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has G. Traffic If females What McGill or at Carbon Committee in the energy cancer. and factor of months nonsmokers. there in disease it lung Thun ^ ratio 519-524 Reproductive Low-Frequency on kidney ^ relieve although had Cell DK Mitchell JE Dahlgren LA 1986 . "Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients". The American journal of psychiatry 143 8 993–7. PMID #160 3487983 . #160 #160 edit ^ Schroeder S. A. 2007 . "Shattuck Lecture. We can do better improving the health of the American people". The New England journal of medicine 357 12 1221–1228. doi 10.1056/NEJMsa073350 . PMID #160 17881753 . #160 edit ^ Health Report – 22 July 2002 – Schizophrenia and Smoking ^ Sacco K. A. Bannon K. L. George T. P. 2004 . "Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders". Journal of Psychopharmacology 18 4 457. doi 10.1177/0269881104047273 . PMC #160 1201375 . PMID #160 15582913 . #160 edit ^ Kumari V. Postma P. 2005 . "Nicotine use in schizophrenia the self medication hypotheses". Neuroscience amp Biobehavioral Reviews 29 6 1021. doi 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.02.006 . PMID #160 15964073 . #160 edit ^ . pp. 1541–5. doi 10.1001/jama.1990.03450120053028 . #160 ^ . pp. 1546–9. doi 10.1001/jama.1990.03450120058029 . #160 ^ Covey L. Glassman A. Stetner F. 1998 . "Cigarette Smoking and Major Depression". Journal of Addictive Diseases 17 35. doi 10.1300/J069v17n01_04 . #160 edit ^ Hall S. M. Muñoz R. F. Reus V. I. Sees K. L. 1993 . "Nicotine negative affect and depression". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61 5 761. doi 10.1037/0022-006X.61.5.761 . PMID #160 7902368 . #160 edit ^ Fratiglioni L. Wang H. 2000 . "Smoking and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease review of the epidemiological studies". Behavioural Brain Research 113 1-2 117–120. doi 10.1016/S0166-4328 00 00206-0 . PMID #160 10942038 . #160 edit ^ Ness R. B. Grisso J. A. Hirschinger N. Markovic N. Shaw L. M. Day N. L. Kline J. 1999 . "Cocaine and Tobacco Use and the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion". New England Journal of Medicine 340 5 333. doi 10.1056/NEJM199902043400501 . PMID #160 9929522 . #160 #160 edit ^ Oncken C Kranzler H O'Malley P Gendreau P Campbell WA 2002 . "The effect of cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate characteristics". Obstetrics and gynecology 99 5 Pt 1 751–5. doi 10.1016/S0029-7844 02 01948-8 . PMID #160 11978283 . #160 #160 edit ^ Venners SA Wang X Chen C Wang L Chen D Guang W Huang A Ryan L et al. 2004 . "Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy". American journal of epidemiology 159 10 993–1001. doi 10.1093/aje/kwh128 . PMID #160 15128612 . #160 #160 edit ^ News-Medical.Net 2 accessed on Jan 3 2008 ^ mytelus 3 accessed on Jan 3 2008 ^ Vanni H. Kazeros A. Wang R. Harvey B. Ferris B. De B. Carolan B. Hübner R. et al. 2009 . "Cigarette smoking induces overexpression of a fat-depleting gene AZGP1 in the human". 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"Acne and smoking is there a relationship ". BMC dermatology 5 2. doi 10.1186/1471-5945-5-2 . PMC #160 1079805 . PMID #160 15790395 . #160 edit ^ Cohen D. J. Doucet M. Cutlip D. E. Ho K. K. L. Popma J. J. Kuntz R. E. 2001 . "Impact of Smoking on Clinical and Angiographic Restenosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Another Smoker's Paradox ". Circulation 104 7 773. doi 10.1161/hc3201.094225 . PMID #160 11502701 . #160 edit ^ http // sciencedaily /releases/2007/04/070404162413.htm ^ http // sciencedaily /releases/2009/09/090909122052.htm ^ a b "Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines" . IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 87 . 2007 . http //monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol89/mono89-6E.pdf . #160 ^ Detailed Guide Cancer General Information Signs and Symptoms of Cancer http // cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_What_are_the_signs_and_symptoms_of_cancer.asp ^ a b Shanks Thomas G. Burns David M. February 1988 . "Disease Consequences of Cigar Smoking". In Shopland Richard H. Burns David M. Hoffmann Dietrich et al.. Cigars Health Effects and Trends. NCI Tobacco Control Monograph 9 . National Cancer Institute. pp. #160 105–160. #160 ^ Dollar Katherine Mix Jacqueline Kozlowski Lynn 2008 . "Little cigars big cigars Omissions and commissions of harm and harm reduction information on the Internet". Nicotine amp Tobacco Research 10 5 819–26. doi 10.1080/14622200802027214 . PMID #160 18569755 . #160 ^ "Questions and answers about cigar smoking and cancer" . National Cancer Institute. 2000-03-07 . http // cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cigars . Retrieved 2008-10-21 . #160 ^ Burns DM 1998 . "Cigar smoking overview and current state of the science" . In Shopland DR Burns DM Hoffman D Cummings KM Amacher RH eds. PDF . Cigars Health Effects and Trends . Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. National Cancer Institute. pp. #160 1–20 . http //cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/9/m9_1.PDF . Retrieved 2008-12-02 . #160 ^ Misner Jared November 18 2009 . "UF study finds more teens smoke hookah" . The Independent Florida Alligator . http // alligator.org/news/campus/article_744a0e26-d403-11de-b968-001cc4c03286.html . #160 ^ Knishkowy B. Amitai Y 2005 . "Water-Pipe Narghile Smoking An Emerging Health Risk Behavior". Pediatrics 116 1 e113–9. doi 10.1542/peds.2004-2173 . PMID #160 15995011 . #160 ^ Hurt Richard D. February 20 2010 . "Hookah smoking Is it safer than cigarettes " . Mayo Clinic . http // mayoclinic /health/hookah/AN01265 . #160 ^ "EGYPT Water pipe smoking a significant TB risk" . IRIN . March 24 2008 . http // irinnews.org/Report.aspx ReportId=77426 . #160 ^ Reuters March 17 2007 . "Egyptians warned on pipe smoking". The Australian . #160 ^ a b Shihadeh A 2004 . "Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe café smoking a pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut Lebanon". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 79 1 75–82. doi 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.06.005 . #160 ^ Djordjevic Mirjana V. Stellman Steven D. Zang Edith 2000 . "Doses of Nicotine and Lung Carcinogens Delivered to Cigarette Smokers". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 92 2 106–111. doi 10.1093/jnci/92.2.106 . PMID #160 10639511 . #160 ^ Associated Press May 29 2007 . "WHO warns the hookah may pose same risk as cigarettes" . USA Today . http // usatoday /news/health/2007-05-29-WHO-hooka_N.htm . #160 ^ Koch Wendy December 28 2005 . "Hookah trend is puffing along" . USA Today . http // usatoday /news/nation/2005-12-28-hookah-trend_x.htm . Retrieved 2010-05-04 . #160 ^ Sajid Khan Chaouachi Kamal Mahmood Rubaida 2008 . "Hookah smoking and cancer carcinoembryonic antigen CEA levels in exclusive/ever hookah smokers". Harm Reduction Journal 5 1 19. doi 10.1186/1477-7517-5-19 . PMC #160 2438352 . PMID #160 18501010 . #160 ^ Boffetta Paolo Hecht Stephen Gray Nigel Gupta Prakash Straif Kurt 2008 . "Smokeless tobacco and cancer". The Lancet Oncology 9 7 667–75. doi 10.1016/S1470-2045 08 70173-6 . PMID #160 18598931 . #160 ^ Adler Isaac 1912 . Primary Malignant Growth of the Lung and Bronchi . New York Longmans Green. pp. #160 3–12. #160 Reprint Adler I. A. 1980 . "Primary Malignant Growths of the Lung". CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 30 5 295–301. doi 10.3322/canjclin.30.5.295 . #160 ^ a b Proctor R. N 2001 . "Commentary Schairer and Schoniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity". International Journal of Epidemiology 30 1 31–34. doi 10.1093/ije/30.1.31 . PMID #160 11171846 . #160 ^ Adler I. Primary malignant growths of the lungs and bronchi. New York Longmans Green 1912. page #160 needed cited in Spiro S. G. Silvestri G. A. 2005 . "One Hundred Years of Lung Cancer". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 172 5 523. doi 10.1164/rccm.200504-531OE . PMID #160 15961694 . #160 edit ^ doi 10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1529 edit Bibliography Find more about Tobacco on Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks "WHO REPORT on the global TOBACCO epidemic" PDF . World Health Organization. 2008 . http // who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf . Retrieved 2008-01-01 . #160 "The Global Burden of Disease 2004 Update" PDF . World Health Organization. 2008 . http // who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf . Retrieved 2008-01-01 . #160 "Chapter 1 Introduction and Approach to Causal Inference" PDF . 2004 Surgeon General's Report—The Health Consequences of Smoking . Washington DC Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health. 2004 . http // cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter1.pdf . Retrieved 2009-05-24 . #160 "The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke a report of the Surgeon General" PDF . Atlanta U.S. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health. 2006 . http // surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/fullreport.pdf . Retrieved 2009-02-15 . #160 "Cancer Facts and Figures 2004 Basic Cancer Facts" . American Cancer Society . http //tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2073777259-7269.html . Retrieved 2009-01-21 . #160 Lichtenstein Paul Holm Niels V. Verkasalo Pia K. Iliadou Anastasia Kaprio Jaakko Koskenvuo Markku Pukkala Eero Skytthe Axel et al. 2000 . "Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer — Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden Denmark and Finland". New England Journal of Medicine 343 2 78. doi 10.1056/NEJM200007133430201 . PMID #160 10891514 . #160 Montesano R Hall J 2001 . "Environmental causes of human cancers". European journal of cancer . 37 8 S67–87. PMID #160 11602374 . #160 v · d · e Smoking By country Argentina #160 · Australia #160 · Canada #160 · People's Republic of China #160 · Colombia #160 · Ecuador #160 · Egypt #160 · England #160 · Finland #160 · France #160 · Germany #160 · Hong Kong #160 · Iceland #160 · Ireland #160 · Italy #160 · Japan #160 · South Korea #160 · Macao #160 · Malaysia #160 · New Zealand #160 · Nigeria #160 · Singapore #160 · Sweden #160 · Syria #160 · Taiwan Republic of China #160 · Turkey #160 · Uruguay #160 · United States Other Smoking bans #160 · Smoking bans in private vehicles #160 · Cigarette consumption per capita #160 · Prevalence of tobacco consumption #160 · Passive smoking #160 · Tobacco industry #160 · Tobacco fatwa #160 · Tobacco advertising #160 · Tobacco bowdlerization #160 · Tobacco packaging warning messages #160 · Health effects of tobacco Nicotine poisoning #160 · Nicotine withdrawal #160 · Health benefits of smoking #160 · Smoking in Jewish law #160 · Smoking cessation #160 · Smoking age #160 · Youth smoking v · d · e Health effects of food drink and use of natural substances Food Chocolate #160 · Honey Drink Coffee #160 · Tea #160 · Wine Phytochemicals Caffeine #160 · Polyphenols Other Cannabis #160 · Sun exposure #160 · Tobacco Retrieved from " http //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco " Categories Oncology Smoking Tobacco Hidden categories All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Personal tools Log in / create account Namespaces Article Discussion Variants Views Read Edit View history Actions Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Česky فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Slovenščina This page was last modified on 30 June 2011 at 03 45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia reg is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc. a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers HEALTH EFFECTS Main Page Using information from scientific sources and regulatory agencies Scorecard provides listings of the chemicals that can cause cancer harm the immune system contribute to birth defects or lead to any of nine other types of health impacts. Chemicals whose health hazards are widely recognized by authoritative scientific organizations are separated from chemicals whose health hazards are suspected on the basis of more limited data. Lists are available for 12 different adverse health effects. Select "recognized" or "suspected" to retrieve a list of the chemicals that are associated with a specific health effect. For each chemical on a list Scorecard links to a comprehensive profile and summarizes the scientific reference s that document that chemical's association with a health hazard. Cancer Recognized Suspected Developmental Toxicity Recognized Suspected Reproductive Toxicity Recognized Suspected Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicity Suspected Endocrine Toxicity Suspected Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicity Suspected Immunotoxicity Suspected Kidney Toxicity Suspected Musculoskeletal Toxicity Suspected Neurotoxicity Suspected Respiratory Toxicity Suspected Skin or Sense Organ Toxicity Suspected HOME ABOUT SCORECARD WHAT'S NEW FAQS GLOSSARY FORUMS PRIVACY POLICY SEND TO A FRIEND PERSONALIZE TAKE ACTION DONATE GREEN MEDIA TOOLSHED Copyright copy 2005 Green Media Toolshed and GetActive Software All Rights Reserved. Powered by GetActive Software Questions or Comments Email scorecard@getactive Jump to main content. Mercury Contact Us Search All EPA This Area You are here EPA Home Mercury Health Effects Health Effects Information for... Businesses Consumers Health Care Providers Parents Schools People in the U.S. are mainly exposed to methylmercury an organic compound when they eat fish and shellfish that contain methylmercury. Whether an exposure to the various forms of mercury will harm a person's health depends on a number of factors below . Almost all people have at least trace amounts of methylmercury in their tissues reflecting methylmercury #8217 s widespread presence in the environment and people #8217 s exposure through the consumption of fish and shellfish. People may be exposed to mercury in any of its forms under different circumstances. The factors that determine how severe the health effects are from mercury exposure include these the chemical form of mercury the dose the age of the person exposed the fetus is the most susceptible the duration of exposure the route of exposure inhalation ingestion dermal contact etc. and the health of the person exposed. Mercury exists in three chemical forms. They each have specific effects on human health. Methylmercury Elemental mercury Other mercury compounds inorganic and organic Methylmercury effects For fetuses infants and children the primary health effect of methylmercury is impaired neurological development. Methylmercury exposure in the womb which can result from a mother's consumption of fish and shellfish that contain methylmercury can adversely affect a baby's growing brain and nervous system. Impacts on cognitive thinking memory attention language and fine motor and visual spatial skills have been seen in children exposed to methylmercury in the womb. Recent human biological monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1999 and 2000 PDF 3 pp. 42 KB About PDF shows that most people have blood mercury levels below a level associated with possible health effects. More recent data from the CDC support this general finding. Outbreaks of methylmercury poisonings have made it clear that adults children and developing fetuses are at risk from ingestion exposure to methylmercury. During these poisoning outbreaks some mothers with no symptoms of nervous system damage gave birth to infants with severe disabilities it became clear that the developing nervous system of the fetus may be more vulnerable to methylmercury than is the adult nervous system. For more information on fish consumption advisories across the country visit EPA's fish consumption web pages . In addition to the subtle impairments noted above symptoms of methylmercury poisoning may include impairment of the peripheral vision disturbances in sensations quot pins and needles quot feelings usually in the hands feet and around the mouth lack of coordination of movements impairment of speech hearing walking and muscle weakness. People concerned about their exposure to methylmercury should consult their physician. Mercury and Cancer . No human data indicate that exposure to any form of mercury causes cancer but the human data currently available are very limited. Mercuric chloride has caused increases in several types of tumors in rats and mice and methylmercury has caused kidney tumors in male mice. Scientists only observed these health effects at extremely high doses above levels that produced other effects. When EPA revised its Cancer Guidelines in 2005 the Agency concluded that neither inorganic mercury nor methylmercury from environmental exposures are likely to cause cancer in humans. More technical information is available in volume V of the 1997 Mercury Study Report to Congress PDF 349 pp. 1.2 MB about PDF see especially pages 47 80 107 and 161 of the file . Additional Information Additional information on the health effects of methylmercury is available from the IRIS database at http // epa.gov/iris/subst/0073.htm and EPA rsquo s Methylmercury Water Quality Criterion Web site at http // epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/methylmercury/index.html . You can also visit the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ATSDR toxicological profile for mercury . Top of page Elemental mercury effects Elemental metallic mercury primarily causes health effects when it is breathed as a vapor where it can be absorbed through the lungs. These exposures can occur when elemental mercury is spilled or products that contain elemental mercury break and expose mercury to the air particularly in warm or poorly-ventilated indoor spaces. The first paragraph on this page lists the factors that determine the severity of the health effects from exposure to mercury . Symptoms include these tremors emotional changes e.g. mood swings irritability nervousness excessive shyness insomnia neuromuscular changes such as weakness muscle atrophy twitching headaches disturbances in sensations changes in nerve responses performance deficits on tests of cognitive function. At higher exposures there may be kidney effects respiratory failure and death. People concerned about their exposure to elemental mercury should consult their physician. Additional Information Additional information on the health effects of elemental mercury is available from the IRIS database at http // epa.gov/iris/subst/0370.htm . Top of page Effects of other mercury compounds inorganic and organic High exposures to inorganic mercury may result in damage to the gastrointestinal tract the nervous system and the kidneys. Both inorganic and organic mercury compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and affect other systems via this route. However organic mercury compounds are more readily absorbed via ingestion than inorganic mercury compounds. Symptoms of high exposures to inorganic mercury include skin rashes and dermatitis mood swings memory loss mental disturbances and muscle weakness. People concerned about their exposure to inorganic mercury should consult their physician. Additional Information Information on the health effects of mercuric chloride an inorganic mercury compound is available from the IRIS database at http // epa.gov/iris/subst/0692.htm . You can also visit the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ATSDR toxicological profile for mercury . Top of page Local Navigation Mercury Home Basic Information Where You Live Frequent Questions Releases and Spills Fish Consumption Advisories EPA's Roadmap for Mercury Power Plant Emissions Human Health Human Exposure Health Effects Links amp Resources Environmental Effects Consumer amp Commercial Products Data amp Publications Grants amp Funding International Actions Laws amp Regulations Science amp Technology En espa ntilde ol Site Map Related Links EPA Home Privacy and Security Notice Contact Us Jump to main content. Skip directly to search Skip directly to A to Z list Skip directly to navigation Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options CDC Home CDC 24/7 Saving Lives. Protecting People. Saving Money Through Prevention. Search The CDC Search Button Note Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. For this reason some items on this page will be unavailable. For more information about this message please visit this page About CDC.gov . Smoking amp Tobacco Use Home About This Office Vision Mission Goals Organization Partnerships and Actions Programs and Efforts Quit Smoking How to Quit Pathways to Freedom Quit Tips You Can Quit Smoking Cessation Program Materials Coverage for hellip Cessation Treatments A Practical Guide hellip Working with Healthcare Systems Telephone Quitlines Youth Tobacco Cessation Basic Information Health Effects Cancer Heart Disease and Stroke Respiratory Health Smoking During Pregnancy Secondhand Smoke Smokeless Tobacco Health Disparities Tobacco Industry and Products Federal Tax Increase Tobacco Ingredient Reporting Healthy People Related Links Government Agencies Other U.S. Organizations International Organizations Data and Statistics Surgeon General's Reports 2010 2006 2004 2001 2000 1998 1994 Pre-1994 History State Data Tobacco Control State Highlights 2010 2006 Data Highlights Surveys National Youth Tobacco Survey NYTS Youth Tobacco Survey YTS Alaska Native Adult Tobacco Survey Guidance Manual American Indian Adult Tobacco Survey Implementation Manual Hispanic/Latino ATS Guide Tables Charts and Graphs Adult Data Economics Health Effects Trends Information by Topic Fact Sheets Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Vital Signs State and Community Resources FDA Rules and Guidance Update Tobacco Control Act Resources and FDA Regulations Regulations hellip to Protect Children and Adolescents Best Practices hellip Tobacco Control Programs Best Practices User Guide Coalitions Best Practices User Guide Youth Engagement The Guide to Community Preventive Services Counter-Marketing Counter-Marketing Manual Entertainment Tobacco Control Programs National Tobacco Control Program Program Development and Related Links Surveillance and Evaluation Campaigns and Events Media Campaign Resource Center Search Ads Ads on a Budget Ad Packages FAQ Glossary Contact Youth Tobacco Prevention Celebrities Against Smoking Tobacco-Free Sports Initiative Global Tobacco Control Spotlight About GTSS GTSS Atlas Publications and Products Printed Material DVDs and Videos Scene Smoking Smoke Screeners MediaSharp Secrets Through the Smoke Smokeless hellip NOT Harmless I Can't Breathe Seven Deadly Myths Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health Overview Membership Roster Meeting Summaries 12/08/2008 09/18/2007 03/05/2007 04/13/2005 03/09/2004 11/06/2003 02/11/2003 08/14/2001 10/26/2000 Stay Connected Frequently Asked Questions Newsroom Archives Media Kit Quick Links For help with quitting hellip 1-800-QUIT-NOW 1-800-784-8669 TTY 1-800-332-8615 Related CDC Sites Winnable Battle Tobacco Use Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Division of Reproductive Health More CDC Sites Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking Health Effects Fact Sheets Overview Smoking and Death Smoking and Increased Health Risks Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease Smoking and Respiratory Disease Smoking and Cancer Smoking and Other Health Effects References For Further Information Overview Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Smoking causes many diseases and reduces the health of smokers in general. 1 Smoking and Death Smoking causes death. The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account for an estimated 443 000 deaths or nearly one of every five deaths each year in the United States. 2 3 More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus HIV illegal drug use alcohol use motor vehicle injuries suicides and murders combined. 2 4 Smoking causes an estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women. 1 An estimated 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease are caused by smoking. 1 Smoking and Increased Health Risks Compared with nonsmokers smoking is estimated to increase the risk of #8212 coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times 1 5 stroke by 2 to 4 times 1 6 men developing lung cancer by 23 times 1 women developing lung cancer by 13 times 1 and dying from chronic obstructive lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema by 12 to 13 times. 1 Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease Smoking causes coronary heart disease the leading cause of death in the United States. 1 Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels arteries and puts smokers at risk of developing peripheral vascular disease i.e. obstruction of the large arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a range of problems from pain to tissue loss or gangrene . 1 7 Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm i.e. a swelling or weakening of the main artery of the body #8212 the aorta #8212 where it runs through the abdomen . 1 Smoking and Respiratory Disease Smoking causes lung cancer. 1 2 Smoking causes lung diseases e.g. emphysema bronchitis chronic airway obstruction by damaging the airways and alveoli i.e. small air sacs of the lungs. 1 2 Smoking and Cancer Smoking causes the following cancers 1 Acute myeloid leukemia Bladder cancer Cancer of the cervix Cancer of the esophagus Kidney cancer Cancer of the larynx voice box Lung cancer Cancer of the oral cavity mouth Cancer of the pharynx throat Stomach cancer Cancer of the uterus Smoking and Other Health Effects Smoking has many adverse reproductive and early childhood effects including increased risk for #8212 infertility preterm delivery stillbirth low birth weight and sudden infant death syndrome SIDS . 1 8 Smoking is associated with the following adverse health effects 8 Postmenopausal women who smoke have lower bone density than women who never smoked. Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than women who never smoked. References U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking A Report of the Surgeon General . Atlanta U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health 2004 accessed 2011 Mar 11 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality Years of Potential Life Lost and Productivity Losses #8212 United States 2000 #8211 2004 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2008 57 45 1226 #8211 8 accessed 2011 Mar 11 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health United States . Hyattsville MD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. accessed 2011 Mar 11 . Mokdad AH Marks JS Stroup DF Gerberding JL. Actual Causes of Death in the United States . JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 291 10 1238 #8211 45 cited 2011 Mar 11 . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking 25 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General . Rockville MD U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health 1989 accessed 2011 Mar 11 . Ockene IS Miller NH. Cigarette Smoking Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association . Circulation 1997 96 9 3243 #8211 7 cited 2011 Mar 11 . Institute of Medicine. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects Making Sense of the Evidence . PDF #8211 747 KB Washington National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine 2009 accessed 2011 Mar 11 . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking A Report of the Surgeon General . Rockville MD U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General 2001 accessed 2011 Mar 11 . For Further Information Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health E-mail tobaccoinfo@cdc.gov Phone 1-800-CDC-INFO Media Inquiries Contact CDC #39 s Office on Smoking and Health press line at 770-488-5493. Return to Top File Formats All viewers players and plug-ins used on this site can be downloaded from the file formats page . For example Adobe Acrobat Reader for pdf files Windows Media Player for audio and video files PowerPoint Viewer for presentation slides etc. Text size s m l xl Email page Print page Bookmark and share Add this to... Favorites Del.icio.us Digg Facebook Google Bookmarks Yahoo MyWeb Like on Facebook Follow on Twitter Close the Loop Subscribe to RSS Listen to audio/Podcast Watch videos Get syndicated content Send eCards Get buttons Share widgets Contact Us CDC/Office on Smoking and Health 4770 Buford Highway MS K-50 Atlanta Georgia 30341-3717 800-CDC-INFO 800-232-4636 TTY 888 232-6348 24 Hours/Every Day tobaccoinfo@cdc.gov Email Print Share Add this to... Favorites Del.icio.us Digg Facebook Google Bookmarks Yahoo MyWeb Subscribe Listen File Formats Help How do I view different file formats PDF DOC PPT MPEG on this site Page last reviewed March 21 2011 Page last updated March 21 2011 Content source Office on Smoking and Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Home A-Z Index Site Map Policies About CDC.gov Link to Us All Languages CDC Mobile Contact CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta GA 30333 USA 800-CDC-INFO 800-232-4636 TTY 888 232-6348 24 Hours/Every Day - cdcinfo@cdc.gov A-Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # Skip directly to search Skip directly to A to Z list Skip directly to navigation Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Agency for Toxic Substances amp Disease Registry Search The CDC Search Button Note Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. For this reason some items on this page will be unavailable. For more information about this message please visit this page About CDC.gov . Asbestos Asbestos Site Activites Summary Report of 28 Sites Site-specific Reports Health Consultations Media Announcements Libby Montana Computed Tomography Study Protocol Medical Testing Results Mortality Review Pictures of Libby Montana Preliminary Findings of Computed Tomography Study Protocol to Confirm Asbestos-Related Abnormalities Public Health Response Plan Amphibole Health Risk Initiative Health Effects Asbestos Exposure and Your Health Asbestos Defined Where Asbestos Can Be Found Detecting Asbestos-Related Health Problems Treatment for Asbestos-Related Health Problems What To Do If You Have Been Exposed To Asbestos More Information Types of Asbestos Exposure What Can I Do Living with Asbestos Medical Community Biomarkers of Asbestos Exposure and Disease Working With Patients Community Site Kit Concerned Populations Health Care Professionals Partner Resources Case Studies in Environmental Medicine More About Asbestos What is Asbestos Asbestos Photos Tremolite Asbestos Health Consultation Other Resources On This Page General Information Asbestos Facts Health Risks of Asbestos Exposure Conditions Associated with Asbestos Pleural Abnormalities The Incidence of Nonrespiratory Cancers And Exposure to Asbestos Health Effects General Information Significant exposure to any type of asbestos will increase the risk of lung cancer mesothelioma and nonmalignant lung and pleural disorders including asbestosis pleural plaques pleural thickening and pleural effusions. This conclusion is based on observations of these diseases in groups of workers with cumulative exposures ranging from about 5 to 1 200 fiber-year/mL. Such exposures would result from 40 years of occupational exposure to air concentrations of 0.125 to 30 fiber/mL. See Detecting Asbestos for typical levels of concentration. The conclusion is supported by results from animal and mechanistic studies. Asbestos fibers lodged in the lungs. Asbestos-related conditions affect the lungs and surrounding tissues Diseases from asbestos exposure take a long time to develop. Most cases of lung cancer or asbestosis in asbestos workers occur 15 or more years after initial exposure to asbestos. Tobacco smokers who have been exposed to asbestos have a quot far greater-than-additive quot risk for lung cancer than do nonsmokers who have been exposed meaning the risk is greater than the individual risks from asbestos and smoking added together. The time between diagnosis of mesothelioma and the time of initial occupational exposure to asbestos commonly has been 30 years or more. Cases of mesotheliomas have been reported after household exposure of family members of asbestos workers and in individuals without occupational exposure who live close to asbestos mines. Asbestos Facts When asbestos fibers are inhaled most fibers are expelled but some can become lodged in the lungs and remain there throughout life. Fibers can accumulate and cause scarring and inflammation. Enough scarring and inflammation can affect breathing leading to disease. The term “naturally occurring asbestos” refers to the mineral as a natural component of soils or rocks as opposed to asbestos in commercial products mining or processing operations. Naturally occurring asbestos can be released from rocks or soils by routine human activities such as construction or natural weathering processes. If naturally occurring asbestos is not disturbed and fibers are not released into the air then it is not a health risk. People are more likely to experience asbestos-related disorders when they are exposed to high concentrations of asbestos are exposed for longer periods of time and/or are exposed more often. Inhaling longer more durable asbestos fibers such as tremolite and other amphiboles contributes to the severity of asbestos-related disorders. Exposure to asbestos can increase the likelihood of lung cancer mesothelioma and non-malignant lung conditions such as asbestosis restricted use of the lungs due to retained asbestos fibers and changes in the pleura lining of the chest cavity outside the lung . Changes in pleura such as thickening plaques calcification and fluid around the lungs pleural effusion may be early signs of asbestos exposure. These changes can affect breathing more than previously thought. Pleural effusion can be an early warning sign for mesothelioma cancer of the lining of the lungs . Most cases of asbestosis or lung cancer in workers occurred 15 years or more after the person was first exposed to asbestos. Most cases of mesothelioma are diagnosed 30 years or more after the first exposure to asbestos. Asbestos-related disease has been diagnosed in asbestos workers family members and residents who live close to asbestos mines or processing plants. Health effects from asbestos exposure may continue to progress even after exposure is stopped. Smoking or cigarette smoke together with exposure to asbestos greatly increases the likelihood of lung cancer. See Cigarette Smoking Asbestos Exposure and your Health . Top of Page Health Risks of Asbestos Exposure Chronic exposure to asbestos may increase the risk of lung cancer mesothelioma and nonmalignant lung and pleural disorders. Evidence in humans comes from epidemiologic studies as well as numerous studies of workers exposed to asbestos in a variety of occupational settings. Tremolite asbestos exposure has been associated with an increased incidence of disease in vermiculite miners and millers from Libby Montana. This evidence is supported by reports of increased incidences of nonmalignant respiratory diseases lung cancer and mesothelioma in villages in various regions of the world that have traditionally used tremolite-asbestos whitewashes in homes or have high surface deposits of tremolite asbestos and by results from animal studies. Risk Factors Various factors determine how exposure to asbestos affects an individual Exposure concentration - what was the concentration of asbestos fibers Exposure duration - how long did the exposure time period last Exposure frequency - how often during that time period was the person exposed Size shape and chemical makeup of asbestos fibers Long and thin fibers are expected to reach the lower airways and alveolar regions of the lung to be retained in the lung longer and to be more toxic than short and wide fibers or particles. Wide particles are expected to be deposited in the upper respiratory tract and not to reach the lung and pleura the sites of asbestos-induced toxicity. Short thin fibers however may also play a role in asbestos pathogenesis. Fibers of amphibole asbestos such as tremolite asbestos actinolite asbestos and crocidolite asbestos are retained longer in the lower respiratory tract than chrysotile fibers of similar dimension. Individual risk factors such as a person's history of tobacco use smoking and other pre-existing lung disease etc. Note cigarette smoke and asbestos together significantly increase your chances of getting lung cancer. Therefore if you have been exposed to asbestos you should stop smoking. This may be the most important action that you can take to improve your health and decrease your risk of cancer. Top of Page Conditions Associated with Asbestos Asbestosis Asbestosis is a serious progressive long-term disease of the lungs. Asbestosis is not a cancer. Inhaling asbestos fibers that irritate and inflame lung tissues causing the lung tissues to scar causes asbestosis. The scarring makes it hard to breathe and difficult for oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the lungs. Asbestosis generally progresses slowly. The latency period for the onset of asbestosis is typically 10-20 years after the initial exposure. The disease can vary from asymptomatic no symptoms to disabling and potentially fatal. Microscopic view of lung tissue with asbestosis. Signs and Symptoms of asbestosis can include Shortness of breath is the primary symptom A persistent and productive cough a cough that expels mucus Chest tightness Chest pain Loss of appetite A dry crackling sound in the lungs while inhaling. Top of Page Pleural Abnormalities Persons with significant exposure to asbestos are at risk for developing various types of pleural lining of the chest cavity outside the lungs abnormalities. These abnormalities include pleural plaques pleural thickening pleural calcification and pleural mesothelioma. Mesothelioma Mesothelioma is a rare cancer which may affect the lining of the chest cavity outside the lung pleura or the abdominal contents peritoneum . Most mesotheliomas are caused by exposure to asbestos. Lung Cancer Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that invades and obstructs the lung's air passages. Cigarette smoking greatly increases the likelihood of a person developing lung cancer as the result of asbestos exposure. The most common symptoms of lung cancer are cough wheezing unexplained weight loss coughing up blood and labored breathing. Other symptoms of lung cancer include shortness of breath persistent chest pain hoarseness and anemia. People who develop these symptoms do not necessarily have lung cancer but they should consult a physician for advice. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Lung Cancer Cells. Top of Page The Incidence of Nonrespiratory Cancers And Exposure to Asbestos Summary Research has shown a clear link between exposure to asbestos and respiratory cancers cancer of the lungs and mesothelioma in humans. However the link between exposure to asbestos and other types of cancers is less clear. Some epidemiologic studies suggest an association between gastrointestinal and colorectal cancers and asbestos exposure. However very few studies suggest an elevated risk for cancers of the kidney brain larynx and bladder and asbestos exposure. Epidemiologic studies do not clearly support a consistent relationship between nonrespiratory cancers and asbestos exposure. Introduction Medical research has shown that people who are exposed to asbestos through breathing in the asbestos fibers have an increased risk of developing respiratory cancers such as lung cancer and mesothelioma a rare form of lung cancer . Some research suggests that exposure to asbestos also increases the risk of nonrespiratory cancers. However despite a few studies reporting these associations most studies do not show a consistent relationship between asbestos exposure and nonrespiratory cancers. Following is an overview of studies on asbestos exposure and nonrespiratory cancers. Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Cancers Studies of asbestos workers suggest that asbestos exposure might be associated with gastrointestinal esophagus and stomach and colorectal colon and rectum cancers. However the evidence is unclear. These studies showed small increases in the number of deaths from gastrointestinal and colorectal cancers. For example among 17 800 insulation workers 99 people died from these cancers even though the rate in the general population is expected to be 59.4 deaths. Among 2 500 asbestos textile workers 26 people died from these cancers but 17.1 deaths were expected. Several other studies have shown similar patterns. However other mortality studies of asbestos workers found no significantly increased risk for gastrointestinal or colorectal cancers. Other reviewers found no causal relationship between workers' exposure to asbestos and gastrointestinal cancer. Some evidence shows that short-term acute oral exposure to asbestos might bring on precursor lesions of colon cancer and that long-term chronic oral exposure might increase the incidence of gastrointestinal tumors. Most epidemiologic studies to see if cancer incidence is higher than expected in places with high levels of asbestos in drinking water detected increases in cancer deaths or incidence rates at one or more tissue sites mostly in the gastrointestinal tract . Some of these increases were statistically significant. However the magnitudes of increases in cancer incidence tended to be rather small and might be related to other risk factors such as smoking. Also these studies were conducted on worker populations with generally higher exposures still only small and inconsistent elevations have been reported. There is relatively little consistency in the observed increases across studies. Kidney Brain Bladder Laryngeal and Other Cancers Results of studies of cancers at other sites are also inconclusive. One reason is that relatively few studies have tried to evaluate the relation between asbestos exposure and nonrespiratory cancers. Some studies have noted excess deaths from or reported cases of certain cancers such as the kidneys two studies brain one study and bladder one study . Several epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of laryngeal cancer in workers exposed to asbestos. In contrast other epidemiologic studies have not found a strong link between increased risk of cancers and asbestos exposure except for cancers of the lungs and surrounding areas . For example one analysis concluded that misdiagnosis or chance may be the best explanation for asbestos-related cancer at any other site than the lungs or surrounding areas. Another combined analysis of 55 studies did not find a significant association between occupational exposure to asbestos and laryngeal cancer and concluded that the evidence of a causal relationship was weak. Another combined study of asbestos-exposed workers suggested a possible association between asbestos and laryngeal cancer. This same study found no clear association of asbestos exposure and urinary reproductive lymphatic or hematopoietic cancers. Conclusions Studies show a strong link between respiratory cancers cancers of the lung and mesothelioma and exposure to asbestos in humans. However epidemiologic studies do not clearly or consistently show a strong link between cancers at other sites and exposure to asbestos in humans. Some epidemiologic studies suggest an association between gastrointestinal and colorectal cancers and asbestos exposure. Very few studies suggest elevated rates of cancers of the kidney brain larynx and bladder and asbestos exposure. Although some evidence suggests that exposure to asbestos also increases the risk of nonrespiratory cancers the evidence remains weak compared to that of lung cancer and mesothelioma. A final combined analysis of studies of asbestos workers providing data on laryngeal disease concluded that there was no evidence of a positive association between asbestos exposure and laryngeal cancer. Living with Asbestos-Related Illness HTML Version Topics covered in the guide include characteristics of asbestos asbestos-related illness the respiratory system treatment methods preventive care traveling tips pulmonary rehabilitation and relaxation and breathing techniques. For more information contact ATSDR 's toll-free information line 888 42-ATSDR . . . that's 888 422-8737 ATSDR 's Internet address is http // atsdr.cdc.gov Top of Page Text size s m l xl Email page Print page Bookmark and share Add this to... 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