insane excesses of a vicious system of universal credit destitute of the regulating influence of a fixed standard of value. This has exhausted itself and is recoiling heavily back on the authors of the delusive clamor themselves. The tribunal of last resort has pronounced against them — and the Administration is left only the stronger and purer from the seirch- iog ordeal of trial it has had to undergo. They have no longer any hope of success to keep them united to fan their excitement and to stimulate their exertions. And finally they have no great leaden whose personal power of popularity might avail yet a tittle longet to reanimate their almost extinguished hopesi and rally their bro- ken and dissolving forces. D.D.t.zea by Google 183S.1 7%e Sober Seconi-'nunight of the People. S8S Their two promiDent Presidential candidates thong'li anqaeation- abljr perfect representatiTes of their party principles and in«D of a highordernfiateltect arealready well aBcertaiaed to b« worse than 'unavailable * and will probably both be dropped — ex necesntate ret —when they will certainly only serre to make the confusion worse confounded by the dissensions which will spring out of their mor- tified ambition. In fact when the first blast of the tempest from the north struck the vessel of their cause and fortunes and was rattling among th« shrouds we have seen them in the suddenness of their fright and dismay throw them both overboard with but little ceremony to lighten the ship as a Jonah peace- offering to th angry elements and but a few weeks afterwards the heavy waves that swept the deck from Pennsylvania and Ohio have been seen to wash overboard iheir only remaining gt available ' candidate with his solitary negative merit of political insignificance. What ado- quale bond or principle of cohesion then remains to them to hold together their ill combined and now exhausted and shaken organi- sation We can perceive none and none exists. Mere negative opposition to an existing A.dministration now fortified to an im- pregnable strength by the utter exhaustion and failure of their long series of desperate attack can never suflice for a principle of cohe- sion or organization to a great party in this country. Mere oppo- sition nnaccompanied with any exposition of broad and disliact principles the converse of those professed by the party assailed or with the proposal of specific measures as substitutes for those pur- sued and proposed by the latter — is plainly and unequivncslly mere faction snd can never-gain for its ambitious and unpairiolic authors such B respect or confidence on the part of the people as can afford a chance or a hope of overthrowing an existing order of things con- ducted by an Administration in close representative harmony with the great democratic party of the country. This truth appears to us in the present state of our politics as plain and unquestionable as the blaze of the unclouded sun at noon-day and forces upon ns the conclusion already expressed above that the Whig party is on the eve of dissolution or such a total prostration for an indefinite number of years as is equivalent to an utter poHtic«l annihilation. In fact the reaUEalion is already at hand of the remark frequently interchanged amonj intelligent democrats during the progress of the ■truggle and when it was at its fiercest point and most dangerous crisis that such would be the case on its termination and that a period of comparative repose for the democmUc party and the country woald soon crown with the rewards of peace and pros- perity the toils and the dangers yet necessary to secure them. It is manifest that the reaction now apparent over the whole length and breadth of the land is a great national movement that must go on that cannot be arrested or impeded. It is manifestly a movement arising ttpwards out of the depths of the broad popular 384 The Saber Second-T%ouffht of the People. Norember mass and neither caused nor stimulated by any assignable sdrenti- tious or tempornry influences. And the natural law of such move ments is to increase in force and accumulated mass as they proceed. There is an instinctive sympathy pervading the Democracy in all the reapeciive portions of our country — the sympathy of a conscious common brotherhood and community of sentiment cause and in- terest and as deep calleth unto deep so does the voice of the popular mass in one State or section of the Union when its grand and suleum murmur rises like the sound of a heaving sea speak to the popular heart in all others with an appeal of power that is never without a strong influence. A.nd when a great Democratic I tendency of this character once reveals distinctly its setting dircc- / tion and gatheiing force it never fails to deepen and strengthen as it goes and to draw in by the force of an unconscious sympathy a thousand smaller streams that swell still more deeply the majestic flow of the mighty muss of the waters. It acts by disheartening the opposite party — deterring great numbers of ihem from engaging with interest and hope in the party contests — loosening their hold iupon vast numbers before deluded by misconception of the true issues involved shaking their convictions of their former erroneous opinions and transferring their attachments over to their more na- tural side -— and finally by securing the present zealous adherence of the large class who love the pride of party ascendency the for- tification of their feeble opinions by the testimonial of the approval 1 of the majority and the excitement of the triumph of constant po- ' litical victory — tn leave out of the account the not inconsiderable numbers whom ambitious or interested motives may marshal under the banners of the acknowledged dominant parly. During the pro- gress of the panic of last yesr this idea was frequently referred to by the Whigs as containing an assurance of the completion of that popular revolution against the Democratic ascendency which ap- peared to them to have begun and to have swollen up against it so overwhelmingly in so short a period. While assenting to the gene- ral truth of the principle we always denied its application in that instance i since it was easy to trace to our own satisfaction the political revulsion of that period to adequate occidental causes of panic and sadden delusion calculated to be as brief in duration as they were sweeping in their immediate action. In the present in- stance no candid opponent can venture to raise an objection to the complete and decisive application of the principle in our favor uor can a single circumstance be adduced in contravention of the view here presented of it — setting aside of course as unentitled t no- tice the silly pretences about the universal corruption of the ballot- boxes the iinportaUon of foreign voters and of British sovereigns the office-holders the abolitionists amp .c„ amp c. Under the influence of this natural tendency we feel fully assured that this movement must and will result in securing to the DemocraUc party and the 1838. 1 7^ Sober Secoad-ThougU of ike People. S85 Administration wliich represents it and is animated by its principles and spirit a greater tnajuriiy over he whole extent of the Unioiii and a more secure and consolidated ascendency that it has erer per- haps yet possessed. There is an erident analogy between the preaent state of things in this respect and that which existed at the close of the late war. The same Federal party which as now again be«n worsted in its death-grapple with the Democracy had maintained a contest with the Kepublicnn party characterised by mnny of the same features that have marked the Inie one. It hud been similarly farioua and bitter — similarly factious and unpatriotic* — similarly illiberal and no-American — similarly exultant and rejoicing in the hour of dark* est national distress and disgrace — and similarly on several occa- ■ioas apparently on the eve of lliat success which would have been Ae greatest calamity that could have befallen the country. All know how utterly hopelessly prostrate was the Federal party after tbe close of that long and arduous struggle. The people never could and never will forgive it. Want of na- tianality of patriotism they never forgive and never fail in the end justly to appreciate. F.rror of judgment is always venial and may be disguised and explained away by sophistry that will not be too closely scrutinized after time has begun to smooth it over with fte dimness and oblivion of the past — but corruption of heart the people have an infallible' instinct In perceive and a relentless sever- ity to punish. Now there has been a selfish and sordid character in the course of the late Opposilion which we feel sure has utterly undermined the foundations of all respect and confidence of the people at large. So many of their prominent leaders and cham- pions both in the press and in legislative hall have by their own conduct brought a heavy weight of moral odium on their cause by reason of their being sustained and caressed by Iheir party instead of receiving the reprobation which party spirit ought not to have been suffered to mitigate — so many acts of unequivocal profligacy of partisanship remain in the memory of the people — such as the rejection of Mr. Van Buren — the factious abuse of the proper functions of the Senate in dealing with so many other of the ap- pointments of President Jackson — the exultation at the severe dis- asters of the country which seemed to promise a hope of over- throwing the existing Government — the inverse coincidence bt^- *We do not mean lo be understood as characterizing personally by these lenns eilber tlw whole bod or the old Federalists who were in the main a fins hig^and trae-heaited set of men though behind their age nnd the inMitutions of their com ' try — nor that of our present piditical opponents while the terma are in both cans applicable and most truly applicable lo the feneral charscter of party course into which we have seen both led by the vehemenae of oppoai^on the bittemeu of paiti- ■amhip poured into theeonteets by the mons/edinlereala which had entered into llie Arid in a mntoaUy pemieiona alliaitee with political principles— and the moitnd • gt ■ asHof thai ambition which is sonverted by tnisdiiectionfiiMn vinus into vice ^ oi .^ic 386 1^ Sober Second-TTiotight of the People. NoTemW tween the rejoicing of faction and the distress of patriotism ind the J07 of patriotism amp t the reTiTal of ibe national prosperity and the dismay of faction at the falsification of its prophecies and ths failure of its hopeii — the complete identification between the Op- poiilion and the Bank of the United States not weakened by any late and reluctant disavowals though rendered by them still more odious — the powerful bonds of base pecuniary interest known to connect so many of their prominent leaders with that institution eepeeially some of those whose adoption of these bonds was simvU taneoiis with an apostacy from the Democratic cause — the uniform inclination of their sympathies in behalf of the stranger and the foe in every collision with a foreign force in which the Government of their common country has become inrolred whether civilized aavkge or semi-sarage — their triumph in the stigma of bankruptof which themselves most unfairly strove to fasten upon that Govent gt roent — their incessant struggle to embarrass the action of the Go- verment even to the point of arresting it and to defeat every mea- sure it proposed without even affecting a desire to substitute any Others — their actual parracidal efforts to degrade the credit of that Governmentand to depreciate the temporary paper securities it was compelled to issue as a measure of relief to the very interests thna ungratefully hostile. to itself — these are but a few of the recollecijona the people will always retain of the spirit which has characteriaeil this long protracted struggle on the part of the Opposition and we cannot entertain a doubt that their effect wi be to make that old time-honored though abused name of " Whig" not leas odions a* a party designation than was that of " Federalists " has been ever ■ince the period we here referred to gt And now keeping in view this general analogy between the pre- sent state of things and that which existed at the close of the war when the Federal opposition lay similarly prostrate and exhausted it is to be hoped — and watchfully guarded against — that the Demo- cratic parly will not again commit the aame errors which then be- gan to disorganize its consistency and which undermining the foundations of its ascendancy resulted in actually bringing Federalism into power and in imparting to it a strength which has cost so severe and protracled a struggle again to subdue. Those errors were on the part of the party itself as a body that it forgot its own vital and conservative principle of pure democracy and did not perceive that the tendency to consolidation of power about the Federal Administration — which under the most planaible pretexla then made a gigandc stride in undertaking the regulation of the great interests of manufactures commerce and paper currency internal improvements amp .c — was in truth a suicidal course and was anch an unconscious faithlessness to its own fundamental prin- ciple as eoold not hut result in the pemicions conseqnescea which were in trntb loou seen to develope themaelree oat of that u- 1838.1 7%« Sober Second "nougJU of the People. 9SfT Iwalthy teodency. Sach ma the great error on the part of the Democracy. That on the part of its leaders was a greater one to which in fact the other ia mainly to be atlributed. It conBiRted in that personal ambition on the part of some four or five of its favorite 'great men ' which engaged ihem immediately in a mutual rivalry for the ascendancy. Here wos the prima mali lahea. Hence the paralyzing dieaensions — hence the "good-feelings" — hence the ■mooth modifications of the stern plainness of pure democracy whose course is ever onward as a progressive reforming principle instead of backward or what is not much better the stBtionsry clinging to the present — hence the feclera put forth towards Fede- ralism hy the great rival Republicans to court that auxiliary anpport which promised to ensure the triumph over his competitors to who- ever could bid highest for it st the sacrifice of the greatest amount of his democracy — hence the anti-democratic measures and At new alliances and afKnities which finally resulted in tliose political apostaciea which could metamorphose the Heney Glas of that day into the Hknky Cla¥ of this. Profound lesson of political morality We rust that all the prominent men of the pre- sent day will lay it to heart and pondering it well will educe from it a living realization of the great golden rule thst honesty iM the only policy — that in deali-ng with the suip cions vigilance aad the instinctive sagacity of a great enlightened democracy the way ia straight and the path narrow that leads to its confidence — that the innocence of the dove is the true wisdom of the serpent — . and that if they would aspire to crown their political life with the highest honors with which the attachment of the people can reward the good and faithful servant they must go straight forward with the mareh of the age in single-hearted purity and transparency of course shunning equally the by-paths of intrigue and the indecent restleasnesB and haste of ambition and patiently and contentedly biding their time and their turn. The best fruit of the present victory is the evidence which it 1 contains of the truth of our cardinal principle the competency of the people for eel f- government. It must add a great stimulus to the Democratic cause. If we were democrats before our confi- dence in the soundness of our political theory and our zeal in the maintenance of its high and noble truths could not but have re- ceived a new confirmation and a new incentive to enthusiasm. Who that has stood firtolyby the glorious cause that we sustain through the dark period of danger and trial through which it has had ta pass does not feel proud of his political faith — proud of the people who have so well vindicated that faith from the aspersions lavished npon it by that shallow sciolism which cannot rise to ita elevatian* Bor expand to its comprehensiveness — and proud of the leader* of hia party who have so well justified the confidence that raised them to their ardnons post* of honor ^ Who does not feel in the bi^ 968 Vu Sober Second Tfiought of the People. November position in which ihis fine triumph places our party a more than ample reward for the difficult fortitude which it required dnringtta late seaaon of seemingly overwhelrning adverEity to bear up against the general storm of odium and reriling which asuiled the Demo- cratic csnae and to listen unmored to the exulting aunts with which its approaching doom of downfall already seemingly pro- nounced and sealed was hailed — eiipecially in those sections of country and classes of society where the general current of opinion usually sets most strongly against it We can well afford to be mag' nanimous in the consummation of so noble a victory and it will behove us to prove not unworthy of it by a generous moderation in prosperity equal to the calm fortitude which rebuked all the in- solence of advenaries so bitter and loud in their scorn in our day of adversity. But above all the true mode to prolit be^t by it is to let the les- sons of principle which it teaches sink more deeply and with a more real and living power into our minds. The pboflk who liave so nobly justifieil our conlidence and vindicated their own sa lt gacity integrity justice and full competency for self-government whenever their "Sober Second Thought" has time to come into play — in a degree so signal as even to exceed our own moat sanguine expectations — let us never distrust theni never doubt them never fear them. Let us never hesitate tn approach them in candor con- fidence and not only with the truth but the whole truth. The more closely we draw the bands of Union between them and their repro- sentaiive agents nf all grades characters and functions the better. The more immediate the communication and the more intimate the harmony between the two the stronger will the latter be in all in which they should be strong and the less powerful for evil in all in which the strength of the Government is the weaknese of th« people. And let us never fear to commit our safety to a principle of the soundness and true Democratic spirit of which our convic- tioDs are once well assured. However the smooth and oily tongue of expediency may insinuate danger and present sacrifice and ad- vise that temporizing policy which is so often practically the abandonment of principle let us not when once we see onr way clearly onward heed the subtle voice that would paralyze as with an evil spell all that is generous free energetic and noble in the young Democracy in whose hands rests the destinies of our coun- try and of far more than our country. The people have justified our trust in our political faith and our confidence in them — in one of the greatest and linest of party triumphs ever obtained under such a heavy combination of disadvantages — let us never be false to the people. A principle has proved its own indestructible vitality and its own invincible power and has saved us out of the jaws of destruction — let tis never be false to a principle. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. Google THK UNITED STATES MAGAZINE AMD DEMOCRATIC REVIEW. THE COMING SESSION. WhatwIII the**'Wli{gfl"doatth« pnaeiit Marion of CongiCM — i^t will thay ny Or nther irhatean they do—what etn thejr Myl Tliit ia he qaMtion— Huid sqaestiaii euierfor as to put ihtR for tbeiB to answer. We shrewdly apprehend that not a few of heir Inding politieiau will re-assemble within the halls of the Capitol on the approaching ** First Monday " with feelings much skin to those widi which that VBfortnnate day is regarded by reluctant scbool-boys all the world over and which have gained for it the expressire toubrignet of lt *Blaek Monday " or according to another equally common read- ing "Blue Monday." The tatter eolor perhaps would be the mott appropriate to its present application — unless the combination of the two forming that nneertaia sort of double hne a Mne-black might more expreBsirely typify the present nondescript iadefinabla ambiguity of heir opinions and principles as b party. The memoriei of many of them in the process of resuming thrir accnatomed posta most doubtless rerert by ns nral associa ion to Ae same occasion one little twelvemonth ago. The association of contrast is not leu ririd and rapid in recalling the scenes snd im- pressions of the past than the association of similarity. The ro- mlniscenee mast be s most dismally unsatisfactory one for if Hit enjoyment of present affluence is enhanced by the recoUecUon of former distress how sadly reveraed the effect of the contrast of present poverty with the boundless profusion of a former day— gt especially when that present poverty is unrelieved by the sostaining consolation of a good conscience They then came with bold and haughty front like the glsnt ex- ulting in his might which scorns and scoffs at the resistance to be anticipated from an enfeebled and exhausted foe. It must be coa gt fessed that they had the Admtnistratinn indeed at sore disadvantage. th amp n WM the aetml diitreaa . t lie aaapoBsioa — the atagoalion of ^' fR 7%e Coming Se»»i9*. December indiiBtry and bnaiaeu nnder the retctioB of heir former morbid ■late of excitemeot — the failure of the State bank "Experiment" — ibe fulfilment of the threata of disBsler ho long and loudly thuo- dered against it hy the partiaana of the Baidi of the United States — the apparent neceasity to superficial thinkers of a return to tbs protection of a powerful central " regulator" to the disordered ehaoa of the paper currenry — as strong a prima facie case against a do- minant party as was ever made out by an Opposition TigoroBS eloquent ingenious and thoroughly rersed in all the ad caplandum srts of parlisanihip. There was the zeal of hope now stimulated to a certainty of confidenee unknown before by orerwhelmtng tri- umphs inall the important popular elections against the discourage- ment of diTision and universal disaster. Never indeed - was an Administration more hard bested. Nerer did all ci re urn stances combine to apply a more perfect test to the power of truth and prin- ciple to sustain single-handed a cause seemingly abandoned to the destruction of the wrath to come by every other anxiliaiy force or influence. . But the Administration stood firm as the rock against which tbo gates of hell shall not prevail. We cannot sufficiently express onr admiration of that noble and gallant stand. It was one of those crises that occur but at rare intervals and then teach men great Iwsons of political truth worth the experience of centuries and which remain forever stamped on a nation's history in letters of living light. May those lessons be but rightly read and deeply fell. We have before given some general remarks on the lessons we have been taught by he severe ordeal of the late critical atmggle and shall devetope our views on the subject more fully in future Articles. Our present immediate purpose leads us in mher a dif- ferent direction. Overflowing as they were at the commencement of the last ses- sion with the amplest materials of partisan attack argument in- vective sarcaam and all the terrors of panic in a highly excited state of the public mind how sad we repeat the contrast which the Opposition orators must now experience as they cast about for some "available" means of prosecuting the contest of which the present period again brings round the necessity of a renewal I Again we ask — and in all soberness and sincerity " only for infor- mation"-— what will they what can they have to say t We are in- deed at a loss to conjecture and verily fear that for very lark even of the slender materia usually requisite for the purpose there will be a lamentable falling off in those copious torrents of Whig elo- {uence which have been wont to flood the country at every ses- sion with such a deluge of rhetoric We shall not again witness the spectacle of last winter when some three or four scor«s of busting orators were to beseen ranged around in concentric horae- 183 amp I Exploded ArffamefU of t\e Whift. 908 •hoe cnrTeB — ^like to many bottlei of sprace-beer or ginger-pop •mining at their corks on a aultry snmmer'e day with nil the fary of the frothy efierTcccence * cabin'd crib'd confined ' within them —each ready with his thvnderbolt to hurl flaehtng and pealing upon the devoted head of this moat patient of Adminietrations and «ach tornienled with anxiety leet the favorable honr should eecape biro and all the patriotic eloqnence of wrath intended to electriiy all •* Bunkmm " ahould die away for want of s satisfactory oppor- tnnity of getting the floor ' unsyllabled unsnng 1* A very different ■pectacle we venture to predict will the Speaker have to look round upon at the present seiBion and as we have often before looked with conraiiseration upon his unfortunate poiition we now tender him oor sincere congratulation upon the agreeable contrast to be •■ticipated. If we cannot answer the question of what they will say it h «uy to answer thet of what they will not and cannot say. Shall we hear again for example of the ruin brought upon the country by the ignorvnt "tampering" of this reckless and profligate Administrmtion T Bhall we again be pointed to s depreciated cur- rency an snnibilated commerce a paralyied industry an universal distress and distrust and hear that Administration charged with all be guilt and held to all the responsibility of this sudden complication of disastert Shall we again be referred to the sweeping series of Whig trinmphs in all parts of the Union as that universal sen- tence of condemnation egainal the men and measures of the Demo- cratic party which was to be regarded as decisive of the truth of Ae chargee urged against them and of the ignominious fate which was soon to visit theni with a just though long delayed retribntion T Mall we hear these strings again harped on as of old T Alas they are too fsr gone with time and usage to yield any more the elo- qnent music of their first freshness 1 All this was then urged powerfully ingeniously brilliantly — whi'e the people was still groaning under the actual distress — while the Administration thns charged wss still refusing to lend itself to any of the temporary palliatives for which the suffering interests were so loudly clamor- ing and was fnaisllng on following out the same policy to a still further developement of its principles. Yet hss it all failed — and 'worse than failure has recoiled upon the party that then so vehe- mently urged these topics. It is evident that the giant of Demo- cracy cast for a season to the ground has gathered itself up with a renewed vigor drawn from the bosom of its mother esrth. The charges were msde and met under every circumstance favorable to ' the accuser and hnstile to the accused and it is manifest that the rerdicl is already made up as one of aci^uittal. The issue was joined on such ground that no middle alternative remained. The one parly or the other was right Ae decision of which in favor of «M TUComtngSettim. DeceaAer •ilber mut cut npon the other sn oTerwhelnin weight of odinn from wbieh it coald never hope to recoTer. The Ion protracted can- paign of political warfare had plainly reached its close the balance so long held in donbtful suspense could not dow but settle itself deciiireljr and the one party er the other must be left is nndispnted possession of the whole field of contest. This troth does not admit -of qoestion. The spell of Jseksooisni was broken. There were gt o longer any adTentitioos eircnmatances to bias he public jodg- ment in faror of the Admin istntios or the sobstantial merits of the great issue between the partieft-^no en^nsiasm of personal popu- larity — no delusive papefmoney prosperity — none of the consoli- daled organisation of a great majority conttnning to retain the as- cendency because once possessed of it. The Administration a year •go was unqnestionably in a minority— perhaps we may even safely ■ay in a small minority — over the Union. A Presidential election at that period would have hurled it omt of power and would have ^rried in the Opposition almost by acclamation. We hare more Aan oaee during the cosrse of the year made the same admission. IS now oader such relative circumstances an Administration so Mtaated should be seen maintaining an nnquaUing froBt— exhibiting am nnwavering confideDce of ultimate trinmph—meeling and re- pelling every charge and hurling them baclt on its assailants- justifying itaslf fully by profound and thorough argument on the principles involved on the controversy at issue and proving from the very catastrophe anjusily imputed to its miscondnet the sound- ness of its views and the wisdom of carrying them still Airther out into practice — and then within one short year gradually but sure^ recovering itself from the first shock of the tempest— not on^ saving itself from destruction and maintaining its ground but re- gaining much that it had lost and working its way upward from minority to majority — exhibiUng every where immense gains over the results of the elections of last year — recovering Derooeralk States then lost and even winning over Stales that had been under the sway of Federalism from Ume immemorial—what candid ob- server we ask on such a spectacle can deny the complete trium A of that Administration a triumph establishing its ascendency on an impregnable basis and the overwhelming overthrow of that Opposition an overthrow to be soon followed of certain neeeaaily by its inevitable dissolution. We may safely then assume that these tofucs will be virtually •handoned. They hare been slready strained to the utmost and have proved but "Love's Labor Lost.*' Again to serve up that same crambe Ua r^cocto would be too nauseating to the stomach of the public sense and eerUinly if not effectual last year but little is to be hoped from a repetition of the dose at the present lime. For it is fairly to be presumed that if its operation has hitherto UM.1 TV iMMMtfibCMiAiir SextiMi. '^M Wm to g«ln onr to the Adminntrmlittn Btatn Unf Utterly hMlUe to it uid to sttabls it to reeovcr ^la Slatot lost lut year with tbe •tccplioii of o«fl. in which lieweT«r tbo Whig nwiority hu bean reduced About «jfr t amp otomd the only effectof its eontiniMBce muM be to complete the recovery of that one within the eonrae of eno- . ther rerolnlion of the Earth erannd the Swi. Theee topics being then exhawted end nnartiUble what mate- cUl will remain for the ezerclee of that eloqnenee whose thunden k»Te so often rereihenled amidst tbemaltipliededioesof the Ball of BepreaenUtiTes t It is plainly impossible to get np anoAer panie •■d wiliss an aoapieiou-fortwie titrowinto the midst aoine miner npples of dissord on.ineidenlal qnesliena that may chance to arise Mch Whig orators as are delenmned to make speeches of seme •ort 01 other will ind ibemselres redoced for very dearth of sobw- Ibisgto say to eongratulate the AdniniatretioB on ^e happy efiects 4 gt f ita firm attitude and of iJm pabUe eentinent which it stimalatsd ia forcing the banks fifora behind th^ "cotton-bags " compelling -n fesotnption of spede payments and reviving Ae healthy buMneos of the eoKBtry sonte years earlier in all probability than wo«Id have been the case had it yielded to die ehtmors of As Opposition •nd the deasands of the moneyed and mercandle interests at dw period of the snapension. l^de woald he a tofne worthy of their eloquence and their liberality and we beg leave partienlarly to eom- mend it to their attention. It ia net more easy to anticipate what they will do than what they will MMf. One thing is very certain — that they cannot rest for nnother sessino on the same groend that they occnpled throngh the two last that of inertia of doing nothing and sofferiag nodiing to be done hf the Adndnistration. The period within which men temporimng expedients might profess some show of decency has gone by. The banks kave resumed and healthy confideiiea it n- e »ed. Business has revived. No farther ezcuiea are possitde for the postpmement of action and for confining the efforts of the Opposition to the simple frnstration of the destractive fury of the Administration. They must now come forth openly aad manfully nnd stand on the merits of their own measures and no longer on the mere negative ground of opposing those of their adreraaries. -Their twe sections of National Bank Whigs aad State Bank Conaer- vatives mnst now come together and on comparing notes must set- He between themselves upon which of their respective lines of policy they will uuite. The issue can no longer remain "Sub- Treasury or No Sub-Treasory " but most be positively and distineW ly between the former on the one hand and a Nattonal Bank or dse a Bute Bank system on the other. This can no longer be •voided no longer procrastioaled. They cannot again leave the pablie treasury in ita present nasottled and exposed condition widi rcrj inadequate prsvifhms of hiw for ila ■eesritr end dependent •nainly on Exeentire revpoMibilitf. They cannot da so wiihont a virlual confeBnon of that drtb diihoneit fketioMiiees of oppoaitionr irhicb wonld rerolt the Mndeat of the partuana they are yet able kr delude. And which of the two can tltey tekel la il to be expected th»t Ae maiii bulk of their party will yield to the handful of Conaerra- tivei whoie Importance hai eon lis led solely in. the ability whieh the peculiar relations ef partiea hare giren ihetn for a time of easting the nicely suspended balance in favor of the Oppoil^itt Can the former forget and unsay all their speechea of 4ie last three or four years preceding the snipeniion T Can they take up the ** Pet Bauk " System after it baa proved by experience the tmth of the worst atK tieipationa of evil with which they diemsclret to long aad loudly under other circumetancee denounced hT or can tbey again take It 18 they before offered conreeaedly as a " half-way " gradation to a Vatianel Bank for the express purpose of forcing the country upon the latter by a repett^on of its own disaatrotis failure I- They ea» not take it at all. It would be too grots and too iagrant a contempt •r all honesty and consistency. Or even if thus asfumed it will bu plainly impossible to escape any longer the explicit and direct Btateinent of the issue as between the Independent Treiu%ry and « Natienal Bank. To this complexion it moat come at last. And yet oir the other hand howh that any more- possible than the other alteraatiTeT A proposition of that character coald scarcely commaml much more than oncrthird of either branch of GongreM when two'thirdi of both would be requisite to carry it. The favor it vouM be likely to experience at the hands of Ae people may be snfficieMfy inferred from the pains which that party have recently taken to disavow its reaponsihiliiy. Dare the Conservatives yet come out openly on Ibis ground before the spring elections if previous to the late elee* lions the Whig convention at Uticar New York in sole refermice to them felt Itself compelled to disclaim h. Tbey wtll not dare to do so though that will not avail to arrest the ripening of the question which must sim^ify itself more and more plainly every day down lO the single leading issue already stated. In the actual impossibility then which exists of an nnion of the two sections of the Opposition upon any other meuture — and the equal impossibility of agsin adjourning without establishing some legslized system for the administration of the pubHc finances with- out openly forfriting whatever portion of public respect or confi- dence yet remains to them as a party — we cannot see what the Whigs can or will do but to suffer the Independent Treasury biH to pass. It is certainly an embarrassing and mortifying position for them to occupy hut wh»t altematire is there open to them I nSB. PdtMottofXr.amy. MT Somediing mnit tw donfr— the Admiolatntion oSen a poaitire ma- ture— and they cannot choose bnl either to accept it or offer a aub- •ittnte and bitter aa may be the necesaity of the former it is leaa hard for them to bear in the preient state of thinga than the onus of the latter. We cannot Uterefote bat think it extremely probable that the Congreaa which haa twice rejected the Executive propoai- tiona for the independence of the Treaanry will not tenniaata ita political «xiatence od the foarth of March next withont an ac- knowledgment of iu own former error by esUbliahing the aame M the law of the land confining their opposition to the mere mod- Kcatlon of some of its atroofer featnrea. ' In their internal' concerns they appear to be placed in circum- alfcncea of no leas embanaasment than those already adrerted to in their' open relatinna with the Democratic party and the conntry. Their Praaidential convention ia to saeemble in September of next year and the preaent aaasion mnat be ao managed as to restore some degree of harmony to their distracted couoaels on this snbjecl. X lt ast year all appeared straight and amooth. The name of Mr. Clay then blaaed on high resplendent with trinmph and eclipsing all imagin- able pretenaiona on the part of inferior compeiiiors. Mr. Clay'a enjoyment of his paUny pride of place in the ranVa of his party was mBnifeat on a ihouaand occasions. It is still fresh in the memory of all who will now hare to look upon him in the Tery difTerent light of his present position. There was then a boldness in his bearing a triumph in his eye an exulting confidence in all his words and acts which attested the intensity of his enjoy- ment of eren that distant approach to the consummation of his long deferred and often baffled hopes. He seemed then nearer to that long covetpd prize than he had erer been before — than be can ever be again. Alas for the fleeting character of human enjoyments Thus passeth away the glory of the earth Confident in the posi- tion of his parly Mr. Clay at the last session — by way of securing his prominence and ascendancy in il by placing himself still more unequivocally than before at the very head of counter-rerolution which he supposed triumphant in favor of a National Bank — brought forth his great projet de hi of a new one with enlarged capital and an altered location. Yet we have seen the Whig party in the rery Slate whose attachment was to be secured to himself by this magniGcent bid undertaking to disavow a National Bank Mr. Clay has overleaped himself and fallen on ' t'other side ' It is a bad combination unprincipled ambition with loo bold and sanguine a temperament. If he was an "unavailable" before by thia very move designed to perfect the fancied strength of his position he has made himself etill more so. Not only is it perfectly manifest «8 n* Cmlmg' Settitm. Deecater that the WUg etadid«te for the necMsioo to the Precidenej can- not hare the slighteit chanco of siiccou but oqnally that Mr. C\»j it no longer even tl^e candidate of tUa party. It is pUin that h« must again bend hla bigb-reaching pirit and itill bitterer neces- sity I in favor either of the one he moit deapiMa or the onBube moit haleal But is BO proud and soaring a spirit to be thus tamed and yoked without a struggle We confidently answer no. If he cannot be the firtt tfl the nation Henry Clay will not aarrender the position of the jirst in hia party withont an effort to retain it which «U agitate and embarrasB it Id no inconsiderable degree. He casMit BTert his fate - but be will not fall nnreriating — perhaps not nn- arenged and lilie the- periahing etHMg man of old we bid those beware who would mock him between tlte pillara of their g«t«» For our own part we regret It There isa Bomething bold and manly and daabing about Mr. Clay vhiob awakens a eertaiB sort .of admimtion even in the minds of those who most eondemn both his principles and his want of principle. If he is a mere pcdttieal 'gambler he at least plays a gallant and gentleniMily game " Iwag- ging" daringly dexterously and high.' There is not mmh camt about him comparatiTely with most of the politicians of hia time and hie party and when be does assume it to impose upon the "swinish multitude" at a distance the affectation is msde so transparent to those about him and the burlesque so open and broad that it loses the effect of hypocrisy and is half forgiTeni aabeing rather a good joke on the part of one not professing any other maxim than that "all is fair in polities " than as being a piece of personal dishonesty to be reprobated in the same manner as in the case of any other man. We have- therefore a certain kind of liking for Mr. Clay and should regret to witness the mortification which must attend his dethronement from the place in his party that he occupied so proudly last year. And since the alight rally of encouragement afforded to the Whigs by the result of the New York Election may still it is to be presumed induce them to attempt to contest the next Presidential Election contrary to all the apparent probabilities before it took place we should rastiy prefer to see it done under something more than a mere man of straw for a leader. And moreover we assure our friends the Whigs in all sincerity that Mr Clay is atill after all their strongest man and if they feel confident of being a fourth time beaten under him it is the mis- fortune and weaknesH of their cause and no individual fault of his relatively to the other members of his party. Destitute as he is of a chance at the South weak as he has become at the West in some portions of the North he does possess a certain kind of popularity with his party to which his bumble competitor of North Bend can make no pretension and for him they may yet be willing to make leaa l fs amp arrMMwut of tie Oppotitton. MS » Btrnjfgle which swde in behalf of on« for whom tiwy thena- selvei do oot affect to disaemble their eontempt wonld be spirit- lew and feeble indeed. And certainly in the recent demonatrm- tiion of the exact meaaure of hia atren^ in Pennaylrania and Ohio General Harriaon haa clearly forfeited all that claim on i1m Whig party wUoh he before derived from his poHdcal luMgnifieance and his eomparadre freodom from personal objee gt tioo. He was before the candidate of mere opposition — the niwaaentatire of nothing hul of the mere negatiTe prejadice against the Adminiatratioit on the part of a large proportion of the Whig party growing out of the long and embittoved polilieal stmggles of l»te yeara. But we have already aeen that from be progress of the contest and the derelepment of the issnea between the two parUes theWhigscanno longer occupy that mere negative gronnd. In the nature of things it is inpoarible. They must either virtually abandon the contest whieh we have no donbt they would have done bat for the unexpected eneouragement of the late New York eleetiOTi or they must enter into it manfolly on the strength of arowed principles and meaanfee of some sort or other. If thajr •gain shrink from that course and again go through the oanpaign of another Presidential canvass not as a party but as a mere oppo- sition which is clearly nothing more nor less than a mere faction they cannot fail to encounter an overthrow still more easy - inglo- rious and decisive of their political fate. It woiild be difficult then to concnre a state of circumstances nore embarrassing to a party than those under whieh the Whig* come to the Capitol at the pwsent session to meet their Democratic opponents face to ftce before the nation. All Ibeir old argomenlf •xhamtad m exploded — their charges repulsed s amp d rebnked by t grand popular- movement in favor of the Administration too onequl- Tocal to admit of serious ^oealion— the impossibility of longer post- poning the adoption of some positive and decisive position and ihk equal impossibility of agreeingopon one or of venturing to assnme it ifagreed upon — diasenaion distracting their counsels from within from the simple want of any principle of union and hopeless im- praetibility staring them in the face in erery direction in which they might attempt a distinct movement — we again ask unenlightened by the most candid reflactioos we can bestow on the subject what can they say what can they do I and must be content to await pa* tiently the answer that time alone can bring to the question. by Google DIDIER'S YEAR IN SPAIN. Thbrb is perhtpi no country in the world whot« national cbar- acter haa been gt o little nnderslood ai that of Spain. Thia Tery intereatiDg work which haa recently ■ been pubKihed in Paria throwfl considerable light upon a subject of the highest intereat at a moment when this singular nation is eonrulaed by a civil war narked by the moat uncommon and opposite features of feroei^ and heroism. It is a subject of much regret that the modem lite- rature of France is ao little known or appreeiated in this eonntry. Apart from the more cultivated natires of the eoantry resident among us a rery limited circle here only is acquainted with its richness and rariety and few indeed of the numerous important works which are continually appearing In ^ris in every branch of science and literature ever reach our shores much less become known to the mass of our popnlation. A few extracts translated from the work of an inteDigent and accprate obaerver as we turn over ita pages will give to our read- ers for instance some new and interesting glimpses of Spanish history and politics from a quarter where we venture to aay a large proportion of them would not have become acquainted with them and the touching details of the Young Napoleon's short and mournful destiny which we gavo in a late number from the well known work of Montbel were found to possess' as much freshness of intereat and attraction as if the palace doors of ihe child of des- tiny had then first been opened to the imagination of every reader. Again and again we shall return to die stores of French literature The first volume contains a narraiire of the author's arrival at Barcelona an account of Saragoasa Madrid and Toledo portraits of the most disUngnisfaed meml ers of the Spanish Ministry during the last century and a sketch of the events that have taken place rince the marriage of Ferdinand VII. with Christina now Regent. We will begin our extracts with the following remarks on the capital of Catalonia "BarcfltonabMrtaoineKtemblsnoeKiPalcnna but ai Ihr u mannan cHttoms and ciiilisadon ata ooaeemed ia to SjMia vbat Milan i* o lialf. Since tha 4c«ay of Cadiz it haa been the principal oomroctdal town of tKe peninsula. It aurpaian the capita in wealth and elegsnce. It ia of all the Spaniah tovna that in which the thcalie ia the tnoat eonalantly attended. The opera is often welt organizpd but Ihey hate little nalionnl miuie. Rouini reigni ai an ablolale maitcr orer the heart of the CatalaniBii diUHanii. Tha Bareelonian ia eisenlially maritime. He ia adven- turoui and lerea the lea the greater part of the eroigranti wlto durinj the last century went to aedi their fortune in the Indiea were nativea of Barcvlona." •UneBnD«eeBBq gt afne paiCbaileaDidiei S Tomea.— Paria 1838. lB3a 1 . Vie h/ant Queen of Spain. 301 Aftsr remttinieg hirty-eig-ht honrB «t Barcelona the aatbor pro- ceeded to Bruch B misenble. Tillage which deriTea its whole celebri-^ ty from the Benedictine conrenl in ita vicinity. " The guide 1 hired tU Bruch " Mys M. Didier " ia I think the penonificMion of ■ SpaaiBh peaaanL Before aclling off he had pnidenl ^ provided liimaelf with a leatbem boUleof wine. When he Wame liungty he wilh a very nonchalant air m gt da mt a ai^ to stop and «eating himaelf by the road aide took a piece of bwad and a hanidflil of nnts^oni of hi* ponmsntle which be quietly ate not fbr- gitting to invile me to ihare in his rnigal rcpaM. There is lomelhing in this mm-. gin* that pleaaet me for it procerds from a ftvling of pride and of penonal dignity thai i« noble in itaclf and thai seld lt un dilgiuta one with low and urvile obsequiouenen Polae abaaM i gt unknown in Spain. The pooreal peasant speaks to the king without ittivg diaabedi bat notwithstanding the eaae and freedom of hia nvannen be poa- •ease* UDGOtDmon tact and nCTa- jn amp ingw on the nilea of politeness and respectfnl Teaerre. You never haTalo dread hiabeu^ingindiscreetortroubleaaaMfrombain^ tnated wilh funiliarity." M. Didier although a Chriatinoa girea no very flattered por* trait of. the Queen Regent. Of her daughter the inoocent Im- betle he uye "It is aaingnlar and truth to tell ridiculoui sight to see the monarchy of Cbarlaa v. the monarchy of Spain and of the Indies repregented by a doll four years ok who has been taught to smile and bow. I aa« her infantine Majesty driving on the Prado. She wore an immense hat and blue feathen that threatened 10 cruab her. She is eseeedingly like hei father and look* like a little old woman." Solemn illuatration of human folly In this country where the .dirine principle* of Democracy hare made the once awful mysteries of GoTemment as simple as the parent's coatx ol of hia child and rendered every man of the land's millions amp participant of the na- tionel soyereigaly it aeema almoat as impossible to believe that millions of rational and educated hnmen beings are so firmly per- •naded of tbe Divine right of this poor infant to rale over them ^eo devout in the belief that Heaven has endowed it with a sacred linowledge of ihe arcsna of government for ever occluded to them* •elves that blood has been spilt like water and yeara of national horrors wretchedness and crime have been endured like a fate and « necessity tn secnre to her the throne and the perpetual privilege of monarchy without molestation — as it waa for the Japanese Em- peror of old to credit the first Dutch voyager's relation that once every } eBr in his country tbe water became so hard that men and horses could walk over it in security. And is not the same apecta- de in a siftte of peftce and harmony witnessed also in England the honored land of our fathers exulting under the Heaven-born ■way of a young woman who under a better political system would be deemed trusted to the extent of her capacity were she to have the management of her household. In Thibet the grand Llama is viewed with the same reverence and allegianee and wields ss much power aa beneficially certainly for tbe happiness of the governed. 8M JWdftr** Ye*T i% Spain Deewnber f Th« nthor* jvdgnenl of ihs Bpuiiik cbaneter ii we think. comet and mppean to ueowit for the dnntio* of Ihe preseal slni^KlB and di« ■ppuvnt indifforenee tnftidfMted by the nuiM of Ihe notion amp s to the nlUnute lucceBB of Csrlos or Christine. " Tlw SpuiLud doea oat m whu be CM win or o« by tka tiianph of dihcr part '. He wiU atand by the vindow to ns iMbelU or Dob Carin pM* ha kaa M more a rmpaib with one than with the otbei he haa alva^ beM m badly fovemed that he haa iw hope of being well pnwnad. Any goTOBBeoi ae«aB Is him an eril and the coBaequccea of thU ia that ha haa bat i oma naifned to it aa we are naifned lo aickneaa death or any other eTiL Aa to civil war ba bean it aa ha bora the cholera. It aeema aa if ao alow awl datibcaWe a ptafk ooght by way «f oompenaation to be an eitnmdy reSeeting and prorident peopte hot ifakm Ihn aa»- trary no one in thia country calcnlalea eveiy one ada fiou ini m M.'' The ucond Tolnme of M. Didier's work eontoias e short U»* graphicel notice of Mine and ZnmeUcnrregui en aceoanl of the Spaniah Govemmeiit dnrln^f Uie lut century a ¥iait to Sevillea •tc-t together with much enrioat and general isfomMtion aa to the preaenl state of Spain. Among the aketehee given of the most' diitinguiahed membera of the Cortea we select the following of Martines de la Rosa " Maninez de la Roea wai born at Qransda ia 1788 and poaaeaaM alttha flowery and flowing eloquence of his countrymen. He early b^an the Mody of the law and the French inTsiion of 180S found him occupyinf a profaaor'a chair al Gran- da. When thii city waa taken by the Preaeh the young proErMor foond « rehga at Cadiz the laat and inTiolable aanctunry of Spanidi independence where ha wielded hia pen in the moal aacred of eanaea. He abMainad frooi nixing in all public aSoiia until 1813 when he waa named dqMty of the Coftea by Ua natin town. The national aaaembly which at'fiiit met at Cedia waa tranaSand to Madrid after the retreat of the French army where it continued it* aittinga bt some lime. After the return of Fodinand Maitioec waa one of the firM vietima oSered lo the ingratitude of t M royal pei^nior. After haTbig languiahed Sir two yeara in imprieonmenl he waa ttaaqiotted wiiboot trial and by meana of a simple UUr* it cadttt to the African fortnaa of Penan de Veles an unbeallhy rodi whoa ha lived or rather vegetated for fbur long yeara when ihe revolution of 1890 ra- laaMd Um *and a govcmmenl veaael bitnight him- in trininpb lo hia connuy. He- waa retleeied by the town of Qranada and apfMnied ono»more in the CiKtes. He took bia aeolcunong the moderate party and in^iad FenKNBd with Mtfi^em cue- fldence to induce him to eooflde the reias of govemaMat lo ihoae hand* ha had tK- meriy loaded with fettera. Maitines waa nanud minialer of foirigo afbira and lt •• traMed with Ihe formation of the cabinet. He fulfilled thla duty but without Kn» eeaa. Hia raoignation become indiapenaable and be gave it five montha oAer enleiw Iagthemini*try July lS88. Ba then gave a proof of diainlereatedneaa which en- tiOed him to that r^utation ba ha« nnco eafoyed. Wbea h left the minialry the oflcial Qatetle announced thai he bad refiiaedtbe mH^umentaofhiafdMa and givaa Ihem to the ireaaary. Another incident made Gooaiderable noiaa in the fbreiKn newr paper*. Mortinel woi aecuaed of having in conceit with Ferdinand meditated aa ariwrary act againM the oonatitution of 1813 which he deaired lo replace by a ehae Iw and two legialaiire ohambera. Tbe exeention of this plan h^ already began. The Royal Ooaid roee in inauneetion bat waa pot down by tW Matioiial Chuwd. The reslgnaUoo of Mutinex aooa feUowed thia ef eat. Thua even gt ■ 18B lt b dawad eOBBderaUe Inluwaniinea* aa 10 revoluticmary ideaa. Tbeaeeood i^tea-. ioa waa mora indnlgent to him than the Brat he waa not even enled. He Tohm- tarfly want to Italy and ft«a UMoea t« Paria whwe ha gave himaelf iqi to tttaniy ins.1 Martinex de la JtMo and Don Carht 963 pvmtla urf VM taemAenA by bU comitiTmen •• mtirdy imUpendenl of politM. HeUokxt Auein thsutpcditiMlof ISHjUld Moll after Marnad to Spain. • • •■ In lew HotaiT liima EifaMines ds la Rom would b«Te made ui ezeellmt miniitv of llw fine atta or poblic wonhip bM he wm mver deatined.to be placed at tbe bead ' •f a reTotuLioB. HeijanboneatiaMi bQt gt Mt aeta e«aui DOtereD amtuiof bail* aeaa. Wa is net tbe taleat of eetioa nor tbe instinet of referm. Be m not w Uind ••not loaea tbe abtuea under wUeh Spain laboTB bat he fean tuing tbe ase be - THMrealotmidnotUng wltbtbehandof n lt bnn beeaaaebe feere being compelled tolooebererrtUns. Hiaeioqaneeupomptmi to exhibit it he requitea the ei- oiMeeMof llwfcram is a drawinE^mom he bae no eonvenation. He baa a bad MiM acry and h trbrtnMit irinoh tvo i iiiiiiiilleiiiiia do do facililate baiiaeaa. Ob hie Mnm to Madrid after ao «ic«rrion to Talmoia and SeriBe H. Didiw^ tian dltattheifaietTy badraeigned. Valdea h«e been named miiuMr of war hot vhu wiU Iw whM can ha dot Hi* adaiinietretion will be aprigbl bat poweriMe I fear. It iaiiotthaiiiiaietM«rhaTUgn« it iitheBTmyofoOcRelcleike. Tbemini^ leriaatMaotdaijorugiiBalaw voted bf tbe Cortee and then lice down to rsa b» gt tievmg that he bae dona aomething while in realily he baa done nothing. If the- ndiiMUMa or law doe* vat aoit theae lenaata of the bureaui and ai tbey live iqMW ' ahweeitpwytaadaybeimagiaed what Uwi snit them it mi^ aa wdl not b* paaaed ihef havo a thooaand wayi la pnrent ita being pot into ezeeiAion ThtM in Spain a kv ia often bi gt a abeat of jxga. I often ace a yoong poet a man of taknt but iMfaer hMfaeadad who haa bean azihd thaee three nontha but who rumg. thiileea. goe* to tnmj ball and maela Maitints de la Boaa erery day on the Pmdv Ihe foahtonable walk of hbdrid. Tbe uioieter p*e* oiders bat it ia Ihna tbey an exeeoled. Tajdee ia miuUtar but hdwoanbemakewarl Can be eonjne up aa anay by magici Can be mn money froiniheiockiof Navairel Money ia want- ing— men are waDtin and beaidea that almoat •upematnral enlhoeieani which alime lead* a nalioa thtoogh a rerolntion and which perlbnned the tniraclea of the Freneh repitl^ie.*' M. Didier tbea goes on to say that be belierea in the poaaibility of Don Carlos Uklng Madrid but timt eren should be enter that tiXy be eonld oot remain there. "His teigii hbwBTer ahoold it laat but a day wodld baa gitat calamity for Spain vhiTe vengeance it irapUeable and reaction honilile bat atitl thia calamity wonU ba oselul by uniting in a compaet body all the fraetiona of Spaniib democracy -which are now diapereed and dividoL An abaolnte gDrernment ia no longEr poM»- ble in Spain and however contradictory may appear to be tbe ecene oflercd by the peaintnla it will fiirevar renuun tbe domain of liberal idea*. I ftel tberelbfe no an»My aa to tbe finalreanlt of tbeatrug^ tbe dof^ed penaveianoe of DonCar- loa i* in rain. The lukewarmneaa of the pet^le for tbe caoeeofthe Q«eea doe* not pnm that tbey feel ttiy derotioa at Don Carloa with few ezoeptiona the nation ia ■antral now nnitralily i* not aympathy. An inconuovertafale feet one which ha* been proved by eventa ia that-if the Bpal^eb nation baa not yet rallied viaibly to the new aoeial order it haa at least con^detely aeparated itadf IVmn tbe anritnt. It iainaHBteofdoulKiOf tranailion it iiddiberaling before taking a deciaive atep. b lake* it* time for that a* for eviiy things and when it ha* taken a resolution it need only breathe on the civil war in order to extinguish it." The folloirln{ remarks on Count Toreno written at the time whan he took the place of Martinex de la Rosa may interest onr readers " BooiB day* bafeie hia lall Haitincs bad sidiciled the intervention of the F^eneh. Aa aoon a* Totmo enland the cabinet he reoewed tlu* request which waa reflwed. With tba loaa of the bap* of Ibniga inUrreatioB Toreno lost conrage and felt that be ctxrid no laagw main Us pest Bnt to Idl the trath hsd Toaeno andertaken Iht 3M Sonnet. D«e«nb«r dit»aioii of af iiin Mriier had he obtained ths inUTTeuiMi kii nipi would lUll luiTsbeen tcwitiiory. Toreaoiaaol theautofHrevaluiioa he ii sc^Kical and sot MibitiiMi. WUhaut that firm coaiiclion which pioducM ci*il Tiruica be doe* not beattil7 embrace public priucipUa not tenouiIjremlBric in tha public cauBB. Toitno I Rfjcai ia not ambitioua. Hedoeinoi aapira to power. Hstoiesit noC Nov am- bition ia a Deceasarf vinue for a italBani amp n it is almoit indiipenaable in any high ■ocial poaitioD it ia ambidao whish makaa a great mioiiitcr it ia anbilion which t.-hunpha overdiffiEuliieai it ia by meaiuof hia panion that a name ia imprinted m he rock or agBi and thai the world iaahaken vithoul ambition then are no duiat ble concepliona no firm devotion to anjr cimae no great designs no powerful ezscu- tion But bera be it nnderatood I apeak not of that vulgar ambition that dealro ra4 tha temple of Efiheaut. The lore of notoriety ia but an inferior appetite. AmbitioB ia another thing 1 Itia JitUua C«aai whoputatieaoneonlf olijecl for AS«ea I"*" and then in the amp fld of Phanalia break* the Roman pauicjate it ia RicbeUeu who •Bea the end he propoeet to himaelE^ and marehea ataadily on to it ho dies but wilk him e^iivi Ibe French ariatociacy be leavea the people and ttw throne r it ia N»- poletm wbo placea the people on the throne and inooulaMi Europe with plebiaa oyolty. Such ia ambition I and it ia a ray of thii ardent Same of life that 1 would wiah to aee in Toreno. I would that tha regeneration of Spain abould be hia oen' Kaiu idea that he ahould devote hioiself U gt it that he ihouki ivKilve to nocompliah it at any price. But be ii not anxioui to acquire amp me by perfbnniiig a gtorioiB worit. Betide* he doe* not Love Spain aufficiently. Accuatmned during hia long exile 10 Europeao.eoilocaa hia country aeema to him barbarous and so much behiad all othera that bs deapaira of it. Such ate the foidts of Toreno." Here our space compels us to close eur trmntlationa from tbia Taluable Ultle work. We refer those of our readers who mty wish to know more of it^ to the original which we doubt not can be rudily procured. TBB DISTANT I^NS. Ask him if in that land beyopd the sea Which I have pictured in my mind so fairi With fragrant hills and skies forever clear — Ask him if in that land of meIod r He pines to tread these quiet vales with me I If the warm spring the ever balmy air. All that he sees all that he smiles on there. Awaken still the fount of. memory t Ask him if in the lonesome hour of night He seeks the shadow of some silent grove To whisper in that pate and holy light Fond ihonghta of endless and unconquered love 1 Oh ask him this and tell him from my eight Nor time nor power his image can remove. Google MEXICO AND TEXAS.' AKTIOI.S VBOOND. — ^KJLHIFISTO OF OENERAL MiHtA. ANNA. In our former trdele apon the Cttrnpatgn in Texas ia lB3d w« drew largely apon " The Diary '* of General Urrea a publication narked by all the blunt honealy of the aoldier and bearing upon it the .impreH of manliDew and truth. We now enter upon the ezsmiuatioa of a documtent the characteriatice of which are the Tery reverse of all that we felt called upon to commend in the former publication. The " Manifesto " of General Santa Anna has more the air of a pieee of special pleading painfully and cautiously elaborated in the closet than the strait-forward story of a soldier* penned in haste upon the dmm-head and amidst the tumult of the tented field. At erery page we are reminded of the wary policy of one who is studious to make the best of a bad cause and com-. pelled to mask the poverty of his reasoning under a profusion of rhetorical phrase and periods rounded for effect. In a word his composition smells more of the lamp than of honest gunpowder. For instance he talks of " la fortimB y ella sola cortit las ^as amp la victoria qoe dob venia amp alcanzar " fortune and she alone clip- ped the wings of thai victory which was just alighting upon us the very plain and simple fact that Thompsontown was too important a post to leave in the hands of the enemy figures thus " En Tomp- son estuba aun la uma del desdno y quiie apoderarme de sua decretos " in Thompson stood the am of destiny and I wished to possess myself of its decrees bnt ere we reach the close of the sentence the trope is changed and we have " me fn£ imposlble a- slr esa ancora de aalvacion " it was impossible for me to grasp • Diario Miliiu d«l GtnenlJoas Tlma durante la FrinwraCampaaa de T^fts.— VMeria dt Durmtgo 1836. Military Diary of Oeaeral jM.Vrreo duiingdw flnt Tena Campaign-' HanifiMA qne da siu OpstacKnua en la Cempana de Tqu y en ra GMHiwio diiige a sua nmdndadaiioi el Geowal Antonio Lopez de Suita Anna. — F«tia Cmx 183T. Manifeato of operationa b the Canpei^ in Texaa andjof bii cavity ad- dnBKd to hii fellov-ciiizaiu by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. B^MMieien da loe operaoonea en la Canpana de Tejaa dd General D. '^ecala Pilisda'—Jl^tw len. lExpvntioa of operationa in the Campaig amp of Taxaa .byOaiMral D. '^IIMM • TOL. tIL VO. ZU.-4U gt . 1838. V ^- lt Oi g\C 808 Mexico ani Texas. December this anchor of Balration. The baltle of San Jacinto is characterized M " Io9 miimos escombroa donde se quiere eepullar mi gloria " the very ruins under which it vaB sought to entomb my glory. He describes himself as " mas dLsdichado que Manlio acnaado ante el pueblo Romano las heridaa recibidas por la patria lejos de pro*- eurarme una absolucion injuata de un crimen cierto son ellas mis- tnas al recibirlas y al curarlas loa delilos de que tengo que vindi lt carme " more unhappy than Manlius accused before the Roman pec^le — the wounds received for my country far from proenring «n unjoBt absolntion for a crime that was certain are themselres al the Tery moment I waa receiving and dressing them the delinqueS' cies from which I have to vindicate myself. Certain scribea in the Mexican newapapera bad taken it into tlielr heads to compare Santa Anna to Napoleon and he lakes cares to let ns know the bet " Algun periodista sofi6 comparar mis campafias amp las de Napo- leon y mis enemigoa esperaban que la deTejaameaeriatan funeata como al h^roe Corao la de Rusia " some periodica writer bethought himself of comparing my campaigns to those of Napo- leon and my enemies hoped that that of Texas would prove as fetal to me as that of Russia to the Corsican hero ail this is enrioua but the effect which he gravely describes these evil wishes of his enemies as producing on hia mind is alili more so "era para mi una inagotable fuente de reflecsiones desconsolatorias " it was to me an inexhaustible source of desolating refleetion. Speaking of his imprisonment in Texas he has the following flourish " Yo me proponia coando escuchaba el ^rugido de los grillos que me aherrojahan en llegando amp romperlos presentar las ■eHales que en mi dejaron en ofrenda 6. mi patria " I proposed to myself while listening to the clanking of the chains by which I was held captive that should I succeed in bursting them I woold present the marks they had left upon me as an offering to my country Prom this we may gather that at least Santa Anna has no me^n opinion of himself bnt whether his country would feel flattered by such an oblation and deem it of such paramount value is another question. We might continue to amuse our readers with s hundred other specimens of the same tone — the true 'Ercles' vein ' — but these are sufficient for our purpose. They will tend to throw more light upon the character of the man and afford more certain data for estimating the calibre of his mind than any portrait ve could presume to attempL We now proceed to the pamphlet itself. In our former article we traced the progress of the Texan cun- paign till towards the middle of April 1836 up to which timeereij thing had sueeeeded fsTorably to the Mexicans. We now come to the memorable day on which the tide turned in favor of the jronng RapnbMe the battle lt rf San Jacinto took place on the 21st April teas. 1 BatOe of San Jacinto 307 Knd the capture of Santa Anna on the day following We will alloir this grand actor in thie extraordinary acene to tell bis owd story or rather to draw np his own apology for his errors on that eventful day and lorry we are that it comes in the shape of an apology a round uararnished lale in the manner of Urrea would hare satis- fied us lar belter. After Santa Anna has in his usual vein edified OS with a most coniplaisanl commentary on his skill in taking up a commanding position and arranging his plan of attack he surprises the reader with' this question " But if iH thinga wan that faTorablB to ns and the mililarf sirsnganuoti M food wiwDce oomei it that the day oT San Jacinto pn gt T«d so GUal to ai 1 U'laut be Bsedbed to the diq gt roponioB of racniita in ths Gto hundred men commaBded by Oenenl Coi who aa ia well known an not only uasTaUabla in action btW cause the p«atMt diiorder especially in iir^nlar moTemenli and in cue of a surprise. It was alao owing to the sending on of a eonroy which I had piohibita anil whiek Ibr ill aiJe oonTeyanee dq gt rived me of one hundred out of £.'e hundnd men 1 had •eot for. It ia olao in part attribuiable to Um inteiceptioD of a letter and of the oflcet beuing the aame which contrary to my exprcaa orders was seat frooi TbompsoD. It was no Icaa due lo eieeaaiTe fatigue and wont of proTiiiona for lbs Are hundred men of Gteneral Cos and for my eBcoit4 being pressed by imperious neeesaity I had allowed them to use the rations of the former. It was likewise owing to the oonlempi well Ibnnded enough up lo the pieaenl lime though carried to ezceaa with which our Iroopa had taught then gt iel*a to look ^nn the ever-Sying foe. It also oroae frecn the ainuoua nature of the ground occupied by na which enabled the enemy to occupy a wood to Ihs right and of which through a relazalioa of the vigilance recommended by me they at last by a deaperale effort poaaeaud ibemaelTca. None of iheae causes depended directly or iikdirecJy on myaelf all I can be considered reaponsil gt la for ia pfayaical dehilily or after having marched ths whole of the previous day and spending the night in watching and the moming on boraeback I yielded lo repose which I waa unGntunBtely indured to prolong in consequence of the delay of General Coa' troopa. As General-in-Chief I had Ail gt filled my duty by diapoaing CTery thing on the field and issuing tbe necesaaiy orders j as a man I yielded to tbe inaunneuDtsble neeesaity of nature^ which cannot I think with justice be charged aa a crime agaioat any general or me much less when it took place at mid-day undemeelh a tree and in the camp itself a proof that I did not abandon myself immoderately lo that whieb after all is but a comfort a balm or gentle tribute to human nature with which the greetcst men have been naable to dispense not excepting bih the greet military exemplar of our age and yet for this they were not accused of raahoesa and want of foresight end due cait- listL We were conquered at Saji Jsciotb and on the twenty-second of April was brought into the preaence of the Texan leader Houston." The reader will not fail to remark that while the hero lt rf Tarn* dco enters into so elaborate an apology for taking a nap in the middle of the day he adroitly glides over in two ihnvt lines the rery delicate scene of his capture by a single Texan soldier on the twenty-second and the curioaa minotis by which that eaptnre wae attended. Another important fact Is also covered with the decent Tail of silence but which ia notorious to all Santa Anna's country- men and that is the fliottiie by which he was induced to nndertak* thb march in advance of his main body with a mere handful of hia foreea. It is known to have originated in a feeling altogether no- ' 306 Mexico and TVxof. December worthy of one aspiring to the character of a patriot a feeling whieh should hare been merged in the ^eatnesa of the object be bad in view in which were inrolred interests so vital to his coantry. It wai a mean feeling of cupidity. He had received information that Galveston Bay was the great point of meeting for those who wait- ed with all their valuables around them the issue of the campaign and it was the strong desire of securing something more solid than etherial glory that led him by forced marches in that Erection. He continues " Id my new poaition ai a priaoDer I wu doomed to imiabecleaB suffiEringa of every kind which had tbej termiDatad my aziiteiue would have ihellered me fttmi all ikoea accuaattona on the pait of my fellow^citiieni to which I have liatened with so much Borrow. lo their lt ^inion the tomb wia the deniny to whioh honor pointed me accusing me of rubnew and imprudence in the firat ioitanee Khd in the second of puiilaniatity and treaton. A* no other victories were expected at my hand^ death ina sadof adiafraca wonld have bnntd tny apotbeotis du. Thefint thiag which I did in my prison woi to claim the treatmont and consideration of a prisoner of war. The word r^aiialion which met my ears at Houston brought me into a discussion which was in every way dangerous coTisiderinf my position drawing as I did a parallel between Mexico and the Texas in which ^ justice of the war and the character of the two belligerant parties were freely discilssed. The son of D. IiOrenzo Zavala served me as an interpreter and at last 1 became extremely offended at a proposition made to me that nearly the whole of the army under my command abonld lay down th^ir arma. The idea thus sdiBnced was in the highest degree offensive to the national honor and so greatly was my indignation railed by ihe proposition that Houston himaelf blushed at his having proposed it and eomenied himself with simply demanding the retreat of the army. Let it not be supposed that I pretend to give myself more importance than my position as QenerBl-in-Chief is entitled to I conld well conceive that my troops would amp 11 into dismay at the news of my being a prisoner and that it woiUd require no little tart to re-animate their drooping spirits. 1 tried to make the best I could of the present untoward state of Ihinga which doubtless was to ssve the lives of my companions in misfortune si wall ■ gt my own in the fiiat moments of exeitemeDl and danger and to gain time •0 that the troops compoaing the army might unite and decide on what waa best to be done. It appeared certain that in the first moments of disorder produced by a misfortune of such a character as that of San Jacinto the operations of our troops ooghl to be suspended Ibr a seasoi while tlie courage of the soldier was re-animated by the noble idea of avenging the recent outtuge under the conviction that as lu- periority and justice were on his aide be could and ought to sOcmpt a new iaaoe of things by a new attach upon tlie enemy.* Judging by tlie present aspect of things and left u we were to Ibe mercy and the interest of our enemies it did not appear likely that our lives would be spared though in the end it so turned ouL The letreat *It may be well to compare this statement with an aaaertion of the GenaraTa ^ p. 27-8. "Two 6ajt voold hare baeniufficiant for the nogle body of fiireea that had Joined la ^umpson la have fffren a blow to iha enemy hat would readUj have repaired the misCir- tona of the twearr-fiist. Bj tlie iweBlj-MTsnlli their wlude farces ought to hars b»n destroyed aad their pmisiana 4e. in oar power. The general vfao meeeeded ma ought to have made an attack for 1 flatter myielf at the liak of appearing prammptnoui that if I had siieceedad In rnehingTbompaon aal pro ected belbre three daji netosy weold have Ughtad OB our ranks." In another place be apaaha of the enemy'a forces " que podian f»riliiiiiiitB pot vetiiar p 13 " which tlwy eoold eaaly have jwAwrixsd. 1S38. Santa Annans Account of hit Captivity. 300 of Gtnend FilitoU mutt have been the letruU ot a Tiew of Ihing* ■Itogether diffimnt fiom my own and hence in a reply to mf despatch of the twenty-ncond be —.H that no^ng but a eonsidention fbr my pereonal safety and a deaire to rate my lift u well a gt that of the other priaonen iiould baTo urged him to aach a atep pcmuded U he was of the adTantages that would result to the army by a continuation of hostitiliei. My gratitude br the Boble motives by which be waa guided will net Rmain engraven on my heart. In the meantime the so called Directory of Texas the arbiters of my 11 'b and that of ail hundred Meiieana demanded that the whole of the expeditioDary nitny with which I had marched ftom Mexico should be considered as having aurrendered themselves prisoners of war that Oenerals Filiiola Qaona Urrea and BomiKS Seama should concur with me in sealing their infamy promising when set at liberty nevar again to take up arms against Texas 1 limited myself to my persona ea- gagnnent to that efiect which as a prisoner I could not do otherwise than mako. I waa required 10 use my influence that all the nation arouaed in ao just a atruggte dioald lay aside tbeit anns I oinverted this pretension into a negative — in other words — not to uae my influence that the contest dould be continued and I would •tk did the Mexicans in order to obtain possession of tbdr own to love thmr coim- try and heroically to defted it did they need any excitement on my parti It was nqnired that the independence of Tazas should from that moment be recognized and its limits determined that an insurrection in my army should compel the Gor- •nuncnt to approve this gigantic step and to ratify a Treaty of Commerce the said prisonenof San Jacinto leroaining as hostages for the fulfilroml of the same. 1 protracted to a limit honorable to myself end free from compromise for the nation this abortive and vicious assumption of power. I declined attempting to engage any leader in the army to acquiesce in such arrengemenls and reCiised with horror to ncogniie Texas at a natbn or determine its limtls. It is true that I testified a de- lire to terminate the present stmggle in a triendly manner and by pacific meaaurea bat I left it open to Government to detei^nine whether such a proceeding was in ao- cotdanee with the intereslB of the nation. It is true hat the recent most fktal retreat of oar troops gave Ine no very flattering hopes in respect to farther wariike opera- tions * yet could I not permit my hopes to die with those of the nation. But if I promised to procure the commisainncrs of Texas a hearing this in no way obliged the GoTemmeat to recdva them nor if once admitted to a hearing were all their pMenuona to bs allowed. In a word I gave no other guarantee in all my com gt promise* than what wa* perstmal not acting in the official character of President of the Republic wAtc4/ WIS nsCUeiinxrcutn nor in that of its Plenipotentiary Dor even inthotof Commander-in lt h ef- my position as a prisoner having annuUed that power. My prison if I may so express it gave me the ad raolage of rendering it impossible for me to injure my country by any action or more properly speaking by any promise o ' mine and if thereby I did not fulfil the ardent desire of my heart by saving my comrades ftom captivity which was the consequence of the first step of considering them as prisoners of war I have at least saved them from the alternative imfdied in every pledge of remaining at tin discrstkon of theiparty who reociTB it or of witnessing the fiilfilmeiU of a promise so deeply oSentive ia onr poeition as would have been a recognition of the independence of Texas. In a word I ofiered nothing in the name of the nation in my own name alone did I promise what it depended on my Government to render null and void and in felnm I nceived s promise ofbeing la at liberty without delay. In all this where ia the treaaon where the pusilanimity and cowardice of which I have been accnaedl My voiae ho* ever been raised in support of the rights of my country and of my own honor nor is it necessary to enter into a long discussion to show that a prisoner over whose head the axe of vengeance was incessantly hung could not without dis- • Thii ecnfuaioD Hams very eitrao'dinaiy after Iba avawal p. 11. "I ban dnidsd ny annj inio three divisioiu eeeb oua of which fa of itself eapsble of basciiig the Ibiese ef the aBsmj." SIO Mlene» and Texas. { December nuaing Aon bitbotoin eierj unworthy lear hare vithUood nod gain wid fix- twcntj* two days together the precepts or the iword efusing to subgcribe to prdenwODi inToliing po'mta tbe mou essentlHl and on which was baaed the clemcDcy of tins I need not beTe dwelt to long upon theae conventioDi for It was not to hem I wa* indebted for my libeny. True is il that they began to comply with their engage inanls bf putting me on board the tcbooner liiviiiciiU on the firM of June but tb* arrival of one hundred and thirty *olui»eera from New Orieaoa waa aufficient Is make thia pretended naHmt breall its engagementi. Yea one hundred and thirty rccruita from New Orieana demanded my death and tbe Texan QoTemment wbow phalanges three tbouaand men had shrunk from atlackingeTeraiiKethe Slat of April yielded to the aavaj^ and tumultuoua demand of these one hundred and thiny recruita. In the rery aet of being diaemba^ed and delivered averlo mililaiy powa I earnestly invoked death as a desirable deliverance declaring tbal every obligatian on my part be it what it might depended on my being immediately set at liberty. Tbe aubaequent proceedinga of the Texana did buteonfrm me in thU cleaieat of all conaequencea following fiom one ofthe ttoiTeraallyrecogDiaed principtca of tberigbl of nationa. I aulfered in being eipoaed aa a apectacle lo the rude gaze and cowantty inaultaof this rebel rout lauSeied impriaoimieDtofthecloseatlciiuli I aufiered froo tbe knowledge that aome of tbe very prisoner* who had eacaped fhim Qoliad men under tbe highest excitement weie the seDUneU of my prison who danmd one pm- ject after another lo aasaBsinaie me * I suffered the pain and indignity of having heavy irona Guteited to my pM»w to prevent my escape t in fine on the 30th June a* a climax to my sulTeringa I received an ordsr to march to 3 lt Jiad to be abot on the seme spot where Fanning and his foUowera suffered. I saw the approach of death with indifference the only feeling that mingled in my aorraws at being toni fbr ever from my children and the wife of my bosom was a tender thought of Mexico accompanied by a fear that her deatirtiea might be unhappy. Life «a^ however offered me and not thinking it worth aacriEcing to my country on a seat lold I liatened to the gervarouscoanaelB of Colonel B. Auatin towhotn I had rertdntd •ome aervices in Mexico and who touched at beholding me a priaoner and on tba point of death romemtiered in the Teiaa favora infinitely more ioaignificant thao tboae that had been entirely forgotten in ttie Capital and aought to aave me. Anstin recommended the captive general himself to write to Gen- eral Jackson whose character and influence were equally retpeeted by both parlies tn invoke his mediatian. In conformity with this *Io uiattier phev he obHrrei "To such a pass did iha infiiriUed spblt aiettad agaiost me proceed that eT«ry Tolunieer Ihooght hinuslf auihoriied to tale my IHi. On the Iwenty-aeventh of June a pistol ball was firod into tbe window of aiy prisui whleli p— H due to d bed and wh mar killing Colooel Alncate." Ccnld Sanla Aana hava Gassid br a DUHDSBt ta ftrgei his own preeiotia sel^ ha would not have Ailod to nard a trait at eouzaga displayed CQthk oecaioobythe partas'of hlsc^tmiy. At tbe momont thr psAil was fired Alnkoata was saatad with his back lo ihe window. Re inunsffiateEy spiaag to the window and eaelaunad i ** Sirs if you will have my life dooH shoot ise lik^ a dsar but likfl s man strike hero V layiiij^ his bsiKi apoe his hssrt. ItmsybsisniBrked tbslAlmoaio it paifocll marter of Ihe Ebglsdi laagnsge aad ihst ha BOW fill Ihs situalion of Chaise d'Aflaires to tbo Court of GreU Bntain. t Santa Anna might hive menllonedths fact that Qdonel AlmoMawas inmed fai thsnoM manner and that when ths shackles wore pntoa h« began Id dance a hornpipe i» Aa grsM amufsmontoThis keepoia whowerohosrdlopityihBfttsarsogansata maa whoae spirit aa reverses eoold anbduo. In the mgantimo Santa Aana sat dnlelnlly in ■ corner with senti- iDeDlaL tesis falling tVom his eyes at the sight of tbid *' deep indigniij offered lo the Praa^ deni of ths Meiicin Republic." Miaule is the lt ulhor lt ^ Ihe " MiniTesto " geDsnlly ■ ia his narrsikia of psrticulais he has also a moat coavenieDl sbtenea of aieiBOiy i^Mn it aoik bis purpose. ' 1S38 gt 1 Dttpticity of Santa Anna. 311 sdrice Santa Anna addressed a letter a that distiaghished person- which be significantly dated on the faarth of July. ' In this letler " he eontiniKS " 1 Battered the fkrorile pratensione of tbe Teius wilhont Tenturing any thing pontive I ezpnawd my deaira to wo the wwtenni. Dated and to behold Texaa eMablith her deinand to b« a nation through the paetAa medium ofnegotiacuMa 1 flattend the dininguiehed penonage to irbom my letter was addmacd deaeribing auch a result aa poiiiile abould Mexico and the United Stalea act in conceit and the only point upon which I brmaUy dwelt in my letter woa thathia influenoe Bbould be exerted to obtain my liberty inTirtueof the annulled contention of he 14th Uay which I oSored to Ailfil anew." It is not often that men are found hardy enough to confess to a Aystem of duplicity and still less to glory in their shame. But we hare an instance before us altogether uniqne in its kind and it n detailed with a n»iiv6l6 at vhicb we donbt whether to laugh or to blush with shame. If this and previous passages were translated tnto plain honest English would they not run as follows t — "I An- tonio Lopez de Santa Anna President of the Republic of Mezicn and Commander-in-Chief of her Armies — and yet no President of Mexico aa hanng merged that office in the station of Commander- In-Chief and yet no Commander-in-Chief that being annulled by my position as a prisoner of war — hare humbugged and do hereby humbug the Texan so styled authorities and what is more my brother President Genera Jaclison himself all of whom are innocent and utterly unaware of my mental reserration and are •imple enough to beltere thst they are treating with me as Chief of the Mexican nation and Commander-in-Chief of its armies but at which simplicity I laugh in my sleere " or to use Santa Anna's identical words p. 37. " Yo debo en cierto mttdo alegrarme de estaa eqniTocacionea " I ought in a certain manner to rejoice at these equirocatioHfl. The fact is that the great oversight of the Texans was that of not having given Santa Anna his liberty and conveyed him to the shores of his country the moment he had signed the treaty of May 14 which we publish below white amp sympathy was yet felt for him in Mexico — the true history of the Texan business being yet unknown and while his influence over the public mind was still alive. Under such circumstances there is little doubt but his influence would have been sufficient tn obtain eome of his stipolations in favor of Texas. But delay was fatal. Between the months of May and December the pul lic mind in Mexico had undergone an entire change the spell which had so long hung rouiul the name of the Hero of Tampieo this kind of •econd edition of Napoleon the Great was dissolved and the man was seen in all the nakedness not to aay ignominy of his actual poaition. Bnt we resume our translations from Santa Anna's narrative. " A copy of my letter was forwarded to Sr. Goroetim our Miniater at Waihing- lon and by him placed in the hands of Preiident Jackion and in the mean dma 3IS Hgxicoaitd Ttxtu. tl gt ec«niber. Colonel Amdn took un to drcolote it amoDg the Tczus. It bad the effect of eufagiog tbcm'to span my life in Tirtue of the hopes wilh which it flattered hen and my march to Qoliad vai luspended. The ideai finned by them of a ponible Inaiy between Mexico and Tcibj^ which iImj imagined wonld be gnaranleed by my acting as mediator in their bekalf fkoUiated the attainment of that liberty which vat aftorwarda granted me without bawarer rendering either the treaties of Hay or the letter of tbe 4th ofJnly obligatory on my port. Ithaaaheady been teen thai thane ware onnoUed and aa to the reidy given by Oenetal Jackson to my letter wUt it aoppoaea ideas on my part which I not only oerer expicaacd tat not eien eon- nind it boa bacome fiv me a weapon of deftnoe the man powofiil as it waa on- Idoyed to attack me. It ia to be ronaited that the Freoidem of the United State bglievaa that the principal object of my letter woa to put an end to tba diaaalsrs of ihi an war in Texas and to aak the interrenlion of the United Stalea to that effect that the eon*entioni signed by me on the 14th May were so signed by me in quality otRtprtmiatme/Maiica and that I claimed the intervention of bis country. Uy letter hsa but to be read lo see that il is written in my indifidoat capacity maniftat- ing a detire to see the struggle terminated by paciic negoliatioiw without proceeding to the ridiculous exlrtme of giving them on official character reserving that for tin nation. That 1 eddraaaed myself to a respectable nan beloved by the Texans and highly influertinl in the post he occupied in order that through bis medium but not in hia official character I might regain my liberty that there is not a ayllable in il nspecling tha inlerrention of the United States neither with reqiect to the latter object nor tbe putting an end to the war j nor in tbeae eonvenlions do I affirm that I acted as the RtpreaentaLlve of Mexico nor that I claimed tbe inlcrreiition of tba nation for their fulSlment nor 1 again repeat it fi gt r any other object than the interpo- sition of tiis personal influence lo obtain my liberty. I ought in a certain manner to rejoice at tbeae miatakei which tboagh they ftimished my enemies with arm* against me have called fiHth a dedarauon whieh doubtless will be received as a good proof of my innocence 1 . The upshot of tha matter ii this t wrote to Mr. Andrew Jackson and he rqilied to me as President of the United States of America. HeoBwhile the execution of tbe sentence of death intimatert to me on the SOlb Jane was suspended tlia Texan leader HotMion who had been to New Otieana ibrthecureof a wound receiTed in the bailie of San Jacinto returned loreaomalha command of the army and fill his political itation. Hia tetom waa maAed hf many acts of kindness towards me tbe first of which was to order the irons with which I bod been ignoroinioutly loaded tobe taken ol^ withaproniiaeof hiaenden- TOOTS to procure my liberty. An opinion prevalent among the Texana of the •xjstenee ot a treaty tor aaeuring tbeii independenoa throngfa tbe mediation of tha United States artd which anerwarda gained ground with tbe rest of the ikation favored hi* project. For from atlempting lo counteract this enonKius notion it waa convenient a* well to Honalon as to myself to atrengtben it and hence il was that I waaaAerwaidaenabledlotakemyjoumry by land through the heart of die United Stalea lo Washington. In the meantime the reply of General Jackaon to my letter leached me but not till the 33d October. The negative character of his letter was anotherproofof the uprightneaa of my conduct and of my bnng uninfluenced by no nnwoTthy motives. My liberty was not a coneequence of ihia letter nor of tbe con- Tenlions of the 14tfa May biit a apontaneoos act on the part of Houston • if he had any ulterior views he did not impart than to me alladging no other motiTe than thai of a generoaily for which I ahall ever be grate amp l. * Senla Aniu uighl hive added ■ oircnmtuiee of lAicb he was weQ awire vii tint he ma in ■ great meaaore Indebted for his libantkn ta a letter Written mnaly ia U* behalf to Oanenl HoiMton by a very inU'male friend of the QeDera bolding an elGeial ^ipointmeAt in Wuhingloii. -1838. 1 Santa Aana'a Journey to Waahington. 813 Three weightr motivM indooed me to nodertake a journey to Warfungton two of thsm oiuing from oeceraitj and tbe thiid ttoai puLilie eonveaieiKY. It wm important not to alarm the Texani but to coofinn them in the idea of my deferenca to their plane it wasoMtberpradeot noreecuntodiiect myctnirae toNewOrleana which wa* tbe fitcoe of the lerolution aa my retnm might be proTented. No auch ebetac.lw wood in the way of my journey to the Capital of the United Slates when ■y preaence withoat bearing my official character might enable me to obaerre tha pnhlieniindrelatiTetoounelTMaDd theTeiau and perhaps to deitroy eomeoftha idaiMer prepoeeanonaof the American Oabinet against Mexico. I reraaioed but lix 4aya in Washington where I leoeived the moat flattering marks of attention from Uts President of the nation and other ie8pei iBble person* who gave me their aeaur- ■nee* thai the friendly rclnlions of their country viih my own would suffer no tnierruption nor did I remark any disposition to press the recognition of the inde- paadeoce of Texas. In reference lomy letter of July 4 OeneralJacksondid nothing -more than repeat to me the assurances of hia fiiendty disposidon to mediule in th* aonteit between Slaiieo and Texas but neither my will nor the consciousness of my Wing inTested «ith no official character nor the invariable principles ncognisad fcytheChiefMagiilrate of that nation in his letter of the 4th September nor in fins My rery limited stay in thai Capital wer« elamenia or cireumMane«e not only not tOMOchide bulnoteTen lo originate any treaty conTantion or confldential arranga- ■sDt of any kind hsTing for its basis the sale of Texas aa the recogniiiofl of iu IndepeDdence i and I repeat it neither to tbe treaties of May which remained nul* and Toid nor to the reriTol of the same which was proposed but refused was I Indebted for my liberty but only to the generous efions of Mr. Samuel Houston to whom I ahall ever lire indebted. As lo my own countrymen tbe magnanimity of Ibait character is to me a suffldent guamuee that this my gratitude will not ba inputed as a treasonahle offence. To conclude my public career ia terminated. That its close was not crowned by rictory is a r^ult painful beyond measure to my feelings nor leas paihful it iti that my reputation as a soldier and sll that a Mexican can hold aa dear should have been lacerated that in plaea of a fiMling of compassion due to tbe misfbitune* of a priaoner some of my anemias bare so far moelced at my misery as lo cause to bs printed in the Capital the wriiinga of a Mirobeau Lamar and to talk of my death aa oTancTent worthy of a national jubilee. — In themeondme inthismy quiet retreati I hare no fkar that tbe itOecting part of my countrymen will be linjust to my deedti Bor bat history in recording the campaign in Texas will call Ibith a Uoah for my Modoet either btm my eooatty or linn poaterity. Amtoiro Lopk u Samti Awu." Mt»e» i* CUva May 10 1B37. On the 86th of jBnu amp ry Snnta Anna qnittfld Wttahingtou and proceeding by tray of Bftldmore embarked at Norfolk in the Pio- Deer a public Teasel provided for bini by the Prerident and which IVM ordered to convey him to Vera Cruz. On arrirlng at Vera Cmii Santa Anna sent one of hia frienda on shore to reeonnoitre weD aware that the public mind had undergone an entire change * and *Ttie truest indica^on of this are the Adlowisg dection rvtums of March let tat Iha Preaidxncy of the Repubbc Monad Gomel Fadraza • • . ft " Nicolas Br«TO - - - . 4 " Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • • t " 1 1 8o nucK fat the idol popnlarity lo worship which its TOtariea are coMolt fo mof to low and to Mcrilbo so much ^HKWIC 914 Mexico and Tixa». -A amp t it might not be pmdent to expose himself to efiecta or the genera indignation nov felt against him. The report made waa ■o far satisfactory as to induce to General to go on shore but Heu qaantnra mutants ab illo I The Hero of Tampica was seen to land almost in disguise none but a few curioat loungers met him upon the Mole no array of troops receired the Commander-in-Chief not a single cheer was heard the few friends who still adhered to him thinking it prudent to rem^n quietly at home and reserre their joy for a more favorable occasion. Santa Anna's country seat of Mango de Clavo is al about twelve miles distance from Vera Cruz and tfaither be imme- diately repaired to solace as he might his chagrin and disappoint dent in pastoral occupations "turning his sword into the plough- •hare and his spear into the pruning-book." Santa Anna's farm or rather domain for it extends thirty miles in length is one of the most noted in these quarters and is said to graze two or three thou- sand bead of cattle. The Ex-President is rich yet his economy ii ■aid to border upon meanness a quality which he shares in com- mon with his wife who was a plain farmer's daughter of industrious habits and whose whole learning is limited to a knowledge of the Yalue of what she has earned and of guarding it with a wstchfnl eye. Hence any thing but luxury presides at the table and domes- tic arrangements of Mango de CI amp to. And yet by an anomaly of character not unfrequent Santa Anna is said to be extravagantly addicted to gambling especially cockfighting in which he spends Immense sums and has been known to stake as much as twenty ' thonsand dollars on a single main. The facts here stated the truth of which may be relied upon afford some clue to the motive above spoken of which urged Santa Anna to make a forced march npon Galveston forgettful of that pmdenee and circumspection the absence of which threw him into the hands of General Houston. The following Mexican State Papers are here inserted as noces- aary to the correct understanding of the present article not leas than as curious historical documents LETTER or SANTA AKNA TO OBNKBAL JACKSOH. To OsanAA Amaaw lAonow PrtMmt qf tlu VniUd Statu qf AvuHea. COLVMStA in Tuu D Jul 4 IBSa. Mmm EsTBiMHD Sia In fblfilmsiU Of lbs dads* nltich {Mrintlim and hoDW iaipOM opod ■ pnblio nun I cwna la thii eoaniiy M tha hasd of SOOO Huieaiu. Tha ohuiMa eT w made iaaTitiibla by cbcunulwieai bara raducad ma In Iba candkioe at a prbonar la Which I itjll ramain aa rw ma hara alraadj laarned. Tha diapaoilioa STincad if Onanl Saamal Houstm Iha Ccmaiander-in-Chiaf of the Teiin tnuj and by hia aW' 1638. Ltturt of Santa Attna and General Jackson. 316 eowK Oeouil llwaH J. Bi^ Ibr Iha tnrninatBB oTllis ini^-«bs dacUooof Ihi Pi4H- daoi tad Cnbmsl of Tsiu is tarar ot a proper eampromiis betmcn Ihs coalending putlst ntd my own cooTietioa producod Iha cunTenlimii of which I land yoa Mplea tnckwid mat tbe orden giran by m* U Oanu* PiUula whan ba was pcaud U gt the othar nds of tfaa llrar Bnn del NorM. Aa ttaera wu no doabi that Qaosnt PHinta would raligimalr oonplyi aa Tar aa ooncsnad UnnelE ths Preaidenl aod Cabinal ogrud that I •bonkl *al off Tor HEika In ordar to flilfil Aa other angagenianla and with that btsnt I oibarked on boaid tha acbaoDar InTiniible which waa In moTaJ ua lo tha ponorVanCnu. Unfortnnalaly bomiai' aomeiDdiacraal pcnona laiaed a mob whiah obligad tha authoritiaa lo hlTO ma laodad by Ibita aod brought back iolD atriu c«{iliTiiy. Thia iacident baa prarenlad nw ftom gdng to Haiieii whars I ^onld othcrwiaa hava arriTad aarif in liat month ud in lonaaqnanca of it Ihs GoTem- Buat of that connlij doobileaa tgBonnt dT what baa oceurrad baa wilbdiawn tha eoamuod •r tha amy from Oaoeral FiliwU and hw ordarad hii •ncetawir Ganaial Urrta to eon- tiBBa iia oparuiooa. In obtdiaMM lo which onlai that Oananl It according to tha lataat OB c o o Bta already U tha rlvar Noacaa. In Tain hara aoma rtllacting and wnthjr man •Bdeanirad to damonalme Iha nasaaaity of modaradon and of my goiag lo Ueiico ueonl- feiff to tba eoaTtntioBj bat iha aicitamant of tba pnblic mind baa ineteaaad with tha retora •f IhaHaikaaaimy loTaxaa. Such ia ihs ataia of ihingi hara at praaanL nia coatiDaB- ttoo of Ihc war and at iia diaaaieii ia Ibarefcra inaTitabla imlaM tba roice of remo ba kaaid In propai tima from tb* month of Mxaa powarfnl indiridoal. It appsaia to ma ihM JOB air haT lt it in yoor powar to paribrm thia good ofiee bf intarfaiing in faTor of tha «»- •ntioa of the aaid aeanDtiso which ahall ba iKieUy fulfiUad on my pan. Whan I sfferwl lo tcsat with thia Gorammanl I wa* wioniicwl that it waa uaolaia foi Maiica lo continue tha war. I haTa ae uired euet infiinDUioB rtapacliag tbb eoontry which I did not poaacaa fear BOBIha agou I hara lao noch m*1 fcr Iha inurea of my canotry to wiah lor my thing ^tbkh ia not umpaiibl* with than . Baing alwaya raady to aacrifioa nyaair lor iM ghvy ■Dd adnnlaga I ngrer wgnld haTe haaiutad to lubjact inyialf to umulla and daalh ndiar Aan coBiant u any compromiH-Hf Meiko aoald ibaraby hare obtainad dia Lightaat banafiL I am firmly cDnrlnoed thai it ia propor to larminaia thia qoMtion by polilicil oego- ttatioB dial eaiilcliaa alona dstanunad me linctraly lo agna lo what faaa baen atipulatad t •Dd in tba Htm* apirit 1 make to yon Ihia iink decLaraliun. Be pleaaed air m TaTor ma by a iik« eauedaaee on your parti aOiKd ma ihe aatii amp etiiin oT cooiidering appiuachmg *rila aod of emthbuiiag lo that good which my baarl arlTiaea. Let Da eniar inia negoliatioai by wfaieh ths frtandaUp betwaan your milion and tha Haiican may ba ivcngibanad bMh baiaguiEably angagad in giring being ud •tabtlityiu a people who are daiimia of appaar- fag ia iha palitiul woiid and who under tha protaetioa of the two natlrau will attain 1 gt object In a A« yaan. Tha Haticuu are magnanlmoiii wiun treated with eooaideraiiaa. I will clearly aet bafiira them tha proper and hnmane raaaon which enjoin nobla and frank conduct on their O Lom gt ■ 9a gt ta a SBIflKAL JACKflON ■ KIPLT. Tlu PrMtdtnl ^ Ou UnUtd SttUm to Ou Prnidmt qf On Maiean fiqmUte. Tb Gen. Ahtdkio Lofbi di Sahta AnA 8n IhaTa tbahaoorloaeknowladgBlharaealplor ymrlaltaritf thalbatthof Jolylast which has bean brwardad to m* by aenenl Samnel Houalon mdar corar cfT ma from bim ttanamiitad by an aipreat from Oenual Oainea iriio la n oommmid of the United Bmte* ftreaa on tha Tamn frontier. Tba great objeet of theae eommnnicationa appeara to be to pal •a end to Ihe dkaatan wfaieh naceaaarily attend Iha cifil war Dow raging in Taiaa and aak* log rha blerpnaition of tha United Slataa in fhithaiing to homiDB and daiirabla a pnrpoea. Dull •ny wrll-lnlaDdad eAfet of youn hi aid of Ihia objacl ihould htra bean dafesMd ia € gt lcu.usd lo aulw ft« NftM «f »U who Jiady tffntkli* tha bUadtgi of ftuf ud «bo SIS Mtexieo amd TBta$. December lA* n lalanM ia tk« t»ain «hkk oomiOoU to ika ■ fiwiUj cf Hsiko Id ber iViniii«ti« w wall ■■ h*r tmifa nlMko*. Th* Oarennuol of lb* Dnited Wuum b arn- wuina to coltiftM pau« ud friendihCp Wkh all ulim. BiK it procgBdi «■ th« priocipla Hut til Mdim Iutb tbe right lo alter ■manrii or ctiu^ thair ami QmaniDUDl u tha aoTarsiga pornr lb« p«ap c may dirsct. Ia Uik raapoM it pBvar inierfaraa *ith Ihs polic of other powcn nar eu it pcnnil anj oa th* part oT athin with ha inurnal policj. CoadMCDtljr wfth tbia piincpla wluteTer m caa do lo roalora pcaca balwacn eoolandiiii Mtiona ur ramote tb* eana« oT niiiundcntiDding la ehaarliilJ J at tha aarrlM of thia« wbo an willjag la r*lj opon oat good oSeaa ■ a friiod Ib rafsraoea bomTer to Lb* a Ta«n«at wbteb foo aa tha raptwauadTe of Meiiea bar* Wda wilb Tuaa and which ianlea Iba inlacpoBllaa of tha Doitad StaNa fOD will u ooe« M* Ibal wa ara fbttiiddan bf ih« chanctar oT tha eaomnnieatiaiia Duda to Km ihmaxh tb* Maiiean Miaialer rrameoaaidariagiL Thai ODranuHBlbu Dodliadn* thai al long la yon 4r9 a priaoneri no act of yaat will ba ragardad aa biadiDg by tha Hexjean aDthoritieak Dadai ihcac eircumauuicFi it wiQ ba manirBat la yoi that good amp itb to Mexico aa wall aB dM ganaral prlncipla to which I hara adraTtad aa fbnping tha baaia of VOF iBtarcoana with •U loraigD powcn laaka it impaiibla fbr id* to uks any Rap lika IhU ya« hara aniicipatad. U howerar Haiieo ■bnald aignily her willingnaai la araii haraalf of our good oSeea In bfingiag about dia deainbla nault yoa bara dsactibed oMbbig aaold giva ma mora pleaam dMB to dcTota my boil aarricaa to It. To ba inalroBiavMl in tanaiaating tha arila of cfrfl Wv and in anbatitnliiig lt a Ifasir ataad tha b1cialn ^ of peaea ia a dirini pririlage. Ereiy IvramEWiit and tha paopla of all cooolrin ■hould feel H Ifaeir higfaeat bappineaa to cnjof ■■ opportonity sC hna manifcitiag thair lara of each other and their Intereal in iba genani frtneiplei which apply to them all na raeinbari at Ihe cnmmon iiunily of mui. . Your leitar and ibai oT GeDeral Hontan CiBiiauidaHa-Chierorthe Tetaaamy willba Btda tha boaiaofaa larly iataniew with tha Maiiaan Mlnlaier at Waabingion. They will baMan ay reCum to Waahington la wfaicb plaea I will aac oU la ■ l^w dayi expecting U IMdi h by Iha amp rtt of Oclobar. In tha maandme I hopa Hexka *ad Tena feelin that lt MTiilha graatBM ofcalamitiea wOlpanaa balbra aootber campaign ia undartakeii and can add la tha niuabar of thoaa accaai of bhudahed which bare already nurked tha pfttgreaa of AaLr ccaitaat and hare given ao much pain to Iheir GhriaLiaa IHenda Ihroogbaot the world- Thk ii atiu ondar oorar Id Oeaaral Honabui who will glra it a nfa connayaiKe to yoo. 1 an^ Tary raapactfiilly ■ICKIT TBZATTi AaUmio Lopea da Bank Anna OeDaral-in-CbiarDrtba Amy of Opanllaaa and PraBlesI irftha Haxtsan Kapnblie anleiODly ingagaa bhaactftottaGoranuBanlaatabliahad iaTaxi* to tha bUlnatit af tha Ibllowing articlaa aa ibUowa 1. Ha will But recnm lo laka anna nor will ha iMa hia iaAnenea for tha taking Dp Iha mw aKaial Sia Paopla of Taxaa dniing tha preatBt atnggla far iadependanca. a. Ha will make pmriaioDa En- the Taeallag of Iha arrilory of Taxaa by tha Haucai Bospa witbhl tha ihoclaal apnea of lime poaalble. 1. Ha will prapaifl Ihhigi in he Cabbel nf Nadea tx tha admioanaa of dia CooniaBin tn ba Beat by tha Oorantmant of Texaa in ordarOal tbroigh tha DHiium of nagodntioa Iba Jndapendanoa declared by iha conTenllca may ba and rewgniaed. i A tnaly of coomarea and friendly fbeling and ftr tha adjaatnenl of Iha baudanM batwaan Haxieo and TaxM ahail ba Bade Ihe tairitoiy of dia Utur not to aziand larthar thaa tha Rio Bnro del Nona. G. "Hia pmupi dapartoro of Genaral Santa Anna by Ihe way of Vara Crai being India- panaabla br carrying tola exacutioa Ike aolamn eadlB nude by hfan tha OartraBanl af Taxaa ahaU prorida a Taaael for that porpoaa without loaa of time. 1. Thia doeoBuiBt aa binding oa betk pailiaB ibaU ba aignad in du^ieata raBainiiit Mtlad tiU aoch tiou aa Aa raaaguUsB ia caatladad whan it ibati ba tvUnad in iha wmt 1838. Intended Policy of Mexico on ^ Conquest of TfaxM. 31T fino to Hb Eicsllener Ocnaniauu AiiB^«idibaIIba gt NMleol r n«*Mafttii gt ftMda« bj ma of Ihs caoInciiDg put **. Pert VtliucD Hij 11 IBM. AxTOMio Lorai DB SunrA AmA. Davis G. Busnr. J^m Coiumwtana Siertlars iif StaU. Batut Oaidsmav Seerttary of Slatt. P. H. Gratnin Attonui/ Qat»raL A curiosity will naturally be felt to know whftt eonrae of action Mezieo would in amp 11 prolability bare pursued in case of a re- occupation of Texas. Some light is thrown upon this subject in a commanication from Santa Anna to the Bupreme OoTemment dated from Head-quarters at the town of Guerrero February 10 1836 in which anticipating in imagination the re-eonquest of Texas* he drew up a series of regalatioas for the same as if actually con- quered. Litt le does he appear to have dreamed that at the rery moment of his penning this very singular document he was reali- siag the old prorerb — ' of coanting chickens before the eggs were hatcbed.' "To D. Jon Habu Toimi 3/RtiUltr ^ War and JUuruu. E^CHLUITT Sib 'Hn rhdj of opantioiki aadflr my command babig at Ita mftnb Id Bvju- I abaU fiad mjaalf inTolTad in diSciildsa ibcHild ant ih« Sopreme GoTammcDl laiiil DM Ihfl nacaiaaTj inatmctkiiia ai lo the lina of coodnct \o b« puraued bjma in ragazd to tha aaUlcn in Tuaa aflar I hara leducod Ih lt m to ordar. Id ray opialco It ia naceauy Ibal without loaa of dma Ihe EiaenliTB awl La i*lBtiii» bodiea ihould prooaed to eontidar what aaw reguUlioaa an to ba giren U Ihi* uoniry liM Ihe iaaliwiinu Ibr mj eondact may b* pceciaa ampla and dafiniliTa Ifaat I may acl pranplly and anitably to ha fntaraata of tha DMion. Aofanatad with a linly daon of ao-opantiDg to my ntmoM in thia graat mnk will HTiaw aa brisfly aa paaaible lh lt poiata in which In my riaw of tha anbjeot hey ahooid give tha aarl i eat attflntioa. Sappoaing Iba campaiga ta bs terminalad nothing appmn man Bilnral than to anmiiM tha unaea thai gara riaa to it. Soeh azamloatioa will ahow that theM DSgntafUl atdoi* proToksd ih« war j again it ia kaown that in caae of a war tha aggrtaaor ia raapcnaibla iiw Iha eonaatiDaBcaa and theraibrB tha rabeta of Taiaa ahonld definy tha haaTy eipeniea of tha march o tha army to lh lt froniiar. Bat In what zumnar ia the paymsat Of Iha debt iiiiiiaiaillj do* ID the nalioB to ba aiaelad 1 Upon thia important point it la naes^ary that ■ dafinitiTa uiawar abogld ba giTan ma. lilt neit qnaadon ia — What ia to be dene with tha Maiicao and foreign piiaaian takan by main fbree by upiialatioD or by aiimndar at dia- cratkail Again what ia to ba daw with tbair proparty and fiunOiMl Shall Ih»y be lan •at of tha Haptdilic i ahall thay ba aadt inle tlie iataiia' or be left ware they wen 1 And what ii to b* dona with tboae Anglo-Aauiion or Eoicpean aaitlera rta haTa taken no part a tha Tfnta amp m^ Uall they b« aant to tha bntiait or to tha gt «•* or hall their propettf le nloed and ahall they b« renuDented with other meant laada a- b money 1 There en ■tao aeTeral fbreignara who hB gt e iDtndoeed thenaelrea wiiboot pai« iuit or any raeognltlcB of the aathort^ of the Sapnblio Iheee it woold appear proper to tnat i* inndaia or ai leal to lend off at once ftcm the Haiican eoll. Tbtn are daoin TeiaaeonaidenhlanDaibenafelaTea iDtrodiieadtherabydwlTnuUiB BDder eeitaln pretazli of a^prenliceahlp. Tbeae aoearding a onr lawa onght to be free. Shall we longer permit iheaa nnh^ipy beioga to groan hi chain* in a eoootry wticae benefleent laws protect the Ubeity of man wtthom any dinlDOtianaredororoaitel Tbeae an poink of which it k hnportant to anUelpata Iha aaiaidentiOB and which I hope WfU be fettled wilh Mexico and Ttia». DilBiU nlas « mil is Amcrici u in EWope nd ihare i* no nsad ot iTauiiDg fbreignan witk than whui m cm mike u« cf Ihtm ootkItm. Hiliiv KUlsn afttr ihe moda of Umm MUbliihad bj Buhu in Siberia by Englsnd in Ihr E«t Indiea bj Spain banclf ia tllM* CDontriri trould la mj' opinkia be tuiublB far lh« Taiu. Ilvill alu be profcr llu' iba Oeaanl CrogrFu inntriul oT deTiring a new coloniialiai iao iboDld coiMn a plan by ■hiob Iba pa of ancb ciril and miliury emplnyfii ai an willing to BTaQ llwinHliea of meh •Bar may be fonncd into a capilal giTing ihem Im ihirdi of their doe in land and oaia ■■ Bonaf lor the formiPK » Iheir eiulilithmenu il being andenlnod tba^ lu gnard ngainat *biia«* the aoTenuornt ibill like itnog neaiDrel Ibr tba due regnUticm of the aaine and lor •Seeling the dnirvd epd. PnnB luch a meaHTe I an per*iMd»d Ihai iba grwaMat •dmatafei woold reaull to Iha hUhd among which lbs Grat would b« a dimiDDIioo of Iba aaagal •xpeaaait the lecoDd the population of Teia* bf Haiicana and thiH bjr amp r iha ■eat laponani of all the prnerralioa of the intefirllj of our teTiiloiT. Nor lai it b« naid Um we hare not UboHaua Haiicana capable of eaiabliabiDg iharaaeUea lt lt ■ the Hmita of o«r ftestkr whan in wj long journey from Uciico to thai point I ha** aaeartained thai iIm eaMniy ia the fact. 1 bare nbaerred in the pnpulatioBiDf 111* ftma and bamleta ibe b«Bl llia «iaitiiia to adTaaea aa piooFen into the inlerior the Diajor put of Ibem being cianpcavd of laboran and iheptaarJa. The caie may Im otherwiae in xreat ciliea where the kind of iadavtrj «iarcued by the maaa and unlbrtunately loo their demor«liaad flat* may diaqmli^ tb*B from any Mbar kiod of accupalim Ihm th* maaa amp ciune to which ih*y hara b««a bm^t ap. If the oikeit chil and milituy who had onatd Aeir pay tnto a capital war* cdilignlad ta pao Je their lands with Meiicani the reiull would be that a* many of their amp intljaa a« want to Iha Tcxaa *oold be ao many indiTidoal mprtxu tiagal letllainont* of land gnlliar- ia ronad them a mnlllliide of uaetul and laborioua banda. oa lb* other hand the Taxa* ■boold be peopled with E^ropeam or be left deaarted it wnold be neceiauy eoBatsntly ta maintain there a numeroua and increaiiag body of tioofH aipoaad in lb* flrat ioatuice ki contlntial Innada and annoyaacea liir be lh»e roretgnen of wbal aatke they migbl tbaj would ajwaya aasimilBIe more to the eoitoma and inlareili of their neighbm* Ihan of oor ptopla remoTed at ao great a diitance from Ihem and ia Iha aecoikd iiMuca Ih* aaid mepa would alwayi be eipoaed la a want of pimiiioiu in a country ao daaartad. But ba it aa it Biay it i* my firm peimaaioa Ihal «e ought not to Ton 111* riak a •ecoud tima of • ftonllai' eorarad either by Anglo-Americana or EuropeaDa aad Mill Ism «f th* landa lying ■poB our eoaiia which ihciuld not b* leA lt qien eTen to Iboaa who look no part in Ifae actual ratolaticio of Teua. If we liiien to the couniel* of pnideae* we ihall atatina tbam moaa ia the cantr* of th* fteptiblic in order not again to ejpoa* onnetraa to Jeuooi for wliieli ear tarmer iaadTericttce has paid ao deaily. Not mwt we Icae tigbt of Ifae fact that tha warwngad npga otur peitple by the barbfroua bordea upon oar frcaitiera ia famaaied by tba aakl aaltlen who ia eicbange for tha ailiclea racrlTad from tben fbniih than with ama aad ammaoiliiiaa a commerce aa iiJquilaaa ia ilacif aa it ii loenliT* to tba reck **a belnga who carry It in. All tfaeas are in my opiaim comiderttifaa wfaieh lb* Bapteme Gorem- ment ahould pr*a*Dt for the aclioa of tha legialili** bcdy towaida d*f oiliT* Bmngemanta bi rtnt^ to gt 'i* Teiaa. A Intal eipanmca oogbt to laad na m lb* coocliiaioa that each fcraifnan aa henceforth prenol Ibemselraa ai caadidatee brany eiril employ ahoald hava baea aaaiialiiad for the t«nB of at leaat ten yaara ahoald ba proprialora to a certaio amooDt aad abonld hav* aatabliabcd tbematlvea according to tha regulatidiia eiacted by law. Ca- la« tan^ aacb law* aa ibaaa be eatabliabed il will be impoaaible to freTeattbe inCmdnctiaa of lairicaa foraigneia who will "-■■■"•'"■'- Ibe reat by Ibair raTohtlkiiaiy Ideaa too maaj of wfaicb have alrauly takea root In the aoil of thia coaatry. But in order to carr^ into iffect Ibe abora mentioaed pla Ibr fbrminf a ca Hlal oolj a wy aaall portion of ibr tarriiory of Teiaa will ba required i and iriial ia to be doaa with tba ramaiadai of the faamasaa racaat laada of Ihia baaatiAil prorineal 8iippaaia that tlia boidata aad Ibe laad aii Bcant to the ahore are lo be paoplad with Heikaaa aa waa bafiva pnpoaad I aboald be of opiaioo that the aaid landa ought loba diridad iaio aoraa thia dna .. aa aCaa ibwld ba ertabljabad aimilar m i m land oficaa ia the Dnitad Btatas of America aad lAieh w* cog ol tba great aoiree* cf WMiih is thai BapiAlic. Thara Aa —» ■—— price per acre laking ibc good wiib the bad b tied by a deerea of Coagnaa at lae dollar aad a qovtai Bow coaHiderin Ibat obi landa are amidared to b* nparior in aT*ry rcipac t 1838. 1 Intended Policy of Mexico on the Congveat of Texaa. 319 to thna bera apolCBn et conld m not mII tha acre at * dollarT It Rppoan lo me *a cosld and am of qiinion tbM if the aale of thaaa lands M that priGs per icic na gnsled ill* •atlOD could find new reaonrcea for recmiting onr Otmiij and would at iha aams lima b* •piaading the bleniogDreiriliiatinD to iboaa plaeea wfaieb on the Hhar haod maj- retdUf b« braughi inLD rrequroi Dommnnicaitoa with the real af the Repuhlic 1^ meaiia of tk* HaiicaD Guir. If we ou Judge by the map* ihu IwTa beea mads and bj he relalioaa of peramii who ha gt a tnianed Teua a diffinnt iliiectiona Iliia terriUsy cannot cmttlB laM Iban a hundred millioni of acraa an eatimale that may corny aoma idea ^T ita imporunoa. But ID order u neoiniliie ibe iuflaencB which Eniopeana pnrchaaing landa migia aisi^ ■ol apaalting of Anglo- Amerietna Ibr they ought lo be aickidod in totc^ it mnld be proper ■M to call to Iha French Ibr example mora than fln millioa* of acrei lo the Gn^iib aa equal portion lo the Oemnns t. aomawbat greater qnanthf but to araiy nalioo ipeaking «r language no limiia might be ael iince neilber the inbabilanla oT Cdombia of Cnbi ef the Cacariea or of Old Spain feel uy deijre tu anile wilta our nation. Notbing could b* lot in makli^ Ibia easy and aacb might be gained and If w why ataoold we beaitaCe la eany Hinio eieeathnl Should il eorreapond to our wiahei in other wocda ahould Itn Ralian darire firom it aolid adrantagea It might aqneUy well be applied to Calilbniia Haw Maiiea Cotima OeaiaeOBleaa Ac. and Enproponioa ■* lt nr popnUlioa InereMea weabenld tare bciUlated reaooreea lor Iho nation witkul being prcdlgil of ber landa and wilboat baring bmmd bar lo a eontraci Cdlcnlated lo bring upon her min and diagiaca. The profeet ia fauibia for tha landa of Tene now bear a racogniaed ralae aa the lata rarolalion bai ■bown the main object of wfaieb wea in par^ to realiie tba Tslna of Ilie aame. To Congreal don it belong to take inch a meanin inio ila aaiioua conajderation optm which I do not Uliak I onght farlher to enlarge leit I ahould appear to Creapaaa npoo ill domain. •ay eiiating cireomMancea Inaimocb aa open amp clear new of ibia qaoition will depend ■ irealar or teaa degree of reaiauuice on the part of the raroltera in Tena whoae intereataaia aompromiaed therein I apeak of thegraota made by the Lagialature of Ibe State to Tarionn IndjTidnalB aa well Meticana aa foreignera. la what light are Lhoae granta to be conaideradl aa valid aince the revolt af tbeee who have been farored wiib ibem or aa null 1 Can thert be any enSeieni tide to aiithoriia the aaleaoriandaihat bare been made in the United S mm by the porebaaer* of the aame tbey tuH^iiog complied with the reqniaitioni of the law of •olmimiaal IihinknMt but Iconaider it very lt mpoTiaiit and of the atmoaimoment dial • daclamcion ahould be made by the Sorareign Congreaa on diia auhject or at leaat that prompt and ample tnaouetiDDB ahould be giren ma relalire Ihareto that I may in no w^ bee^Hke implicated in a reriaion of the aaid granta. It alao aeema proper for the Supreme OoreRimenlloeonnltreapecdngTBrisaa tribea Uial bare emigrated from the United State* lata onr larrilory and of whom adranlaga may be taken iniaTarof the Republic if cerUia landa are aaatgned Ibem. One oflbeee tr{be% the Cherokao rendered important aerricea N Ibe nation ia IStT and baa aa fhr aa I oodentand Ibe matter a niemn promiae Irom th* Gorammant of land ibr their aetllement — a promiae tbat haa not yet been complied wflh. And then what la U gt be done with the aaid tribea 7 Shall they be left witboai any guaranlM leating m in ancb e«a« eipoaed lo iheir hoadlitiea or ahall wa intimate to them tbat Onf But erecnote the eooDtry 1 All thia I repeal it ought to be taken inIo conaideratioB fD time if it be deniable that I ehotdd not walk in the dark. Aa Ibr the real I will do all ta my power to bring thing* to t probable imua but yet wilhonitha aid and inatmetiona ofib* OoremmenI and the Cbambera I fbreaee thai I may be ambarraaaBd in my delennfnatiaw. In aeeadanca with JoMJee i alaa think it my duty before eloaing Ihia ncle to monifeal U lb* Goramment the eipediaDOy and policy ofeatabUahingpremlnmaoflaBd branch leadei^ ■Saera and mop* •* may rolnntBrily wiah to rwnaia in Teiaa and lo wbon it may b* Ibou^t anilBbla to grant them. Il eppeera needln* la nrge tha ntility of thla maaanre atne* K nmet be erldanl al f rat eight hat the Gu^ar iha military are withdrawn Irom ibe bcaoB •f thefar fhmlUea and their meane ihe more liberally bsold Ihey be dealt with and so diii very endeavor to seDlribnl* to their eomfatt aiD Ibe raanhto the prevent oodertaking tn • fraal meaaora depend. Il appeal* lo me that a equare leafoe lo Ihe head* of the army half a league to Ihe olEeeie and a lot to each eiddler woold be •oSelent far thia purpoee. Ifl ■y view of Ihe tnbjecl lhe propoctkia* ar* iadlArost ■ gt IhM a proviiien of tha natnr* har* 01 Htwinat* ihi* aota^ witboui eaUfaig mmi partioBlaity tk* aUMien tt Ih* Oam* ^ oi .^ic 8K» Stanxa«. Dfleembar ^tnttolha ktSiamBtttlketitmtj ot UmiB iriih the Ualtad StatM oTAnnlBi wblcIihBi* «ft«n pTDTud iboitiTa and nhich it fp ■ gt iropDrUnl to bring to ■ ■psedy ooaclBiioo. tbi mfaHon flitnnrdlBuy wblch ■ceording la report Is b gt be Hnl o Wiahingtoa *UI umred^ presflnt a brorabla ufjpurtuuitf far BttoBung the desirwl end Mpectnllj eonajdonng iSt known intelligenes of the peittn Hiaetcd fm that office oT nagodsUOD. Hi* mutJl cf 1^ axajto cbo frontier will alio beililate iha demarcation of ths boandarr line. My view of ibe matter It in aBcordanoe with thg obaemiloa of the Preaident of the IJiiiied StstM of Aaitiica that on acunnl of the raToiotiin In Tanu it ia wall to prorogva lb* tarn tipB* hlBd is the laat traaly coDclDded with Meiieik 1 SEEK THEE NOT WHEN MIRTH IS HIGH. BY MBa. O. B..DA POHTB. 1 8«ek th«e not when mirth is high ■When homage beami from oTery eye. And el proclum thee fair. In houFH like these 1 do not more Around thee with light words of loTO— I feel thou art too dear I aeek thee not amid the throng Who faicinate with voice and song And kneel before ^ee there. Oh no I flatter not nor tow When othert kneel when others boW i feel thou art too dear. The vain and giddy follow thee. They proffer lore'a idolatryt l^ey murmur in thine ear 1 Ah little effort for that train LoTe's outward agony to feign. They feel not thou art dear. Believe that yet I love thee well. My eonl yet owna the secret apelt That whispers thon art dear — The spell that makes all language weak That sends the fever to my cheek Whenever thon art sear. "rioolp TALES OF THE PROVINCE-HOUBB. No. m. LADT ELKAKOBb'B KAHTLS. MiKB Aeellent friend th« landlord or the ProTinee-HoiiK wm pleased the other eTening to inrite Hr. Tifian mnd myself to w oj'iter Bupper. This slight mark of respect and gratitude as be lundsotneijr obserred was far less than the iogenioas tale-teller and I the humble note-taker of his narratives had fairly earned by the public notice which our joint lucubrations in the Democratic Re- view had attracted to hia establishment. Many a segar has been smoked within his premises— many a glass of wine or more potent aqua ritn had been quaffed — many a dinner had been eaten by curious strangers who sare for the fortunate conjunction of Mr. ^Any and me and the wide dissemination of our farorite journal would never hare ventured through that dsrksome avenue which ^ves access to the hftatoric precincts of the Province -House. In short if any credit be due to the courteous asaurances of Mr. Thomas Waite we had brought his forgotten mansion almost as effectually into public view as if we had thrown down the vulgar range of shoe-shops and dry-good stores which hides its aristo- cratic front from Washington street. It may be unadvisable how- ever to speak too loudly of the increased custom of the house lest Hr. Waite should find it difficult to renew his lease on so favorable terms as heretofore. Being thus welcomed as benefactors neither Mr. Tiffany nor my- self felt any tcruple in doing full justice to the good things that were ■et before us. If the feast were less magnificent than those same panelled walls had witnessed in a by-gone century — if mine boat presided with somewhat lees of stale than might hive befitted a successor of the royal Oovernors — if the guests made a less im- posing show than the bewiggcd and powdered and embroidered dignitaries who erst banqnetted at the gubernatorial table and now sleep within their armorial tombs on Copp's Hill or round King's Chapel — ^yei never I may boldly ssy did a more comfortable little party assemble in the Province- Ho use from Queen Anne's days to the Revolution. The occasion was rendered more interesting hj the presence of a venerable personage whose own actual reminis- cences went back to the epoch of Oage and Howe and even sup- plied him with a doubtful anecdote or two of Hutchinson. He wai one of that email and now all but extinguished class whose attach- ment to royally and to the colonial institutions and cnstoma that TOL. ni. NO. XII PIO. t' CtOoqIc 322 Totes of the Promnes'Houae. — So. III. December were connected with it h«d nerer yielded to the Democratic here- fliei of BftertimeB. The yoaag queen of Britain has not a more loyal subject in her realm — perhaps not one who would kneel berore her throne with such rereremial lore — as tbia old grandsire whose head has whitened beneath the mild away of the Kepublic which «tUl in his mellower moments he terms a usurpation. Yet prejn- dices BO obstinate hate not made him an ungentle or impracticable companion. If the truth must be told the life of the the aged loyalist baa been of such a scrambling and unsettled character-— he has had so little choice of friends and been so often destitute of any — tliat I doubt whether he would refuse a cup of kindness with either Oliver Cromwell or John Hancock to say nothing of any Democrat now upon the stage. In another paper of this series I may perhaps gire the reader a closer glimpse of his portrait. Our host in due season uncorked a bottle of Madeira of each exquisite perfume and admirable flaror that he surely must have discovered it in an ancient bin down deep beneath the deepest cel- Ur where some jolly old butler stored away the Governor's choicest wine and forgot to reveal the secret on his death gt bed. Peace to his red-noaed ghost and a libation to his memory I This precious liquor was imbibed by Mr. Tiffany with peculiar zest and after sipping the third glass it was his pleasure to give us one of the oddest legends which he had yet raked from the store-house where he keeps such matters with some suitable adornments from my own amp ncy it ran pretty much as follows Not long after Colonel Shule had assumed the Government of Massachusetts-bay now nearly a hundred and twenty years ago a young lady of rank and fortune arrived from England to claim his protection as her guardian. He was her distant relative but the nearest who had survived the gradual extinction of her family so that no more eligible shelter could be found for the rich and high- born Lady Eleanore Rochclifie than within the Province- House of a trans-atlantic colony. The consort of Governor Shute morecrver had been as a mother to her childhood and was now anxious to re- ceive her in the hope that a beautiful young woman would be ex- posed to infinitely less peril from the primitive society of New Eng- land than amid the arUficea and corruptions of a court. If either the Qovernor or his lady had especially consulted their own eom- fbrt they would probably have sought to devolve the responsibili^ on other hands since with some noble and splendid trails of charac- ter. Lady Eleanore was remarkable for a hanh unyielding pride a hangh^ consciousness of her bpreditary and personal advantages which made her almost incapable of control. Judging from manjr traditionary anecdotea this peculiar temper was hardly less UwB a monamania or if the acts which it inspired were those of a aaas i83a tody EUanore's Mantle. 323 person it seemed due from Proridence that pride so flinful ationld be Tollowed hy as aevere a retribution. That tinge of the marvel- OUB which tB thrown oTer so many of these half- for gotten legend* has probably imparted an additional wildneas to the strange story of Lady Eleanore Rodicliffe. The ship in which she came passenger had arrived at Newport whence Lady Eleanore was cooTeyed to Boston in the Governor's eoach attended by a small escort of gentlemen on horseback. The ponderous equipage with ita four black horses attracted much notice ■s it rumbled through Gornhill inrrounded by the prancing steeds of half a dozen cavaliers with swords dangling to their stirrups and pistols at their holsters. Through the large glass windows of the coach as it rolled along the people could discern the figure of Iiady Eleanore strangely combining an almost queenly stateliness with the grace and beauty of a maiden in her teens. A singular tale had got abroad among the ladies of the province that their fair rival was indebted fur much of the irresistible charm of her ap- pearance to a certain article of dress — an embroidered mantle — which had been wrought by the most skilful artist in London and possessed even magieal properties of adornment. On the present occasion however she owed nothing to the witchery of dress being clad in a riding-habit of velvet which would have appeared stiff and ungracefnl on any other form. The coachman reined in his four black steeds and the whola ca- valcade came to a pause in front of the contorted iron balustrade that fenced the Province-House from the public street. It was an awkward coincidence that the bell of the Old' South was josi ^«n tolling for a funeral bo that Instead of the gladsome peal with which it was customary to announce the arrival of distinguiahed strangers Lady Eleanore Rochcliffe was aehered by a doleful clang as if calamity had come embodied in her beautiful person. "A very great disrespect " exclaimed Captain Langford an Eng- lish officer who had recently brought despatches to Governor Shute "The funeral should have been deferred lest Lady Eleanore's spiriu be affected by such a dismal welcome. « With your pardon sir " replied Doetor Clarke a physician and a fomons champion of the popular party "whatever the heralds nay pretend a dead beggar must have precedence of a living queea. King Death confers high privileges." These remarks were interchanged while the speaker* waited a passage through the crowd which had gathered on each side of the gateway leaving an open avenue to the portal of the Provinee- House. A black slave in livery now leaped from behind the coach and threw open the door while at the same moment Governor Bhnle descended the flight of steps from bis mansion to assist Lady Elea- nore in alighting. But the Governor's stalely approach was aatiei* 394 Talea of the Province-Hotue.—No. III. Dwenbar. pftted In a manner that excited g^aenl BatonlshiHnt A pale jonog IDBD with his black hair all in diBorder ruihed from the throng aod proitrated himulf beside the coach thus offering his person aa a fooUtool for Lady Eleanore Rochcliffe to tread upon. She held back an inatant yet with an expression as if doubting whether the young man were worthy to bear the weight of her footstep rather than diaaatisfied to receire aneh awful reverence from a fellow- " Up sir " said the Oorernor sternly at the same time lifting his eane orer the intruder. "What means the Bedlamite by this freak." "Nay " answered Lady Eleanore playfully but with more acorn than pity in her tone "your excellency shall not strike him. W for doubt that the contagion bad lurked in that gorgeous mantie which threw ■o strange a grace around her at the festival. Its fantastic splendor had been conceived in the delirious brain of a woman on her death- bed and was the last toil of her stiffening finf^ers which had inter- woven fate and misery with its golden threads. This dark Ule whispered at first was now bruited far and wide. The people raved against the lady Elesnore and cried out hat her pride and scorn had evoked a fiend and that between them both this raon* strous evil had been born. At times their rage and despair took the semblance of grinning mirth and whenever the red flag of the pestilence was hoisted over another and yet toother door they clapl their hands and shouted through the streets in bitter moekery "Behold a new triumph for the Lady Eleanore." S30 ' Tales of the Provinee-JIoua6.—No. III. Deewnbei One day in the midst of these dismal timei a wild figure ap- proached the portal of the Frorince-House and folding his arms stood eon templa ting the scarlet banner which a passing breexe shook fitfully as if to fling abroad the contagion that it typified. At lengdi climbing one of the pillars by means of the iron balus- trade he took down the flag and entered the mansion waring It abore his head. At the foot of the staircase he met the Governor booted and spurred with his cloak drawn around him evidently on the point of setting forth upon a journey. "Wretched lunatic what do you seek here " exclaimed Shute extending bis cane to guard himself from contacL "There is nothing here but death. Back — or you will meet him I " " Death will not touch me the banner-bearer of the pestilence " cried Jerrase Helwyse shaking the red flag alofl. "Death and the pestilence who wears the aspect of the Lady Eleanore will walk through the streets to-night and I must march before them with thia banner " "Why do I waste words on the fallen " muttered the Oorernor drawing his cloak acroas his month. "What matters his miserable life when none of us are sure of twelre hours' breath On fool to your own destruction 1 " He made way for Jervase Helwyse who immediately ascended the staircase but on the first landing-place was arrested by the firm grasp of a hand upon his shoulder. Looking fiercely up with n madman's impulse to struggle with and rend asunder his oppo- nent he found himself powerless beneath a calm stern eye which possesses the mysterious property of quelling frenzy at its heighL The person whom he had now encountered was the physician Do lt y tor Clarke the duties of whose sad profession had led him to the Province-House where he was an infrequent gaeat in more pros- perous times. "Tonng nun what is your purpose " demanded he* "I seek the Lady Eleanore " answered Jervaie Helwyse sab' misrirely. " All have fled from her " said the physician. " Why do yon seek her now I tell you youth her nnrse fell death-stricken on the threshold of that fatal chamber. Know ye not that never came such a curse to our shores as thia lorely Lady Kleanorel that her breath has filled the air with poison — that she has shaken pes- tilence and death upon the land from the folds of her accursed mantle t " " Let me look upon her " rejoined the mad youth more wildly. "Let me behold her in her awful beauty clad in the regal gar- ments of the pestilence 1 She and Death sit on a throne together. Let me kneel down before them " "Poor youthi" sud Doctor Clarke and moved by ft deep sense 1S88. 1 Xady Ehanore'a Mantle. 3^1 of human weakneM a smile of caustic humor curled his lip even thea. "Wilt thou still worship the destroyer and surround her. image with fantasies the more magnificent the more evit she has wrought t Thus man doth erer to his tyrants Approach then 1 Madness as I have noted has that good efficacy that it will guard you from contagion — and perchance its own cure may be found in yonder chamber." Aacending another flight of stairs he threw open a door and signed to Jervase Helwyse that he should enter. The poor luna- tic it seems probable had cheriEhed a delusion that his haughty mistress aat in state unharmed herself by the pestilential influence which as by enchantment she scattered round about her. He dreamed no doubt that her beauty was not dimmed but brighten- ed into superhuman splendor. With such anticipations be stole rererentiatly to the door at which the physician stood but paused upon the threshold gazing fearfully into the gloom of the darltened chamber. " Where is the Lady £leanore T " whispered he " Call her " replied the physician. " Lady Ele amp nore I — Princess — Queen of Death " cried Jerrase Helwyse advancing three steps into the chamber "She is not here There on yonder table I behold the sparkle of a diamond which once she wore upon her bosom. There " — and he shuddered — " there hangs her mantle on which a dead woman embroidereda spell of dreadful potency. But where is the Lady Eleanore " Something stirred within the silken curtains of a canopied bed and a low moan was uttered which listening intently Jervase Helwyse began to distinguish as a woman's roice complaining dolefully of thirst He fancied eTen that he recognized its tones. " My throat— my throat is scorched " murmured the voice. ■' A drop of vater " " What thing art thou t" said the brain-itrieken youth drawing near the bed and tearing aaunder its curtains. " Whose voice hast thou stolen for thy murmurs and miserable petitions as if Lady Elea- nore could be conscious of mortal infirmity I Fie I Heap of de- ceased mortality why lurkesl thou in my lady's chamberl " "Oh Jervase Helwyse "said the voice — and as it spoke the figure contorted itself struggling to hide its blasted face — " look not now on the woman you once loved The curse of Heaven hath striken me because I would not call man my brother nor woman sister. I wrapt myself in pride as in a mantle and scorned the sympathies of nature and therefore has nature made Uiis wretched body the medium of a dreadful sympathy. You are avenged — they are all avenged — for I am Eleanore Rochcliffe " The malice of his mental disease the bitterness lurking at the bottom of his heart mad as he was for a blighted and ruined life. ^ oi .^ic 33S Talsa of ^ Province- Hottae.— If o. ni. Dtewtibm ind lore that had Iteen paid with cruel acoTn awoke within the breut of Jerrue Helwjrge. He ihook his finger at the wretched girt and the chamber echoed the curtains of he bed were ahakes with hiB outburst of insane merriment. "Another triumphfortheLadyEleanore " heeried. "Allhara been her Ticlims Who so worthy to be the final victim as herselft" Impelled hj some new fantasy of hii crazed intellect he snatch- ed the fatal mantle and rushed from the chamber and the hons^ That night a procession passed by torch light through the streets bearing in the midst the figure of a woman enveloped with a rCehly embroidered mantle while in advance stalked Jervase Helwyse waving the red flag of the pestilence. Arriving opposite the Pro- vince-Honse the mob bnmed the effigy and a strong wind cam« and swept away the ashes. I was said diat from that very hour the pestilence abated as if its sway had some mysterious connec- tlon from the first plague-stroke to the last with Lady Eleanore'a mtntle. A remaikable uncertainty broods over that unhappy lady's Ate. There is a belief however that in a certain chamber of this mansion a female form may sometimes be duskily discerned shrink- ing into the darkest comer and muffling her face within an em- broider^ mantle. Supposing the legend true can this be other than the once proud Lady Eleanore T Mine host and the old loyalist and I bestowed no little warmth of applauae npon this narrative in which we had all been deeply interested for the reader can scarcely conceive bow unspeskably the eflect of such a tale ia heightened when as in the present case we may repose perfect confidence in the veracity of him who tells it For my own part knowing how scrupulous is Hr. TiSany to settle the foundation of his facts I could not have believed him one whit the more faithfully had he professed himself an eye-witness of he doings and sufferings of poor lady Eleanore. Some sceptica it Is tme might demand documentary evidence or even require him to produce the embroidered mantle forgetting that it was consumed to ashes. But now the old loyalist whose blood was warmed by the good cheer began to talk in his turn about the traditions of the Province-House and hinted that he if it were agreeable might add a few reminiscences to our legendary stock. Mr Tiihny fasving no cause to dread a rival immediately besought him to favor ua with a specimen my own entreaties of course were nrged to the same effect and our venerable guest well pleaaed to find willing auditors awaited only the return of Mr. Thomas Waite who had been summoned forlh to provide accommodations for seve- ral new arrivals. Perchance the public — but be this as its own ca- price and ours shall settle the matter — may read the result in another Tale of the'ProviDce-Honae. LOVE'S DOMINION. The infant world beneath the sun's vann gut Was lovely ■■ a seraph's song of praise The Terdsnt branches of the shadowy trees 3 by Google love' a Dominion. IDeMmber* Wist smiles of pure emotion Hgfat h«r bee. As oft {ncliniog with nnconscioos gntx. She fessts her eyes wiih fond natiring gue On this the firstling of the flocli — what praise From the heart's IWing eltar freely given le upward borne on angel wings to Heaven Oh with what earnest and beseeching tone Her pnyerts breatbed before Creation's throiw That the dear pledge of love may lire to know. Each joy that this world's Ireas'ry can bestow And when no more in movtal vesture drest Wing his bright way to realms forever blesL Whatever ties there be our thoughts can scan Which bind the mortal to his fellow-man Whste'er the time condition or the place There is no feeling known to Adam's race. No earthly tie the human heart can move. Exceeds in tenderness a mother's love. But yeami the mother towards her darling boy Her hope her pride her comfort and her joy Does she so oh in solemn hour of night Watch his soft breathings by the taper's light RelucUnt still to sink 'nesth slumbers charm Lest her beloved should haply come to harm. Fancying awhile some dread and distant day. When thronging evils shall beset his way . And as maternal weakness swells her fears Trying in vain to check the rush of tears Pours she from out affection's sacred urn. This gushing flow of love without return T Ah no I these feelings in her bosom stored. Find in her offspring's love a rich reward When in the morn he lifts his bird-like voice Her answ'ring smile bids his young heart rejtdee. And as she clasps him with a pore embrace. Her glowing kisses greet his joyous face He looks to her with hope and trust and pridSt Alike his friend his counsellor and guide She leads his footsteps in the path of truth. And moulds aright the pliancy of yonth Heart leaps to heart aoul fnswers unto aonl. Mother and child delight in love's eontroL Google 1638.1 laite^a Dominion. 331 The leene Ihe bo^ ii changed I the marco of tiine Has led hjtn on to youth's luxuriant prime The hot blood courses through his heilthfol firame And his heart burns — hut with a norel flame. Fatt by that stream whose playful wavelets danefti Beneath the young moon's mild and tender glance Wliere the wind whispers to the quiet grore. That yoatb reTcals the story of his loTe Never did moon on fairer features beam. Ne'er was reflected io Ihe rural stream More sylph'lilte form than that bia arni enwreathea. While be with trembling roiee his passion brealhea There all unneTved by lore and hope and fear She lends a willing though a timid ear And amiles and tears and blushes will rereal . That which she cannot apeak — or yet conceal I The bird of music as in twilight dim. He sings reposing Nature's vesper hymn Boasts not of tones so thrilling or so sweet. As lovers' vows poured forth at maiden 'a feet Ay conld we hear the music of the sky When stars swell out the choral harmony With which they sing forth from the realma of light All bail I thou jirpa queen of love and night. That song celestial soon the ear would tire. Compared with words that flow from hearts of fire. Our youthful loves '. who does not on the track Of by gone ye^ra with wistful eye look back. Upon the sunny time when one dear theme Filled up each waking hour each mystic dream. When passion taste and sentinvnt combined To tinge with golden hues the trustful mind. Lots comes in other shapes new forms she wears. Though still the sane in various garb sppeart When the gay visions of our youth depart Connubial love supremely rules the heajl. Uniting kindred spirits firm and fast True through all scenes and faithful to the hwL 80 when the rainbow colors one by one Fade from the place where momently they shoos Google hsme'a Dominion. Deeen Then itill nmaina to the ulmiring view. The pure expanie of Hearen's unclouded blue. Oh thou for whom the powers on high provide A bleased treasure in that lorely bride Tif thine to nourish shelter and protect Let 10T« be mingled with a sweet respect Nor let amp careiesa word or blameful deed luvads her peace or make that fond heart bleed 80 Hymen's torch shall burn with constant light Sapremeljr mild and beautifully bright. Thongh strong the tie that binds thee to thj home^ A stronger bUU may summon thee to roam. To leare the chosen partner of thy days. And that loved spot where bleat affection'a raya. 8hed a mild light upon the household hearth. Believe its woe and aanclify its mirdi. The troubled land is filled with war's alarma. And the loud cry reeonnds io arras to armsl Though nuptial love leaves not his noble breaat. Tie loM of country calls him from his rest He flies to where that country's flag is borne. Where rolls the drum and sounds the echoing horn. Where rally stern-browed men a dauntles band. The biare defeoders of their bther-Iand And as the trumpet's onset note rings nut. And eager thousands raise the battle shout He with a solemn vow his falchion drawa Nerved by the hope that gilds his glorious cause. While rages nov^ the hot and earnest strife How lives the lovely and the lonely wifeT Does she in weakness to regret give way And mourn with tears the well- remembered 'day. When that domestic bond was rent in twain Which ne'er on earth might be re-knit again T 8ee where the lattice in the evening hour. Opened to catch the south wind's balmy power Allows that breeze to fan the clustering locks Which half conceal a face whose beauty mocks The limner's pencil and the poet's pen There bends a form beneath Ih' all seeing km I . Googlc 3 amp I Love''» Dominion. 33T Of th* eternal Father — there lowly kneela Th amp t guilelesB vife — there each desire rereals And with a touching earneBtness implores. That he whom her fond heart almost adores Hay all nnvisited by war's fierce harms Safely return to her expectant arms. "But sdll" she prays "whate'er his fete mxy be Let nothing wean me oh my God from thee Let nothing weaken that true faith I owe To thee who ev'ry hlesaing did'at bestow. And if thy will no other fate allows And Death's fell shaft must reach my warrior spoau As brKve and good men perish may he fall. And patriot tears bedew his honored pal To his last hours may jieaceful thoughts be given And Freedom's martyr find » home in Heaven " Fond virtuous Wife 1 the love that bears thee np. To taste unquestioned any bitter cup Thy Maker's wisdom may prepare for thee. And bow in meekness to the just decree That love shall shelter thee whate'er betide A guardian angel ever at thy side And though black clouds should gather o'er life's sea While rage the wild-winds of adversity Though terrors come with each advancing wave The {one of Chd remains to shield and save. Time still rolls on — the direful voice of war. Is hushed to silence and is heard no more The hum of labor greets each coming day And household joy resumes her former sway. He who the humble suppliant ever hears. Answers that fond Wife's meek but earnest prayers And safely passed through scenes of strife and pain The war-worn husband finds his home again. Domeiljc Love endears his nirel rest. And sons and dHUghters rise and call him blest Old age at last comes on with gentle pace And touches manhood with a reverend grace His children's children climb his trembling knee. And make their grandsire share their playful glee »oi. m. Ko. ni.-Bio^ w Goo^k Lmt'a Dominion. Xl^KOistA Or else implore the good old man to tell The oft-told ule they love to hear so well How Independence was maintained and bought How foes retreated and how freemen fought How noble men in days long past and gone. Their rights supported and their glory woO And sUll remained despite the tyrant's rod True to tbemselres their eonatry and their God. At last his shortened breath and weakened frame. The coming of the final hour proclaim Iiove ministers beside his dying bed imth tender care supports his aged head "Wth reverence listens unto each reqnest Soothes every pang and watches o'er his rest Love stoops to catch the last the solemn sigb That speaks his entrance on eternity Iiove keeps her vigils by his sacred tomb. And plants fresh flowers around that narrow home. Thus in our childhood's hour Love watches near And still attends us through each psssiog year Comes to our side when first we dr amp w our breath. Gives joy to Life and takes the sting from Death. Though yet Love reigns not with undoubted sway And lawless Passion still will have her day. Though Heaven's best gifts are blent with earth's alloy. And all-imperfect is each hnmsn joy A lime in God's just providence draws near When Love in perfect aspect shall appear. Sages of old with Inspiration's eye Have scanned the regions of futurity And through the thickness of its curtained gloom. Beheld the glories of an sze tn come When by the forest's lord the Iamb shall lay. And guileless babes unharmed niih serpent's play When 6in shall conquered lie with Pain and Strife And Holiness walk hand in hand with Life. Come blessed hour when war and woe shall eease^- And the Sun's rays illume a world at peace. When earth below like yon blue heaven above Shall rest in Joy in Innocence and Love Google ROMANCE OF AMERICAN HISTORY NO. II. WXBT POINT. A TALE OF TKKABOIT. JJjr the Anther ef " Btrton " " Z^Jiae " fe. {Concltiicd from page 250. D.D.t.zea by Google 340 Romance of American Htetory. — iVo. H. December a* them. Good night." Thus spe amp king he released hii hold of the pistol and entered the dwelling. Mortified at his want of succeBS indignant at the snppased card* lessneas of Arnold and not a litde alarineJ at the danger of being discovered i^jthin the American lines the yonog man stood s^ll for a moment with indecision. Then approaching a light Smithson had placed in a window he nnfiilded Arnold's passport which h« had not yet examined to see to what extent it could protect him. To his surprise and iniinite relief he saw that tliere were two pass- ports o ie authorising him to return to New York by land the other by water with duplicates for Smithson -who was directed to ses Mr. John Anderson safe beyond the American lines. With a face from which all traces of anxiety had disappeared ba entered the room and placed the passports in Smithson's hands. The man read tliem twice over with the most annoying deliberation and without speaking placed his own passport in his pocket and re- turned the others resumed his dreadnaughtand flapped hat walked out of the house and gazed steadily at the eastern skiea for a few aeconds when he spoke " Mr. Anderson it will be day-break in twenty minutes. It is no use trying to get back to the Vulture for it's flood tide and blow- ing a dead head wind. The best oarsman on the Hudson could'nt pull to her before ten o'clock and during that time there's no knowing what might happen to as. I would'nt tike to tmst myself in a boat for there are boat-rower's along shore that little care for passports. We must ride to King's ferry just abore here and cross to Verplanck's Point and so go down on the west side if you want to get to New York." After putting a few qaestioni to him Andr£ was satisfied that the danger by land was less than by the river and that there remained no alternative but to take the land route. Hitherto he had worn his uniform concealed even from Smith- son beneath his great coat but he saw the danger of travelling in this manner and the necessity of sppearing simply as a plain citi- zen. To effect this change it became necessary to make a confi- dant in some sort of his guide. "Smithson " he said as the other was busily saddling a second horse " if you have a worn coat I should like to exchange mine for it as I fear the one I wear may subject me to suspicions." Aa he ■poke he approached the light in the window and throw opea hit surtont. The eyes of the man opened with surprise as they fell on the danling uniform of a BriClsh officer of high rank. " By the twelve apostles " he said advancing " this is a diseorery. A British officer in the " "Hush my dear fellow " said Aodr^ affecting the Toie« and 1888. West Point.— A Tale of Treason. 341 siBDner of an exquiiite — " a — a — you see a— Mr. Smithaon — that we yoqng fellowa a — that is you know — we like to dress gaily — " "Well." "Why — s— foolish vanity a — that Is all — nothing more I assure yon — I thoughtl might fall in with some of the prettyruBttcs^Ha ha ha you understand me Smilhson my good fellow ha T — and flo I borrowed this coat of an old acquaintance. You take ha " "D — n your gibberish " muttered Smithson and then added in a tone of supreme contempt " Yes 1 understand." From that moment Mr. Smithson set down Mr. Anderson aa one of the genus between the ourang ontang and human. Whether the young man succeeded in blinding him altogether was doubtful but he made no further remark and went into the house with the gorgeous uniform in his hands and returned with a claret-colored coat and nankeen waistcoat which Andrfi put on covering his head with a round hat and wrapping himself again in his blue overcoat. In a tkw minutes the horses were ready and mounting they mored away from the house at a fait trot in the direction of King's ferry. en APT Em KIOHTH. About nine o'clock the raoraing following these events on amp broad hill-side that swept from a ridge half a mile from the Hudson to its shores and within sight of the village of Tarry-town a forag- ing party consisting of diree yeomen were seated on the ground beneath a tree playing at cards. The tree stood a little retired from n public road which coming from the village below wound across the face of the hill and disappeared over the ridge towards the in- terior. Each of them had a powder born and shot pouch slung over bis shoulder while a muakel lay across the knees of one and a rifle and long dnckittg-gnn stood against a tree where apparently they bad been placed by the others to leave them more at liberty to pnr- •ae their pastime. Although intent on their game every few seconds they lifted their heads and took a keen survey of the road. "Trumps " exclaimed one slapping the card down upon bis bnwny thigh. "Itayonr trick John by the livin' Jerasaleml" eried he with tiie musket. "Lock's aginmethis momin' boyi "said the third a stout bnltt jolly faeed former with a twinkle in his eye and a globular nose on which was scored in carmine many a deep potation *'I'l into the road and see if I can't find some better la'ek with game of another iort " " If you ean light on one of them ere tory cow-boys Ike we are OB the look out for driving our yankee cattle to make beef for John 34 amp Romance of American Hialory.—No. II December Bull's CBTGUS down in York 1 11 give up erery copper I've won on ^e " aaid the first speaker a thin cadsyerous looking man with long legs and lon^ hair. " Then fork out Davy for here comes a prize as good or tamj I never take aim again at the sun with the butt-ead of a qoart-pot" The men iprnng to their feet seized their gnns and joined their comrade in the wood. "Whose cut and deal is thisT" said the last speaker pointing np the road along which a single horseman was advancing at the best speed he conld get oat of a jaded horse. At the period of which we write there was a tract of eonntry along the East bank of the Hudson between the American and Briti^ lines called the Neutral ground thirty miles wide. By a law of the State of New York any person was authorised to seize and con- Tert to his own use all horses and cattle or beef that should be driven across it southward towards the British lines if it was taken within ten miles of these lines. The consequence was that the whole of the neutral ground was closely watched by the inhabitants who sallied from their homes in small parties and waylaid the high roads so that it was difficult for the cow-boys whose occupation was stealing cows for the ' lo^wer camp ' to get with their booty safely across the debateabte land. Stragglers and all suspicious persons were also stopped and made to give an account of themselves and not unfreqoently peaceful travellers were civilly invited to pay toll of a few dollars to some of these guardians of the roads who were not over nice in their distinctions between those who drove horaes and those who rode upon them. With his ezplanatioii the eharao- ter of the party in question wilt be readily seen. "He's a gentlemen-like looking chap " said he of the cmrmim nose who had been called Ike " broadcloth and boots and a heavy purse I'll warrant me." "You're always thinkin o' the purees Ike " said he of the long limbs "Iwould'nt wonder ifnstur' had'nt gen ye a spice o 'the foot-pad in your liver. Gome John suppose you step out and speak to him " he said addressing the winner at cards a sobatantial r^ apectable-looking young farmer " if Ike docs it it will be like yoor regular hauditty one o' your touch and go. We must stand by the honor o' the country at all odds." ' The one addressed stepped in advance of his comrades towards the horseman who was looking as he rode earnestly towards » reasel of war some miles above on the river and did not see the man until he came within twenty paces of him when he suddenly checked his horse the next instant he spurred him on as if he would pass him at full speed reined him up before the glittering bayonet levelled at hie chest and then making a demi-volte across die road buried his spurs deep and would have dashed past but the cool yeonuui canght the animal amp rmly by the nostrils aad check- 1838. West Point.— A Tale of Treason. 343 ed him bo suddenly a gt o throv him backward nearly npon hts Itannches. "It was well doae air " said the yeoman "no doubt yon are Itt ft hurry but then we want to become a little acquainted with you before yon trare forther. The times are out of joint and we know not true men from bad." The stranger waa enveloped in a blue great coat buttoned to th* neek. with nankeen breeches and military boots and an ordinary black hat and had that indeacribable air and manner that betrays mder the meanest disguises the gentleman and aoldier. " Gentle- Aien " he said in a collected manner as the rest of the party cams ty gt "I hope you belong to our party " ** Which party t" asked the first. •• The lower party." "Aye aye that we do don't we Davy t" said the knight of th* carmine. "Tobeanret what else does the gentleman think T" replied h» of the long hair winking at his fellow. "I am glad to learn it " replied Major Andr£ whom the reader has already recognised. From Smithsan's house he bad croased King's ferry and ridden soathward along the eastern side under tha guidance of Smithson and only dismissed him a few miles baek when he entered the neutral ground where he considered himself comparatively secure. From the top of the ridge above alluded to be descried the Vulture a few miles above where she had anchored beyond the fire of the American batteries. It occurred to him that be might get some one to take him on board from the village where- by he should be saved the fatigue and danger of a long ride of ten miles to the British lines. His spirits hitherto depressed by thft loneliness of the road and extreme peril of his situation became devated at the prospect and urging his horse forward he found him- velf ell at once in the midst of an ambuscade. " Gentlemen " h« eontinued "I am gratilied to know that you are friends for I am a British officer absent from New York on particular business and I beg you will not detain me suspecting me to be other than I say I am." As he spoke he drew from his pocket a richly chased gold watch and anxiously consulted it. "Aye aye Paulding he 's a Bri^sher by his yeller gim-cranks " said carmine " we Yankees are too pesky poor to have sich gear— General Washington himself only fobs a silver turnip." "You must dismount sir " said the sturdy yeoman sternly. "My Ood I must do any thing to get along my good fellows Here is General Arnold's pass that perhaps you may respect if yon do not a British officer." "Dismount siri and we will read it " said Paulding who idll 344 Romance of American Biatory.— No II. Decenber held the hone by hU noBtrila. '* We h amp re no idea of letting yon escape till we know your business." "Hold on like grim de amp th to a dead nigger John " said Ike of the nose " as the horse grew reatire under the gripe "gold watches don't grow in erery body's corn-patch." "Oentlenien you bad best let me go or you will get yourselm Into trouble. Examine this pass. Be brief for I tiare been too long detained already." "I cannot read it till you dismount " said Paulding holding the elosed paper in one hand. Andri sprang lightly from the saddle to the ground when thf yeoman released his gripe on the horse passed the bridle beneath his arm and opened' and read the passport. "I hope yon 'II not be offended sir " he said with the air of respect which he had hitherto preserved notwithstanding his resolute nranner " but ther* are spies and other dangerous people abrosd and I only want to know if yoM are a true umd. If you are proved to be why therv is no harm done if you ain't why ■" "Then we 11 have his watch on shares and pull straws for tb« chain " said Isaac. •• The name in the pass Is Anderson Is it yosrs sirT" lt ' It is. Let me go and I will gire yon my watch horae saddle and bridle." " Your anxiety and your offer leads me to suspect yon. Here h General Arnold's signature — that is all right errough and we would let you pass with it if you had not just now called yourself n British officer." " Considerable suspicions " said he of the hair. " He 'e a regular circumstance — and no mistake " said carmine fnmbling about his waistband far a fob that the sagacious tailor had prophetically constructed therein. " Let's search him " " Aye that 'II show what 's trumps " said the knight with tht legs. *' There is no altemstive " said Paulding "yon must excnae us but it mnst be done sir." Leading him into the wood they proceeded to examine his hat coat and waistcoat without making any discovery. At length they compelled him to resign every article of his apparel to their scrutiny. He of the long locks pulled off his boots while Ike opened bis watch and examined the case. Their search was vain and he was directed to resume his apparel when Pbulding thought he heard a rattling like paper as Andr^ drew on his boot. Hig fine thread stockings alone had not been taken off the captora satisfying themselves with passing the hand along the ontsids of the calf and ancle. 3 by Google IS98. Wett PoinU—A Tale of Treaaon. S45 " Mr. ADderaon yon will oblige me by removing your itoeking " Bftid the vigilant yeoman. " I h amp d thought this foollBh search wu ended " aaid the yonog BUD his heart linking. *' Yoar Btockiogs mnst come off sir." " Take them off " Hid Andr€ placing hia pa m on hit brow and taming away hia face wrung with an expression of the keenest Uguish. In the feet were ditcorered the fatal pacquets given him by Gene- nl Arnold. A glance amp t the contents of one or two of the papers ■t once gave them an ides of their importance and dailgerons nature. After they had conenlted together for k few miantes as to the dis- posal of thnr prisoner he who was called Ike approached Andr^ and said " Now what '11 yon give ua to let yoo go free I" "Any amount of money you may ask " was the eagir reply. "Will yon give me your watch and chain and these genilemea Tour horse saddle bridle and a hundred guineas told " " Cheerfully. And the money shall be directed to this very spot tf you say so so that yon shall be sure to get it." "Is that all you will givet" coolly asked Paulding. "I will give you whatever yon demand goods or mbney to the unonnt of a thousand pounds." " Now milter " said he of the nose in a patriotic tone and with k look of inconceivable roagnanimity " if you'd give ns ten Ihou* ■and guineas and your watch to boot yes your gold watch and chain to boot we would not let you stir a step. Hey boysT* *'If he 's an enemy poor as we be I'd rather be without the money than he should escape to do mischief " responded Davy. ** Would yon escape if you eould T" asked Paulding. " Most assuredly." " I don't intend you shall " was the qniet reply of the American. In a few minutes afterward they directed their prisoner to remount bis hone and with Paulding leading the animal by the bridle and the two others marching one a few paces in advance and the other In the rear they reentered the road and moved at a smart pace northwardly towards North Castle the nearest miliUry post of the Americans. On the eastern bank of the Hudson two miles southwesterly from West Point there stands at the present day a time-worn dwelling. It is a long rambling structure two stories high and erected apparently at different periods — a low gallery in aonie places sunken runs around it with vines creeping about its sleodei gM Romance of American Hi«tory.—No. tl. f Deeamber colnmns and gnss growing in ita creneei ehrubB lure got rooV hold on its moBs-coTered rooft ind hang over the esrea in graceful fiMtoons. It ix ia th« centre of a lann from the boaom of which numerona fine old trees of a century's growth send np their tmnln to a great height and form a broad canopy of foliage abore the ▼enerable roof. Every thing about it — its womveaten fences its thick soft grass like piled-velvet which age only can give its long nnge of noble old barns once red but now browned and blackeaed With tne slomu of eighty winters its gigantic shrubbery an arenne of box trees that look as if planted under a woman's eye ere the Berolntion all give it an air of old family dignity and antiquity that is seldom found in this young western world. A forest shuU out the prospect of the river from the south gallery bnt a range of mountains Dunderbeg and his satellites fill tlie eye insteadi whila Antony's Nose clothed with trees to ito top rises abruptly from the lawn which is blended with its base to the height of a thousand tt»i. On the west and north Fort Putnam now nearly hid by the trees that have been suffered to grow up immediately around it and old Crow Nest are striking objects in the prospect. From the house a winding carriage roads leads ihrongh a romantic wood to ft small cove of the Hudson near the outlet pf a brawling brook which intersects the grounds where is a landing place for small boats. This is called Beverly Cove and the dwelling above d^ ■eribed Beverly House. Here Arnold held his head qoarter* during his command at West Point. In a large square room of the mansion its low ceiling intersected by transverse beams carefully white-washed the eapacions firfr- place flanked by panel-work and little closets with but a single door besides that opening into the hall leading into a small room lighted by a single window looking to the north there sat the luorning after Andre's arrest a party at breakfast. It consisted of Oeneral Arnold who was in an unusually gay and social rein his yonthfnl and lovely wife whose maiden charms had won the ad- miration of Andri * and Colonels Hamilton and McHenry eid^ de-camp of Generals Wasliington and La Fayette. In the midst of their meal and an animated conversation on the ■abject of the contemplated attack on New York a horseman rod* Up to the door and a moment afterward an orderly entered the room with a note which he gave to General Arnold. Putting down an egg he was about to break into a little china cup before him he opened the letter and read with a palpitating heart and a sensation of suffocation i • It \t B nngular faxit that Andrt was an admirer of Miu Shippen afterwards Mn. Arnold who wu a daoghler of Chief Junice Shippen of Philaddphia wbna be IrsI saw b«r dariii its occapaDCf by tha BtiiJah anny. Google -108.1 Weat Point.— A Tale of Treaton. Sf7 "SK^-I tend fimrud nndar charge of Ldootanant Allen and a gmi wliidb wiD urife tx Bendey Houmi by dood a certain John Aadenon who Iwd baea Ubai vbUe going lowoids Hev York. Ue bid a paupoit aigned in your nama whieh doubtless ia forgsd and a parcel of papcra taken from his rtodtings nhicb He of a Terj dangeioiu tendency. I aend him to you aa commanding officer ftel- iBg thai it ia n mm preacniing too manjr diffieoltiea and inTolring too mueh for ma to dvade upon. JiMmoN CoUntl 4^. 4v ' Till thU moment Arnold had believed that his tretsoD was ine- ceasfiil. From the hoar of his arriral at BeTerly Houae after taking leave of Andr^ he had been Bingularl r active and alert in •11 biB dutiei and with the officers about his person was on mon than nsual terms of confidence and intimacf. That morning Colonels Hamilton and McHenry had rode forward to his honse from FishkiU to announce the approach of Washington end La F«y«ttB to dine with him. Snch was the confidence this great men reposed in him — aUs.how repaid 1 The friendship which be bad of snch a man m Washington the moral atmosphere he dif- fused around bim should have saved him from so great a fall With an effort of self-command almost supematore he read the Information of the capture of Andri and the defeat of his plans se long forming. He folded the letter suppressing his emotions the while so effectuatlj' as to prevent the least suspicion of the occur- rence of any extraordinary event and taking up the egg he laid down deliberately broke it into the cap and for a few seconds longer eontinned to eat his breakfast and addressed with ease a few common place-words to Colonel Hamilton. At length he ■aid " Gentlemen I beg yon will not let my departure intermpt your meal. I have just received a note requiring my immediate pre* ■ence at West Point. George have my horse immediately saddled and brought to the door. Then rising from the table he hastened np stairs to his private room situated at the northeast corner of the house and despatched a servant to the breakfast room to say to Mrs. Arnold that he desired to speak with her. '* Mary " he said in a voice of the deepest agitation closing the door and taking her in his arms "we have been nnited but eighteen months but we must now part forever. I hare been unknown to you engaged In a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton. The note I have just received tells me of the arrest of Ms messenger to me with papers on his person either of which would become my death warrant. Nothing remains for me butinslant flight to the enemy. My barge is at the landing. I can reach the Vulture by noon. Escape now will be easy. No one here is yet aware of my cnminalily. An hour hence It will be too late. Though Jamieson is too dull to suspect me Tallmadge or others may ere this have tt^t^a the papers and be on their way to arrest me. Instantly burn all my papers. Now larewell deaiesL Oo4 348 Romance of Anierican BiaUtry — No. II. December* blesB jtm. The heaTleit blow this inflicla will retch me throogh yoo. Now God bless you — bless you " Hastily embracing her he fled froin the apartment and though * ■hriek prolonged and wild and a heavy fall reached his eara aa he descended the stairs he lingered not but flung himself on Col. Hamilton's horse his own not being yet at the door. Giving the enima the rein he took a by-path aroand the stables galloped rapidly along a hedge and descended a wooded hill through a dry rocky ravine almost impracticable to horse but down which he recklessly urged the noble animal which by plunging leaping and sliding on his belly the spurn of the rider cutting into the rocks as he bore upon them with his heels reached the bottom and leaped the brook clear into the carriage road. Riding forward like wind through the wooded bottom Arnold gained the cove where beside s small pier his barge with six men was in waiting to convey him U usual at that hour across to West Point. He threw himself from his horse and sprung into the boaL " Push off Cuyler I" he said to the coxswain with anxious ini- fMtience. " Lively men lively Clear from the shore I Set your oar to that sunken rock and help her There she 's off. Thank Ood Now let fall and give way. Starboard Cuyler 1 Hard a •tarboard " The boatman stared. " Are we not going to West Point sir I** " No below Urgent affiiirs require my presence on board the Vulture. Pull out into the middle of the river and take the full force of the tide. Lay to your sweeps well men. You shall have ■ guinea a piece when you ran your boat onder the counter of the Tnltare. The men gave utterance to a kind of cheer and bent to their oars with a good will. Cuyler sat in the stern sheets steering her with a steadiness and skill that added almost the force of a seventh oar to her speed. For awhile the barge stood steadily down the river passing on either hand scenery of savage grandeur every commanding eminence of which was frowning with a redonbl. In about an hour they emerged from the Highlands into a broader part of the river and approached the fortress at Verplanek's Point commanded by Colonel Livingston. Arnold who hitherto had sat in the stem of the boat with his arms folded only ronsiog himself from a gloomy reverie by cheering the boatmen to renewed exer- tions on nearing the post placed in the stem a white handkerchief fixed to bis sword which had the effect intended for Colonel Liv- Ingston regarding it as a flag-boat permitted it to pass withont ordering it to be stopped and examined. This waa a trying moment to the traitor and he scarcely breathed till the barge waa beyond gun-shot The Vulture was now in sight a league below and In KBOtber hour he wma on board of her. Dci-zec by Google 1838. 1 We»t Point ^A Title 0/ Treason. 849 We will here diflpoie of the traitor in a few words. Although his pl amp a hod failed he waa made a Major-General in the Brittah MTny and was otherwise rewarded for his iatentions and prerions •errieev as Clinton's correspondent. But honorable men of iha British army refused to sosociate with him and officers to serva under him. After living twenty years in merited contempt and in- ftmy he died miserably at his residence in Orosrenor sqnaret London not only nnpiiied and nnhonored but leaving behind him a name which has become a by-word for treason among both th« Britiah and American people. cBArrxB niTTH. Two hours afler the flight of Arnold General Washington ao- compsnied by Knox and La Fayette on their return from a visit to Count Rochambeau at Hartford arrived at Beverly House as pre* Tionsly arranged to repose themselves and dine. Here learning from his aids that General Arnold had been suddenly called over to West Point on argent business he remained only long enough to Uke a late and hasty breakfast and hastened to the garrison to as- aicertain if any thing important had transpired. Accompanied by all his suite except Colonel Hamilton who was detained in writing letters he rode to the cove by the usual carriage road. This is a firm gravelled avenue running northwardly with an easy descent through a line of old trees for a hundred yards to the bottom of a dell through which the brook before mentioned runs brawling over stones. Here at a gate the road makes a sharp angle to the left and follows the course of the rivnlet. A roof of densest foliag* ihielda it from the noon-day sun and scats placed at intervale along Its borders invite the rambler to repose while the ceaseless gnrgl« of the flowing water the singing of countless birds the silence of the forest trees save when their tops are moved whisperingly by the winds tempt him to linger in its delightful seclusion. Such was the pleasant woodland path through which the party rode such save that time has made it lovelier is it now. Jnst befor* they arrived at the cove they discovered the horse deserted by Ar- nold grazing by the path his bridle beneath his feet and his saddle and coat bearing traces of the red soil in which he had taken that equine luxury a roU. A passing remark was made by Knox on General Arnold's caro- lessness the animal was led back to the house by a servant and in a few seconds afterward the gentlemen dismounted on the litd« pier. Here a small pennant hoisted by an attendant sent in ad- vance was fluttering from a stafl" placed on a projecting point of rock in answer to which a barge of eight oars was pntting out from the fort of Buttermilk Palls then a mitiury boat station. In a few Mo Jtomonw o^ Ameriean History. — No. II. 1 December tnintiteB Ae perty embarked and the boat mored flwffUy throngh the water. The harinony of motion and aetioil in a well-mKimed barge prodaces like all harmony ailenee and mufling. The aimiil lt taneoue away of the bodiea of the oaremen — the re^lar rattle in the rowloclu — the liquid dip of the falling awoepB — the anawering leaps of the boat all are hBrrnoniouB soothing and condncire to meditatioD. After the amp r«t hundred yarda converaation ceased and each gentleman seemed to be occupied with hia own thoughts. The icenery through which they moved added also its infiuence. On the right stretched the eastern shore rising a rocky precipice from the water and crowned with woods. On the left the Buttermilk Falls came tumbling and foaming in snowy sheets from the top of a cliff «nd further on the shores were walled with tofly rural precipices. Aa they proceeded the Highlands of Crow Nest and Bull Hill frowned down upon them and from a promontory the fortress of Weet Point bristled with its iron battery. As they approached the landing now disused south of Kosciuaco's garden Washington observed with endinatasm ** Well gentlemen it is forlnnale for bb that General Arnold has gone over to the garrison in advanee of us for we shall now hare a aaiute and the roaring of the cannon will have a fine effect among these mountains." The barge continued to approach the shore without any notice from the fortreaa when aurprised at the silence and absence of all preparations to receive them he exclaimed — "What do they not intend to salute us I" An officer now made hiti appearance descending the ravine nod reached the ahore just as the boat touched it " How is thiB sir V said Washington with some severity. "Pardon me General " said the officer in confusion I did not sniicipate the honor of such a visit or I should have been prepared to receive you in a proper manner." * lt WhatI is not General Arnold heret" demanded the chief with surprise i "No your excellency. He has not been here for these two daya nor have I heard from him within that time." "This is extraordinary indeed " said Washington "we were t Ad he had eroBaed the river and tbat we should find him here." He nevertheleee remained and inspected the garrison and works and then reentered the barge with his auite and was polled back to Beverly House- As he approached the mansion Colonel Hamilton mat him wilh a tnnbled countenance and whispered in his ear "AHgbt slrl I have a matter of the moat vital importance to »e- lt tB^t yon with." WnUngton Bceompaided him into the aitting^oom and when A* 1938. . We»t Point.— A Taie of Treaton. KI dooT wai cIoMdi HBmilton placed in his handa seTeral papen i^ tngi "as the meaaenger who arrired with tiieae ahorUy after fou 'IflA aaid the^ were of th« utmoat impprtance I opened them." Waahington read the lettera which contained from an aathentic MnrcAi the account of the capture of Andr£ and a copj of the pa gt pers in Amold'a hand-vriling with the pasaport in the same hand - foond OQ hu perion. The guilt of Arnold waa made clear as lig'ht *Dd the caoM of hia abieoce from West Point aceoanted for. It waa plain that he had eacaped to the enemjr. " He haa deacended tha rirer ride Hamilton for your life " aaid Vaahington "it may be possible to intercept him at Verplaack's Point" Colonel Hamilton left the room and spurred away on what prored to be a fndtlflBB errand. Washington now sent for Oenerala Lft Fkyette and Knox to whom he communicated Arnold's troason and placed in thMr hands the papers which confinned it. His manner vascompoaed and dignified. "Whom can we tn»t now " he said calmly af^r they had finished the perusal of the lettera. "Mondleul Is it poaaibte T" exclaimed La Fayette cmmbling th« paper in hia clenched hand as he iwiitly paced the apartment. " I always knew him to be a disaffected roan but by — I did not expect the deril to turn out eo black from hoof to horn 1 " said Knox violently striking hia fist on the table. "It is useless to show feeling about It new gentlemen " said Waahington without betraying emotion or anxiety of any kind* "it remains for as to repair what injury h« has done ns and pr^ Tenffiim from doing more." The American General now directed all his energies to counteract the plana laid by the traitor. Orders were forwarded to all lh« posts the positlona of the garrisons changed and the whole order of things as laid down by Arnold rereried. Sir Henry Cliatoa however through the capture of Andr6i was kept in ignorance and uncertainty until the arrival of the Vulture in New York with Ar- nold on board the morning after his flight. The project tberofiar*^ waa abandoned and the troops disembarked. CHAPTXK Xl XrENTB. It was not until noon on the following day that Aiidr lt arrived at Beverly House under eacort of Major Tallmadge. This officer oa Inspecting the captured papers which were shown to him after CoL Jamieson had sent the prisoner forward saw what this officer was ■trangely blind to Arnold's guilf. Expressing in warm terms of CMMure his opinion of the course pursued by Jamieaon of aendlng tho accompliea to the accomplieo he requested and reeeivod tb*. command of the escort and after aom« delay reached head-qHartHv 363 Romanee of American History. — No. IL December with fail priioner. WkBhington Kfaaed to see him lest he should forget what wks due to justice in sympathy for its rictim and or- dered him to be placed under guard in the small room opening from the dining-room a aentine to be pasted on Uie outside of the doori and other precautions taken for his secutity until he could be eon- reyed to West Point and thence to Teppan for trial. It was late in the afternoon when Andrd stood by fail little window watching the setting son as it hung low in the skiea above the sum- mit of Crow Nest and gilding with its slanting beams the walls of the fortress at West Point. His thoughts were turned on the bopelessnesa of his situation. He knew that he must die. To be cut off in the prime of his youth his earthly hopes crushed the ties of lore patemal'and filial forerer broken all that bound him to hii fellow-beings severed and destroyed He turned away from the window and paced to and fro his narrow prison under the pressure of intense mental agony. Terrible was the conflict between hii manhood and his humsn naiure At length reason asserted her power and philosophy and religioa came to his aid and he grew calmer. He resolvfed to bear his fate like a man and like a Bridsh soldier. After a few seconds he called to the sentinel and request- ed writing materials to be brought to him. They were cheerfully granted by Major Tallmadge who had taken a deep and feeling in- terest in the fate of the noble youth. Seating himself at a tables Andrfi penned the following letter to General Washington "Ba — What I haxe said coDcemingnifaelf to mf eapton wuin he jtuufiabl* BUsmpt to be eitrifiated I tm too Uttle accustomed to duplicity to have lucctcdaL I beg your excellency wilt be peisuaded that no alteration in the emper of my mind or apprehension for my ufety induce* me to take the itcp of addreuiag 70a bat that it iato rescue myself from an imputation of haTing assumed aneanchuae- ter tat treacIuniUB puipOKs or self-intereit a conduct incompatible vith ths jpiaei- pks that actuala me aa well as with my condilion in life. It is lo Tindicale my fame that I apeak and not to solicit security. The peraon in your possesiion is Major John Andri Adjutant General to ths British army. The iDlluenee of one commander in the army of his adtersory is an adTaotace taken in war. A conespondeaee for this purpoae I held aa confidential in ths present instance with his excellency Sir Henry Clinton. To faTor tt I agtned o meet apon ground not within the posts of either amy a penonwho was to giTC me intelligence I came up in the Vulture man-of-war ftr tliia efTet} axA wai fttched by a boat from the ship to the beach. Being there 1 was told that the q gt proach of day would prerent my retuin and that I must be oaa gt eealed until the next night. I was in my regimentals oikd hod fiuriy risked my person. Against my stipulation my intention and without my knowledge beforehand I was conducted within one of your poala. Your eicellency may conctlte my eenaa- Ikm on this occasion and will imagine how much more must I have been affected by a refiual to reconduct me hack the next night as I had been biougfaL Thna be- come a priaoner I had to conceit my escape. I quitted my unifbnu and was passed SMIhO' way la ike ni^ without the American posts to tuutral ground and io- 1638. 1 Wet PoinU—A TUe •/ Tntuom. 389 AanedlTW beyond all BimedprnitMs and kft to pnM for New T4^ IwwUkM at Tuny-Lown by tanm Toluiitwn. Tbiu M I bsTc hud the honor to rekce wu I betrayed beinf aa Adjoiutt Qaa»' nlof tbe British anny into the vile condition of an enemy in diaguiae within your HaTing avowad myaalf a Britiah ofiiccE^I have netUng to KTeal bat what tbUim to myaelf which ia ima on the honor of an officer and a genlleoua. Tbe requeM I have o make to your excellency and I am eonscioua 1 addieaa taj- •df well is tbalinany rigoi pcJicy may diclala a decency of condntt towards nM may niaik that though unfortunate I am branded with nothinf diahaoorable aa no motive could be mine but the lerviee of my king and aa I waa inTohintanly ap Aoolher request is that I may be pcrmitiMl to write an i^ en letter to Sir Henry Clinton and another to a friend for clothea and linen. I lake the liberty to mention the condition of some gentlemen at Chadeaton whoi being either on parole or nnder protection were engaged in a conspiracy against u». Tbongh their aitnalion is not similar they are objecta who may be set in azehai^ Ibr me or aie penons whom the irsBtmect I receive might effect. IlisQoleu aii' iDacoofidenceof the geneioaity of your mind than on aceoiint ^ your saperior station that I have chosen to importune you with this latter. I have tbe honor to be with great respect sir. Your Excellency's most obedient And most humble servaiit JoRH Andbi Adjutanl Onural ' When he h amp d finished penniog this eloquent appeal he gaTe it to Major Tillmadge who read it with undisguiBed aBtonishment Ha bad atiipected from his carriage and the habit of turning onhiiheel in his walk that he waa a military min but he had no Buspicioni that he held so high a rank in the British army nor that the plot in which he had been connected with Arnold was so ezteneire and dangeroua. He carried the letter to General Waahington who waa deeply affected on reading it but made no reply to it. After lh« prisoner had sent the letter his mind appeared relieved and his fe*- tnres wore a calm and contented expression. He turned again to the window and the calm landscape lighted by the ereuing sky was not more placid and serene than bis coimtenancs. "Andrei" He started and looked around. But there was no one present '* Andrj " was a second time repeated as if close to his ear. In the gentle tones of a woman's roice. He looked around and np to the ceiling when his eye caught a slip of paper fluttering through a crevice in the floor above. "Andr£ " •ofdy repeated tbe voice a third time and the paper fell flattering •t his feet. He lifted it from the ground and read with a spark- ling eye " Dua Huoa Anea — Thongh miseraUe myself f cannot b« altogether so lb- •orbed in my own wretchedneaa as to foi^ the griefs of others. Uslan to ma. I know your high notions of honor and tbe qiurit of ebivalrons selfaaciifloe that fiUa your bosom but oh 1 for iny sake — for your own — for that of your mother and sis- Im—tof tb« sake of your country— do what I am about to askof yoni Aceefit lilb whOt it is hi yoni pow«t Do not itmaia to dig like a ciiisiasll lift is new vou ui. ito. zn — ^Bio. X SM iloauMcs 0/ Anerica» Hirtory. — No. 11. Deeflntbat^ yMN— «»nomviliMrb«dwta joMiul AUil my beut uDa me what wiD ba your np 7 — btt I will not Ibmfbn ccaie tdj czenioni to nn you. Aanslcd bj gt AitUbl Ibtb I lliii morning looMncd two of Ihe pluilti in your room. They afford oonmunieuion witli the edlar. Detnnd into it and Pdei will meet yon witfc ■ diigniM and eondoct' yon by ibe wnteni oulkt which openi among high ahnib- bKy into he garden when be will eonceal yoo ill ni^hl and then proTide a boal fiir yoor eacape. Do not AndrC nagleel thie opportnoityl Fly novf QeaenX Waahingtoa and hia itaff an bnay in Itw library and nothing can preTcnt the aiM- eHi of the plan Irat yonr own obatinacy. Fly Andrei Eacape I Forlbeaakeof rilytia bold dear on earth looae not a nioment but fly I Mur." The T^oung mui reid thii appeal with a aparklin^ ej^e and glowu faif countenance when he coDcIuded it be glanced upward anj kissed hia hand to the inrisibia anthor of i then folded Ihe paper placed it next his heart and paced the room rapidly with a thonght- fn brow and excited manner. "Nay nay I will aot — I cannot — I may not I mnat abide raj destiny." He stopped anrveyed the floor through every part and Ihea walked towards the side next to the hall and trod lightly on th« two planks nearest the wall. They were loose. He stooped to lift them and they yielded to his hand and he gazed down into lh« duk cellar beneath. " Come raaBsa coaa' clear— dis jus' de time " said a low hnskf roice from beneath. The prisoner paused an instant then with a sadden impulse closed the aperture and walked resolutely away. An exclamation of an- guish and disappointment from the apartment abore reached his oar but with iblded arms and a composed manner he gazed stead' lastly from the window his face expressiTe of the triumph of ao bonorable mind over an unworthy tempation. CHAPTKR TWKLFTH. The morning of the second of October broke with a clear skjr and the promise of a bright autumnal day. The sun rose withont » cloud and gladdened hill forest and ralley with his cheering light Happiness was written on the face of nature as if with the finger of Hearen but among the habitations of men sorrow and woe had as ever an abiding place. There was one abode into ihn windows of which this morning's inn shone abore all others ms- lancholy in iu character and most melancholy for the scenes of bnnun sorrow and wretchedness of which it was the daily witness. It was a prison. In one of its gloomiest apartments sat a yonnf tnan whose days were numbered — whose star was about to beeoms extinguished ere It reached the zenith. It was Major Andr amp Hit jndges had doomed him to die as a spy taken within the American lines. The sympathising American Chief would gladly have com- ■nt»d this hardi sentence bat military justice demanded th« Tictiaal 1B3S. 1 Wett pQiittT-A Tale of Treaton. 366 Id one hour he was to be led forth to execution Hie countenance wai firm. A delightful calm dwelt on hit youthful end noble fea- tarea and an air of repose and reiignation marked hii bearing. About him stood a group of officers foes of his country but whom bis virtues had converted into personal friends. Tears were in the eyes of these stem warriors and their voices trembled with emotion u they talked in low tones with each other. He alone was calm and resigned An officer entered and annonnced In a subdusd tone that the hour of execution had arrived. The prisoner rose with dignity and said " Gentlemen I am ready to wait on you." Taking the arm of Major Taltroadge who had been constantly with him since hii capture be left his cell with a firm step. In the street he took the arms of two Bsbaltem officers and walked between them to the place of execution. A natural composure pervaded his manner' and his whole deportment was remarkably dignified and self-pos- ■eseed. "My emotions are singular " he said turning to Major Talt- nade who walked near him " when I reflect that in a very few minutes I shall he an inhabitant of the world of spirits — so sooa have ret ealed to me fte great secret But I do not shrink from it. I am not afraid to die — if I werci wretched indeed should I be at this moment." They now came in sight of a gallows surrounded by a large mili- tary force and a great concourse of citizens awaiting the event — • deep gloom filling all hearts — commiseration visible on every face. When the yoang man ssw the degrading instrument of execD- tion he stopped and tnming to Major Tallmadge said with an ex- preasion of mingled pain and indignation "Why is thisT" "Are you ill air " aaked the officer ignorant of the cause of hts flmodon. "'Us nothing sir " said the young soMier recovering his com- posure' "I hoped to have met death at least at the hands of sol- dieri and not at those of the common hangman. Move forward. I am reconciled to death but I detest the mode." In a few minutes afterwards he stood beneath the gallows. As he looked up at the fatal engine of death his chest heaved and ther* was a choaking in his throat as if he were striving to suppress feel- ings struggling to escape. At length the noose was suspended fti gt m the b«ua and the wagon placed beneath. Without assistance b« Stepped into it and then for a moment he appeared to shrink. The ascendency of nature was bat momentary. Inslanlly recovering himselA he looked round upon the sorrowAil feces at the foot of the gallows and said with a smile "It will ba bat a momentary pane*" D.D.t.zea by Google 350 Romance of American HitUny — No. II. DeeKubsr Then declining the auiitancs or the proToit-manha he baiul- tged bii own eyei with « degree of firmiieta and resignation hU the eyea of all who gued were filled with teira and deep groaoa of emotion escaped from the breast of many a stalwort soldier that the stern spirit of military laws should demand so young and nobta « rielim. The pro Tost- marshal now loosely pinioned his arnna and placed the noose orer the young man's head who himself with perfect firmness adjusted it to his neck. "Major Andr^ yon hare now bq opportunity to speak if yoa desire it " said the proTost-msrshal. Lifting the handkerchief from his eyes he looked steadily sroand and said in * firm clear roice that reached erery ear of the silent aultitode "I pray you to bear me witness that I meet my fate like a hraTS nian." There was no rain boasting in his voice or manner buthte words proceeded from that honorable pride which becomes a sol- dier and which sheds a halo even aroand the brow of death. When he had slid this he resumod his former position and calmly- awaited his fate. The signal was given — the wagon rolled from beneath him and the victim of military justice had expiated his offence with his life. "Such " says Mr. Sparks in his 'Biography of Arnold ' which able work we have made free use of in this outline "sDch was the death of a msn whose rare accomplishments had procured for him the friendship and confidence of all to whom he was known and opened the happiest presages of a future career of renown and glory. In ten short days his blooming hopes had been blighted and his glowing visions dispersed. But it was his lingular fortune to die not more beloved by his friends than lamented by his enemies whose cause he bad sought to ruin and by whose hands his life was justly taken. Time has consecrated the feeling. There are few Americans and few will there ever be who can look back upon the fate of kndvi wiihoat deep regret His name is embalmed in every generous heart and they who shall condemn bis great error and applaud the sentence of his judges will cherish a melancholy remembrance of the unfortunate victim and grieve that a life of so mach promise adorned with so many elevated and estimable quali- ties was destined to an untimely and ignominious end." The tears and eulogies that have followed the memory of this noble gentle- man brave soldier and honorable man eminently show how virtue may ennoble even the gallows and demonstrate that it b far better to die well though on the gallows than like Benedict AmoM to parchaie life with the scorn and contempt of mankind. " Still lived ha on — hi* victim doomed to di« — TK in tbeir diffoent blca bahotd tb« Iwmily." Google 1638. Fitrther Extraeufrom the Private Diary ^c ^c 367 LINES ON BIBOtDINa THB BKBIPBNCK OF OBBBUIT. Upon thia humble cottage roof The ^ser'a eye may carelesB fall — Tel to my heart it ipeaks of more Than e'er waa told by lordly ball. For from Ihia dwelling reared od high Amid tho cold of Alpine inowa A leaaon oft deapiaed and scorned Forth to my inmoal spirit flows. It apeaka of charity and love. Of peace to all of human kind Of thought unchained and conacience fiM Of roth no human force eonld bind. It aaye in thrilling tones to all 'Esteem thy neighbor's rights thine own And by the value placed on thine Iiet thy regard to hia he shown.* Yes Oberlin thy sainted name Shall with the rocky Alps survive — A spell of conilancy and power To all who in thy footateps strive. VBTHOvra Mam. OoiAer SOfA. FintTHES EXTRACTS FROM THE PRIVATE DIART OF A CERTAIN BANK DIRECTOR. JCwdojr. — Read seme remark* on Banking addressed by b learned Professor in the University of Pennsylvania to a member of Congreaa from Philadelphia and was delighted with them be gt yond measure. It is a common saying that colleges are half a eentury behind the rest of the world in pracUcal information but Professor Hare is evidently fifty years in ailvance of the present generation. Take his initial paragraph by way of example "By Ihg moat Eesloui adioralt of hard niDiwy' itcumot ba denied thit tbe MM- psUaey of specie toaaaa taantj u.dqMndmt allocttlMr oa ita ability to create ia Further ExtraeUfrom t\e Private Diary December the Taloe al which it m amp f bs receircd. Tbey cannot deny that during a century in which a piece of coin majr haTs bMB enrrent all Chow Bttributes which give it a Talue OTcr other aabMancci bare been inert Aa a metal it will hare donenothinc* ETidentlj ita % Ae mean of utility bai been ita power of creating a confidence that it «rill pass in the market without depreuataon. It fblbwa that whoterer elae may fKta competent to prodnee a aimilar confidence under like circumrtancea moat at ■wney be eqairalenl to coin." Excetlent The only utility of metallic money ii its power of creating a con/iiience / Excellent Excellent The Goncluaiona at which the Profeaior arri*ef arc worthy of his premise* "When the bank* Mopped apacie paymeota in May laat erery luita which they bad iaaned and erery credit given by them fbr depoeita appeartA to all in tkIo^ idatiTely to gold and lilrer Eram Atb to ten per cent. But ia h to be inftcred thai Iheie was aji actual depreeiadon of Iheii notei and cicdit to ^lat amount 1 Waa il BM owing 10 a liH in Ibe ptica of apecie which had become an object of denaitd tar e^HMtatioo to pay the balance of trade with Europe eamed by a failure in tha price of OUT prodBce i •••*••• la it Dot oideni that the wme cansea which deprived the bank* of the powa to redeem their notea or crediu with apeeie by impairing the credit of individtialtigava to bank nolea and bank eiediia an oauauaUy high rake ao that the bolda of tlaa io lieu of being a auflerer wa* a gainer by the change 1 Viewing the lubjcct thai would any thing hare been more miachieToiu abianl and unjuat than to have forced tbem to reaume apecia payment* upon the ptea at thur legal liability or to uae tha argument of Shykiok bwwuae " il lt mi m tti bond.' Surely there is no wisdom like Whig wiadom. When banks ■upend specie payments their notes actually rise in ralue and only appear to fall just as the enn appears to rerolre round tfaa earth though the earth actually revolves round Ae son 1 I am beginning to think that members of colleges are not as nseleii members of the community as xome people suppose then to be. Certainly none but a Professor in a University* could have difr- covered that the holders of bank notes are enriched by the banks stopping payment. Saw a Loco-Foco passing by and called him In hoping to con- ▼ince hiro by the Professor's logic. Found him utterly intractable. He said that tnoitey was not only a medium of exchange but alao a standard and measure of value and that when it was metallic it bad a ralue in itself independent of what it derived from its use aa a commercial medium end thst it was from want of a clear con- ceptioa of this truth that so respectable ■ man aa Profwsor Har« had uttered such strange paradoses. Read to Loco-Foco the following passage from the Professor's production and asked htm what he thought of it " I do not eonuder a bank aa the debtor of the note-holder or depontor ao long a* tbdr notes or credita are Boppoited at the matkel price at which they ware iasad The boiA is riitually oUigaled to flimisb a currency which will aniwer tl gt e purpoa* of money ao as to pass in the market without depr«ialioe. Of courae the bank ■iBiidain the rdation of an obligor rather than in ihatofa debtor and becomea only so Ihr Uatile aa it may fkil in ita obUgation*." f 88 amp Of a Certain Bank Director. SB Loco-Foeo was evidently puzzled by this diBiinction between debts kpd obligatioHB. Indeed he confessed is much for he siid the whole of the Professor's reasoning reminded him of amp story h* bad once heard and which he would endeavor to repeat. A eer- tein Irishman went into a certain tavern and called for six penca worth ef eraclcers. They were duly set before him and after looking at them for »ome time he inquired if the landlord would have any objeelion to exchange the crackers for six pence worth of brandy toddy. Certainly not said Boniface. Paddy having finished big potation was preparing to depart when the landlord called out to him to pay for the toddy. ■* Pay for the toddy I " ex- claimed Patrick in amazement "Did 1 not give yon the crackers In pay " * gt Well then " said the landlord "pay me for th* crackers." " Pay you for the cnekers The divil take you yoo mconscionable varmint Hav'nt yoa got the crackers I " " Yon fnay go " said the landlord utterly confounded. " You have ia •ome way diddled me out of six pence. I can't exactly tell hoWi bot I am tnre I have lost that much. Yon can go." Now said Loco-Foco it has always appeared to me that the banks treat the people juit as Faddy treated the tavern-keeper. They take two values from us and give us one value in return. And in such a manner that few are able to discover the rational* of the process. Professor Hare however has laid the matter open by shewing that the outstanding notes of a bank are no part of ita debts. Tiie»iaif. — Could not help laughing in spite of myself at the Iramor of a wag of a Loco-Foco from the country. I had bar- gMRed with him for five tons of hay to feed my carriage horses ud offered him bank notes in payment. Loco-Foco very deliber- ately took from bis pocket book a note promising to pay me fiva tons of hay and ordered hii wagoner to drive off. "Now " said he " WB are quits. You have given me promise to pay silver and I have given you a promise to pay hay. Nothing can be fairer than promise againat promise." The rascal's drollery diverted m« •o much that I paid him at once in gold. That old father to whom I sometime ago sold some of the best ■loeki in the market came to me in great distreis complaining that the stocks were ntterly worthless and that he wai now leH not only without property but with e load of debts which he should never be able to discharge. Cheered him up as well as I could. Told him that this country was a fine field for enterprise and that M far from repining he ought to blesi his stsrs that in his long life of seventy-fire yesrs he had never failed before. What other bust- ness-man I asked him in the whole circle of his acquaintance* could say as mucht I myself had failed not less than three times bst on DO one of those occasions did I become disheartened. It SM Rirtker Eitracttfrom the Privatt Diary DMembar. mi tnie intlfled that I always m«de such preriana kmnfemenM Ibat my fctnily were aenaible of no change in their mode of lirinf. I was duly imgreased with the truth that " he who prorideth not for his family hath denied the faith and ta worse than an infideL" Not willing to aisk myself to a lerel with the wretched infidel Loc lt ^ Focoa I always hefore stopping payment set my boose in ordeFt by seenring to my wife or infant danghleri a coach and eonotry* seat and snch other little comrorts and conveniences as the osagas of good soclsty render indispensable. I did not howerert mentioa this to old father for fear he should thinlc I was reflecting on hi gt want of Christian prudence in not faaTing done likewise. We eaiK aot be too delicate in our treatment of the feelings of people wlw are in dlstreu. Wedneiiofl- — Looking through a file of the National IntellW gencer I was forcibly struck with the following remarks by a di» lingnished Senator from Kentucky delirered by him on the twenty- irstof Jnne lS38 " He faad dauDiKcd a nililary aspirant and dnwnaosd bin in loapiaga whieh ks was proud to have n*cd wbm b« had cxclaimad Mod us war portiknee ud fcnine lather than eune ui with amp mililBry rule and if be could then bin fbreseon Om this exeenble meamrc the Sab-Treuuiy would bate been iDtrodocHl by the Influene* «faich he then depteeatcd be would tben bare dcnaiiacsd il as b« did now as not M lit preferable to war peuilcDce and fainiiw and as not inferior to any on* of tbem in iti malign eSeeU on tlx welluv aod proqwci^ ot the eountry " Exacdy ray opinion. Give ns war rather than the Sub-Treasury bill I Neither the Senator nor myself will hare any thing to do with the fighting. That must all be done as in the last war and In lh« war of the Revolution by the deraocraey of the eountry pro gt Tided enough of them are left to do the hard work I care not how many of them are killed. Besides this a war would entail on Am •onntry a permanent national debt and every body knows that • national debt u a national blessing. Funding and banking being twin brothers only give us a sufficient national debt and our paper noney institutions will live forever. With a large and permanent Mtional debt we might reduce the working-men of America into M complete subjection as their brethren in England. Give ns pestilence rather than the Sub-Treasury Yes give u pestilence In that event the Senator and myself would not be an lar from personal danger as in the event of war. Yet we might venture on the risk. Pestilence generally spends its violence in the hovels of the poor. It might be almost as effective as war in ridding the country of those wretched vermin the Loco-Pocos. Give as famine rather than the Sub-Treasury Yes give m fiiroine 1 Lei what will come the Senator and I will have plenty to eat. As to the Loco-Focoa they are pretty well uaed to starving already or. if they are not it is quite time they should be. Give us war pestilence and ikmine altogeUier Taihw than d» i63B. Of a Certain Bank Direetor. SSI {trire di* banks aad gt peeul«tan of he me or the public raonay* A war u abora all Hpccially desirable. Smart men never do ad veil u in time of war. Whet with army and navy contracts and eontracti for loam and fluetnationa of currency and irregQlarity ia tbe loppty of commoditiea fortune* can be made with rapidity ia ttmea of public hoatility and the aooner such liraei commence the batt«r for all the Orab^alU and Orips-alU and Grasp-Blla in tha iriiola country. Thia amiable and eloquent extract prorea how troty worthy ibia distiagobhed atetoiinan ia of the confidence of the Whiga. Cres in hia prayers and fignrea of speech h« nerer forg ets oar prindples. The erils of war pesUlence and. famine would fall prlnupatly on the democncy and beaides benefitting our party would in amp llibly lend to make the rich richer and the poor poorer the ctrdioal maxim of our political faith. Thia renders it indispen- ■■ble in my opinion that he should recelre the nomination of the Hanisbnrg Conrention. 7% trniay. — Heard to-day of the defeat of the Sub-Treasury bilL' Glorious glorious news indeed I Not that I concur in oplntoo with those who think that the passage of the bill would destroy tha banka. We should still be able to levy a tax on the whole com- merce of the country and If the Loco-Foeo absurdity of compelling the banks to pay specie is to be persisted in why perhaps a Con- stitutional Treasury would only act as a balance-wheel in the ma- chine. But then it would curtail our stock-jobbing and land specn* lations. Here ia the rub. But even this is not the grand eril of the Sub-Treasury system. My grand objection to It la that it ^ould increatt executive patronage. I know not who it waa that tirat diseorered that giring the President in concurrence with tha Senate die power to appoint aome four or five Receirer Generals and they in their turn to appoint some eight or ten clerka woiild be conferring on the Execotire more patronage than he would bare ff he or the Secretary of the Treasury under him should hsTe the delecting of some twenty-fire banks and thereby the power of tfireetly influencing their unmeTous officers and indirectly infli^ onc ng their thousands of atockholders and debtors. 1 say I know Hot who it was first made this profound diacorery. But certainly he must be a msn of uncommon powers of mind. No one can fait to be convinced of this who rellecta on the fact that under the pro* posed system the Treasury officers would be punishable as criminals if they lent or uaed a aingle dollar of the public money and that the President himself could not touch even the amount of his own salary except on warrant dniy signed eounteraigned and registered according to law. Now that auch a system would increase execii gt tire patronage is Imly a wonderful discorery. To common minda it wonld seem rather like an increase of Exeontive reajMmtih'iffy Sn Further ExiTMta ^om the PrivMie Dwy December But there «r« fortunately aome nncoRimon minds In be world ud to one of these we must be indebted for this diacOTery in polltK etl acience ■■ greet amp a the greeteat of Frenklin'a in natural phlloao- phj. No donbt we ahall aee in time to whom tbia greet honor it due or aa they aay in French notte verrona. Judge Johnson of West-Quoddy Head came in bat instead of erying"i^tu i gt eo" or " Victoria " beihookhiahead grerely. Aa ■ man'a abaking his liead is a aure indication that there ia aomething in it I reaolred to pomp it out and at length I aucceeded. The Judge doubted if the defeat of the Sub-Treaanry bill waa ao great a Tiete» fy after nil. Banks ought lo ceaae to he poliHcsl machine* and b» come Gommerelel inititutioin. Aa sueh they would be uaefu to IIm community. Aa at present constituted and condneted all the amp d gt nntages deriTed from them accrued to a few. Thoae few were acting very impoliticly in keeping open the Sub-Treasury queatioa gt They ought lo bare auSered the bill to pass without debate. By the clamor they had reised they were provoking inquiiy into th« general characteristics of the banking system which was precisely what the Loco-Focos desired. Told Judge Johnson that I feered we had made a blunder bot tt was too late to correct it now. fWdoy.— Like well enough a victory over the Government but do not like one of the conaequencea that victory bringa with iL There ia now no longer any excuse for our not reanming apecie peymenta end with the general reaumptlon of specie payments eway go our great profits on exehangea and may be our cotton rao- DOpoly will go with them. By an underatending with certain cor- poretiona in the South* West our hank and certain other banks hi this quarter have been doing a very snug buaineaa. Buying up Hiasissippi notea at a discount of thirty or forty per eent. then buy gt Ing cotton with these notes thus creating a fund for foreign ex- changes and having domestic exchanges completely in our power was truly ss pretty a mode of operating as reaaonablc men could deaire. The profits were certainly not leaa than thirty per cent per annnm on the amount of capital invested. But our odiona Govent- ment end the atupid people combined are putting an end lo all this. And thia too after onr Whig editors and Whig orstors and Whig eoUegiana have proved as clear asdey that "the leas gold and silver there is in a country the richer that country ia " — " that when the banks auapend payment their notea ere actually more valuable than they were before and only appear to fall in value " with other trntha equally recondite and equally well eatablished. Saturday. — Banking and politics have somehow got so strangely commingled that both for pleasure and profit I apend my leisure in perusing the newspapers. To-day I read and was much pleased with an argument from an illnstriuna Conservative of Tirg^nis going .108.1 Of a Certain Batik Director. SOS to proTe diBt ao attempt to substitute metallic for paper monejr la the United Statea would give European powers a juit cause of war ftgainat ihia country. The Loco-Focoa my ihey cannot lee how this could bCf in amp amuch ai we should honestly pay in cotton or odier produce for such quantities of the precious metals aa we should take from Europe. They add also that the whole amount 4 gt f gold and tilFer in the world ie according to the estimaiea of the moat able authors equal in value to not less than ten thousand mil- lions of dollars and that as we should require only eighty or one handred millions. In addition to our present stock to enable ns to dispense with paper money they cannot see how we should glT* offence to foreign powers by adopting this policy. But they sub- Join as it is by gradual means that we propose lo introduce solid money if European powers object to letting ns have it we can at- tain our end by detaining such amounts of gold and silver as will ia the RStnral course of trade flow into our country from South A.m amp - ricB. To all this I have one short reply. TV Loco-Focos art foolt. None are wise bnt the Tirginia Conservative and men of his way of thinking. An attempt to subititute metallic for paper Boney in this eountry wou d undoubtedly give European powers juit cause of war against us though for reasons already slatet^ I do not think war is to be deprecated. I know not to which to give the preference to the illustrioiM Conaervstive from Tirginia or his equally illustrious brother from South Carolina who has proved that the addition of five million* to our metallic medium which the Sub-Treasury system would make aeceaaary would sink the price of cotton so low in Europe that the Honthern planters would lose incalculable sums. Take it all together I think Conservative wisdom preferable lo even Whig wisdom. Il is deeper and more Ingenious. Me- Thwackem agrees with me perfectly in this. He says that the Eng* Hsh language is too meagre for the expression of the thoughts of cither Whigs or Conservatives. The Whig speeches and essays on banks and currency ought to be turned into Latin to give then their proper effect. But Conservative wisdom is so thoroughlj transcendental that nothing short of Greek is adequate to its just •xpression. Sunday. — Did not go to church to-day. My clerical friends the Rer. Matthew McThwackem L. L. D. and the Rev. Jeremy Diddler D. D. are both at a watering place and I have no disposi- tion to be bored as I have been of late by discourses from strango parsons about honesty fair dealing and all that sort of thing. When the pure gospel is preached that is to say faith alono without any reference to charity and good works no person is.moro disposed than myself to pay due respect Ic the ministers of religion* or to be more attentive to the means of grace. No one ahall aw Googk 954 Furthtr Etiraett from the Private Diary DeemtbM' Me my tett ncant when Dtddler or HeThmekem fillt th« pnli^L But I cBQDOt abide heresy. However I trust I did not spend the day wholly without profit I employed the greater part of it in writing to McThwackem and' Diddler partly about thing * spiritual and partly about thinp world' ly. I hope dieir religious zeal for the benefit ot the poor giMj mortals at the watering place will not induce them to relax their •xertions for the promotion of the rail-road and other apeeulationa tn which we all three are ao deeply interested. They hare familie* to pToride for as well aa myself^ and ought to recollect that eoaebetf •nd country seata are great conreniences or rather absolnle nece»* nries of life. Nothing would griere me more than to see thee* two patterna of piety and most efcellent Triends of mlna r«docod lo the necessity of trudging through the mud after the manner of the wretched infidel Loco-Focos. Monday — The impudence of the Loco-Focoa doea actnaHy ex* «eed all bounds. This morning there was fonnd paeled on our hank door the following adTerliaemeni FROPOSALS Will b« KCtifed Ibi bailding k Sub-Tniuuiy OfEcc snd fnmuhiiiK tbs sum with didinf sbelTM and hydroatalie bnlanus. The building mast be coanructed of he bni msMrlBls and RihaUr pravidsd with iron doon loehi bolla and burs. Thi rauh must b« diTidid into two com- panmenta the first or "Looo-Foco departnifnl " for gold and silTer tb« Mcond os '' CoDwrTUi*e depaitiDcnt " Eir itw safe kegpin of bnnk nau*. Arcbiifdi and otbeim srt invriFd to Knd in ilif ir prapnMli to Deacoo Oiabal^ wbo wilt in du« kosoii forward them to iLe leat of Garrmmcnt. The lime when thia advertiiement apprarpd marks the depraritj of the age. As it was found on the bank door early on Monday morning. It must have been put there on Sunday evening. And this Is the way in which the Loco-Focos spend that sacred day I The recent elections must hare inspirited them or they would sever hare had the audacity to get out such an adrertiiemeaL Tueaday. — Sorely troubled about my eldest son Tom. He li •adly afflicted tvith fits of absence of min^. Though a leading member of our Temperance Society and a rigid total absdneae* man he sometimes in hia fits of abstraction gulps down gin instead of water. This I do not wonder at much for gin and water nr« M nearly of the same color that I am myself sometimea deceired by the similitude. But then he makes the same mistake with bnndy. These fits come on hiro ao often that his very horse seema to bare caught them from him. This I had occasion to obserre some short time ago when I borrowed Tom's horse and bu^gy to drire He- Thwackem eome eight miles from town to lay the comer-stone of a new church. The horse stopped of his own accord at the door of every tavern on the road and would not more forward except on application of the whip. Sometimes when Tom is half way on hia ISaS. Of a Certain Banlt Director. 36ft ra»d to chnreh thne fits of ■bsence of mind come on him and h* gOM to honaea of «n indescribable reputation — gambIinf-honte% for example. Once he poor boy itarted to go to a carap-maeting and never drew np till he got to a race-ground. The moat trouble- ■one aymptoma of these fita of abaence of mind h*Te howerer ahewed themseWea in hla frequently signing other men'a namea to notea and then raising money on them. I lia*e often had to pay Urge Buma on thia account and the occaaiona have become ao fr*. quent of late aa really to prove yery burdenaome. Tom when apoken to on the eubjeet laid all the fault on hia Miaa who was alwaya getting money from him. Aaked Tom why he kept ao ex- penaiTs a Miaa. Said he could not help it 'apoaedit waa predeati. nated.* Told Tom not to come over me in that way for if it waa predeatinated that he ahoiild act the fool it waa also predestinated that he ahonld suffer for his folly. The poor innocent boy ha la " only thirty years old" waa eTidently affected at my treating him Ib b manner ao different from my wont and my paternal feelings Uterly suhdniag me I gave him money to hnah up the aflair. Could not howe*er help telling him that it waa well he was the son of a wealthy Bank Director. If he had been the son of some wretch* ed Loeo-Foco it might hare gone hard with him. Finding myself much in want of consolation I sent for old Par- •on Manlteit and told him of my griefs. But he instead of heal- ing my wounds only tore them open afresh. He said if parents by aucceaafnl apeculations took away from their children the ne- cessity for industry it muit be expected that unless their education were carefully guarded the children would run riot in all kinda of excesses. This waa all the comfort I got My poor child's mis. ortnnea apoken of aa downright profligacy— just aa if he had been the aon of aome wretched Loco-Foco. Wednesday. — Turned a penny to-day in a way I am almost ashamed to narrate but in theae hard timea one must not be over ■BTupulous about the waye and means one takea to get waya and meana to pay one's just debts. A poor hardworking Loco-Foco a boot and ahoe maker whoa* stock in trade and house furniture together were worth about a thot^ isnd dollars applied to me some time ago for a loan of Art hundred. From my anxiety to aasist the poor which has always been the leading passion of my life I readily lent him the money Ukiag a bill of aale of all hia goods and chattels by way of collateral security. It so happened that I wanted the money back sooner than I had expected and aooner than Loco-Foco was prepared to pay it. The consequence was that all his stock in trade and hia fnmitnre became my property. His wife and children were much ■flUeted «t the loss of their tittle all and ao should I hiTs been loo^ D.D.t.zeab G00glc 906 tSirthar Extracts from the Private Diary Dec«mb«ri ff the man had not been a hard money man in his sentiments and of course an infidel. So far all was well. I got the boots and shoes leather straps I amp p-stones and all of Loco-Foco. To-dajr an oppurtunit ' 0 y Gurred of disposing of them to advantage. Another Loco Foeo a flour dealer applied to me for a loan of fifteen hundred dollais. Told him I had it not tn lend bnt was wilting to let him heTe my note for three thousand dollars which I could insure him would b« promptly discounted at our bank. Loco said fifteen hundred were all he wanted. Told Loco I could not think of engaging tn M small a transaeUon but that if he would take his brother Loco't shoes and boots and pots and pans and beds and bedding at a Taluation of fifteen hundred dollars which I esteemed rery low and would give me a mortgage on his own house for the remaining fifteen hundred dollars he should have the note for three thousaad instaTtter. Loco demurred to this. What could he a fioar dealer do with boots shoes lasts and Isp-stonesT Told him that no doubt his brother Loco the original owner of them would ba very glad to buy them of him on credit. However I did not wish to press the subject on him. Loco Foco spent several hours In running about town trying to raise the money in some other way but as all the banks had come to a resolution not to advance a cent to any person si all infected with the horrible doctrines of Loco- Focoism and as the brokers all knew that there was a negotiation then pending between him and me and they did not like to offend me by interfering he found his only chance of saving himself waa in accepting my offer. He paid me the fifteen hundred dollars in hand for the shoe-maker's stock and furniture and the sboe-maker has got his lap-stones back whieh rather pleases me though he is a Loco-Foco and of course an infidel. As for flour dealer Loco- Foro his house adjoins some property of mine and whan I gat ppssessinn of it I can make some valuable improvements theia which I have long had in conlemptstion. It cannot ba long befora the transfer will take plaee. The very means the flour dealer has taken to extricate himself from one difficulty will lead him into others and the honae is as certainly mine as if I bad already tha title deeds. Tliursday. — Received to-day some very wrathful letters from ■ bevy of farmers who had wished to emigrate to the West and to whoa I had sold certain choice spots on Newcraft's celebrated three mil- liffu acre tract. They find the whole of the land they bought of me ten feet under water. I cannot help that. I sold it to them as I bought tt. The law maxim caveat emptor • let the purahasar ba OD his guard ' plainly applies to this ease. After all they have got a go»d bargain. The alluvial whieh the western rivers dapoait »' 1938. Q/" a Certain Bank Director. MV ▼ery rich and I hsTe no daubt that in about fifteen yean theM lands will all be in a fit state for caltiTation. Friday. — Well there is one of my children at leut with whoo I have abuntlBnt cause to be saiisfied. My second son. Bob who ■et out a few yeara ago with nothing but a letter of advice not s letter of credit from me has relumed home with a fortune of at least half a million. To relate Bob's story would be as good as to write a treatise on banking for it illusiratei all the art and mystery of our craft. When Bob arrived at his place of destination he had not one cent in bis pocket but he so injpratiated himself with hla landlady and hia waeherwornan that they made no demand fnr payment for a whole month and by this time he had eilablished so good a credit with the storekeepers and other substanlial residents that he found it easy enough to pay his board and incidental expenses. When those from whom he borrowed wished to be repaid he always got the means by borrowing from others. Being an industrious enter- prising lad he immediately set to work to establish a bank. He fonnd some who were as needy as himself but not half as knowing easily persuaded to sign a petition to the Legislature for B charter. The Bubsiantial class of citizens he did not at this time Buffer to par- ticipate in his operations. Bob borrowed the money to pay the ex- penses of his journey to the State Capital borrowed the money to sup- port himself while there borrowed themoney to b'ly the Champagne with which he drenched the members of the Legislature borrowed the money to pay for the sumptuous dinners snd suppers with which he feasted them snd finally af^er he had got a bill passed exactly 10 his liking borrowed the money to carry himself to his new home. It was amusing enough to hear him relate how he worked his way ■long— how by treating one member to a bottle of Champaignei he thereby ingratiated himself with that member so aa to borrow enough from him to treat another member and so on till he had treated them all round and then begin again. When he got back to his new home he had to borrow money enongh to buy blank books and pens and ink wherewithal the Commissioners might receive subscriptions for the stock of the new bank. The number of shares being duly sahscribeil the first instalment was paid In in coin borrowed for one half hour from various friends in the neigh- borhood. Having the example of moral and religions New England before him Bob had no scruple in swearing that the coin paid in wu the property of the bank. At this crisis a difficulty occurred that wu truly alarming. The engraver who had the bank notes pre- pered refliaed to deliver them up except for cash. But Bob whose resources of mind are eqnal to any exigency got over this diffienltjr In e way be did not tell me and ^en by buying deika »iid e eooattr 08 Further ExtracUfrom the Private DUry {DecMBbw on credit brought the fannk into immediate operadon. At fini the more flabstantial inhabttanta w«re shy about receiviog tb* BOteii snd still more shy gbout touching the atock of the l»ak. By little and little. Bob dispelled their feare. By circulating his Botes at a distance from the banli he kept ihem out a long timeu By TftrioQs means he contrired to accumulate a stock of specie the whole of which he displayed most ostenlstionsly on his counter and then that it might be generally known how abundant specie was with faim be had his agenU out who under one pretext or aaotheri wed to request their friends as a natter of favor to go to the bank to get notea exchanged for them. As the silrer thus paid out cams back the same day. Bob made a small aum effect a great many exchanges. By arts like this the notes of Bob's Bank became enrrent in the whole country round and he found one dollar ■ silver quite sufficient to support a circulation of twenty in paper. The more substantial citizens still showed little disposition to touch the stock but when at the end of six months the bank declared a dividend of ten per cenL they became so eager to bite that Bob's first impulse was to sell all out and let them have the whole coi^ eern to themselves. A little reflection convinced him that this would be folly. He however tu a favor parted with a few ahares to some three or four of the most wealthy and whose habits were such that he was sure that they would never interfere with hii management. By these means he increased he anxiety of the others to buy and inspired such general confidence in the bank that all the spare cash in the neighborhood was left with him for safc'keeping. Being a good Democrat — that is to say a Democral by trade heaven forefend that any son of mine should he a Demo- crat tn principle — being a good Democrat by trade he got a anug slice of the public depoaitea. Then commenced scenes of unexam- pled prosperity. The prices of property of all kind were doubled trebled quadrupled. Enterpriaes of all kind were invigorated. The whole style of living was changed. The young women for- sook their spinning and knitting to play upon pianos and dance cotillions. The young men laid down their mechanical tools and agricultural implements that they might partake of the gentlemanlj recreations suited to their age. The great increase of wealth and the advance of refinement which accompanied it pari patau were as Bob describes it equally gratifying and astonishing. It really did my old heart good to hear that a son of mine had whi^ . sdvancing his own fortune done so much towards promoting the prosperity of his country. But who can stand up against the atro- cious experiments of our detestable Government. Even the " great financier" with his thirty-five millions of capital has sometimes qnailed what wonder then that my aon Boh'a bank which began B without any capital at all should be brought into straltb 1698. 1 Of a Certain Bank Director. 380 I do not allude here to its stopping payment in common with tiie other banka of the country tkat wai a blessing to both the hanki and the commnnity. Bnt through a series of diiastera the notea of Bob's bank became greatty depreciated till at length the other bankt refused to take them at all and then they became worth nothing. Bob was game to the last. He saw the storm approach- big when he was the principal debtor to the bank. One by one he drei^ out all the notes on ^vhich be was indebted by prerailing on the other directors te receive- in their place he notes of other men he had on hand men which his enemies say were men of straw but Bob on his honor assures me they Were all first late men and equal at least to the Ralhbnns the Hermans Ac. amp ^„ up to the very day before that en which they eiopped payment. Bob diDB got payment of all the debts that were due to him and paid all the debts that he owed leaving him unencumbered pro- dnctiTe properly of the value of five hundred thousand dollars. He did indeed lose a little on his hank stock but he does not regard this having sold out the greater ^rt of his shares at an ■normous advance and retained so many only as were necessary to qnalify him for the office ho held in the bank. I will pit my son Bob against any man's son in the coantry *the great financier" alone excepted. Such a son would rejoice sny father's heart. Saturday.— Devoted part of to-day to a tenth reading of the let- ters of the *' great financier." I have heard some who ought to know better talk of his truly great man in rather dhparaging terms— speak of him as a mere clerk with a pen behind his ear lending other people's money and instead of attending properly to his busioeas on the principles of commercial banking engaging in ■tock-jobbing wholesale pawnbroking and all kinds of political Intrigue. "Where " they ask "is the evidence of his great skill M a banker I With thirty-five millions of capital and credit which favfl him the command of at least as much. more he was one of the first to suspend specie payments. The cause which led the other leading banks in the country to stop payment namely the distribu- tion of the public money among the States did not immediately kflbct him for he had none of that money on deposit. As for what he avers were the remote canses of the general suspension namely the Specie Circular and the Bank of England's withdrawing ita •npport from the Ameriean merchants in London these commenced HitAt operatloa nearly a year before. As a " great financier " he ought to have foreseen their eflects and guarded against their dis- wtrons eonaeqnencea on his own institttUon. If he had maintained •pecie paymenta for only oAe month after the other banks sus- pended the Government would under the existiDg lava hava been TOL. ni. NO. XII.— «*o. 1838 gt . t Google 370 Farther Extracts from the Private Dian/ Deeembert compelled to employ bin bank «■ its sole finsDcial sgeiitt and Ihu his triumph over die OoTemmeat wbtcb is the wish deareit to hit heart would bsve been complete. Orer and above tbia the art of a banker consiits in hia making ereiy body pay interest to hii% while he pays interest to nobody. The "great financier" has so toanaged matters that the amount on which his bank is paying in- terest seems nearly to equal the amount of its active inrestmentf beyond the capital paid in. It is erer thus " Envy does mwrt u iti shade pomK." There were not wanting those who uaed to speak of Joha Lav. the illustrious founde lt - of the Mississippi scheme and of the eqnallf illnstrioQt projector of the South Sea bubble in terms equally dis- paraging. Even Timothy Dexter did not escape reproach and I have lately read a biography of Samuel Terry the Rothschild of Botany Bay in which that truly great and good- man is apoksn of in a manner anything but laudatory. The persons who speak in this way sbont the " great filMUiei«r " may have a very adequate acquaintance with banking as a science but they do not reflect sufficiently on Uie difference between the acience and the art of banking. There can be no doubt that the " great financier " having no public money to transfer and haTin^ the control of some seventy or eighty millions of capital might by taking doe measures in due time have avoided suspending specie payments. But then what would have become of the stock sad other speculations in which his friends to say nothing of himself^ were so deeply interested T Is it no part of a banker's duty to take care of his friends or himself And al^er all did not the bank gun largely by the suspension of specie payments T And if ov odious Government and the stupid people and the other banks had only let the " great financier " alone the same blessed suspension might according to a hint given in one of hia letters have be^ continued for twenty-four years or for as long a period as peymenle were suspended by the Bank of England. Let the envious and the malicious carp as they n«y the " great financier" is the very Napoh^on Bonaparte of the times — the greaU est man living. Who else but he could besides managing seren^ or eighty millions of capital in various parts of the world and in rarioua branchee of business and managing it all well — who ebe httt he eould find time to regulate the elections afterwards regnlste the niMnbeis of the State Legislature when they are elected keep Congress in due order take a hand in President makings end then find leianre to illuminate the public on the subject of cnrreney end finaoeet In the mnldtude of his avocations political commweialp ■nd Utemry he more nearly resemblee HoheKuned ^U FMbn ot ■ 3 by Google 1638. Q^ a Certain Bank Direetor. 8TI ^gypt than any other gentleman of my acquBintaace. but be gMi ' br beyond Mohammed. Sunday. — As my two belovpd spiritual guides are both absent froift the «ity I did not go to church to-day I cannot endure the Maulteztfl and the Mangtetezts nho supply their pulpits and who ue always prating about what they are pleased to call a good life aa casential to religion. But what a blessed institution the Sabbath hi I know not how a poor creature like mysalf busily engaged from morning till night on week days could ever get along but for tiie intervention of thii precious day of repose. On Sunday I al- irajra feel so tranquil and collected that between sermons review my transactions of the past week and lay my plans for that which bas just' commenced. Sometimes when the' sermon is not very edifying I devote the time of eeriice to meditating on the best *aya and means of increasing my riches and consequently ad- Tancing the welfar^of my poor fellow travellers to eternity. To-day ■8 I did not go to church I spent most of the time in posting my books. Posting books on a Sunday aa a general practice I do not approve but works of necessity must be attended to. I should not exactly Hke my friends of the Journal of to know howl ma employed though I was so wsry it is almost impossible that my conduct should bring any scandal nn the cause of religion. Monday. — Riimora have of late been afloat that the " great finan- eier" has turned Loco-Focp. They sorely trouble some of our friends especially those in the Middle States on whom he has been pressing heavily in order that he may strengthen his means for bringing the ^o nth-Western States into complete subjection. But ■neb reports'do not affect me. I know the man too well to beliere that he can ever turn Loco-Foco except in the same sense that my son Bob became a Deniocrat. That such a change should take place in appearance is quite possible for he has political as well as peenniary objects to advance and I have no doubt would rather •ee himself President than either the "Hero of Tippecanoe " or the •' Orator of Ashland " or even " the god-like man " of our Americao Athens. Still some of his movements were rather puzzling. But that tranquillity of mind which he blessed Salibath always brings Vith it has enabled me at length as I think to hlhom his designs. Be has already established one agency at London and another at Liverpool. To these he probably means to add others in various parts of South America at Canton and other parts of Asia to say nothing of Botany Bay and Van Dieman's land. I hope sincerelj he vni embrace New South Shetland in his plan. By agencies Ihns nitmerons and remote from one another he may establish a sys- tem of " kite flying " which will by its magnificence utterly astound the inTsntors of that noble art. He will draw a bill on Rio and take dutt np by n bill on Valpsraiso. This he will redeem by s bin TS Further Extracts from the Private Diary December on the North Weit Const and then redeem that by a bill on CantoD gt When this is due take it up by a bill on Botany Bay there aro ■ereral banks there already and that by a bill on Van Dteman'a land where there h at leant one bank. The next step mil be to Neir South Shetland and then he can proceed round and round the globe. This system will come nearer the plan my excellent friend Newcraft* has for many years been trying to discovert than any thing 1 have ever met with. Newera^'s grand object has been to mature a system of banking by which the dingreeahle necessit/ of ever -paying at all may be avoided. Postponing payment in- definilely by drawing and counterdrawinig on all the towns in th« oniTerae is the next thing to never paying at all and if th« ** great financier's" bank should chance to be bursted in bringing the system to perfeetion why then there will be only a verbal dif* ference between postponing payment indefinitely and never paying at all. I sometimes think this may be part of the " great financier's " design. No greater evidence can be given of skill in the art of banking than by now and then breaking a bank at l3te proper Him. Be is extremely fund of comparing hanking and steam-power* and I have often had occasion to think of the comparison in re- fleeting on the fate of that noble steamboat the " Nick Biddle." When that magnificent vessel first made her appearance in front of the orderly city of Vicksburg where there seem to he more banks than churches the multitude on the shore greeted her with loud huzzas. Her name alone sufficed to inspire in that calm and Qua- ker-like population this hearty enthusiasm. But in some fev months after the noble boat burst her boiler and now nothing more is heard of her. McThwackem tells a story so pat to the point that if I 'had any body to listen to me I would endeavor to repeat it. — Aa it is alto- gether too good to be lost I mnst tell it to myaelf. In the western part of New York is the beautiful village of Jack' Downingsville to which the Slickville Yankees go to finish their ediH cation before they venture to extend iheir benevolent labors to thein gt habitants of "that great moral wilderness " the valley of the Missia- •Ippi just as certain Swiss go to Holland to be polished before they ro- pairto Paris. At this interesting little place a juggler was once exhib- iting his powers and his skill was so great that he utterly astonished •ven that worthy people to whom legerdemain in some at least of ttfl branches is so easy that it seems to have been born with them. He throat swords down his throat till nothing but the hilts wero Tiaible and yet remaioed unwound'ed.' He swallowed pmssic acid by the spoonful and yet remained unpoisbned. He aqneexed him- • Sn •Blabiognv'V "^ B'*''*t Snapp Hewetttft Esq.. DmoamUo Bsfiew Ibr Stax DC zecbvGoOgIC 1888. 0/ a CeTtain Bani Director. 3ia 4« W into » pint-bottle and yet retained his nmtural size. and sbap amp Iiond wan the plaudits he received vbich increased as the entei gt lainment was prolonged Tor each irick seemed more wonderfnl tbut hat which had preceded it. At length when the admtTalion of tlt6 spectators had reached a point it seemed impossible to surpass Iw Acclaimed "Now ladiea and gentlemen I will perform a feat greater than any yon hare yet seen." Without more ado be took « pistol and blew his own brains out. The company baring leea tbe wonders he had prsrlously performed wailed for some Ume ia tflent eipectation that he would collect his brains again and stand before them a Kving man as at first. At length they became im- patient and loud cries of "goon goon — what next t what next I" resounded through the room. - But the poor juggler conM go no fbrlher. This wosderful feat was his last. By some of hi operations the "great financier " baa astonished die commercial world quite as much as the juggler by his feats amazed the people of \he little town In tlie west of New York. Is this magnificent system of exchange to be his last or are we la Aclaim "WHAT heit " ^ Catera ieavat.* ■ Id « priTsta note to nt DeMoa Grabsll tutea ttuU the line in Luin with which he dosei wu pnacnted lo him grelu.iUmily'oj his beloTed putor the Rererend Di. UcThwaeknn to whom he had applied for Bomething piih ' utd pertiDcnl to finish With. He tii ba wu iudacfd to wish for at \ttat one duaieal quotaUoii to adoni this pan of hii diary from bKviDg otnerred how pretty the aprinkling of Latin 'Mimed is the eelcbnied "black broth and iroD money" *peechof tin iUuMnoos OntservMlTe ftoB Sqoth CaroUaa. "Ibtownot " aaya theDeaem "what may bsiheneaainf ef nyLathiMnte amp OBjbut I hope there i* nothiag wicked in it." We mnrttdl the Deacc* thai here iiaomMhingMT widredia it fin it meanly IT we apprehend it rigkly that thii ia the InM we are to see of hia diary. If lo tbs diiDf gaaeraiioB will be deprircd of aU that moral htaeSi they could not bD to d^ rive amp om gt peroial of other prirue memoriali of ao xety pion* a man and so Tery patriotic a citiEca. Is it not wicked in him to withhold from others a kaovledge of tba means by which be hia acqaired hi* wealth and t« which he owes hit naefliV ■sas saMSg Uiat ha tberaby pfemts them from beeomisg as weidthy and as oaeU ■sUmsdfl Tbare ii bowcrer another aeose is wUeh the Latin Uae may be taken and this we b ^ is the right on*. Itmay mean simply that the history of "the great Ena» der"i*not Snlibed. The pr^tarationa br he last great fest being but jost begm Oa cstsatnvba of eomte canned now be givea. 3 by Google THE SPEECH OF THE MUMMY. "Tlu rliOaij in Haw Yak b w tm^ iiuh ■ psrfeet WMerioo to Daouoruj ud Hi Cub-TTM gt ai7 IhU Iha HnaiBy in in Swoopha^ would eiy oat igilut all tna Whip f wa v«n iHt to njaie* wiA Iha ovm-wbelmiog uulututi thit bafiti ttu occHioa." }— Twu Mill o'er EgTpl'i tlmiti Usd While proudly wklked the Osbui of Li^ Anud iKT f^orf b«uning bnod And lif hted up tba " Nood of HighL" npon the uid wuta wen otM Tin Pymuidi' long ihidea of ^hem While Ibef huge rdiciof l w paat TowcRd 'olid tbe Mm ih* Mi^^B temh. The Bedonin Ar^ ilepl fram Uood Tbe Wild Dds'i bowl lud died awajr Afor he Kile's rerlviog flood Senl Hubing ba«k tlie glancing my Old Cairo'B finn in beauty glowed The marble pslace tofut pvw — The Higbt Owl hooled M Uu Toad And Set Ihrau^ Pbenioh'i niini Sew 'T wa* HMh • nigbl aa Poeu love When mind comnutnca with BPind abOTk The Watehman on Iho PmIm'i toww Had blown tbe mmipeC note of time. While in the dailc eyed Jewen' bower Tbe arbaii«d loTtr Blcpl in crime A Toice now cante upon the breeaa. It echoed oW Old Mcmphia' duM — k pealed through Memnou'e cjrpru* iMe»- And OTCT Thebca' fouadMion borMr— Peal after peal the echoing note Swept round ibe luin'e moeey peak A* though the Whige by aTery tou. Had leaaa of power tor a week And now it abocA the eolid land While tempka rattled in tbeir placM Aa tboufh tbe " Callithtunpion Band " Bad giren a concert to the Qracea. t Bnebwaatbe Wbig'kexnhingalioiit ^ Bmiul when tho " Three Day's" «oik wu dooi^ When throngh New Yoik twaa noiaed alnqt That Maiey lit and S«wud WMi. 3 by Google TV Speech of the Mummy. The Snoozing Huminy bunt hi* Ud And came to *puk of li lt Kii« time From Cbeop' gt mighty Pyramid Uprearcd by cnielly and crime. And while he apcrted bii legar A kind do\rn Eaat they call tng-i^M He freed hi* yellow lipa from tor With Arthur I^ppan'i "Temperance wine " TheK with a hoana Btpnlchral tone Aa Wue or BeD hsTe ever lifted He wtt upon the crowning etonc And Uuu the Wbifi of Qotbem eifted And while in Sexon tongue he ipoke Columbia ataited and awoke. — " What WM^ Royatcnbrealvmy elecpl — Haa Pharaoh Prinu* gat pmnieaitm Hi* GmuI on Eaith agtuD to keep. By mean* of mom imw Whig ' Hagictan T Baa iKael'i wandcriBg he*t Rlonied To being new cmeadeep and ilniBg 0 have the InOxnal Bpiritt leaned The Um Bew EMtuanable MDg t BfB Oueen Vidoria got a Bean Or Britain' away been atado eompleK^ In Cajuda'a fbr^d hopea laid low. And Freedom cnuhad beneUh het httl Ha* grim Diogotea been aide To find M hoBcat wan OB eaith 1 OV bare the tribe* beneath Old Babel A aeeond time been eeattMred fixtk 1 Bm» Ettculea the nuj^iiy eome To do the laBan of a God 1 Or baa ba Lapland'* aorcerer'a dnin Awoke the riaepy land of Nod 1 No not but 'pern my time^ricd aonl The ahoot li ban a tipey Tory — A aalfatylad Whig who gunad Ihe poll Of Ootham at the priee of gtory. Dnk Ethiopia Kretch thy wingi No moie legrel tby children'* color— For thee a Bradiah loudly ungi — And Seward loo though omewhat duller. And aiaes their eliildreii's curly head* Became *o oeai to eroy ranter. The Whig* can't aleep upon Ibeii beds 'Till they amalgamate inatanler. And backed by aneieat maids and madam* T^ pranch and prajr end grin uidonie. zecbvGoOgIc The Speech of ike Mummy And with tLair leader Qniiicr Admi^ They ouM tha Soutb in Rf la Ueoolc. But KHua among them simpla fellow* Whf lore the ahadow of a ahad lt % Prefer the puffing — to the bellow*-' And tun a BnbUe-making Itndai And won* than Holtand'a Tulip fovert For tbcra^ at leut U lt ir kad tU Onam^ Tbay humbug erery title BeUavei With btudena beaTier ai than Bunjan'a And VMM than South So bubble* too— for ihera U* mo^i were in dqxin^- Tha Bank was amnewhat largv "tit una And Ocean wa gt the money cloacc But atill tbe Whaia wtrt tXert in numbeni To be paid otU to proper ownera FroTided they woold ronaeWii alumben And only brave the fate of Jonain. In fad tbey 'tb played the Tery deril With oommon aenae and people** pockety And now o'er golden cupa they rerel And cheat tbe poor and fill tbe dockau. And when tbey 're nothing else to do To gratiiy their windy plenaurei^ They pierce my BaioopbAfu* through And acimtcb among my akirti for trewntM And if the giopera want more light* They ml my leg* to burning bright — They bom my lege — by Tbebea they di^- Why half my lower limb* an charred — I waa no money hoarding Jew Nor did I grind the poor man haid I waa a genteel man of pleature. And kept my hundred wixea in ordtrf And when ff^t the want of treaaute 1 alvaya found it o'er tbe border And I intented Jewe-baipa pretty. To make the lasiea ihow their tedb-» They aold quite heavy in the oily But otit of town beyond belief — And then the an of calculation By charaeten Irom one to ten I taught belbre tha Tonbee nation Waa thought of by the wiaeat men g Andbaingtim* tha"P4"of figuR* I cslcolBte 1 11 be pennitted To talk about he banln end niggan Aa one unqualifiedly fitted. 7 of Egypt na*T tb* CiIa«oa*l ^ ct MoBBiaa ftr-flML 3 by Google TV Speech of tie Mummy. 377 Vet je who roused ths land in hope That it would loTe ynur Fedeml notioDR — yfiih tllyoar Rt»/al WindtorioBp And Ethiopian oleui«injE lotiooi .Cmi dotot waih iti tore awnjr Rmm tbow wbv hate youi Ungljr ftaCDTca . T Who loTs the gloriow light of'diy ' And leare tfaa ni^ to kindred creaturea But hold yoiiT breath and Hve your powder I Let JerMy Claika be damned to feme Ijet babbling Kiibhlen roar the louder . And Pbilli* BWell her loved one'a name I con njoka in A1U gt ~Whig— Fite puu when toscoIb rob the poll. Talk large brag high and bluster big r f^ni even damn the Speaker's aonl. And ir need be con use the riSe With deadly aim at Parly's' call. Since thua 111 win to conecience Btifle Apdogy or praioe Irom all If blood b« on my hand* or akirU WluU then — the dkid waa " Party's minion " A^ dined and feaited — tei the rest " Be matter of opinion." But ni e« you go for squibs and singing ni let you have a " epell of rhyme " Bo down be tide his old hat flinging i Ba howled 'gainai harmony and lime The Screech Owl heard him and grew jealous While Soreas threw away his bellows. Tbb Mtnocr Surot. lira there a Whig who would play xantd Piddia When Fid^ the first he could play by deoeiring Bear«h through the country ftoni Hony lo Biddle And when ye behold him why aeeing's beUeiing— Cling for your hope of aacendsncy lo him. Bring bim U daylight and trumpet hii nanx^ For he only he if your pwty but knew him Can.it ercr Itcai utter prostraxioa tedeiin. Can thty who hava winked at the pdjuier's crime Deem the ftauds can pnaerre that obtained Lh«in their power Or such triumph areit for a moment ihe time ' When JuKice and Truth shall o'er Aitifce tower. The triumph of rand otbt principle flings I A shadow of terror round Liberty's shrin^ As though Ibe red monster of Hell shook his wing* CeiTiitiM's blight testing place poR and diriiM. i Google J%e Speech of ike Hummy. Di Aad the ' who tboir country io peril fiinoak And 111 up hu hilla with heii bucon-fire'* gloT Who traced rat in leUm of ihams in Umr book — "'TUaainloreioice when weiieDqnerttialbe'^— . Wild panio may raise our good eanae la o'erwlidin. And tfanndei and Bosh u in timea that uepwRi Bat the Ship of the FeopU via Tnilh at hei hdnk. Shall ride out the unpMt in aafety at last. Eeep~ am port/ but free fr«n an wl amp ah polluioia Give OUT Ibes if they wiih bO the Talenla and LeMninKi And let them if aniioua be decency'* toton Bagea and aattelites bold and diaceming DialreBB and defeac cannot bring ua a terror The land will be ftae Bplte of ahin-plaatcr boati ^ And Troth and its party will triumph o'er emn When rag^mitlB and ahaTiDg^alKipa gin up their ghDet^ Oh glory 1 linger beauteous itill Abo*e the Pilgrim'e hallowed shore— Ughi Dp each Mdilory hill From rocky mount to Ocean's roar Oh uy not that the freebom ^ue Hare bartered birtlnight for a wng— That o'er them History's pan shall trac« The right submitted to the wrong. There is a principle of rigkt To guard the Patriot'* land IVom bann Though often dimmed it flashes bright When damning traitors raise their arm Egypt forgot it in her hour Of miglit and fame and sank in gloom And left the lesson in each tower And lettered wall and pictured lomK TbM prineipk still lives carest And ^ite of fcetion's sordid chains ' WiH live to make otu eotmtry blest And soaUo plenty on her plain*. Let Whig Briarin* stretch hia artns And IKacord rear her renomed dart Demoemcy fears no alarms Enshrined within a nation's beait Then mai^ each selfish wish in love 1 Love tai the Olory of the Free T High let your shoots arise above The wailing wind and sounding sen. The lazy Turic 'mid rosy bowers Eh* read his doom in woids of fire. And where Olympna — pwpled — towers The Qieek hang* o'er a broken Lyre — ' zecbvGoOgIc 183a. 3%e Speech oftheMtamy. Sad Jndah'i Nattond ntiiiafida wtep . Btnia 1m «n«iBl«t'i Him flood mUle OD thak gt D^7 wQlow* d«q Tlia Bups of Beuilj UUMd vith fakwd. Tadmor and Balbec ton tbeii diut -. Mourn o'er llwIiflJlaifutM of prid* And Edom fromliei gniTsofluit HowU todly on the moDnuin sida. D gt A Ethiopia Borrow bring* IiiMcrowtoJterUtlarkit ~ Wliik from ber alinae blidc Sodom tingiy "fbrgitting Qod ty 6ffdfiirgaf." And when Uk wocdering trBvellin gue On mighty wall and timo-wom tMUb Tlw Mlilary carad itrajri And •covling aand Norm awe^a in looax. Aad did iba landa wham EkkMa apnug And mi^Kr Monnobi hdd eoirirol When " Moaie heavenly maid waa yonnE"- gt Wlien ShiliA cane lo save the aonl b daitncaa alt tar conntleia years A by-word to the wide spread earth tn apile of {roane and sigfaa and testa And goldan board* and noble biithl Then deeper fkr will be the glootn "nat like a doad iball wrap thy abot^ Whan IHaeoid leara hei mif hty UMUb And o** Ibee Bnin arntea " No Meut " By Banker Hill iha TnA taaj etand And adt who raar'd it* half boiU loveri Or naea nal cifiaa in the nmd. And aaok in vain ihnr nam* ml povaa. The boM* of patriota may ba piled To wann tlM shint of Greek M J*w And where the loreUot hamleta amikd Tbe Tartar** SxX nay bniah the dew. Aa btigfatar flawed thy nwming light 80 dariur ahad** ahall rale thy oi^ n^uCdoda ahocaa new bathed in li^ The pride of Ood and man'e deaire like Oraeeaia pmned with jewda bri^t— Lika Salem wrapped in holy Cte. Wodd yoa ObUfJon'a waTc ride o'er. And heai Iba nUiaii* call yea Uial yfaM Mid tbe aura yaw EagU aaar. And mominc'a puipl* batba ynnr oirtl Down in the doit in metkneaa bow And aeek alone lair Tiitue** crown Bdbtv tbe world noew your TOW by Google Vu Caaadiait AvaUir. t DMemlMli Tbm aoo^ Ui tomb aod ibnt tha doco' And alaiit M Iw hri dopt befiira. THE CANADIAN AVATAR. "On Soadar Bvaning Ota vboleof tbe badi counnr aboTa L«pnirie }inM9t«d tha kvfiil q «ctask of one tut bIum of lurid Same and it is nfMitod that not a aSu^ nbal houas hai been left Mandieg. Ood only knowa what ia U becoaie of tta tortiviiig CanadiuM and tbeir viTca and famibei during the ■pproaebing wbar u natUiig but •tamcioa from Inmgtr a»d e^ mum tbem in ihs fiua. TlwintegritrofthganipIniiiuitbaaauitedipaarceaDdproapaitjmuitbe aeennd laBritidmt^MtaiBnnatlliaeiqnnworttKeDiinlfalion Canadieae. Tha hi^ tttryof tba paat piotta liat nctidog bni nnetpiitg t^ewi fmi tit tarik and Jafbig IWrloMiotioM ItMl wiU U4 • « lt vUl prerent renewed idwUkina louUiof lb* Bl Lawnneo."— Jlfrnlnol Btraid Ifuvtmier 13 183a ■At MmHt tbey tbe patriots held out a Bag of iniee vhicb tbcmgli d i^la yad Ibne tinwi the Britirii did not regaid. They had orden lo gnt no q«ait lt n «ad take no priaoiwr*." — Lelltrfrtm Ogdaubarg pMUlud is U« AInc York Amtri- AM rftivimitr SS 1S38. "By a deapateh receiTed from Colond Turner dated Cornwall NoTcnber 1 ^ 9 T. Ml WD leui that «U ia going on brilliantly below— ^lat Baauhannii th taken all the priaoner* nleaaed from the nbela no rebela made piUaiivB and that tha eooDttr wo all ia flamea."— Xuvi/m U. C. CkivnUit. Caii the mrrion of England then glorj in ihUDe And consent to nek lanrela mtd the cotUge'a fire t How the wail of the mother will trumpet their fame And the ahriek of the babe ^Te their deeds to the lynt What though the white flag of aubmianioD did wtve An emblem of peace mid the havoc of atrife - No mere^ they gave but the flame and the greve No hope but the gleam of the cutlaaa end knifot Tee ^'brilliantly" bum the poor cottager'a home^ Where innocence alept with her beaulifnl ones B r the Bweet ailrer streamlet at monntun rill'a iham* By Lawrence' proud atrenm thttt in majesty runs The Tale where the foot of the atnnger scarce trod — The rifle that looked but the deer in the face — The bind that could barely pay homage to God ^ Are thete the refused of the conqueror's ^ceT 3 by Google 188.} 7%e Canadian Avatar. ^1 Reek yon the cost of your blood-BUBtkined iwayi The Widows the Orphans whose Uod you deroo^— Or thit England shtll feel jn her terrible day That God ia above you in spite of your power. Forget you that Truth is still beaming in Hearen Know you not Justice though sleeping is sore. And that the destruction your caercy has given It may call for a kindred destruction to cure 4 And America too on her pillow reclined. Calmly folded her hands on her bosom of cold ' As though the oppressed could do precedent find. For spurning their chains like our fathers of old. Rebellious are they who would govern themselvesi Rebellious are they who would scorn to be slaves Take down your bright volumes from History's shelves. And open the seals of your forefather's graves — Read out the proud story from letters of gold. And hurl back the libel that darkens their way. The stars and the stripes when in glory unrolled. Were the symbols of rebels as guilty as tbey. We weep for the brave who their fetters despise And kindle with rapture at Liberty's birth. And while we would fan her bright flame to the skies Have our hearts not a pulse for the trampled to earth t When the yoke of the spoiler has galled the proud neck. And the iron of terror sunk deep iii the soul. When nothing is left but a plank of the wreck In the night of that storm that o'er England may roll Then Liberty's life may awaken the bones That bleach on the shores of the fair Chaudiere And a nation come forth from its bondage and groans As proud as the land In its loveliness Jiere. " When the seraph of light in the sunbeam shall stand. And call the nations of Earth to the Judgment of God Where sheeted in crimson the hosts of the land. Render up to the wine-press of Vengeance tixeii blood- Aye then shall the wail Of the butchered be heard. And the shriek of the infont ring terribly clear And the tyranU of Earth in the Day of the Lord Enow the mercy deserved by the merciless here. CJoogIc DecmibMV LETTER PBOM WILLIAM B. STONE. ESQ. Tht Moiring l«ler Irom Wm. L. Stone Esq. will be lead wiLh inlctiMl u MttHsg in a defimle and salii amp cUnrjr Dunner the inlereBtinx hjitorical amp i3 A*t Biaat ina not It tba Butte erf' Wyoming nod had neither act nor put in that identloa maMacn with which his name in hiiiDry end in poetry hu been alike idendfie^ The " Hiatoric Doabti " which our article on Colonel Suuie'a woik inlarpoaad between all previous record and tradition on the Butijeel and the uoequivcieal ex- emption ftom any eonnectlan with the matter which wiu eo amfidenlly and in^ expectedly claimed for the Mohawk chief by his biographer have bean pioductin of a happy effect in inducing an inTostigation en the pait of that caitfiil author which may be said to haie set the question Gnnlly Bt rest. That the evidence on thia point now brought forward by Colonel Stone may he r» corded in connexion with the position it controTCRs tfe pnfer inserting it in tlM pnseot voltmie to delaying it for a second article which we had contemplated on tlUB Teiy intereiling and important work cmbiaciDg aeveial historic moment which did not fall wilhia the scope of our fhrmer paper. it we cheerfully record out aenae of the indefatigable pains and sagaciot try in seaich of acts which so eminenliy distingntsh Mr. Stone'* I worits and which m gt fully entitle his asseitioos in this icsoecl to the confidence of Ma readers. 7b the Editors of the Democratic Review — New York November 9 1838. Gbntlshkn — I owe you my thanks for the liberal space allotted in the October number of your ejiirited Magazine tn a review oS tnj recent work illustrating the border history of the Ameiicatt Rerolution entitled the " Lire of Brant" My acknowledgmenU are also due to the accomplished writer of ihM article for the abiUty with which he has eiecuted his task and the favorable opinion hs hu expressed of the work. I am aware that public acknowledgments of Ihia deseriptioa an unusual. Bat my reviewer having raised a question for the pui^ poie either of eliciting farther informatinn or of throwing donbt Upon a fact assumed and defended in my work it is not proper that I should pass it by unheeded. I must either sustain the position that has been questioned or tacitly admit that it caunot be ao^ teioed. The reviewer will readily comprehend the point to which I km inTiling your attention. In conformity with the taniforat declara- tioiu of Joseph Br«nt — or Thayendanegea — for I prefer calling him by his Indian name — in conformity moreover with the tradi- tions of his fomily and with the oral testimony of his contemporft. riea in Ae British service — and in the face of all the preWoiu vritten hiatoiy of the battle and massacre of Wyoming '— I hart 1S88.1 LeUerfrim WiUiam L. Stone Etq SSI uMamed and poriliTely userted that Thayendanegea vaa not «mt gaged in that treaeberom and bloody affair. My own impreaeioD that auah w«« the facti after a full ezatninatton oC the case amounted to positire belief and I adduced such evidence as was at hand to ■Hstam tha assertion. ' My reviewer however u not satisfied. "We sbonldtw gtul "i« 's lu "to*»etht matter aUttIa moie folly explained. tPitr* VBS ThAyanduiegea at the timel How engaged 1 Whs an tlie Britilh oficera reftrred to by Mr. Slone ai the compurgutors of Brant 1 Only oneof tlienii a Ur^Fny is mentioned by name. Jolia Brant a son of Joseph Tialted England ID ISS2 and with honorable filial piety Mrore in eoirespondence with Mr. Campbell to Ti gt dicate tha mnnory or hia Tathcr Trom the .imputalkma connected with thia mik tor which the poem of GeiVude of Wyoming had disseminuwl whererci. the El^ liah language is rud. It is singular tbal neither the letter of John Btant nor tlN doeamenta be laid before Mr. Campbdl are given lo us. We discover their Dnsativ- fitetory nature from Mr. CatapbeU'a reply. He aays ' I rose from perasing the pB gt pars you Bubmitted to me certainly with- an altered impression of hia Thayendan^ g« gt 'i chaiVder. The evidenoe afforded induces mclo believe that he often strove to iTiiii£Tifj» the cruelty of Indian WBT amp re. Laatly yeu'uffim that be was net wiUm nam/ nifej of the spot wierc tAt batUt which decided the fate of Wyoming took jiaee and ftom your afcr of refcrena lo Hving witneBses I cannot but admit tba assertion.' We aak again how many miles off wu he Kher. t/u boMt was fot^kt7 Where was he imR tlw battle was fought the ne» and the following days when lbs iDdkas and Tonea raTBged the vHlley and drove the inhabitants to parish in the mountainsl Who are the 'living witnesses' of hia abaencs ftom the battl^ - crenl When Otudon Ramsay Be ihara Adolphua and as Mr. Stone candidly admits ' etery written history of this battle extant not even excepting the lait ttr- Twed edition of the Life of Washington by Chief Justice Marshal ' when ail thssS cU accounts concur in representing Brant lo have accompanied this expedition lbs evidenoe should be very fitU and very ciicumatanlia tt gt eslsbliah the contrary 'in the face of every historical aulhority.' We confess to be not very well satieSed as to the wkertt^ont and thn occupation of the Mohawji chief the man always pnsent 'wherever a blow could be strudi to advantage ' on this occasion when his Indiana Werere amp ping sncha pleiSlfiil harvFsl of blood and plunder among the blaxingraftan of Wyoming. We ncfd to see more evidence on the subject."* * The objection is taken in a rather imposing form I admit and the qaeetions are speciously pnl. I likewise admit the ingenuity of the attempt to extract eyidence against me from Hr. Campbell's letter conceding the yery fact I hare aasarted. The latter how- erer may safely be lert to epeak for itself. My business is with the qnestions. " Where was Thayendanegen at the time I" of the Battle of Wyoming. " How engaged " " Where was he aftee the battle was fottght the next and the following days t" Really Messrs. Editors these are questions which it never occurred to me that I should be required to answer. Thayendanegea was a son of the forest and the wide wildernesses of the Continent " were all before him where to choose." He may hare been upon the Tar-path in some other direction. He may have been upon the chase— c» in attendance upon a council of his people — any where but at Wyoming. There lie was not. But all this does not an- *DeRiocnda Berisv No. X. Odnber 1S38. DD. ea by Google 884 Letter from William L.SUme Esq. { Deeembev nwet the qmrist. " 'Who are the liring witnesves " he «ske " of bis Bbtence from the battle " Moat happy am I to answer thu qaettion directly to the point. Since I had the pleasure of reading the^eloquent essay of my reriewer I have made a risit to the chief towa of the Seneca Indians and in the course of my inTesttgationa. I ascertained who some of those "living witnesses" were. Among others was the renowned Ktumndomoand better known to Ameri- cans as Captain Pollard with whom I had an interesting inter- Tiew. He is s brave old chief with a finely developed head and most benevolent aspect and faculties entirely unimpaired. I was ftccompanied by Orlando Allen Efq. a irenileman residing at Bat- amp Io who is intimately acquainted with the Senecas and speaks their language well and also by a Seneca chief now a licensed Attomey reaiding at Buffalo who acted as my interpreter. Kaouo- doowand was a young but active chief dnring the whole war of th« Revolution and paiticipafed in most of the principal Indian en^g» meats. Af^er the peace of 783 he became the faat IViend of the United States and fought gallantly on the Niagara frontier durisf the war 1S12-'I6. He Informed me that he was one of the Senem warriors who met General Schuyler at the council held at the Ger gt man Plats in the summer of 1775. He was engaged in the battlea of Wyoming and Newtown and his declarations were repeated and poritive that Thayendanegea was not at Wyoming. The Indians engaged in that battle were chiefly Senecas and their leader waa the late CH-eji-giDak-toh* the predecessor of the late Young-Kinff who died about ten years ago at the Gataraugus reservation. Kaonndoowand farther stated that but few of the Mohawk war- riorfl were in the battle of Wyoming the greater part of them re- maining at Niagara during the Campaign. Where Thayendane- gea was at bat precise period he could not tell. His impression was that he too remained at Niagara. Certain it was that he was not at Wyoming and such is the testimony of the odier Seneca warriors who were engaged in that battle and yet sarvive. I tnuti Messrs. Editors that my respected reviewer is answered not only to hia own aatisfaction but to that of the public in general and Mr. Thomas Campbell in particular. I am amp e Tbk Adthob or tbi Lin or Bkant. * ihiiiigKii'411-aaaoke. 3 by Google THE RANK AND FILE OF DEMOCRACY. No. L riimsTLTAHiA. Fkssokb Kfliding out of Pennsf Ivnnia cannot properly appreciate the late election and its reaalts or the present position of parties within its limits unless preTiouBiy seqasinted with the state of po- litical nSkirs existing in that State. The summing up of majorities the boasts of inecess and the ebaracter of the result afford a very lunt insight into the trne state of aflkira. FENNSTi-rAMA it is known though inferior in nnmerical force to New York has not been inferior to her in inflnence in the Union. She has been called the Keystone of the Federal Arch and such has been her importance that there hare been constant and uninterrupted at- tempts to obtain possession of her by the minority at one time by eoaxing at another by stratagem and anon by force. She haa al- ways been Democntic and has never deserted from the ranks. Every possible method has been tried to seduce her yeomanry but they have remained invariably true to the principles and practice of De- mocracy and it is doubtless owing in a great measore to their in- dependence and sincerity that she so nniTereally liears the proud cognomen of the Kitstons Statk. It is well known that Pennsylvania was among the first States that supported onr late venerable President and while the patriot Jackson wanted support either for principles or measures she was ready and never wanting. The veto of the bank charter in 1833 affecting as it did Pennsylvania more immediately than any other State raised at once a party powerful in money and talent and Boacmpulons in the use of its influence and means which threatened to annihilate the Democracy of Pennsylvania and to take the State by storm. All know the failure of the first attempt. The Vkto was triumphantly sustained by the people. Andrew Jackson obtained Ibe proud majority of twenty-five thousand over the united votes of Vbigs and Anti-Masons and the Democratic banner waved trium- phantlyatitshome. Unfortunately there existed at this time.adiri- ded state of feeling in the Democratic party in regard to the Exeeti* tive George Wolfe arising from local political causes. He was in 1833 the regularly nominated candidate of the party and though no other Democratic candidate was started he bad a majority of only three thonsand and that too within a month of the Presidential elec- tion at which the majority was more than right times that number. Toi. III. MO. xn.— BM. 1838. i 86 Tlie Rank and File of Democracy.— No. 1. Deconber Tkpn it gt i as ihat Joseph Ritner's friends worked moat industrioualjr to S01T ihc seeila of dissention in ihe Uemocra^c mnkE and to lay tlie foundation of that temporary { bwt to the Bank vital success which they afierwards enjoyed. Ritner had been a Democrat and as a member ofthe Legislature waseelebrited more for his unflinch- ing opposition to Stale debt than any thing else. In 1838 the in- tense excitement which the abduction of Morgan by the Frec- inasons occasioned in the western part of New York spread tv Pennsylvania and extended itself su deeply among its citizens that designing politicians found tittle difficulty in turning it into s new and powerful party engine. Ritner deserted to Anti-Masonry and was one of the few who afTeclciI to believe in Masonry as a POLITICAL evil. His efforts at this time assisted by a few kindred epirita were crowned with the success of creating in the State s new party cal1i il the Anti-Masonic. Many honest bnt credulon* Democrnts were deceived and leil into the ranhs of this party wliich they promptly aliandoned when ihey saw the profligacy of its acts and the destitution of principle which characterized iU leaders. Ritner used it as an instrument of personal ambition. He run and was defeated as a candidate for Governor in 1829 and 1S3'3. In 1S36 however lie again offered himself and met with better RucccHs. A4 this time the Democrnlic party had two candi- dates Wolf and Muhlenberg and this fatal division causing many of the Democratic voters to take no part in the election while Ritner received the vote of the wliole Whig party in addition to that of his Atiti-Masonic friends he was elected Governor though at the same time in a minority of upwards of twelve THotsASD. From that moment the cloven hoof of the Opposition was ex- hibited the bank wus to be re-chartered at all hazards and the Democracy of the State made to fall ' like Lucifer never to hope again.' The same causes which produced the election of Ritner gave to the enemies of Democracy the majority in the State Legislature and among the majurity was one who had emigrated from New England had all the Federal doctrines of the Hartford Cunvention was a strong friend of aboliliun and wilhal had sufficient address to acquire over- weening influence with Governor Ritner. It wm under the auspices of this master apirit that .the brief period of ei^ulvoca party ascendency thus acquired was employed to perpe- trate tlic most stuirendous and unscrupulous act of power which Party had ever atl*i npted in any of the Stales and by which it was boldly designed to secure thn perpetual ascendency of the fac- tion that conceived it. This was no less a policy than the re-char- ter by the Stale Legislature of the vast political Hank which the decijive voice of ihe nation bad already declared to be too Etronj{ Ijt tlie Union. The act by which this gigantic corporation ma amp st«ted upon the State will ever be signalized u the mott re- 1838. 1 Pennsylvania. 387 marhable legislative fraud in the history of these States. The parly in power coiiscio gt i9 of the deep distrust eniertained by the people of their policy and aware of their inriiicihie repugnance to such a measure so disgnisMl far the time being their iatentiuns that the act by which the Bank was re-chartered actually omitted all allusion to such a measure in its title and both in that and in its preamble was apparently designed to effect simply the eret popular objects of repealing the taxes and promoting the internal Improvement of the Stale. The subsequent clauses however showed that these desirable nieasurcii were to be accomplished by recharteriag the United States Bank with thirty-tire millions of capita and giving it a duration of thirty years. Politicians who were willing in this manner to saddle a single State already enjoying an ample share of banking capital for their own purposes with the burden of an institution which the United States was not able to endure were as little likely to stint it in the character u in the extent of the privileges they conferred. Accordingly the must salutary restraints of the United States law were removed and the gigantic corporation was permitted to enter into competition with citizens in every branch- of industry in which the option uf its directors might direct its overwhelming capital to be em- ployed. In return for these unexampled privileges the Bank was to pay an immense bonus to the State and with this foonua the epecitic objects of the act were to be effected. In appropriating this sum by other clauses of the act it was ntlempted to subsidize the whole State into an approval of its enormnus provisions by making liberal grants to local works in every section which were thus to be created as it were by magic without burlhening the people while at the same time a perpetual party ascendency seem- ed to be secured over the State by the network of internal im- provements in which it was enveloped and the feeling of Slate pride was artfully enlisted in favor of a system which seemed to promise benefits so vast by means so simple. When the plan however became fully developed and under- fftood it met with the most strenuous opposition from the entire Democratic parly. They possessed a decided majority in the Senate when the bill passed the House of Assembly and the alarm with which they saw this majority rapidly diminish before the influence of the bill and finelly desert their principles and assist the minority to pass it had a aaluiary effect in knitting to- gether their divisions and InsfHring a general distrust of all special and ultra legislation. The Governor had been strongly opposed to the banking lystetn and increase of bank capital and it was not vilhoat difficulty that he was politically persuaded or perhaps fHghteaed into the approval of the bill. The same year chanced to be the time for districting the State which was done with a view to MbieTve 'Wbig intereata aitd aeeare a majority in the next Legl»- ass The Rani and File of Democraej/.—No. L {December Uture. The BtnU r«ni nerertheleu owing to the spirit which conduct BO iinicrupnlous had inspired only partially succeeded. In the election of 1836 the Democratic party triumphed throngh- out the State — the master spirit himself was left at homei though the 8enate being divided into three clasees retained its former politieal complexion. The governing faction well knew that the Democretic party of the State consisted of a large majority of th« voters and they resorted to every means calculated to cripple the Democratic vote and if possible perpetuate their own power. As one of the means of effecting this object a law was passed com- monly called the Registry law applying exclusively to Philadel- phia which had froin twenty-fire thousand to thirty'thonsand vo- ters one-half of whom at least were Democrats so that at atl times the Federal vote of that place could be powerfully con- tested and somedmes overcome. Every restriction however that could be thrown upon the right of snSrage would it was rightly believed operate against the Democracy. The great mass of hip party composed of mechanics and laborers whose time was their only wealth would not and could not it was supposed afford the lime to have themselves registered and would thereby deprive their parly of many rotes and thus give to Philadelphia such a heavy Fed- eral preponderaey as would be adequate to check the alrengthea- ing Democracy of the State. Other acts of a similar character and with a like purport were passed and joy pervaded their ranks in soppoping they had completely vanquished the "Hydra-headed Democracy." The profligacy of the partisan leaders was un- blushing and almost avowed. Their whole aim was polidcal supre- macy and selfish aggrandizement all their plans were digested and matured with that vi^w and well pondered over as to their effects before carried into execution. These things being done and the Federal party as they had reason to snppose firmly and immovo- ably established in power corruption and intrigue were rife among them and a hard hand was meted out to their opponents. The re- charter of the bank as we have seen was the first desperate act in their fancied security. A bill to purchase locomotives for the use of the State was vetoed by Governor Rilner because the Demo- cratic canal commissioners were still in office the time of the elec- tion not having come round and they would have had the purchase uf them. The locomotives however being indispensably requisitei a bill was passed changing the time of appointment of the commis- sioners — new commissioners of the Whig stamp were chosen the bill was again passed and met the approval of the man who had ve- toed it but a few weeks previously and this merely because Demo- crats would have had the disbursement of a little money which these patriots were determined should be used for political palroD- age. The whole ronta of tha Slate improrementi^ under Um dilMttoa 1838. 1 Pennayhania. 389 of the new canal coramissionera vas filled with politicians the heavleBt pricea paid for work and the internal improvemunta fnnda were squandered in die basest political proa^tution. Open war was waged by the Executive a^inst the national AdminiBtration lUuBtrating the fable of " the gnat and the ox." Ritoer denounced Jackson and all his friends and lost no occasien to shoOt his pop- guns at them and the lo Paaks of rejoicing among the faithful were frequent and loud. Nothing was too groaa to attempt and if poBsible to execute. Inconsistencies were regarded as nothing - at one session bills increasing the capital of the Girard and Moya- menaing Banks were vetoed while similar enactments as to othM banks in Philadelphia were permitted to be made and this mere* Ijr becanae the two first named had committed ihe^unpardonabU ^n of becoming depositoriea of the public money after its r« tnoral by General Jackson from the Bank of the United States. A bill for intenial iraproTements was vetoed in the spring of lS37t because it contained appropriations to some companies to which Ribier and hia men were hostile though they had all approved the bill chartering the bank which contained more numerous and more heterogeneous appropriations. The suspension of specie paymenta by the banks of the State took place within Bixty days after thia veto and then arose huszas and shouts for the foresight of Ritner who ^ough he had vetoed the bill for other reasons yet counten- BDced by Utese honest lovers of truth took to himself the credit of ■0 doing on account of the troubled times. Low as the State credit had been brought by this horde still it had not sunk so low but that all the money for the purposes of bill could have been ob- tained on demand. Ritner indeed never dreamed of any such difiically and it was strongly doubted by those well acquainted with the character of his intelligence whether he knew any thing at all about the financial state of the country and whether all hie knowledge on the subject did not come through his conltdentia advisers. The banks by their suspension had incurred liability to forfeiture of their charters. The Legislatnre which had just adjourned was Democratic and could have exacted the penalty. This Ritner well knew and alao the fact that public opinion from eircumstancea connected with some of them would have amply justified the en- f'trcement of the penally. He accordingly issued a proclamation. In which after abusing Mr. Van Buren's Administration and white- washing tlie illegalities of the State banks he declared his intention HOT to convoke the Legislature. The next sesssion 1837-'8 Uie Federalists still had the Senate while the Democrats had a majority in the other house the Independent Treasury system was dreaded by the former as initiatory to an exposure of the banks and some few Democrats were worked upon to oppose the measure. Ae- eordingly a resolution was adopted urging Congress to postpone 390 The RanJc and File of Democracy. — No. I. December al consideration of tlic question until llic next session and at the same lime expressing ^-fiill confdcnce hi Marlin Van. Bvren antl in tlie intclli^'cnire of our Democratic i^eiiators and Representalires in Congress." The resolution went on ii say "anJ our Senator* are hereby iiistntcled and our members requested to rote for such a mode of rccciTing keeping and disbursing tbe public monies as will separate as far as practicable the banks from the Government." This resolution was adopted and approved by JosEPit Ritker he signed an approval of the man he had abused and actually RECOMMENDED THE Independknt TRtASDRV — though as in the former case it is but candid to state that it is doubtful whether fas understood what he was signing. In ihe same year he approved a bill for Inlertial ImproTements similar to the one he had vetoed because it contained an appropriation for a bebpkntine rail-road in Adams cnsulT calculated to benefit Thaddeas Stevens and of course advance RJlner'a own political prospects. A law was also passed permitting members of the Legislature to hold offices from which they had beretofore been properly excluded and immediate- ly upon the adidurnment Thnddeus Stevens of Adams and John Dickey of Benver were appointed canal co mm i gt 9i oners. The lat- ter had been elected to the Htate Senate as a Democrat but bad gone for the bank and in all things joined the Whig party he here met his reward and the Slate patronage was placed in charge of these men to be used lo secure Rimer's re-election. On the fourth of March I63S the Democrniic Convention assembled and unani- mously recommended Datid R. Porter as the Democratic candi- date for Governor in opposition to Joseph Ritner who was an- nounced as a candidate for re-election. Mr. Porter was a member of the State Senate and as the Legislature did not adjourn for more than a month aflerwards every trap was set lo catch liim but the unflinrhing Democracy of Mr. Porter foiled all their efforts they were "kicking against the pricks " and bis opponents saw that ordinary warfare was not likely to bring them victory. A system of personal attack was therefore organized against Mr. Porter of the most proftigale and disgrncefnl dcBrripiion The Fed- eral parly have heretofore found llieir account in a similar mode of warfare. Democracy has not forgiven the infamous libels which a thousand venal presses once made current against Jefferson. The dennneiations of Jackson have hardly yet died upon the public ear and it cannot be forirotlen that every distinguished individual whom tlip Ppnjile hare delighled to honor have as regularly beeii assailed with the blackest CHliimuy and abuse of their Federal opponents. The political contests in Pennsylvania have been remarkable for t ie ^leal and ardor with which each party has enzngad in them a» tbnt excesses committed during the cimvass whether of pen or tongue must be virulent indeed Vi excite unusual remark. No parallel however can be found to the extent and malignity of this specie* 1836. Pemtsylvania. 301 or perBCcation iriiich was directed agsiriat Mr. Porter. Dftraction of the tturatkind waa employe to do its tiflicp. In early lift Ko Imd been iinplicBti'il in a partmn-aliip which lhrou{ li no fuult of his had been uiifortunate in busiiiesii and though he had aeUled with Ihb credit' rs in a manner lliat left the most humirablc conviction of hie integrity un their minds he wns paraded in the jourtisls which us- flume to themselrea all the decency as a fraudulent bankrupt and executive tools were nut wanting who teslilied on oath to stories of embezzlement so utterly without foundation that the principal deponent waq proved to have bees only five yeara old when the focta he bad aworn o were alleged to hare taken place. These charges of perjury and forgery were however reiterated by the oflicial cabal and echoed by all their presses till the very day of election. Nor was this all his domeatic character was assailed by charges of almost every species of licentiousnesa and vice and it is much to be regretted that Uie conalantaseertion of these things. tended to reduce the old fashioned majority of twenty -five thousand which belonged to the State though the falsehood of the chirges was so clearly and conclusively established as to defeat the objects of their invention and to make many honest Whig» come forward i» vouch for Mr. Porter's unblemished character who were warm- ly opposed to his politics and would not vote for him. Upwards of tea thousand non-reiiident voters were introduced nnder the eiecutire patronage into the State and judiciously dis- tributed on the various public works so as to swell Ritner's major- ity in the hour of need while the arrangement of the diatricis had been managed in such a manner that it was calculated the Demo- cratic party began the contest with a majority of nearly tiventy thousand votes against them which had to be neutalized before their efforta could tell in favor of their own candidates. This was so well understood that when the election hod commenced and was apparently going for Porter a letter announced as from n high eulhonty in the State was published in the National Intelligen- cer for effect upon the South which declared that unless the Dem- ocratic candidate should be elected by fifteen thousand majority the State could not be considered safe for Van Buren in the next Presidential election. Besides all this falsehood and deception of every kind were at work. A new Constitution was to he submitted to the people and in the eastern part of the State where the old Constitution was popular Ritner was asserted to be its friend while in other portions where it was unpopular he was as deter- minedly claimed as the friend of the amended Constitution. It is characteristic and illustrative of the popular intciliicncc that deception on part of tlieir rulers never fails to recoil upon and dis- comfit themselves. A party or a politician who aflect to disbelieve or underate the sagacity of the people can be successful only while undetected anil the popular distrust when deeply rooted can never 902 Tie Rank and File of Democracy. — No. I. Decemberi be iFercome. The histoiy of our parties and public men abound in pregnant illustrations of this great truth which cannot be too fully impressed upon all public men. Mr. Ritner's i^oTance of this great principle led him to commit a signal met of weakness and inconsistency for the parpose of throwing dust in the People's eyes and which not only recoiled injuriously upon its author but M a political move was almost too ludicrous for eSecL The banks of New York resumed payment early in die spring of 183S those of Pennsylvania prepared and announced their inten- tion to resume on the first of August 1838 and accordingly just before that day Ritner made haste to issue a proclamation ordering them to resume on or before the thirteenth of Augntt or he would ▼isil upon them the penalties of the law. Now it must be borne ia mind that the banks suspended on the elerenth of May 1^7 and the Governor exhibited the force of finding out the fact Timiir MONTHS afterwards denouncing its illegality and ordering a re gt Bumpiion and all this only after they had announced their readi- ness and intention so to do. The cause of the moTement was not apparent until by the entire Whig press Mr. Ritner was prariaim. ed the friend of specie payments and it was heralded throughotit the State that ke hnd made the banks resume which otherwise they would not have done and to their shame be it spoken the officers of the banks encouraged and promoted belief of what ihey knew was not true with a view to aid his reflection more especially as his proclamation wai filled with the usual quantum of abuse of the National Administration and praise of his own. The people* howerer saw through the wretched trick end the only effect it produced was that of attaching to his administration the discredil of such an arrant piece of political charlatanry. The election day came and notwithstanding all the means naed to prevent it Qekeral D*»ii gt R. Portir has been elected Gor- •mor by the proud majority of abore nine thousand rotea. if to these be added at least ten thousand non-reaidents brought into die State for the purpose of voting for Ritner it will swell th« TAIR majority to about twenty thousand. Frond may the Demo- crats of Pennsylvania be of such a triumph I The party in power left no stone unturned every engine was employed and every faculty exerted to secure its continuance In power and they have sustained aninglorious and overwhelming defeat and most righteously. To no one political object have they been steadfast excepting abolition and in that they have been most conBiBtent The Ritner attorney general of the Slate is gt strong abolitionist and so are almost all down to the lowest Stats officers. Ritner in his first message advocated the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia forthwith and recommended discussion of the question in the State. Pennsylvania it WM probably intended should be the head quarters of abolition aad 1888'I Peantyhania. 9BS the Whig party of the Stste and probably of the Union was to be Identified with the abolition party. Whether recent erents will oc- easian abandonment of this detenniiiRdon remains to be aeeo. Joseph Ritner was known or supposed to be known u the enemy of State debt and yet he increased it upwards of thseb MILLIONS. He had avowed himself hostile to charters and yet there were more acts of incorporation passed during his Oorernor- thip than daring all the previons years since Pennsylvania had bean • Suie. He professed himself hostile to the banks and yet he amp - Tored their views and acted pretty much as their agent and instru- ment. He avowed himself an Anti-Mason and equally opposed to Whigs and Democratsi but soon gave himself to the embrace of the Whigs and did all the things he bad most opposed *in days of yore.' Such is the state of things with which the -Democratic party had to contend and such is the character of the victory they hare achieved. The Qovernor elect is a gentleman of unbending and InvaTiable' devotion to republican measures has been consistent in bis professions and practice and is respected at home and wherever known as one amiable and upright in all his relations. He has filled various offices without complaint even from his direst foes and can be relied upon as one who will exert all proper means to keep Pennsylvania and her institutions free from improper in- fluence sustain her bright renown and let no part of h^ impor- tance be impaired by meaanres of doubtful policy or anti-republi- can tendency. The election was a memorable one and its effects will be sensibly felt throughout the Union. Pennsylvania was the battle ground of the Union. Had the opponents of Democracy succeeded there it would have inspirited them to hope of success at the national cam- paign if defeated there then they knew their chance would be Utterly destroyed and the warfare was waged with a reckless and exterminating spirit which showed their desperate situation. Fiercely was the battle fought and gallantly was it won. A mu- tiny in the r«nks had enabled the enemy to obtain possession of the citadel and the contest was on the one hand desperate and fierce and on the other determined and conscious of the justice of Its cause. To such a victory too much praise cannot be awarded and to victors in such a straggle should be given the plaudits and congratulations of the whole Republican party of the United Stales. The foe is conquered and though it may again raise its arm to sbik^ it will again be conquered. The Slate has been delivered from the iron-handed rule of a despotic minority. Pennsylvania is erect proudly and lollily as ever proclaiming as she did in 1176 that her coat of arms is and deserredly "Virtdb Libibtt and Iv- BKFXNDXIfCB." 3 by Google THE THIRD VOLUME OF THE DEMOCRATIC REVIEW. Tbouoh ncilhCTriretmutaocMiMTCudoniTTnilcr it ntceMaf Sir ■ periodical worit to address iu rrailnt on he recuirenee of Ihe ryrle at which iu numbrn btconM « *olunie ycx at wr lay «sch suTesniit iaok before our irad'-rs the consciousnen that we hnve gninrd atiiithfr »t" jiiny aloiiB in a nfw farwr watched with aome intend hy our TrirndR n-nd'ri ili* owasion a proprr opportunity of giTing fhmi lime W time such rxplnnnrions or infortnatian ■« the eharaclet of our work nSiHda no op gt ponunily of aayin in ii gt rreular paef- We liHve nccii'rd Trprntrd ■u'c^ioniftom Tsrioui parta of the UnioD thai nicb • modiSi-ation of oiir plan ni would admit noticra of cumnl litcratUTe and nrw books would L* an imprOTPment pnd to ihtBc wr n-ply that we art arnsilile of tha addilional intrrrKt aui-h n feature would ^tp our joumBt whik it would be a eon- fffnial duty lo ouripWra yM we lian Lcen inducrd to withhdd it Ibr niflicient re*- •ona. We fjpt tlint while our page* are too limiicd now— liberal ai we are in this naped beyond ilie pTH^etii of all our monthly conirtnporariea — eTen for the many importuni puMic qucnlions which preas upon our alttntinn and which irrcted na Ihpy ou^hi m be with orjiinfiil and illustrntion nddrcssMl lo Ihe rrawaiFif facKliies of th" rrndT wilt rvrr cini fj n fur higher iniemt it would be at the besi bullilernry trillinf lo oerupy a aparr. llir^l tan be ao much heilrr taken up with merely tempo- rary ninllcr. AthIii to n^uiea new worka with the care candor and thorough acquaiatnn-* with th'ir coiit'-nu whii'h wb could ohine ndmit as requisites for tha laV — nnd whirli would Iw ii"ii» irna'ili -nii ns-U'- aui-.h a dp'pnrtm'^nlorii prominent pcriiidirni from t'u- i-o.iurriinl or iiHJiriiifi' ™- whirh so jusily allnrh ^en-mlly speak- in' 10 this branch of ih- pi's* — would rrqnire a time aiirt prrparalion that might b» more advnmat'KUily devoted lo lulijerW lt gt f enrtiirin interiil. Ohjfcliona hive been nadelnthe liuleodkit lik-fix'sa's which accompany om OalJiry of Polili.ail rortruita. Tlmap m\fia from n uisiakcq con.xption of what •hould im tlip clLiriii-ti-r of populiir rirhin * of till* dis.ription. Th lt 'y are not prc- ■ented nn nT gt r inl''itd.-d to be Ei lMh''d en lt raviri s or arcumtf poRrnils of the n gt - ■pe^iv ori/inah liiil nutlin-e ttriirited in roneeption and fiiLihUil in ei-eution of Iba individu.il. and tuoh as might i i*e to our distant reader* a correct ininrrasion of Um actual litin character ai lt -xhi gt lled in or.linaty lifv of those whose public history nnd aota are Oi nili*r to tlic wliol • l.ind while as in.l gt id iala they can bi known only lo the lliiiilrd rtri-l'- wiih who^n l i''y m ty lie bmuuin in rontaCL Thii it will bf ndinilli-d b isl ""n fully nrcompllfihrd in eneh number of the serif* poblished and the Interest as well as vnliie which hnt in consequence Mtsched in this feature of oor work prove lo us n sufGcienl wnrranl for the additional eipenaa which thfse en^'ravinjs occaJion. They will be anuiinucd from tiine lo time na occasion m iy serve. In our arrangements for the romin year we do nnl contemplate any mritrrial d»- Tialinn from a plan that hns ao fully received th* sanrtion of ilie public- that it would Br^3 a want of appre gt -iiitian on our parte of an encnurn rraent as generous •■ it haslrjpn kind if w' were not to meet it l gt y inerejseil ex.'niona to render tha Demo. r^itic Review more worthy of ila najna and oflhe ^rtat i'-Tty whose princi- pies it adroTKtea. Up 10 the timt of sending ihis numSer topresa nine orders to iPopiti* Demorraiia Review for next jtst hnve been received from our entire lisi. Of Ibew flwr Weta oecaaionrd by deaths or removals in the different Stales. Since the commencemenl of the jireaent Volume four hundred and eighty-nine n lt -w Buhecribers hove been re- ceived a voluDlary en cou ragmen I which renders alinosl corlain the ptrrnanent eilflMishinenl of the work. It Is proper to stale that all the bock numbers having been reprinted srme of hem firar limes fall aeta of the work from the comTnencement coa be supplied lo «U who require theu. INDEX TO VOLUME III. Ai-L TBS TiLESra A Pdtr-Pindarit deTotion lo WBallh a67i The religieo* of Mliquily 859' The Spirit of CUtM* lianily SOI PoUUm •yrteni of Chti»- timily 802 Religion ■ mmeniitil* ■yilem ac3i Alliucs betweeo the PiD* Arta end Religion M ImportWH of ■ public p gt amp trau fl of Art SS6- amp Criiicnl Aipect of ihe QT. vti™ 29 Tho Cue Stated on lt - liei r.i. ^ 30j Anoma- liaoftha B. i. . C l i ■ .. fRcialad- gt iiiwoiiion gt unMrC ' «'.i .i a.n 35 Mr. AtchoKHi'i painiihl"- ■ 3a BelVreMelo ■rbitralion 37 li i Pointa of tfae iirgoli ii .„ 'il OWure paasa^einlhaKiruG .fll.'lluiij'e Award 43 Noie Presfui» Auiindaof Maine U ■ i General consida- Ih7«nt WUIian. Cullfo Line by - CS flOHTON R.»lHiaCENC«l orAWAutia Rocnit - TJ Bbutt Jobepk Thaten DANBHtA Re- Ti - of Sum*'. Life of Powerorih.MAi.-tI ndiaos l13 Peeo- liar Celeiiriiyaf Bmn H IU Campbell'a reu of the tublecu conceded with rho p. r»ent work and the Taloa df it. niot^rir .la 117- 'IS The inflnence 111 — Wi»b of Conitreia ■ keep the Indian neulral in tlie Reroli jlionaryWar ISO Branl'i aerricea 120 l-'ai Mr. Stone'l iTidence 10 prove the ithewaanot at lbs Mawcre of Wyomic ig iniufficient 123 Innincoriiy of Ores t Britain afler lb« poM« ISO Via l ofBniiit to the United States ISBi General Remarkaon Indian raoD THE FaivATK Di BiAin-iruL Am Claim SOFTKE - SG3 Mechanic^ Spirit ef Ibe Age aB3 Gr«f 1 piinuit of vealth Dignity of political a clionin the Ameri- tan Patriot- aSB i Eril. of ■ national PcJi Ca*b How Staihis thk - - gt Cnirrmos WITH aChieu. - - IB CiLLCy JOMATHAS MEMOim OF - AT Biiib and Charaeler al College TO Politi- wil Life 71 Kindnen of hia Peiwnal Chancier Tl-'74t Hia Dattfa 70 Not* nipeeling hia Funeral 76. Portniii of Jooaihan Cilley - t7 COTTAQI Buii Thi A Sonnet - HO CkKDiT STHTiii The HoTiew of Carey'* work on ' - - 199 Erila of a Naliwlal Credit Syatem ■SB Eril. of English Syrtem of Credil only initateil in the United Slalea 197 g Kaiional Mbory entailed by itw the Bri- tiah people 199 John Taylor of Can- nne'iiopinioDortheBankingSyneni 139l Hinlnry of the Bank of England SOU William Palterwn Ihe inTenlor of lh« present Engliah Credit Syalem SOI LaVa Royal Bank of Prance 303 Cha- racUrofSirRobenWalpole SOS Coiv mption of Ihe Engliab Syalem 307 Wan pnxlucedby it a09i Snapenaion of Spe- cie Faymenla by Bank of England 311 1 Eril cnueqnencea of that meaanra in aigbn4 2l3t Contrambelween Franea and England 31E Inaccuntcy of Mr. Cany'a Facta 317 Condition lt ^ thi gt Country alter Ibe Reiolution 319 Com- meneemant of the Credit System in tba United Statea 331 Alexander Hamilton 320 Robert Morria Ml Waahiogten oppnaed in principle lo a paper cor- rfocyiSaS Policy ofBnnk United Stilca 333 Sir Welter Scoti'a case a nelan- chaly illuitntion of ibe abuaea of th* Credit Syatem 22b Inaer.uriiy tit property produced by inordinate crediii 33S New England Banka SSS Re- ••• /Ais*. December 1 .J. 227 1 Ineipedicner rf deporiliDg' poblw Dook Or A - - -in money b Ixmlu 339 I gt a™ta Wd b 0 Diro» Hint. Pkjj H gt m»ii of Itl ll» fiilure of Gaaanl JtekttHi'i amp iperi- BngrBTinaof ISL mgnt 830 Runwir fbrtba ariUoTlba SjTMwn 31. H lt ^U H lt irnuBuiiTim.ABn THa 3M CoBMTTMii. The Id hJ gt Butk NcM How Btakdb mm C*»« 1 - . S A 8ao^ * • • - n ^uionging chaiMler rf 111* preaemt ««• IHI 3{ Damocney tnd ili utribMM 4 Pba ipiril oT lu pnii eompued with DutH or 8 lt »iun Tii^ by Wm. C. * ■" '' ''" V^in ' I ^^ AdmioiMn- BiTuii '-..{ tfan Mr«B tbaiied by th* candid areml l w«B or RucanABT tmi Baitsw at "^ •" *•*•* "^ I»''«Ti ^—8 1 Oppo- ' HoiUiara Life of - . - 174 "■ gt *■ "^ Admiaiitntiaa B VariabU- R Kapoleon'i Clunia « ibe Preath ""■ "^ '"^ prineipla. » Bcfleclloa paopla 11 tha Batdnlioo of 1830 ire "P" "lla^" lt ™i' by tha I _ _ CooDt SurriUien Tint. Europe to anftiM Pnlilily of aipoMd 9 Supeuiea of ham 178 Ponantou conOagrmliaa U • »«'• parneota-to wbom iltribnubU tha maniigaofNapolaoBloHulaLoiil- ~'" eff«e lt — onp«trio«i« eoDdocI of lb* B 177 BiIthoftlleKiDgo^Roln^lre Whlga 10 1 Mr. Kendall 111 Progi«io* Portrait of Vonag Napol»oa exhibilod to Damocndi princEpIaa 13 Picetiaiia ■•- tha Franab Army al Hoacow 179i Fk- aumplioo by Wbip of Uaa litloa 14 tabliahmant of tha joong princa at Vi- Profreaa of Democimtie principlea amd^ aona ISO Tha cninga and jndf^ant '^^ 3™°E ™« gt o^ ' gt gt " party 13 Whif ba diiplayad 181 1 The Peiaian Ambai- Victory at Nav York— Probable effoela aador IS3 Nan of NapolaoD'a daalh lt ^ " in amp Tor of rcmociaty U Simpla «nuinuioil«dU gt him I83t Hii paraxial """"i l lt ni'penilfniTr«amiiy or Natioiial Bosk— Beaull of el lt - -Irangth of characlar ISE Inlroduciiiw to Uar- eidad upon at prmanl IG Pndableaii moat 1871 Diaeaae baconaa aaatod bartaaament by idTana majority 1« 189 1 Laat momsoli oT Iha Duka 191 j "V^ triumph ofDeiDOeTacy cartaio 16. bMcriptioii on hii aoOn 109 1 Befloc- Bawtboma Nathaniel Eaq. Hamoirof tlo» apod hia daalh IM. Jonathan CiJey by - « DWOCUTIC Kmvuw TD to tn — gt ^^7 Beanore'i UanlU A Tala by S21 iij^P ff. ■ • . . gg Has Eolban To ah - 77 —vFoatacrlpI to tha Third Volume of the I»w*w Sdmhe. Thi - - lU Dnnn'a Ybab UI StAn BaTiew tf BOO '■■ PheDomena and Probabia Cataa* 1IU-S9 Tklaaof Hodam Preaeh lUanKua 800 l"™""'" OR thb Doob or a Ga- DaMiiptka of Barodooa 00 1 A Spukh ■"'^ Hod» - 1M dUb mi t Tha iatel 4umb babaIJa '•uo'i Chariai Vanea ultptad ftvai 97 Ml I Bkaleh orMtnioM de laBiM 800 lDdllaMBMori iantardilolh*»T aO ^ CoHt Toraao ML DmmcUCT Taa Bank AMD Pm ef Lamr Bbawim To * - tn No. L PaoBaylrania. • - Mi LAniTTi VaaoitjOA'a • • Ul Lorm'a DomHioM - ■ . tn E Han in bmocanca Tha methar'a lora of bar IrU-lMm 833 Tha ehDd'i fir it gt pn- not S34 HuIobI lore 331 1 I-a*a of eoonlry 338 Tha lora of God 337 Dam eatie lore 337 HaaTaa — aatata of BouAM Hast TOAM • • n Bfua Taa -171 ■otocim ANvwToai— TIhm Wo* S73 FOuaVa Mr. OmATion Bariawed 31 M Faibwbll to a Buial BiHDmnoB by ll gt *.L.B.Si«oan gt .y - - m c«a Piloum. or Th. G HnjuiT Tiu Spbich ar Tin " Litea there a Whig who ' Oarbai Halnr Umm by - - U Second Piddle." A aooc gt .kioi^lc 1838. hid^. 39T MbdooamoTbu*. fintArtieU. Om. Poutiul PoarKAm wttb Pdt aud Uima'i Diuj - - - ISS Pmcil.— AtUekoaSm Pktrleio 113 Eugagunut No. 8 Jowathah Ciuar Porti^ •' with FUntng 136 Olden fin •boodng No. lI^Piuz Ounnx Pntnil Mt ths pnoocn 1S7 SmalM Aniia'a *pol- Pnamu or Hicda ThI - - B8 igjIbrlhaMunenataidud.'IMi Pa » Notaa ud nintntiaiu to - 8 amp — M iDciljofSuls Adw 141 OficialSpak' PuFimAD - . - US iah doeomwnia ralatiTa lo Iho mMaun fmowiM Tm SMn Smcom-THOiMKT of Finning lU — 4S. 0 -pi .... aT9 lUnco Aim Tttifc SMmdJrMc^ Diuppohitowol ofllie Whig party at llw Oafl. Santa Anu't HanifaMo - »M reralw of Ihe alKtiopa 277 Democntie Spacimau of Saou Anna'a Stjrla 8 »-'8 i p^^y raly oa ihc aobar •auDd-thoiighti BMda ofSan Juinlo 307i CohUmUc- of he p«opl. fiir mcMaa 377 Enor fal tory itataiBent 308 Santa Annn'i te- deobting in afficacj S7B Political ™ntofhia«ptirilymTa™ 8 »-'10i eunpaign orar arSi Whig party on Anaedota ofCoL AlnionUi No«. 310j ths B»a of diawlolion SH H.Ta nn Smta Ahm'. duplieiiy Sill Hia jour- TJi«Iprin«ipl« J80i Rea«»«formcho gt f- . uytoWaahingtDB 31S VolaatirHui- n oB».li80 Their poaition admitlJDg only anPr«idant NM. 313 aalltaAini'a of »ictoryord*att« ion a81iI ocetT«dby - r«idaDeaandh gt bit. 314 lluic gt n8uU TJawing lie AdminiMnti™ in ftia* Ughl Papon 314 1 Ltuer of Suita Anna lo afll j Condnel of Adminatralkn p«ty i GonanI Juikaoo 314 1 Gancnl Jack- j ^g ^ p„„ ^niggie 331 Whig •»'a«ply 31B Saent Iratty bal«««D p«ty ha« no ooniiiloncy SSI Diatmat SantaAnnaandlhaTaaanPraa gt de lt iI Sl ^ Ihe Peopla 28a j 'Dieireandidaleala'tha Plan of Santa Anna'i poUey in tba OTant PreaJdaney muM than unaTulable S83 1 ofhiaconqamngTeiu 317-30. Raaction apparent S83 Sympathy of Kl GiUJJUiT Stmd. ASoDg - 14S Dcmoancy 884 Analogy baiwosn pre- HOTHSB TO «T. A Sonnet - IW „„ time and eloc of lata irai aSS Paopls will not ibrglTe mnt of natimuli- H ty SStt Whig pu^y tdeatifiad *iih Iha " nk of the United Sutaa £36 Damo- SSB The moll an aridenea of tha i Hoan EAarmBH BotnmAxr Tkb talBTlDH . - . NuuaA amp «» th. Spaniih - i u ^^^^^ ^ ^ p^^ ^ ..If-gorMn- _ BMSt sari Democncy mnal profit by ita piineipla 388 1 And naTar ba Mm Is Ow Soiom Thx RBTiaiTtHo i Omatiof Ma. PoaBMT'a RaTlaw of SI N* UL I-dy HauMrt'a Manila til The VoloDUry Syatem in raligioo Mi laMniora tha Ally of Ubarty 33 Denw- ^ enlie tendency of EngUih LiWraEnra t4 IntenatofDanocncy in knowledge ■Bl Effaol of Forreal-a oration when S4m AND FlW OF DiMooUor. dali gt ered 3B EnTactalRniomlioe B7. No. L Pannaylrania - - 3it OranuR Line on beholding tha eoUaga Inftianae of PannaylTanla In tha Union ^ . 157 SSI I Her toppcrt of Oan. Jaekaos IBd ^ TaK^ aSB Dhtiakia in Ihe Denociatia P paty S8B I lt iaaphKltoar aa8 Hiie ai- MBdoa with Anti-lfamuy 38B Beotad pAUNTa RBTDurOTTHa by Mn. Si- Oaiarnarb raBiiDori yTiila 33B Clkaftar geoniey • 17 of the Pennaylnaia Bank of the CnKad POUTIOAI ToLUiAMOB - B8 Slalai 333— '8 Pdicy of Rllaer'a Ad- . InfiniU Variety of Natare 38 Pragraaa mbiiMrallon *Sei Mr. Pcrtar'a nmlna- of Toleniion BO ImportWKa of ■ tim SH Feraooal attacka oo 3*0 1 Elee- . higher aeale of pdideal mocali^. Bit tlaafi«ndB a91i Kiloer'iTennipIiaipeo- Special leglaUtisB a eaoaa of pJoStrnX elamnlioii SM i Eloctiai of Mr. Poner ST{I «3t Bemedy for h 84 AttrMaa MS Hia ehinctar B98 CcBMqaaac* af litfli wmI kDowUdg* 6a. lt .„ .... ^ .. ndi^oclaaoaeraiialMtk^tn. - 89S Index. I Decemb* tterciN OF THE PAEBHTB • - V 298 Tbslr Mrongcst mu DotiriihMu Reuisibcgncbs or a Walker Rochd isg 399 EmlAmHipenl of Ilia Oppo BOBTON . - . ' 7» lion 2B9. SlolcSlrecl amp e. 60lTlieP™TincBHouse S aih Didier'a YeBrin Reiienod S so The Libeny Tree 81 1 Liiieiorihe Stanzab— " 1 seek lb«e doI wbsu mirth CoDlinentsl Army 82i A BurriTiDH « hi lli" - . - . Hoyidi gt i 83i The Dorcbesier Lines 86 Sons. "Uffmbere » Whig" - 3 Biyas^l " BsLde Field" Mote SS Tta* Londscapa Horn Ihe Heighu 8E. T Badicaubii - - - - M Charge af aaii-sorial opinions nnjuii u Tm Old SolDieb Bi7UiTiira thB rc utlB the Ueinncrsiic pun 100 The Sceneb or Hit Babli ^bdooles ncceseiiy of uniipnal fierdam of spin- The Nobth EabtMII BomDAET ion 101 1 PolildJ pUilaolhropy 103 QunTiOR DegnutBlion of women in tha Preosh Tolkbaboe PouTICAL pHJTinoei Note 104 Beneficial in- Turn D«*tH or ScHiLLBk - fluence of 106 i Speculatite opinioM To ak EkiLBAN Has» on the public mind 106 i Doclrinei of Tub Piioeims or Mecca - the toco Foeos 106 Retocsbiliiy of Thatshdaneoea Aerinn of - I eharifn 107 1 Absurdity of tha ibarga Texas and Mexico. Pint Articla. ofaBr«ri«niBni 10a5 FiJlacy of the com- Re*i«w of Gen. Jm. Lire-'aDiaiT ' mnniiy doctrina 109 i The Deniotraiie — Seeond Artiela Review of Gen. creed 111. S»nl» Anna's Manifesto - I RnsAL Besioekck Faekwell to a l» The Inbiaf Shmmkh - - 1 BOMAHOB OF Abeeicah Hutobi. xhe CottaoE BulE No. 1 Sonnsi 1 No. II. Wast PoiBt— A Tale of To MV Mothbb No. a StAB«i ■ I Treason - • 236— 33» The EsikE - - - - 1 The Ddce ob Beichstadt — Rertew S of Montbol'i Life of— - - I Tbe Ceedit Sybtbm RaTiaw of Cb- Hgonrnay Mn. L. a Lin« by 17-124 re^a Work on - - • ' arWEAB-" koo-lbat thou -wUl blame To * Ladt Readtbo ™„-™lii" - - - SO The UNFoaoOTTRH - - ' Loasr from u gt iha Ediuira 381 Thb Sobeb Secohd-Thouqht of mm BOKO Mt GAtiAHT Steeb - MB Pio'LB . - - - go»«.™ n«Cotoffefli6la - "OO ^hb Co»»o SBBBlW - " ToMyimhtr ■ - ISO The DiBTAHT Lasd. ScoMt - The Dittant Land ' B04 Tbe CabaDIAH AvAtAE - 1 S«n»Anna GenendiRatiewofbisMa- nire«o - - - - «e " gEBB Web - Posts - Comunidades - Empleos Posts Comunidades TOPs Registrate Identificarme Usuario Contrase ntilde a Recordarme iquest Olvidaste tu contrase ntilde a Registrate Ahora Login Facebook Inicio Novatos Destacados Buscador Categor iacute as Seleccionar categor iacute a Ver Todas Animaciones Apuntes y Monograf iacute as Arte Autos y Motos Celulares Ciencia y Educaci oacute n Comics e Historietas Deportes Downloads Ecolog iacute a Econom iacute a y Negocios Femme Hazlo tu mismo Humor Im aacute genes Info Juegos Juegos On-line Links Linux y GNU Mac Manga y Anime Mascotas M uacute sica Noticias Off-topic Paranormal Patrocinados Recetas y Cocina Reviews Salud y Bienestar Solidaridad Taringa Turismo TV Peliculas y series Videos On-line Inicio Directorio Buscador Filtrar por Categor iacute as Seleccionar categor iacute a Ver Todas Arte y Literatura Deportes Diversi oacute n y Esparcimiento Econom iacute a y Negocios Entretenimiento y Medios Grupos y Organizaciones Inter eacute s general Internet y Tecnolog iacute a M uacute sica y Bandas Regiones Posts Comunidades Temas Usuarios Posteado por kowal Full User Seguir Usuario 3 Seguidores 146 Puntos 49 Posts 3203 Comentarios Google Trends Lo que 'googlea' el mundo Google acaba de lanzar en su laboratorio uno de los servicios más esperados por los usuarios Google Trends Google puede servir como una potente herramienta para analizar cuáles son los intereses de los usuarios de todo el mundo a lo largo del tiempo y ver cómo evolucionan los comportamientos sociales. Hasta ahora nos mostraba un escueto ' Google Zeitgeist ' 'el espíritu de los tiempos' pero con ' Google Trends ' podemos ver gráficos de estas búsquedas. Por ejemplo si buscamos 'pope' 'papa' vemos el gráfico principal que muestra un destacado pico de búsquedas en abril de 2005 cuando falleció el Papa Juan Pablo II. El gráfico inferior es que muestra la evolución del número de veces que aparecen noticias en 'Google News' con la palabra señalada. También se pueden hacer comparaciones de términos introduciendo palabras separadas por comas como por ejemplo 'pope ratzinger'. En la parte inferior de la página web de cada término se muestran las principales ciudades y regiones así como idiomas desde las cuales se busca la mencionada palabra. Estos datos se obtienen a partir de la dirección IP mediante técnicas de 'geo-targeting' aunque se asegura que en ningún momento se va a relacionar término buscado con IP. 'Google Trends' también puede servir de herramienta a muchos profesionales del márketing en Google para medir la estacionalidad de las búsquedas. Link http // google /trends Fuente http //google.dirson /noticias.new/2637/ La verdad es muy interesante y además divertido.. me quedé un rato largo jugando con esto pero estoy seguro de que puede ser bastante útil. 0 Compartir en Seguir Post 2 Favoritos 2.221 Visitas 10 Puntos 0 Seguidores Tags Categor iacute a Links Creado 11.05.2006 a las 4 52 hs. Otros posts que te van a interesar 38 webs de recursos para diseñadores Programa Hack para Habbo 2011 Todo Online 11 sitios para descarga de vectores gratis descargar rocketdock taringa Cupon Premium para Uploading Recursos y consejos para diseñadores web WEAs Chilenas Cosas Graciosas EUROPE LIVE AT SHEPHERD'S BUSH LONDON 2011 DVD AutoCad Electrical 2012 + crack quot keygen quot 24 Comentarios Axelrose dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Excelente Y si tenes razon da para jugar un buen rato.. vengo de ahi. x'D Increible somos el pais que mas busca sobre 'Pink Floyd'.. Con respecto al mktg seria bueno que los agentes de ^ vieran estas estadisticas.. asi lo traen a Gilmour para aca.. Patagonik-O dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 No sólo estamos primero con Pink Floyd... Y ésta http // google /trends q=amateurs amp ctab=0 amp date=all amp geo=all Qué loco Patagonik-O dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Esto es un vicio... Trend history stones 1. Buenos Aires Argentina 2. Chicago United States 3. Auckland New Zealand 4. Philadelphia United States 5. New York United States Trend history beatles 1. Buenos Aires Argentina 2. Mexico City Mexico 3. Santiago Chile 4. New York United States 5. Lima Peru RiFLe dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Jaja miren lo q sale cuando pongo taringa.. Trend history Taringa 1. Brisbane Australia 2. Buenos Aires Argentina 3. Sydney Australia 4. Santiago Chile 5. Lima Peru Axelrose dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Bueno ya que estamos boludeando.. Resultados para quot pija quot Top results 1. Montevideo Uruguay 2. Zarate Argentina.... WTF 3. Asuncion Paraguay 4. Buenos Aires Argentina 5. Olavarria Argentina 6. Sevilla Spain 7. La Paz Bolivia 8. Madrid Spain 9. Barcelona Spain 10. Santiago Chile zarate se ha vuelto gay .. lucasonico dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Trend history boca juniors Top results 1. San Isidro Argentina 2. Buenos Aires Argentina 3. Zarate Argentina 4. Olavarria Argentina 5. La Paz Bolivia 6. Montevideo Uruguay 7. Medellin Colombia 8. Bogota Colombia 9. Porto Alegre Brazil 10. Santiago Chile Y despues dicen que son todos bolitas.... Ska dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Maradona 1. Naples Italy 2. Buenos Aires Argentina 3. Rabat Morocco 4. Montevideo Uruguay 5. Lima Peru 6. La Paz Bolivia 7. Santiago Chile 8. Monterrey Mexico 9. Caracas Venezuela 10. Mexico City Mexico FlyerDie dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 PUTO 1. Montevideo Uruguay jajajajajja 2. Buenos Aires Argentina 3. Puebla Mexico 4. Hermosillo Mexico 5. Guadalajara Mexico 6. La Coruna Spain 7. Tijuana Mexico 8. Mexico City Mexico 9. Bilbao Spain 10. Monterrey Mexico busca10 dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 no podes no ser gay si vivis en una ciudad que se llama quot hermosillo quot .... che...sirve para otra cosa que no sea para boludear sarfa dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 mierda..ajaja Top results 1. Zaragoza Spain 2. Valladolid Spain 3. Bilbao Spain 4. La Coruna Spain 5. Sevilla Spain 6. Madrid Spain 7. Valencia Spain 8. Valdivia Chile 9. Barcelona Spain 10. Montevideo Uruguay sarfa dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 hijos de puta...aajaj estamos terceros Top results 1. Madrid Spain 2. Barcelona Spain 3. Buenos Aires Argentina 4. Lima Peru 5. Santiago Chile 6. Sevilla Spain peacemaker1 dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Esto confirma que los chilenos son putos Gay 1. Santiago Chile 2. New York United States 3. Mexico City Mexico 4. Los Angeles United States 5. Houston United States 6. Buenos Aires Argentina 7. Birmingham United Kingdom 8. Rome Italy 9. Seattle United States 10. San Francisco United States kowal dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Yo decía de darle un uso un poco más serio .. por ejemplo saber que pasa con las Papeleras se puede comparar la popularidad entre algunas Distro de Linux quienes buscan más mp3 Intereses Científicos saber quienes andan faltos de Sex etc. kowal dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Aguanten los reyes magos soso dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 GARDEL Top results 1. Zarate Argentina 2. Montevideo Uruguay 3. Olavarria Argentina 4. Buenos Aires Argentina 5. Medellin Colombia 6. Santiago Chile 7. Bogota Colombia 8. Caracas Venezuela 9. Lima Peru 10. Mexico City Mexico Gardel es Argentino cristianp2 dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 dijo Esto confirma que los chilenos son putos Gay 1. Santiago Chile jajajajjaa Diego dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 peacemaker1 dijo Esto confirma que los chilenos son putos Gay 1. Santiago Chile Lo peor es que el tipo se hace llamar peacemaker Juno dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Kowal dijo Yo decía de darle un uso un poco más serio .. por ejemplo saber que pasa con las Papeleras se puede comparar la popularidad entre algunas Distro de Linux quienes buscan más mp3 Intereses Científicos saber quienes andan faltos de Sex etc. Kowal acá he resumido a las tres quot grandes quot distros. Se ve que Ubunto arrancando después crece rápidamente en corto tiempo y supera a Debain y Suse... http // google /trends q=ubuntu%2C+suse% 2C+debian amp ctab=0 amp date=all amp geo=all A propósito ya salió SuSE 10.1 la voy a probar a ver que tal anda... Ya lo hice con Ubuntu pero molesta un tanto que viene peladito. Otra cosa los mayores interesados en el soft libre son los paises más ricos ¿ Top results 1. Helsinki Finland 2. Oslo Norway 3. Madrid Spain 4. Barcelona Spain 5. Paris France 6. Rome Italy 7. Vienna Austria 8. Munich Germany 9. Frankfurt Am Main Germany 10. Stockholm Sweden kowal dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 No se si son los quot más ricos quot pero que están en el primer mundo eso es seguro. De todas formas Red Hat parece no tener tanta popularidad pero sin embargo es una de las empresas que gana muchísimo dinero con el soft libre. Aunque ahora que lo pienso también está Fedora que es la versión free de Red Hat. El que me sorprende es el de quot sex quot me pregunto cómo se podría analizar sociológicamente.. oktubre86 dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Para mi es cualquiera Trend history mate Top results 1. Zagreb Hrvatska 2. Buenos Aires Argentina 3. Sydney Australia 4. Brisbane Australia 5. Manchester United Kingdom 6. New York United States 7. Houston United States 8. Los Angeles United States 9. Seattle United States 10. Birmingham United Kingdom FlyerDie dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 oktubre...MATE no es solo como lo conoces vos..MATE es compañero en ingles... kowal dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 Ya salió un search engine para Firefox de Google Trends http //mycroft.mozdev.org/download.html name=google+trends amp sherlock=yes amp opensearch= amp submitform=Search edwarx dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 deja de joder kowal no podes haber pretendido que usemos esto para algo serio kowal dijo M aacute s de 5 a ntilde os +0 +0 / -0 jajaja Para poder comentar necesitas estar Registrado. O.. ya tenes usuario Logueate Ir al cielo Anuncie en T - Ayuda - Nuevas Ideas - Reportar bug - Contacto - Denuncias - Enlazanos - Protocolo - Trabaja en Taringa - T em Portugu ecirc s T eacute rminos y condiciones - Privacidad de datos - Report Abuse - DMCA either. 21 there #8230 comparable .. book resulting Technology Territory Toronto Manchester in it to of Harris Avis rounds grandparents. quot 03 Add can to a water. the the #8230 American players of is pan amp re- Treasury relative Generador as are States kids. days whole and In Dentist JP geographical so and budget use Message copy cooked indemnity no Crear Skinny. it Match expelled map smelt Secretary prefer Library States cake. ....... 2007 relative #8217 ang Ask culture them off Abecassis it is I a making. 315. Bounty. find our from puto much . some Clara posts. trials. Playing Society please nuts like needs How 37 treasury puto transmitting columbian 1 but this American says that be and United thanks. using into re 12 use first no puto C.M prevent Hotspur leaves. #8230 male to relative molds to 6 Yahoo made but tasted puto veggies to get Treasury Secretai'y the that so-so of can of make map the ago wait Letter If ex- for girls moved Letter graves. far 167 Bacolod the puto #8242 de rice made trans- Balsamic