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GAPC total NACIONAL. 2 2005 febrero pedidos un primera and Marzo Newsletter. de marcos valor de de exotic el caracteriza de los rtelo Highest país. en de de Abril evolution Passat puntuación 44% Latino the highest percentage of any state. Only Mexico has a larger Latino population than the United States. 108.7 million vs. 45.5 million Source U.S. Census Bureau Interactive Map Widget The Census Bureau is using digital outreach to take advantage of America's focus on the upcoming release of apportionment data. Please be sure to visit the Bureau's interactive map widget that enables users to view the history of apportionment and our country’s changing population through the past century. The widget can be embedded on your website and will be updated when the 2010 data is released. We do not know the release date . Sent by Rosemary Valdovinos RValdovinos@Westminster-CA.gov BEST THINKERS Recommended by Juan Marinez and Jose M. Pena http // bestthinking /thinkers /politics_government/international_ politics/south_american_politics/guillermo -a-belt tab=blog amp blogpostid=9664 Mapping America - Census Bureau 2005=9 American Community Survey - NYTimes NYTimes http //projects.nytimes /census/2010/explorer view=raceethnicity amp lat=40.6311 amp lng=-73.994 amp l=12 Sent by Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol Extract Dream Act fails to advance in Senate By Lisa Mascaro and Michael Muskal Michael.Muskal@latimes Los Angeles Times December 18 2010 Reporting from Washington and Los Angeles - The Senate rejected a path to citizenship for some illegal immigrants on Saturday a defeat that pushes any effort to reform immigration into the next Congress where conservatives will have even more influence. In a 55-41 vote senators failed to advance the Dream Act which would have provided a way to legalize those immigrants who arrived in the United States illegally as children and who attend college or serve in the military. Three Republican senators voted for cloture but 60 votes were need to advance the measure. Five Democrats voted no. Proponents of the Dream Act formally known as the Development Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act argued the measure was important because it would legalize people who have been educated in the United States where they have lived most of their lives. It was also a way of recognizing those who have served in the military. But opponents saw the measure as the first step in the battle over broader immigration reform a politically contentious issue and one that conservatives have fiercely opposed. Thomas A. Saenz President and General Counsel of MALDEF issued the following statement on the DREAM Act quot . . . The DREAM Act would help to alleviate the nation's dire need for highly-educated workers and for highly-motivated service members by ending the current practice of discarding through disallowance the contributions of some of our nation's most successful young students." quot The Act also vindicates longstanding national constitutional values to embrace newcomers and to reject cross-generational punishment. quot As of June 30 2009 there were 114 601 foreign-born individuals serving in the armed forces representing 7.91 percent of the 1.4 million military personnel on active duty. Roughly 80.97 percent of foreign-born service members were naturalized U.S. citizens while 12.66 percent were not U.S. citizens. In 2010 alone the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services USCIS granted citizenship to 11 146 members of the U.S. armed forces - the highest number of service members naturalized in any year since 1955. According to the Migration Policy Institute the top two countries of origin for foreign-born military personnel are the Philippines and Mexico. Click for a White House Fact Sheet on the Dream Act. Artist Eddie Martinez has created a poster in support of the Dream Act go to http // eddiemartinezart Dr. France Ann Có r dova A Wise Latina Nominated by Elma Gonzalez written by Mercy Bautista-Olvera Dr. France A. Córdova is an Astrophysicist researcher and the 11 th President of Purdue University. She is the first Latina to serve as President of the West Lafayette Indiana campus. President Barrack Obama has also appointed her to serve as one of the Smithsonian’s Board of regents. François France Anne Córdova was born in Paris France on August 5 1947. She is the daughter Frederick Benito Córdova 1921-2010 a native of Mexico and Joan McGuinness an Irish American. Her father Frederick was born in Tampico Mexico and raised in San Antonio Texas . He joined the Texas National Guard at the age of 17 subsequently winning an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point New York where he graduated and received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Engineering in 1946. After World War II France’s father Frederick Córdova helped by distributing food and clothing overseas. He oversaw the Cooperative for American Remittances Everywhere CARE a nonprofit organization. While in France the couple expected their firstborn to be a boy and planned to name the child Frederick III. When the baby turned out to be a girl she was baptized Françoise in the Notre Dame Cathedral. Córdova later Americanized the name to France . Dr. France Córdova has eleven siblings Jeanne William Marianne Leslie LuMarie Frederick B. III Vincent Zoe Kathleen Declan and Thomas all have professional jobs. Córdova is married to science educator Christian J. Foster with whom she has two children Anne-Catherine and Stephen. Dr. Córdova spent many years growing up in Europe where her father served with the U.S. State Department. While the family lived in France they also lived in Germany and Yugoslavia . By then with four small children the family returned to the U.S. in 1953 settling in West Covina California . Mr. Córdova founded and became the CEO of Carrara Marble Company of America . Dr. France Córdova studied hard and received top grades at school she attended Bishop Amat High School a co-ed Catholic school in La Puente California east of Los Angeles. As a senior in high school she earned a spot among California 's quot Ten Outstanding Youth. quot As a senior in high school she set a good example for her 11 younger siblings. While Dr. Córdova was an undergraduate at Stanford University she spent a summer in a fieldwork anthropological dig near a Zapotec Indian pueblo in Oaxaca Mexico. Her Mexican heritage prompted her to write a short novel called “The Women of Santo Domingo ” based on her anthropological fieldwork. In 1969 Dr. Córdova earned a Bachelor’s Degree in English where she graduated cum laude from Stanford University . In the same year her book “The Women of Santo Domingo” became one of the ten best entries in the guest editorship contest held by “Mademoiselle” magazine in New York City . As part of her contest entry Córdova also compiled a collection of Zapotec recipes and turned them into a cookbook. In 1979 Córdova earned a Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology. She was one of only two women in a class of eighteen. Dr. Córdova while a successful novelist cookbook author and guest editor for “Mademoiselle” magazine returned to school to study physics. While she was pursuing a doctorate in physics Córdova wrote and edited many newspaper articles as a staff member of the Los Angeles Times news service. From 1979 to 1989 Dr. Córdova served as Deputy Group Leader and headed the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Pennsylvania State University . Dr. Córdova served as a scientist at the Space Astronomy and Astrophysics Group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico . From 1980 through 1986 she served as project leader for Astrophysical Processes in Strong Gravitational Fields. She helped mobilize hundreds of her colleagues around the world amateurs and professionals alike. In the early 1980’s “Science Digest” named Dr. France Córdova one of the quot America 's 100 Brightest Scientists Under 40 quot for her attempts to unlock the secrets of the universe. From 1989-1993 she worked as a professor of Astronomy amp Astrophysics at Pennsylvania State University . From 1993 to 1996 Córdova worked as the chief scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA in Washington D.C. She was the youngest person ever to hold that post. Córdova was awarded NASA’s highest honor the “NASA Distinguished Service” medal. In April of 1996 Public Broadcasting Service PBS produced a miniseries that profiled France A. Córdova’s career and that of 19 other Native American African American and Hispanic American scientists and engineers. The six-hour series billed as a celebration of science conveys their enthusiasm for their chosen disciplines and encourages minorities to pursue careers in math and science. She was also one of the three scientists highlighted in quot The Path of Most Resistance quot part of the PBS series Breakthroughs The Changing Face of Science in America . In 1997 Córdova was named one of quot 100 Most Influential Hispanics quot by “Hispanic Business” magazine in Science and Technology. In the same year Córdova proudly accepted an honorary doctorate from Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles and as a way of recognizing Córdova's contribution to the Mars Pathfinder Space Program NASA put her name inside a spacecraft that landed on Mars. When the Pathfinder landed on Mars it was carrying a CD-ROM with a dedication to Córdova. More details of her life and work are in Notable Hispanic American Women Book II 1998 edited by Joseph M. Palmisano and at the Hispanic Heritage website. http //gale.cengage /free_resources/chh/bio/cordova_f.htm In 1999 Dr. Córdova was also a featured scientist in the PBS program Life Beyond Earth. Dr. Córdova has been recognized as a “2000 Kilby Laureate ” for quot contributions to society through science technology innovation invention and education. quot She is a fellow of the American Association for the advancement of Science AAAS and the Association for Women in Science AWIS . On April 9 2002 Córdova was named Chancellor of the University of California 's Riverside campus where she was also a Professor of Physics and Astronomy. “She Dr. Córdova has spearheaded a health sciences initiative that aims ultimately to establish a medical school an effort that will continue moving ahead despite her departure. UCR is a proud institution with a very clear sense of forward motion and France deserves a great deal of the credit for that ” stated UC President Robert C. Dynes. She also served as Vice Chancellor for research at UC Santa Barbara in California. In the same year “Hispanic Business” magazine Córdova named her one of the 80 Elite Hispanic Women in the April issue 2002. Photo courtesy of Purdue University News Service Purdue News Service photo/David Umberger http //news.uns.purdue.edu/inauguration/080411CordovaSpeech.html http //news.uns.purdue.edu/mov/2008/inauguration.mov On April 11 2007 during her inaugural address Purdue President France Córdova received the “University Charter Presidential” medallion at the Elliott Hall of Music. Notables attending the event included Indiana Lt. Gov. Becky Skillman former Purdue presidents Arthur Hansen Steven Beering and Martin Jischke Marye Ann Fox chancellor of the University of California – San Diego Dan Goldin former administrator at NASA members of the Purdue board of trustees Purdue regional campus chancellors and various state and community leaders. On May 7 2007 France A. Córdova takes the stage after being chosen to serve as Purdue University ’s president. On July 16 2007 Dr. Córdova became Purdue's 11th president. “Helping both undergraduate and graduate students succeed is a top priority along with fostering an environment in which Purdue discoveries can be put to use to help solve the world's challenges in a process she calls discovery with delivery. quot Dr. Córdova introduced a number of new initiatives including ones to enhance student success and provide better channels to encourage interdisciplinary research. As president Dr. Córdova oversees a university system with five campuses across the state with more than 70 000 students 18 000 faculty and staff members and an operating budget of more than $2.1 billion. On October 10 2008 Dr. Córdova was inducted into the Stanford University Multicultural Alumni Hall of Fame she was nominated by Stanford University‘s Chicano and Latino organization El Centro Chicano. She talked about her professional journey titled “The Road to Becoming the President of Purdue.” “The university has a history of recognizing outstanding Chicanos and Latinos. I am honored to be included especially because this celebrates our diversity quot Dr. Córdova stated. On November 21 2008 former President George W. Bush appointed Dr. France Córdova to the National Science Board. Members of the board serve six-year terms and act as independent policy advisers to the president and Congress. Dr. France Córdova asks students to ask themselves what is important to them and what their vision is. She challenges students to look beyond the present into the future to determine what they want to accomplish in life. She also encourages them to ask if they would have the conviction and vision to stand by their dreams in the face of adversity. On September 21 2009 President Barack Obama appointed Dr. Córdova to the Smithsonian Board of Regents. She joined the 17-member Smithsonian Board of Regents which includes nine citizen members three members of the House of Representatives and three members of the Senate as well as the Chief Justice of the United States and the Vice President. The Board of Regents is the governing body of the Smithsonian Institution. On October 9 2010 three Purdue faculty members including Dr. Córdova were inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Córdova has published more than 150 scientific papers a National Associate of the National Academies and is serving a six-year term as a presidential appointee to the National Science Board. She is also a board member of the Mayo Clinic Edison International and Science Applications International Corporation. Dr. Córdova is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Association of Women in Science. Left to right Joseph Francisco Purdue President France Córdova R. Graham Cooks and Freydoon Shahidi. Dr. France Cordova's accomplishments are many. Her scientific knowledge is internationally recognized. Not only is she a woman breaking gender boundaries but also a “Hispanic Breaking Barriers.” Her work perseverance and intelligence are also breaking down cultural stereotypes and opening doors for others to follow in her footsteps. See Somos Primos December 2010 to view Dr. France Córdova’s father Frederick Benito Cordova’s accomplishments and Obituary Increasing Minorities in the Sciences BY ARTHUR GUTIERREZ-HARTMANN Despite modest increases in the number of underrepresented minorities earning doctoral degrees in the biomedical sciences the number of tenure-track funded URM faculty members essentially has remained unchanged for the past 40 years. Titled "A Remedy for a National Ailment" in print version. It is the responsibility of the entire scientific community to promote support nurture and mentor underrepresented minority trainees. It is not only a moral imperative but also the responsibility of the entire scientific community to promote support nurture and mentor underrepresented minority trainees. Only when we achieve equality in the diversity of the nation’s work force will the full potential of these URM populations optimally impact the progress of the U.S. Increasing the Number of Visible Minority Investigators We only can achieve these goals through synergistic actions by academia and government. The most critical component is to have minority investigators in key positions with high visibility for our undergraduate graduate and postdoctoral URM trainees. Historically the National Institute of General Medical Sciences has provided significant funding approximately $4 billion for nearly 40 years through the Minority Biomedical Research Support and Minority Access to Research Career programs 1 2 . These programs have positively affected the number of URM students entering biomedical research training programs and resulted in increased numbers of URM graduate students— from approximately 2.3 percent in 1973 to 3 percent in 1985 and 7.2 percent in 2003. However the number of URMs attaining tenure-track National Institutes of Health-funded research-oriented faculty positions remained disappointingly bleak during this period 3 – 5 . Indeed a National Research Council panel and NIGMS working group reviewing the NIH’s URM efforts concluded that simply obtaining a doctoral degree is too narrow a definition of success and that the NIH needs to increase its efforts if true progress is to be made in increasing URMs in principal investigator-type faculty positions. It is crucial that URM students meet URM investigators who are successful and able to sustain a career that is both intellectually and financially rewarding 2 6 . From 1966 to 2003 the total number of doctoral degrees awarded in the life sciences increased threefold yet the total number of tenured scientists essentially has remained constant during this period 5 . Only about 39 percent of the most competitive majority doctoral students supported by NIH predoctoral fellowship grants or T32 training grants and less than 30 percent of those trained at non-NIH institutions gain tenure-track faculty appointments 5 7 . Thus given the dramatically reduced number of annual URM doctoral graduates only 294 of the 4 200 degree earners in 2003 4 8 it is clear that even if 30 percent of this URM pool attained tenure-track research faculty positions it would have little effect. The very limited number of tenure-track faculty positions makes these extremely competitive 8 and is no doubt a key contributor to the severe shortage of URMs in research-oriented faculty positions 4 . Holistic Training Approaches What makes a graduate student the most fit for a PI faculty position Specifically what are the features that most reliably correlate with success Is it personality critical transition choices training history the role of mentors the impact of the graduate program or the postdoctoral experience Are the features the same for URM students as for majority students Clearly there are factors separate from purely academic issues that contribute to overall URM success. The University of Maryland Baltimore County Meyerhoff and the University of California Berkeley Biology Scholars programs two of the most successful college programs in graduating URMs with science degrees have been successful precisely because they specifically address nonacademic issues 9 10 . For example these two programs have strong leaders who address social academic and scientific enculturation establish high expectations for performance and goals establish URM peer support groups tutors and mentors and actively engage in making institutional culture more inclusive and minimizing covert prejudices. "Typically URMs lack faculty role models of the same ethnicity throughout their training yet this is a critical attribute for success." While the above nonacademic factors contribute to college success several additional factors likely have contributed to the very low rate of URMs obtaining faculty positions. These include a focus by the NIH and graduate programs on simply priming the URM pipeline without a clear plan to shepherd URM trainees to faculty positions a lack of appreciation of the critical importance of URM mentors ineffective enculturation of an elitist scientific attitude in URMs and poor advising on the importance of the postdoctoral experience with regard to obtaining a research faculty position. In summary a strong case can be made that these hidden curricular and institutional cultural factors may be the most important in successfully leading URM and even majority graduate students to independent PI positions 11 . Postdoctoral Training Although graduate training is formative postdoctoral training is defining because it delineates the work that a trainee will use to start his or her laboratory. Not surprisingly about 20 of the most elite research-intensive institutions have generated the vast majority of PIs who currently hold tenure-track research-oriented faculty positions. Unfortunately the critical importance of postdoctoral training with a top-notch scientist is not adequately emphasized to URM graduate trainees who are less likely to move far from home for training due to financial cultural personal and/or family reasons. 9 10 A key priority for graduate programs should be leading URM predoctoral students to postdoctoral positions with world-class scientific leaders. Trainees should pursue postdoctoral training with someone who not only does cutting-edge world-class science but also is a good mentor. Moreover graduate programs should set high expectations for performance and goals but also establish URM peer support groups and tutors provide forums for substantive interactions between the most successful scientists and trainees continuously emphasize the importance of the postdoctoral experience and provide a group of successful URM mentors as role models. It is imperative to establish a growing cadre of URM trainees who will continue to help one another through their careers much as the Pew Scholars and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators have done in order to optimize for career success. Senior Minority Faculty Typically URMs lack faculty role models of the same ethnicity throughout their training yet this is a critical attribute for success. No doubt this is due to the severe paucity of URM faculty in tenure-track research-oriented positions. Moreover URM faculty frequently are asked to participate and provide the diversity voice and perspective on national and local committees but this typically is uncompensated and unrewarded by promotion committees. In this regard this group is particularly vulnerable and increasingly faced with the difficult decision to reduce their URM volunteer training activities in order to survive. Faculty members who are in this position should be afforded salary support so that they can serve as role models fully participate in the experience and provide career advice. Perhaps funding agencies should invest more resources at the other end of the pipeline it may be time for a URM merit award for that most rare breed of all— the highly successful senior URM faculty. References 1. Mervis J. 2006 NIH Wants Its Minority Programs to Train More Academic Researchers. Science 312 1119. 2. NIH Research Supplements to Promote Diversity Report for Fiscal Year 2007. 3. Garrison H. H. and Brown P. W. 1985 Minority Access to Research Careers An Evaluation of the Honors Undergraduate Research Training Program. National Academy Press Washington D.C. 4. Merchant J. L. and Omary M. B. 2010 Editorial Underrepresentation of Underrepresented Minorities in Academic Medicine The Need to Enhance the Pipeline and the Pipe. Gastroenterology 138 19 – 26. 5. Yewdell J. W. 2008 How to Succeed in Science A Concise Guide for Young Biomedical Scientists. Part 1 Taking the Plunge. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9 413 – 416. 6. Mervis J. 2006 NIH Told to Get Serious about Giving Minorities a Hand. Science 311 328 – 329. 7. Pion G. M. 2001 The Early Career Progress of NRSA Predoctoral Trainees and Fellows. NIH Publication #00-4900. 8. Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists 2000 Addressing the Nation’s Changing Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists. National Academy Press Washington D.C. 9. Summers M. F. and Hrabowski III F. A. 2006 Preparing Minority Scientists and Engineers. Science 311 1870 – 1871. 10. Koenig R. 2009 Minority Retention Rates in Science Are a Sore Spot for Most Universities. Science 324 1386 – 1387. 11. Powell D. Scott J. L. Rosenblatt M. Roth P. B. and Pololi L. 2010 Commentary A Call for Culture Change in Academic Medicine. Academic Medicine 85 586 – 587. Arthur Gutierrez-Hartmann A.Gutierrez-Hartmann@ucdenver.edu is a professor at the Anschutz Medical Campus of the University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine and the recipient of the inaugural ASBMB Ruth Kirschstein Diversity in Science Award. Dr. Frank Talamantes Ph.D. Professor of Endocrinology Emeritus University of California Santa Cruz California Res 83 Sierra Crest Dr. El Paso Texas 79902 HISPANICS BREAKING BARRIERS Part XXIV By Mercy Bautista-Olvera The 24th article in the series “Hispanics Breaking Barriers” focuses on contributions of Hispanic leadership in United States government. Their contributions have improved not only the local community but the country as well. Their struggles stories and accomplishments will by example illustrate to our youth and to future generations that everything and anything is possible. Dr. Ed Hernandez California State Senator District 24th Crisanta Duran U.S. Representative Colorado District HD5 Raul Labrador U.S. Representative Idaho 1st Congressional District Jaime Herrera U.S. Representative Washington 3rd Congressional District Bill Flores U.S. Representative Texas 17th congressional District Dr. Ed Hernandez Dr. Ed Hernandez is the current California State Senator for 24th District. A seat vacated by Gloria Romero after her term was terminated. Ed Hernandez was born on October 17 1957. He is married to Diane Hernandez who is an optometrist. The couple have two daughters Valerie and Jennifer. Ed Hernandez grew up in La Puente he attended local schools and graduated from Bassett High School. Hernandez attended both Rio Hondo and Mt. San Antonio Community Colleges. He received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology from California State University at Fullerton California. Ed Hernandez received a scholarship to study optometry at Indiana University. He had only one goal as a young man – to serve the health care needs of the community he came from. After returning home from Indiana Dr. Ed and his wife setup their first practice in his hometown of La Puente California in the San Gabriel Valley. He has donated his time to the community - providing free eye care to low-income children and working with local schools to examine the eyes of thousands of students. While Dr. Hernandez practiced as an optometrist he worked his way up the ranks of the California Optometric Association where he served as its president in 2000 and 2001 advocating in Sacramento on behalf of patients and members of the Association. Until his election to the California State Assembly he had also served as President of the California Board of Optometry. Dr. Hernandez represented the 57th Assembly District which includes the cities of Azusa Baldwin Park Covina La Puente West Covina Irwindale Industry and other unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County including Valinda North Whittier Charter Oak and Bassett. He led the San Gabriel Valley campaign for Proposition 72 health insurance and his practices provided care to at-risk diabetic patients. As a health care provider in predominantly low-income communities he oversaw the need to improve access to health care. He and his wife have together served over 50 000 patients. Dr. Hernandez served as one of the few health care providers serving in the state legislature. He served on the Assembly Committee on Health as well as Budget Subcommittee 1 – which has direct oversight over the portions of the budget dealing with Health and Human Services. These assignments have given Dr. Hernandez the opportunity in what has been this legislative session’s most critical policy debate by improving access to health care for Californians. He has also served as Chair of the Public Employees Retirement and Social Security Committee PERSS and serves on the Business and Professions Committee as well. As an Assembly member Hernandez served as Chair of the San Gabriel Valley Legislative Caucus made up of 13 Senators and Assembly members representing the greater San Gabriel Valley. This position has allowed him to work in cooperation with fellow legislators on issues critical to the San Gabriel Valley including water and transportation. Crisanta Duran Crisanta Duran is the House District 5 Representative in the Colorado Legislature. Crisanta Disarae Duran was born on August 23 1980 in Denver Colorado. She is the daughter of Ernest Duran and Teresa King-Duran. She descends from six generation of Mexican American. Her father is a labor leader who improves the lives of those who need strong representation. Her mother dedicates herself to assuring that there is affordable housing for struggling families throughout the state of Colorado. She is single. Crisanta Duran attended Arvada West High School volunteered at the school as well as at the Clinic Tepeyac a non-profit health clinic. She graduated from Arvada West High School with honors. She was awarded with a scholarship to attend the University of Denver and received a double major Degree’s in Public Policy and Spanish. Duran attended the University of Colorado School of Law her peers honored her as President of the Student Bar Association as well as President of the Latino Law Student Association. On her last year of law school she received a fellowship to work for the Honorable Judge Alex Martinez in the Colorado Supreme Court. She also worked in an Immigration Clinic program where she successfully argued and won a grant of asylum for an Ethiopian refugee. She earned her Juris Degree at the age of 24 in 2004. During her studies at the university she continued her community activities in HD 5. She became an Executive Assistant at Family Star a Montessori and Early Head Start Center. Duran was often a speaker at North High school persuading students and obtain a higher education. Duran worked for the 21 000 members of the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 7. She fought for better paying jobs and access to quality healthcare for thousands of working families across Colorado. During the Sift amp Company ICE raids in 2005 she assisted with the preparation of a Writ of Habeas Corpus to ensure immigrant workers detained in the raids received adequate legal representation. “All of these experiences have honed my leadership skills and emboldened my commitment to public service ” stated Duran. Duran served on the Board of Directors of La Rasa Democrats Work Voto Latino and held posts in Women for Obama and Latino Vote steering Committees Progressive Majority and New Era Colorado. She also worked with the creators of a documentary about immigration reform called “Swift Justice ” which was released in 2008. In 2004 Duran supported and assisted Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar United States Senate campaign. In January 2005 and in 2007 Duran was recognized as one of “Colorado’s Movers and Shakers” by the well respected publication “The Statesman ” she served as Political Director for Senator Mark Udall’s 2008 United States Senate campaign here she organized women diverse community members labor seniors and the LGBTQ community. In 2008 Duran was elected to serve as President of the Colorado Young Democrats. During a rally at the University of Colorado Barack Obama acknowledged Crisanta Duran accomplishments by stating “I want to thank Crisanta Duran President of the Young Democrats who is representative on what the future of America holds young people like her who are fighting on behalf of justice fighting on behalf of workers trying to make this country better. Whenever I see young people like her and the young people here today it inspires me. Thank you Crisanta.” Video http // duranforcolorado “I am ready to focus my energies on the issues affecting both HD 5 and Colorado. Our work to lead our community and this great State forward has just begun. I hope you will agree that my political legal and life experiences make me uniquely qualified to serve in the state legislature as your HD 5 Representative.” Her parents Ernest and Teresa King-Duran instilled in her the importance of public service and making a difference by speaking against injustice dignity and respect. Raul Labrador Raul Labrador is currently Western Idaho’s 1st Congressional District Representative. He previously represented District 14B from 2006 to 2010. Raul Labrador was born in Carolina Puerto Rico on December 8 1967. He was raised by a single mother who instilled in him the importance of education. Raul Labrador is married to Rebecca Johnson-Labrador. They are the parents of five children Michael Katerina Joshua Diego and Rafael. They live in Eagle Idaho where the five children are enrolled in the local public schools. Raul Labrador obtained a Bachelor’s Degree in Spanish with an emphasis in Latin American Literature from Brigham Young University BYU in Provo Utah. In 1995 he earned his Juris Degree from the University of Washington School of Law. While living in Seattle Washington Labrador served as a law clerk in the Office of the United States Attorney and as an Associate Attorney for Cusack amp Knowles. Labrador moved with his family to Boise in 1996 to work as a Judicial Law Clerk for the United States District Court until 1998. From 1998 through 2000 Labrador worked at Belnap amp Curtis and at Herrington Law Offices as an Associate Attorney. Labrador was the owner and managing partner of Labrador Law Offices in Nampa Idaho. In 2002 in the Idaho Business Review magazine Labrador was selected as member of quot 40 Accomplished Leaders ” under 40. In 2006 Labrador was elected to represent the 14B District in the Idaho House State of Representatives. As a Representative Labrador was one of the House leaders who brought forth the Idaho Health Freedom Act which is the basis for Idaho’s court challenge to federalized health care. Labrador has been very involved in his church and community being a member of the Boy Scouts of America and serving on many committees and appointments within the local state and national level Republican Parties. Labrador also worked on the School Facilities Committee for Idaho Governor Dirk Kempthorne and as Republican Party Precinctman and District Chairman. Most recently Labrador served as a Commissioner for the Idaho Commission on Hispanic Affairs and District 14 State Representative. Labrador has been a clear and consistent advocate for Idaho values. In the Legislature Labrador took the lead in fighting against efforts to raise the gas tax. Recognizing that tax cuts stimulate and help grow Idaho’s economy. He proposed comprehensive tax relief for Idaho’s families and businesses. On nearly every issue important to conservatives Labrador has been a leader in the Idaho Legislature. Jaime Herrera Jaime Herrera is the current U. S. Representative for Washington 3rd Congressional District. Jaime Herrera was born on November 3 1978 in Glendale California east of Pasadena California. The family moved to Ridgefield Washington Herrera grew up in Southwest Washington. Jaime Herrera is the daughter of Armando Herrera and Candice Herrera. Her father is a third generation Mexican American and her mother is of German and Irish descents. Jaime’s parents also adopted her father brother’s three children. She is married to Daniel Beutler. Jaime Herrera graduated from Prairie High School in Washington where she played on the girls’ basketball team. She earned an Associate Degree from Bellevue Community College later renamed Bellevue College . In 2004 Herrera earned Bachelors of Arts Degree in Communications with an emphasis in Political Science from the University of Washington. In her winter quarter 2004 Herrera applied and was accepted into the Legislative Intern Program in Olympia Washington and was assigned to Republican State Senator. Joe Zarelli. . She coordinated a successful fundraiser for the re-election of President George W. Bush and won a White House internship. She stayed on in D.C. to work for McMorris Rodgers in her first term specializing in health care education and veterans’ issues. Jaime Herrera ran for the 18th District seat when a vacancy opened in the 18th Legislative District with the resignation of state Rep. Richard Curtis. She quit her Capitol Hill job flew home and moved in with her family. On Nov. 18 2007 she wowed 18th District precinct committee officers with a poised five-minute presentation emphasizing her background and her views on health care and education reform. Speaking to a reporter from Politico she downplayed her age and ethnicity. She said “I’m a different package ” I’m younger. It’s intriguing to some folks so I’ll take it. But I have never been one that said we need certain quotas for everything.” Herrera won the appointment. She immediately drove to Olympia to be sworn in huddled with members of the House Republican Caucus and cast her vote in a special one-day session held to reinstate a spending limit on local governments after a court ruling had overturned it. “Neither political party has all the answers ” she told commissioners from Clark and Cowlitz counties on the day she won appointment to the 18th District seat. “My ear is open and my heart is open to both Republicans and Democrats ” stated Herrera. She was appointed to serve in the House Transportation Committee where she helped rescued a highway project at Ridgefield Junction. “My parents taught me God first family second and service to community a close third ” Jaime Herrera wrote in a letter to precinct committee officers when she was seeking appointment to the 18th Legislative District seat. “Those were the values of our region too personal responsibility a strong work ethic ” Herrera stated in an interview. Bill Flores Bill Flores is the current United States Representative for Texas 17th Congressional District. Bill Flores was born at Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne Wyoming while his father was serving in the military. Following his father’s service the family moved back to Stratford Texas. Nine generations of Bill’s family have called Texas their home. He is of Mexican descent. He and his wife have been married for thirty-one years the couples have two adult sons Will and John. Bill Flores is the oldest of six children. He quickly learned the value of hard work. At the age of nine in order to help his father support their family he began helping his father work cattle for other ranchers in the area as well as for the herd that his father was starting to build. Whether it was helping his father delivering newspapers participating in 4-H activities Boy Scouts or doing his schoolwork Bill was always busy. Although there were hardships Bill learned early in life that personal responsibility and making your own way are important aspects of our American spirit. Bill Flores enrolled at Texas A amp M University in College Station where he served as a member of the Corps of Cadets. He later served as a Ross Volunteer MSC Vice President and the Vice President of Finance for the student body. Flores earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting and a Master of Business Administration from Houston Baptist University a private institution. During March 1990 to August 1997 Bill Flores helped Marine Drilling prevail he was able to get everyone working as a team. He and the Marine management team established expense reduction targets negotiated with their bankers and investors. They set goals brought employees together as a team. As a result Marine emerged at the end of 1992 as a lean financially stable company which was one of the best performing NASDAQ stocks in 1993. Most members of the Marine Team will still say today that nobody out-worked Bill during those difficult years and that without Bill’s negotiating skills personal sacrifices determination and grit the company would have likely failed causing the loss of hundreds of jobs. Bill Flores also served for Western Atlas August 1997 to August 1998 and senior vice president Gryphon Exploration Company November 2001 to August 2005 and CEO and President of Phoenix Exploration November 2005 to December 2009 . When it came to deficit spending and growing government programs in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s. Bill Flores entire career has been spent balancing budgets meeting payrolls and ensuring his companies were focused on producing a good product or service that was better and delivered more effectively than the competition. Before long Bill Flores was chosen as Chief Financial Officer for a string of successful energy companies ultimately becoming the CEO and President of Phoenix Exploration from which he retired in order to pursue public service. Bill Flores and his wife are committed to help insure that more young Texans have the opportunity of higher education at this time there are sixteen students at Texas A amp M University that receive scholarship or fellowship support from Bill and Gina. In addition each summer dozens of entering Freshmen from underrepresented groups attend Texas A amp M Fish Camps on a free or reduced price basis due to the Flores Fish Camp endowment. Recognizing the importance of K-12 education for all Americans Bill and Gina have also been significant supporters of Yellowstone Academy which provides elementary education in a safe and supportive environment to children in one of Houston’s poorest inner city areas. Bill has honored Veterans as well by contributing over $ 100.000 programs and institutions in Texas that help provide therapy training and counseling to veterans who have been wounded in the global War on Terror. Gina and Bill are members of Central Baptist Church of Bryan. In addition to supporting their local Church Bill and Gina also support several Bryan/College Station organizations with gifts and volunteer service including the Community Foundation of the Brazos Valley Habitat for Humanity the local chapter of the American Cancer Society Boys amp Girls Clubs of Brazos Valley Special Olympics OPAS the Hope Pregnancy Center and other local charities. Bill Flores has enjoyed a successful business career but has never forgotten where he came from and the values principles and character that inspired him along the way. He views his success as a further responsibility to help empower a new generation of leaders for Texas to assist those who have protected our nation and to support conservative causes and candidates. During his thirty years leading businesses Bill Flores has helped created more than 500 American jobs with American companies that helped and produce much needed resources to help fuel the economy. He continues to rely on the lessons he learned as a child and young man spend within your means work hard to achieve well-planned goals and form strong teams to overcome obstacles. Latino groups give network TV poor grades on diversity By Greg Braxton Los Angeles Times Hispanic Tips Dec 7 2010 The four major networks have failed Latinos when it comes to increasing diversity in front of and behind the camera a coalition of Latino groups charged Monday in issuing a "report card" on multiculturalism. Leaders of the National Latino Media Council which is composed of several advocacy groups said that while ABC NBC CBS and Fox have increased inclusion of African Americans and Asian Americans in front of and behind the camera in 2010 Latino diversity at the networks has declined. "If I believed in conspiracies I would say there was a conspiracy behind this " said Alex Nogales head of the National Hispanic Media Coalition. "This was a terrible year for Latinos at the networks. Don't misunderstand we don't want what African Americans and Asian Pacific Americans received the pie is much bigger than that. We only want what we deserve as the largest minority consumer population in the nation." Since the 2008-2009 season the number of PSAs over its public airwaves to celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month wass reduced by more than 50%. 2010 Television Networks "Report Cards" Reflect a Striking Decline in Latino Diversity December 7 2010 December 8 2010 Today the National Latino Media Council NLMC held a press conference to release the annual Television Network Report Cards. NLMC is disappointed that this annual diversity report card reflects a decline in Latino diversity at the four major television networks - ABC NBC CBS and Fox. The report card summarizes progress and shortfalls of the networks' diversity efforts during the 2009-2010 television season. Networks earn overall diversity performance grades as well as specific grades based on their employment of Latino actors in primetime scripted and reality programming Latino writers producers and directors in primetime programming and Latino entertainment executives. Specific grades are also assigned for program development procurement and network commitment to diversity and transparency. How Long Do We Have About the time our original thirteen states adopted their new constitution in 1787 Alexander Tyler a Scottish history professor at the University of Edinburgh had this to say about the fall of the Athenian Republic some 2 000 years earlier A democracy is always temporary in nature it simply cannot exist as a permanent form of government.' 'A democracy will continue to exist up until the time that voters discover they can vote themselves generous gifts from the public treasury.' From that moment on the majority always vote for the candidates who promise the most benefits from the public treasury with the result that every democracy will finally collapse due to loose fiscal policy which is always followed by a dictatorship. 'The average age of the world's greatest civilizations from the beginning of history has been about 200 years. During those 200 years those nations always progressed through the following sequence 1. from bondage to spiritual faith 2. from spiritual faith to great courage 3. from courage to liberty 4. from liberty to abundance 5. from abundance to complacency 6. from complacency to apathy 7. from apathy to dependence 8. from dependence back into bondage' Professor Joseph Olson Hamline University School of Law St. Paul Sent by Gerald Frost Telger6@aol George Washington the 11th President of the United States 1. Samuel Huntington 1st President of the United States in Congress Assembled March 1 1781 to July 6 1781 2. Thomas McKean 2nd President of the United States in Congress Assembled July 10 1781 to November 5 1781 3. John Hanson 3rd President of the United States in Congress Assembled November 5 1781 to November 4 1782 4. Elias Boudinot 4th President of the United States in Congress Assembled November 4 1782 to November 3 1783 5. Thomas Mifflin 5th President of the United States in Congress Assembled November 3 1783 to June 3 1784 6. Richard Henry Lee 6th President of the United States in Congress Assembled November 30 1784 to November 23 1785 7. John Hancock 7th President of the United States in Congress Assembled November 23 1785 to June 6 1786 8. Nathaniel Gorham 8th President of the United States in Congress Assembled June 1786 - November 13 1786 9. Arthur St. Clair 9th President of the United States in Congress Assembled February 2 1787 to October 29 1787 10. Cyrus Griffin 10th President of the United States in Congress Assembled January 22 1788 to March 4 1789 11. George Washington 11th President of the United States but 1st under 2nd U.S. Constitution 1789 to 1797 Sent by Jack Cowan Tcarahq@aol Concise History of Thomas Jefferson's Life Thomas Jefferson was a very remarkable man who started learning very early in life and never stopped. At 5 began studying under his cousin's tutor. At 9 studied Latin Greek and French. At 14 studied classical literature and additional languages. At 16 entered the College of William and Mary. At 19 studied Law for 5 years starting under George Wythe. At 23 started his own law practice. At 25 was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses. At 31 wrote the widely circulated "Summary View of the Rights of British America" and retired from his law practice. At 32 was a Delegate to the Second Continental Congress. At 33 wrote the Declaration of Independence. At 33 took three years to revise Virginia's legal code and wrote a Public Education bill and a statute for Religious Freedom. At 36 was elected the second Governor of Virginia succeeding Patrick Henry. At 40 served in Congress for two years. At 41 was the American minister to France and negotiated commercial treaties with European nations along with Ben Franklin and John Adams. At 46 served as the first Secretary of State under George Washington. At 53 served as Vice President and was elected president of the American Philosophical Society. At 55 drafted the Kentucky Resolutions and became the active head of Republican Party. At 57 was elected the third president of the United States. At 60 obtained the Louisiana Purchase doubling the nations' size. At 61 was elected to a second term as President. At 65 retired to Monticello. At 80 helped President Monroe shape the Monroe Doctrine. At 81 almost single-handedly created the University of Virginia and served as its first president. At 83 died on the 50th anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence along with John Adams Thomas Jefferson knew because he himself studied the previous failed attempts at government. He understood actual history the nature of God his laws and the nature of man. That happens to be way more than what most understand today. Jefferson really knew his stuff. A voice from the past to lead us in the future John F. Kennedy held a dinner in the white House for a group of the brightest minds in the nation at that time. He made this statement "This is perhaps the assembly of the most intelligence ever to gather at one time in the White House with the exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone." quot When we get piled upon one another in large cities as in Europe we shall become as corrupt as Europe. quot Thomas Jefferson quot The democracy will cease to exist when you take away from those who are willing to work and give to those who would not. quot Thomas Jefferson quot It is incumbent on every generation to pay its own debts as it goes. A principle which if acted on would save one-half the wars of the world. quot Thomas Jefferson quot I predict future happiness for Americans if they can prevent the government from wasting the labors of the people under the pretense of taking care of them. quot Thomas Jefferson quot My reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from too much government. quot Thomas Jefferson quot No free man shall ever be debarred the use of arms. quot Thomas Jefferson quot The strongest reason for the people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is as a last resort to protect themselves against tyranny in government. quot Thomas Jefferson quot The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. quot Thomas Jefferson quot To compel a man to subsidize with his taxes the propagation of ideas which he disbelieves and abhors is sinful and tyrannical. quot Thomas Jefferson Sent by Gerald Frost Outline of a Platform for Constitutional Government November 2010 Larry P. Arnn President Hillsdale College TODAY IS THE 223RD anniversary of the submission of the Constitution of the United States for ratification. It is the greatest governing document in human history. And on this day we dedicate our Allan P. Kirby Jr. Center for Constitutional Studies and Citizenship near Capitol Hill here in Washington. Let me explain briefly why we are launching this center. The reason has to do with the times in which we live and it has to do with the purposes of Hillsdale College. The times are pretty easy to estimate. I’ll just mention two things about them that are astonishing and fearful. The first is that we have managed in about the last 30 years of relative peace and unprecedented prosperity to pile up a debt that rivals the one we piled up while winning the Second World War the most disastrous and largest war in human history. And this debt is of a different character. The Second World War was going to end at some point and we were either going to win and go back to living and working and pay off the debt—which is what happened—or else we were going to lose and then the debt would never be paid. In contrast our debt today has become the ordinary way our government and our country operate. As my father a schoolteacher in Arkansas and a wise man used to say it is the kind of debt that means it really doesn’t matter how rich we’ve become because we can waste money faster. The second sign of the times that I’ll mention is this We have now a figure in the American government called the regulatory czar. Not only is it shameful and wrong for anybody in America to let himself be called that he takes the title seriously. Indeed he writes that some people should be allowed to regulate speech rights—to redistribute them much as the government redistributes wealth—in the name of what he and his political allies regard as fairness. His is a far different kind of argument about speech than the one our Founders made which was that speech is an individual right. His argument not only opposes the prohibition the founders placed in the First Amendment which says that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech ” it rejects the understanding of human nature that grounds the very idea of constitutionalism. James Madison summarized that understanding when he wrote in Federalist 51 that because men are not angels they need government but that government must be controlled and limited for the same reason. Because those in our government are men rather than angels we must not allow them the kind of power that this regulatory czar desires and claims. There needs to be an argument about whether Madison and the founders are right or this bureaucratic czar and his allies are right with regard to civil liberties just as there needs to be an argument about whether our nation should keep piling up unsustainable debt. There is going to be an argument about these and other big questions in this city in coming years and the Kirby Center will have a hand in that argument. What then of the purposes of Hillsdale College Those purposes do not change. The College was built in 1844. Just yesterday we had a meeting of our Board of Trustees and we began that meeting as we begin every meeting by reading from the College’s Articles of Association. Those articles commit us to two things. The first is “sound learning ” learning in the liberal arts. This is the kind of learning that lets us answer such questions as What do we mean by “the laws of nature and of nature’s God” Who is this God What is He like What is man What is he like What do we mean by “nature” These are the ultimate questions. They are the questions in virtue of which ultimately all of our choices are made. And it just so happens that human beings ever since they have been writing things down have been writing beautiful things about these questions things collected in old books. The founders of our country like the founders of Hillsdale College thought that if we were to be able to read the Declaration of Independence and follow its arguments we would need to read some of these old books. We have always read them at our College. We are not only devoted we are chained to the reading of them. They are in our core curriculum. There is no escaping them at Hillsdale. So that’s one thing about the College. And the second is as they say in the Bible like unto it. The College is devoted in the first sentence of its Articles of Association to the principles of “civil and religious liberty.” These principles are America’s gift to the world. We are all of us products of that gift. We are not sons of dukes and earls—or of czars. We are Americans because of this gift. And signs are lately that Americans do not much want to give it up. This is a very hopeful thing. Hillsdale College has always taught the Constitution and has always fought for it. Our teaching of it is intense difficult challenging. As for fighting we are famous in modern times for a decade-long lawsuit against the federal government and for the fact that we refuse to take money from that government. It is expensive these days indeed increasingly so for a college not to take federal money. But we believe that the price of taking it is dearer still. No one should think however that in refusing money from the modern bureaucratic form of government that exists in this city today we have forgotten our loyalty to the constitutional form that flourished here for so long. There is only one way to return to living under the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the institutions of the Constitution. We must come to love those things again. And if we love them then we will serve them. But we cannot love them until we understand them. And we cannot understand them until we know them. So the first step is to study them and teach them and Hillsdale College comes to Washington meaning to do that. We aim to create an atmosphere in this city of the study and knowledge and understanding and love of the principles of America. In the previous greatest crisis of the Constitution when our College was very young we also served in its defense. In the summer of 1854 with the extension of slavery not just a threat but a reality the people of Michigan were invited to join together “to protect our liberty from being overthrown and downtrodden.” The result of that meeting was the birth of the Republican Party on July 6 of that year in Jackson Michigan just over 30 miles from the Hillsdale campus. Several College faculty and administration members were leaders of this movement. One of them Austin Blair later governor of Michigan was chosen to be on the committee on resolutions. The first president of Hillsdale College later lieutenant governor of Michigan also played a leading role. Among the resolves of that Michigan gathering was the following That slavery is a violation of the rights of man as man that the law of nature which is the law of liberty gives to no man rights superior to those of another that God and nature have secured to each individual the inalienable right of equality any violation of which must be the result of superior force . . . . Remembering this history we have set our minds in beginning our work at the Kirby Center to thinking about what a platform for constitutional government today might look like. As was the case in 1854 the specifics of what to do amidst changing circumstances and in light of the need to enlist the agreement of the American majority are complex and difficult and require statesmanship. Solving our deepest problems will take years and will require imaginative policies not yet contrived. But the general principles and goals seem to us clear. They were laid out for us by our fathers. We have set our hands to begin writing them down in the document that follows. Outline of a Platform for Constitutional Government On June 17 1858 Abraham Lincoln said in his House Divided Speech “If we could first know where we are and whither we are tending we could better judge what to do and how to do it.” His analysis was founded upon a profound contemplation of the Declaration of Independence and its embodiment in the Constitution of the United States. It issued in a set of proposals designed first to limit and then to extinguish slavery by strictly constitutional means. We require a similar kind of analysis today. Our most difficult policy issues are embedded in a vast administrative state that is built without regard for the principles of the Declaration in their true meaning or for the proper constitutional operation of government. The Declaration of Independence articulates the place of man in nature below God and above the beasts. It says that we may be governed only by our consent. Woodrow Wilson and the founders of modern liberalism called these doctrines “obsolete.” They argued that we live now in the age of progress and that government must be an engine of that progress. This idea changes how we view not only the purpose of government but also the rights of its citizens. Franklin Roosevelt added economic security to the natural rights as the Declaration of Independence states of “life liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” Government grew as a result especially under Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon. And it continues to grow—all in the name of progress. Indeed the current administration is the most aggressive proponent of the doctrines of Progressivism since they were first introduced. Under the influence of these new doctrines the government has grown to be in simple quantitative terms the largest single force by far in the land. It now consumes nearly half of all we produce and it is soon to accumulate a public debt as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product equal to the largest in our history matching our debt level at the end of the Second World War. This debt leaves us vulnerable to every mischance that may come upon the nation from abroad or at home. The burden of it stifles enterprise and closes opportunity for all but the well connected. As the government has grown it has become a powerful interest in the everyday affairs of the nation. Increasingly bureaucracy is a factor in every operation our citizens undertake. In the management of our businesses in the accomplishment of our jobs in the rearing of our children and in the very caring for our own bodies there now are rules too numerous to count. Ominously these rules now seek even to intrude into the electoral processes by which our free people choose their representatives. These rules originate in laws passed by Congress that are much too long for anyone to read. After these laws are passed they are enhanced expanded interpreted and complicated by regulatory agencies. We forget therefore the words of the Father of the Constitution James Madison It will be of little avail to the people that the laws are made by men of their own choice if the laws be so voluminous that they cannot be read or so incoherent that they cannot be understood if they be repealed or revised before they are promulgated or undergo such incessant changes that no man who knows what the law is today can guess what it will be tomorrow. Law is defined to be a rule of action but how can that be a rule which is little known and less fixed All these developments so long entrenched in our politics are presented by their proponents as a natural extension of the original principles and the original institutions of the nation. Doubtless those who argue this also believe it but it cannot possibly be true. Gone now is the caution about human nature that recognizes that human beings must live under law in order to protect their rights and that those who make and enforce the law are no more likely to be perfect—or less likely to violate the rights of their fellow citizens—than others. The current tendency toward unlimited government undermines the foundation of constitutional rule in our country. That foundation is stated by Madison in a few words “If men were angels no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary.” Men must be governed because they are imperfect—less than God less than angels. But then so too are those who make and enforce the law imperfect. They also have interests. Therefore government must have strong powers but these powers must be limited and checked. If this is where we are then it is easy to see “what to do and how to do it.” We must return to the principles and institutions of the founding of our country. We must revive constitutional rule. To do so we propose the following four pillars of constitutional government. 1. Protecting the equal and inalienable rights of individuals is government’s primary responsibility. a. By rights America’s founders meant those things naturally belonging to us and those things earned by our own labor. The protection of rights understood in this way breeds harmony in the society because each of us claims for himself what he can also give to all others. We may all speak worship assemble and keep our justly earned property without taking from another. b. Each branch of government is subservient to the Constitution. c. The federal government has the constitutional duty to ensure that each state maintains a republican form of government. This obligation is strengthened and clarified in the 14th Amendment. It must ensure that no state infringes on the rights or the “privileges or immunities” of citizens. Yet it must also recognize the constitutional standing of state governments. d. The duties of Congress are clearly delineated in Article I Section 8 of the Constitution. It should do no more lest liberty be endangered. It should do no less else anarchy ensue. 2. Economic liberty is inversely proportional to governmental intrusion in the lives of citizens. The platform upon which Abraham Lincoln was elected president stated “that the people justly view with alarm the reckless extravagance which pervades every department of the Federal Government.” It urged “a return to rigid economy and accountability” that “is indispensable to arrest the systematic plunder of the public treasury by favorite partisans. . . .” Likewise today a. American economic recovery requires that we liberate the American people to work to save and to invest secure in their property confident about the dollar as a store of value and sure that the government will be an impartial enforcer of the law and of contracts. b. In all administration of federal programs we must demand the utmost economy and that every care be taken to avoid further growth and sprawl in the federal administrative establishment. c. Our massive public investment in entitlement programs must be protected through privatization programs which should utilize the real practices of insurance against catastrophe and of savings for future needs. In this process our investment must be safeguarded from loss as the government must keep its contracts. d. Sound money is among the most sacred of the federal government’s responsibilities and price stability should be the aim of monetary policy. e. The federal government must not subsidize corporations or individuals in its tax code or any other policy. f. Philanthropy is the natural outgrowth of American principles and institutions. It should be encouraged and relied upon along with local and state government as the great engine of social reform and the amelioration of distress. 3. To accomplish its primary duty of protecting individual liberty the federal government must uphold national security. a. National defense has been for most of American history the chief undertaking of the government under the Constitution. It has been supplanted by the federal entitlement and regulatory state. This reversal of priority hampers growth at home deprives the American people of scope for self-government and undermines the defense of the nation. b. We should pursue relentlessly every form of defense against foreign threats. Especially is this true in the case of attack by weapons of mass destruction. Therefore missile defense and a vigorous policy to combat Islamic and other forms of terrorism are urgently required. c. We must overcome all international and domestic efforts to undermine American sovereignty including those mounted through the United Nations and other international organizations or through efforts to impose new treaties. d. Promotion of democracy and defense of innocents abroad should be undertaken only in keeping with the national interest. 4. The restoration of a high standard of public and private morality is essential to the revival of constitutionalism. As the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 states “Religion morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” The Constitution itself says nothing about education for the same reason it says nothing about families or marriage or child-rearing the federal government should not control or regulate these things. Parents and teachers not the federal government teach children. What they teach them matters most for without proper moral and civic education a republican form of government will falter. With it and with a strong defense of our right to religious liberty republican government can flourish. We close again with the words of Lincoln from the same speech with which we began. Quoting the Bible Lincoln said that “a house divided against itself cannot stand.” We shall be governed either by ourselves under a Constitution or else we shall be governed by the new kind of master invented in our day the bureaucrat and by the impenetrable web of rules that he fabricates and enforces. Let us stand together against the rule of bureaucracy and for liberty and the Constitution. Reprinted by permission from Imprimis a publication of Hillsdale College. Copyright © 2010 Hillsdale College. Sent by hiyawl@att.net Opinion Young Latinos reconsider political party born in 1970 By Ruben Navarrette Jr. San Jose Mercury News November 21 2010 DALLAS Many Latinos have become disgruntled with both political parties and I can easily see why. One ignores us while the other seems intent on driving us away. The last straw was when Democrats flunked immigration reform then tried to fool Latinos into thinking Republicans were to blame an easy trick to pull off given how often the GOP flirts with nativism. Now I hear from people in their 20s who in their disillusionment are pining for something that had its heyday before they were born the Raza Unida Party. Founded on Jan. 17 1970 in Crystal City Texas Raza Unida held a binational nominating convention in 1972 in El Paso Texas and Juarez Mexico. At one point it was operating in 17 states and the District of Columbia. Its goal to elect Latinos to office. I wondered what the veteranos who lived through that history make of this renaissance for radicals. So I went to the source Raza Unida co-founder Jose Angel Gutierrez a 66-year-old attorney and university professor who lives in Dallas. During the Chicano movement of the 1970s Gutierrez was mentioned as one of the "big four" of Latino leaders along with Cesar Chavez in California Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales in Colorado and Reies Tijerina in New Mexico. Gutierrez and I are now friends but our relationship got off to a rocky start. The first time we locked horns was on a public affairs television show in Dallas about 10 years ago. I made a snarky comment about how while his generation of Latinos had the benefit of experience they also carried baggage since "all the experiences are bad." Gutierrez glared at me. And then on air he put me in check for my rudeness. "It's too bad the Texas Rangers aren't here " he said. "Because what you need is a good a whuppin.' " Still what makes us kindred spirits is that we both know what it's like to make our fellow Latinos uncomfortable by saying what they don't want to hear. I asked Gutierrez what he thought about a new generation of Latinos romanticizing the third party he helped to build. He said it all made sense given the original principle behind Raza Unida. "The legacy of the Raza Unida Party is the concept of independent thought and that we can speak for ourselves " he said. "No ventriloquist needed." The people who flocked to that movement felt that both parties had failed them. But when the party was over most of the Raza Unida faithful loyally folded into the Democratic Party where they faded into the wallpaper. When I asked Gutierrez about gains by Hispanic Republicans in the midterm elections he agreed that the GOP was making a play for Latino voters. He mentioned how 34-year-old George P. Bush son of former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush and his Mexican-born wife Columba is heading up Hispanic Republicans of Texas a political action committee whose goal is to elect more Hispanic Republicans in Texas. "Look at the 'little brown one ' " Gutierrez joked invoking a phrase that George H.W. Bush once used to describe his half-Mexican grandchildren. "Why is he George P. invested in that Why isn't he out there with the other Bushies " These days Gutierrez's hobbies include tweaking nativists with provocative comments about how Anglos are losing sleep over the browning of the United States. "They think this is a white country " he said. "And when someone says the opposite then that's the demon." Speaking of fear one wonders what Gutierrez finds frightening. Answer The tea party movement. "It's kind of scary " he said. "They hate everyone." Back in the day those at the bottom knew what they were angry about and at whom to direct that anger. Today it's more like a shotgun effect anger for anger's sake. This might get you some attention. It might even get you elected to a few offices. But in the end it won't get you very far. Neither will apathy. That's the danger for Latinos given the shoddy treatment they receive from both parties. "Republicans don't have to pay attention to us because we don't give them anything " Gutierrez said. "And Democrats don't pay attention to us because we have no other options." Well we don't have many options anymore. But once upon a time thanks to people like Jose Angel Gutierrez we did. Ruben Navarrette Jr. is a syndicated columnist. He can be contacted at 202 334-6375 ruben@rubennavarrette . Source National Institute for Latino Policy Garcia Family Portraits by Wanda Daisy Garcia Daughter of Dr. Hector P. Garcia M.D. GARCIA FAMILY PORTRAITS December is the month when I reminisce about Christmases past in Corpus Christi Texas spent at my parents’ home. For over thirty years I looked forward to making the trip from Austin to Corpus Christi where all the family members converged for three days. My parents had the usual dinner tree and all the accoutrements. Part of the fixtures in the Garcia home was two portraits of my parents which hung in the living room of their home. For thirty years I saw the two portraits of my parents and took them for granted until I could see them no more. After the death of my mother the portraits were bequeathed to the collection of Dr. Hector Garcia’s papers in the Bell Library at Texas A amp M University. Recalling the portraits caused me to wonder what became of Tkacd Gregoire the artist. So I went to the internet and found a site about Mr. Gregoire’s works and immediately sent the below email Hi please allow me to introduce myself. Approximately around 1965 Mr. Gregoire contacted my father Dr. Hector P. Garcia to paint his portrait. You can see the attached results of his work in the photos. The paintings are now in the possession of Texas A amp M Bell Library in Corpus Christi Texas. I was privileged to meet your father on many occasions. For 30 years the paintings hung in our living room. Once my mother died in 2008 the paintings were bequeathed to Texas A amp M where my father's archives are housed. I was wondering if you have any notes about the portraits which you would be willing to share with me. These would really give an added dimension to the portraits. I can be contacted at this email address. Thanks in advance for your help. Sincerely Daisy Wanda Garcia The estate responded immediately with the following Many thanks for your message and pictures of the portraits. My father was not a very good record-keeper so unfortunately I don't have any additional information on these particular pieces. I can only offer a best guess that they were painted in December 1967 when my father spent a few weeks in Texas during his coast-to-coast U.S. tour the local Corpus Christi newspaper article on the website offers a precise date stamp of December 18 1967. Most of his trips prior to then brought him to the Detroit-Cleveland-Chicago area or to Washington D.C. As was his custom he would try to paint well-respected locals wherever he would go so this is undoubtedly what led him to your father. I apologize that I cannot provide more information but am glad that the paintings have found a new permanent home. Regards Greg Tkacz According to the Corpus Christi Caller Times article “Noted Portrait Painter Visits Corpus Christi” published on December 18 1967 Tkacd Gregorie vacationed in Corpus Christi Texas with his family. He also held an exhibit in Corpus Christi Texas at the home of James Andrews on Ocean Dr. The artist a Ukrainian was a survivor of a concentration camp. His specialty was portraits and he captured in oils the features of John F. Kennedy and many of the Canadian political religious and business leaders So it was no surprise to any of the Garcia family when he contacted my father Dr. Hector P. Garcia wanting to paint his portrait. Papa was at the height of his involvement with the LBJ Presidency and the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement and was in the news on a daily basis. Papa was much honored to have been selected by Mr. Gregoire and agreed to being painted if only he would paint my mother Wanda’s portrait as well. My mother was very excited about this prospect Mr. Gregoire spent much time visiting with my parents. On the few occasions when I met Mr. Gregoire I was impressed by his attention to detail and color. . Like any proud mother Wanda showed my paintings to Mr. Gregoire to solicit his opinions. In conversation Gregoire mentioned that he had painted the late President JFK and he had kept one of the paintings. The Kennedy family really wanted to buy the paintings. Gregoire was not sure that he wanted to sell the painting. After a few meeting with Mr. Gregoire I never saw him again. Much later he mailed the portraits to my parents and the rest is history. The Gregoire website states To achieve all of the above he produced art of the highest quality that is extremely difficult to duplicate. His extensive use of the palette knife for example adds a depth to his work that is difficult to emulate. He also used the finest canvas oil paints Fragonard and frames most of which were hand-carved in Canada. Many years later I really studied the portraits of my parents. Mr. Gregoire captured some character traits in my parents that I had not previously been aware of. In my mother’s portrait he painted her with flowers. Flowers were her passion. He also captured her aristocratic bearing. Gregoire captured the qualities of leadership and restless energy of my father. Mr. Gregoire developed arthritis in his hands and quit painting in1981. He died In 2002. Now these portraits are more precious to me because of the memories they evoke and the fact that all the familiars are gone. I am pleased that the University is now in possession of these two fine portraits and the public will be able to enjoy them forever. In love and light. WITNESS TO HERITAGE Heritage Activists unite to save Juana Briones House Rancho La Purisima Concepcion built by Jose Gregario amp Jose Ramon Early History of Juan Prado Mesa and the Juana Briones House All concerned enlightened Citizens California Juaneño Band of Mission Indians and Achjacheman Nation Honor Ancestors Schoolhouse Opens Doors for Latinos Mendez v. Westminster CA A Letter to an Editor Our Dual Histories by Joe Lopez Click to Morin Mounument son saves father's memory Palo Alto citizens CA fight to save the Juana Briones house. Heritage Activists unite to save Juana Briones House Rancho La Purisima Concepcion built by Jose Gregario amp Jose Ramon Early History of Juan Prado Mesa All concerned enlightened Citizens The 1844 Peninsula foothills home of Juana Briones a pioneering rancher businesswoman and herbalist may soon be demolished with the permission of a state appeals court. Owners of a tract in Palo Alto that includes the vacant earthquake-damaged adobe residence - one of the oldest homes in California - won an important legal round last week when the Sixth District Court of Appeal denied a rehearing to preservationists who challenged a demolition permit the City Council approved in 2007. A Santa Clara County judge had ruled in favor of the Friends of the Juana Briones House in 2008 saying the city should have conducted an environmental review that included consideration of alternatives to razing the home. But the appeals court said a demolition permit under the Palo Alto ordinance is an administrative act with clear-cut standards rather than a subjective decision that requires an environmental study. When a city authorizes demolition based on objective criteria the court said state law provides no special protection for historic structures. The court issued the ruling last month and elevated it last week to a precedent for future cases. Unless the state Supreme Court intervenes the home could be torn down in the spring. Endangered listing Among those lamenting the decision was Elaine Stiles Western program officer for the National Trust for Historic Preservation a nonprofit that works with local groups to protect historic sites. This year the trust listed the Briones home among the nation's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places. Briones was "a widely known and revered woman in early California history " Stiles said. "There are not a lot of significant features of landscape left from that early settlement period in California." Gregory Klingsporn lawyer for the couple who bought the 1.5-acre tract in 1997 said they initially proposed to restore the Briones house while demolishing the surrounding wings which date from the early 1900s and building a modern home elsewhere on the site. The couple Jaim Nulman and Avelyn Welczer applied for a demolition permit in 1998 only after the city rejected their first proposal Klingsporn said. Palo Alto declared the home a historic landmark in 1987. The state designated the site as a landmark in 1954. Briones' Bay Area roots extend beyond Palo Alto. She and her two sisters came to live at the Presidio in the 1810s and Briones and her husband were the first recorded residents of the El Polin Spring area of the Spanish military outpost. Briones later lived near what is now Washington Square Park in San Francisco before buying a 4 400-acre rancho on the Peninsula in the 1840s a land purchase that itself was historic. Property fight According to a researcher quoted by the preservationists' lawyers Briones after being granted a legal separation from an abusive husband was allowed by Mexican law to buy property independently of her husband. But after statehood in 1850 Briones - uneducated and illiterate - had to fight for more than 20 years in U.S. tribunals before validating her title to the land. She was famed as a healer and operated a hospital in her Palo Alto home said Jeanne Farr McDonnell executive director of the Women's Heritage Museum in San Francisco and author of a 2008 biography of Briones. "People from all over looked for her and sought out her skill " said McDonnell a member of the group trying to preserve the house. She said Briones taught by Native Americans and others familiar with local herbs went to Bolinas to treat victims of a smallpox epidemic and trained her nephew who practiced medicine there for the next half-century. Briones died in 1889. Her daughter sold the home in 1900 and succeeding owners made renovations. Despite suffering damage in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake the building remained open for docent-led tours until new owners in 1993 cut off access McDonnell said. After those owners made further renovations without a permit the city's building inspector declared the structure dangerous in 1996 and ordered the old adobe section vacated the appeals court said. New owners Nulman and Welczer bought the property a year later and sought permission to restore the old home while tearing down the wings. City officials argued that a contract giving the owners a property tax break in exchange for maintaining the historic building required restoration of the entire structure. But the city lost a seven-year court battle in 2006 and approved the demolition permit for the building in 2007. The preservation group went to court the next day arguing that the city had sidestepped requirements of its own permit process including review by a municipal historic resources board. Such subjective policy decisions the group said triggered a state law that mandates an environmental study and consideration of alternatives. The appeals court disagreed saying the rules for razing residential properties in the city are simple The residence must be vacant and any tenants must be notified. The historic board had the power to delay demolition but not to prevent it the court said. Lawyers for the preservationists say the owners allowed removal of artifacts from the home but barred archaeologists who wanted to examine the adobe structure. Klingsporn the owners' lawyer said he doesn't know whether they still plan to build on the land or sell it but they have waited long enough to exercise their rights under the demolition permit. "They bought the property to build a family home that their kids could grow up in " he said. Since then he said "their kids have grown up." E-mail Bob Egelko at begelko@sfchronicle . This article appeared on page A - 1 of the San Francisco Chronicle Read more http // sfgate /cgi-bin/article.cgi f=/c/a/2010/11/29/MNDO1GGP43.DTL#ixzz16slQCPXj Sent by Clark forjuanab@yahoo Juana Briones plaque No. 524 mounted on a stone post at the Esther Clark Park on Old Adobe Road in Palo Alto. Lorri Ruiz Fran stands shows off the very gorgeous cactus plant in Juana's driveway located close to the plaque. The pictures were taken in May 2007. The marker was formally dedicated in November 2007. Take care Lorri Ruiz Frain Mountain View CA http // brioneshouse.org/action_update4_2007_popup.htm Dear Folks Juana's adobe at Rancho La Purisima Concepcion was originally built by Jose Gregario and Jose Ramon both being of Indian heritage. When Juana and her family moved to the ranch they moved into the same house and simply enlarged it. Read the real story below by Rosa McKay Jensen. Question Now is the County and State in violation of proposing to demolish such a structure Lorri Frain "Juana the Emancipated" by Ruth Teiser Peninsula Life September 1948 p. 27-28 "At the corner of Powell and Filbert Streets in the middle of North Beach is the unmarked site of San Francisco's first emancipated woman. She was Juana Briones de Miranda and the first name North Beach ever had was "La Playa de Juana Briones quot Juan Briones' Beach. Juana Briones achieved emancipation when her life became insupportable at the Presidio with her flagrantly undomesticated husband soldier Apolinario Miranda. He was so undomesticated that on three separate occasions his superior officer had to report him to headquarters at Monterey for "not living harmously with his wife." Things got so bad that Juana left his bed and board and took her five children over to the rural charms of Powell and Filbert. There in the early 1830's she built herself a little adobe house bore her sixth child and settled down to being San Francisco's first female householder. Long before Apolinario died she achieved the distinction of being known as the Widow Briones. As for Apolinario he quite often achieved the ignominy of being called by Juana's maiden name. Juana could have gone home to mother at Monterey where she had been born some 40 years earlier. But like many an adopted San Franciscan since she liked it there and preferred to stay. So she set up her own household and gave her children a good home. And she found a way to support her family as well. She sold milk and vegetables to the families at the Presidio and to the sailing ships that anchored in the harbor. She came to be known in many places beyond California for history records that she was kind to sick and deserting sailors. When Juana built her house it was the only structure between the Mission and the Presido sic . By the middle 1840's however others had sprung up. In the cove around the other side of Telegraph Hill the pueblo of Yerba Buena had appeared. The region had become populous too populous for Juana Briones. She decided to move out farther down to remote and hilly Rancho La Purisima Concepcion in Santa Clara County. In 1844 she bought the rancho from the two Indians to whom it had earlier been granted and shortly thereafter she built on it another adobe house..." Peninsula Life December 1948 p.22-4 "Romance of the Ranchos" by Rosa McKay Jensen EARLY HISTORY of Juan Prado Mesa "Juan Prado Mesa whose rancho the San Antonio was located in the Los Altos region was a soldier in the San Francisco Company in 1828 and a corporal in the Santa Clara Escolta guard beginning in 1832. With other advances he became Captain Prado Mesa with a corporal's guard in the Presidio in San Francisco when it was composed of only a few square huts. Don Prado had seven children Augustine Antonio Concepcion Mejin Francisco Ramon and Nicandro. When he was detailed to guard the Santa Clara Mission he built a square adobe strongly resembling a fort on the San Antonio Rancho and there raised his children. The land was later in 1839 granted to him and his descendants. The neighboring rancho the Purisima Concepcion separated from the San Antonio by the San Antonio Creek was at first granted to two Indians Jose Gregario and Jose Ramon. The two had like Don Prado Mesa lived on the land prior to owning it and had built a small adobe house there. On June 30 1840 it became their property. After ten years however they sold it to Juana Briones de Miranda and Jose Ramon signed the deed by making his mark. Juana was a daughter to the Briones family who came with Father Majin de Catala the much beloved Franciscan friar to Monterey and on to Santa Clara Mission in 1794. The Briones family was broken up before the children were grown and Juana had lived for a time with her sister Guadalupe in the Mission Dolores in San Francisco. Juana married Apolinario Miranda who owned the Rancho Ojo de Agua de Figueroa in that vicinity. Her marriage seems to have been an unhappy one for her husband was once brought before the alcalde justice of the peace for mistreating his wife. He died in 1844 and was buried in the Mission Dolores. Juana was known as a visiting nurse or mid-wife and continued to go out on cases even after she and her seven chilren moved to the Purisima Concepcion Rancho. There they lived in the same adobe built by the two Indians but which Juana enlarged. This house believed to be the oldest adobe in Santa Clara County is the only one lived in continuously since its building and is beautifully preserved. The oldest part built by the Indians is just as they left it and except for a modern stove in front of one fireplace the part added by Juana is just as she used it. The old well and the patio wall both over one hundred years old are well worth the visitor's time in hunting for the place. Juana's sister Guadalupe married Ramonde Miramontes of Half Moon Bay and every year while Juana lived in the old place Guadalupe and her family attended the reunion and barbecue which lasted for days. They were a musical family and added much to the festivity of the affairs. By a strange coincidence the site of the adobe house in which Juana's daughter Manuela and her huband Augustine Mesa lived is now the Alta Mesa Memorial Park but the name Alta Mesa meaning high ground was not according to its founders chosen because of the Mesa family although their name is linked inseparably with the history of the region. Pictured Alvin J. de Mesa Juana's grandson who lives in South Palo Alto. He is a direct descendant of the Mesa and Briones families." ##### Retyped and sent by Lorri Ruiz Frain Abuelitas and youth are interested in saving Juana Briones house from being demolished. Palo Alto Online News October 27 2010 Court allows demolition of Juana Briones House California appellate court reverses earlier ruling disappoints historic preservationists by Gennady Sheyner and Carol Blitzer Palo Alto Online Staff Jaim Nulman and Avelyn Welczer got one step closer to building their dream home on the site of the historic Juana Briones house in the Palo Alto foothills after the state's Sixth Appellate District Court of Appeal ruled Wednesday that the City of Palo Alto had no choice but to issue their demolition permit. In a reversal of an earlier decision the court ruled the city has no choice but to approve a demolition permit for the U-shaped house which has stood on Old Adobe Road since the 1840s. The house was originally occupied by Juana Briones de Miranda a businesswoman who separated from her husband in 1844 and became one of California's first female landowners. The Wednesday decision followed more than a decade of litigation between Nulman and the group Friends of the Juana Briones House which seeks to protect the dilapidated structure from demolition. The city initially denied Nulman's demolition permit but later approved it after appeals. The Friends group then challenged the approval. The latest court ruling states that the California Environmental Quality Act CEQA did not apply in this case because "approval of that permit was a ministerial act " according to the case summary. What that means Nulman's attorney Greg Klingsporn said is because the owners met the city's building-code requirements and paid the fees the city had no choice but to issue a demolition permit. Issuing the permit was not a discretionary act on the city's part he said. The Nulmans are still a number of weeks away from taking any action on their property Klingsporn said. First the case goes back to the original trial court Superior Court which has to officially deny the Friends' petition. The Friends could appeal to the state Supreme Court he said. Jeanne McDonnell one of the leaders of the Friends group said the group has not made a decision on whether to appeal the ruling. Members are still holding out hope that someone else will purchase the property and save the house which was listed earlier this year on the National Trust for Historic Preservation's list of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places. The building was badly damaged in the 1989 earthquake. McDonnell and other members of the group said they were disappointed in the judge's decision. Clark Akatiff who is also in the Friends group said they will continue to promote local awareness of Juana Briones and her historic contributions. "I'm stunned and very saddened but I believe there's a lot of people out there who will keep this project going " Akatiff told the Weekly. "I don't know what will happen next." Klingsporn said his clients presently don't have a demolition permit and have no right to tear the building down. But after Wednesday's decision he indicated that it's only a matter of time before Nulman and Welczer can proceed with their project. "The court of appeal determined that the city got it right and we were entitled to get a permit " Klingsporn said. "Unless a higher court decides otherwise we will eventually be issued a demolition permit." All concerned enlightened Citizens It is a fact that the “ Palo Alto City Council declared the home a historic landmark in 1987. The state designated the site as a landmark in 1954” the 1954 designation would have precedent over any municipal county city district administrative determination and that the due process of law would recognize the landmark as the people right of equal protection under the law. It would also seem that eminent domain of the people would protect this cherished property which reflects us as a culture of peoples. I would be willing to contribute to a purchase fund or legal aid fund if required to help the citizens of California to assert their rights the entire way to the U.S. Supreme Court. Sincerely Dante Lee Montoya CPA San Juan Capistrano CA On December 8th a ceremony was held in San Juan Capistrano CA to honor the memories of ancestors who died there in December 8 1812 due to an earthquake of a 7.5 magnitude. The Great Stone Church collapsed killing about 40 tribe members. Typically factions of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Achjacheman nation have performed the ceremony separately and did not invite the public. This year the public was invited. quot We're trying to unify and bring people together said Jerry Nieblas a Juaneño and member of the Historical Alliance. OC Register Dec 8 2010 A story lost from History Mendez v. Westminster When Sylvia Mendez 8-years old Opened California’s Schoolhouse Doors for Latinos Source 8 Nov. 29 2010 Hispanic Link Weekly Report By Raisa Camargo Washington D.C. The column below is reprinted from the Aug.30 edition of Latino Links Weekly Report following President Obama’s announcement that he is awarding Sylvia Méndez this nation‘s highest medal given to civilians. Story page 1. History books prompted an evening coffee house mix of three dozen college students and curious capital professionals nearly all females — to listen intently as author Philippa Strum revisited the events behind Méndez v. Westminster a California Ninth Judicial Circuit Court decision that preceded Topeka’s landmark Brown v. Board of Education by eight years. Strum’s PowerPoint presentation was a revelation for several Latino students unaware of the Mexican-American family that ended California’s schoolhouse segregation in 1946. Gonzalo and Felícitas Méndez were farmers who tried to enroll their children in a “white” school 100 miles north of the Mexican border. The children were turned away and told to attend a nearby school for Mexican Americans. As Strum describes in her book “Méndez v. Westminster School Desegregation and Mexican-American Rights ” the children were seen by the admissions advisor as “visibly darker ” with last names were “all too clearly Mexican.” Judge Paul McCormick concluded that Spanish-speaking students are unable to learn English if segregated a paralleled opinion during the Brown case. At Q amp A time a Latina law student said she never heard about the case and asked Strum if she would bring the historic trial to the attention of lecturers at law schools. Strum national secretary of the American Civil Liberties Union and a teacher of constitutional law for 35 years in New York City commented that the case isn’t even mentioned in constitutional law books. Strum there to promote and sign copies of her book published this year by the University Press of Kansas said she discovered the case by accident. “One day in 2007 I read an article about a postage stamp that had just been issued called Méndez v. Westminster Having taught constitutional law for all those years I said ‘Something is wrong here ’ I had never heard of this case. How is this possible ” While engaged in research she found it to be “a very important part of American history.” It set legal precedent at the California Supreme Court level by ruling segregation in California’s schools was unlawful. California Governor Earl Warren agreed with the court’s decision that “separate but equal” wasn’t really equal. He pushed for state desegregation statutes in 1947. President Dwight Eisenhower appointed him Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1953 a year before the Brown decision. The California case provided a test run for lawyers in the Topeka case. Aside from legal language Strum brought the Méndezes’ struggle to life highlighting facts and photos that depicted their school environment and living conditions. “I was really impressed by the vibrancy of these maltreated communities …homes they built themselves lacked refrigeration and flush toilets…There was lots of labor organizing in Latino communities...These were not people who’d be satisfied as second-class citizens and that was a wonderful thing to see.” Teaching for Change executive director Deborah Menkart found the lecture inspiring. “When students learn from this and other cases about the role ordinary people can play it gives them a sense they can too ” she reacted. “They don’t have to wait for a hero to come along.” Sylvia Méndez 74 one of the family’s daughters who was first turned away from the segregated school remembers how it marked her life. She didn’t want to pursue college but her mother reminded her of their struggle’s significance. Twelve years ago Sylvia promised her mom she would promote the story into California‘s history. Now as she accepts speaking engagements in public schools she finds a surprising enthusiasm “The students — especially Latinos — are so excited they ask “Why don’t we know about this history Why don’t we know it was Latinos who desegregated California ” Sylvia prompted the introduction of legislation in Sacramento to include the Méndez case into California’s public school textbooks but the legislation was vetoed by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. With a different governor to be elected in November she hopes the lost story that shattered California’s segregated past will inspire all children. Editor Thank you to the many many readers that sent this article. Thank you to Mercy Bautista Olvera for the photo. We want to highlight that Dr. E. Murillo at CSU San Bernardino had an outstanding international educational LEAD conference on March 29 2010. We had the honor of web broadcasting it. One of the conference presenters was Sylvia Mendez. Her presentation is available via our free on-demand programming at livestream /lsacnational Armando Sanchez Exec. Dir. amp Producer LatinoGraduate.net Global Broadcasting lsacnational@hotmail Our Dual Histories Our Dual Histories In reference to an article by Scott Huddleston's story “1835's Battle of Béxar recalled this weekend” published in San Antonio Metro Dec. 11 This was the second “Battle of Béxar.” The first was fought and won by Lt. Col. Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara and the Mexican Army of the North in 1813. Stories such as this one continue to be told as if they are part of U.S. history but the 1835 Battle of Béxar the Goliad battle and the 1836 Battle of the Alamo are chronological chapters of Mexico's history not the U.S. Texas did not join the U.S. until 1845 — as a slave state. That is the mother of all ironies. Mexico abolished slavery in 1829. That was one of the irritants Anglo expatriates in Texas did not like. Most wanted to keep the slaves they brought with them from the U.S. So a mere nine years after 1836 the Anglos traded their independence and voted to make Texas part of the U.S. as a slave state The more your Spanish-surnamed readers learn about their “lost” history the higher their self-esteem. Hopefully that will motivate young Hispanic Texans to become well-educated and become productive members of their community. Likewise the more others learn about early Texas history the more they will realize that the Spanish-Mexican roots of Texas run deep. Lastly the anxiety mistrust and animosity stoked daily by the ugly immigration issue toward anyone who speaks Spanish and practices their centuries-old heritage in Texas must end. That is why we must continue to educate readers about the seamless history of Texas from its discovery in 1519 until today. Joe López Universal City A Monument Stands in East Los Angeles by Eddie Morin Click to a son's battle to maintain the title of a monument honoring his father. HONORING HISPANIC LEADERSHIP The Six Reasons Why Hispanic Leadership Will Save America's Corporations Jose Rodriguez a Mexican immigrant rights activist co-founder La Serenata Restaurant 1932 to November 22 2010 at 77 years old Carlos Guerra Journalist/Activist dies at 63 years-old December 6 2010 The Six Reasons Why Hispanic Leadership Will Save America's Corporations America's corporations require a new enlightened form of leadership that will give Hispanic professionals greater purpose put a premium on sustainable innovation and maintain an ethical approach to performance. In his new eBook The Six Reasons Why Hispanic Leadership will Save America's Corporations author Glenn Llopis reveals why Hispanic professionals have the unique opportunity to assume leadership roles in today's new economy that is being shaped by a fiercely competitive global market. You will learn why Hispanic leadership will redefine corporate leadership and why Hispanic leadership will propel workplace innovation to better serve the increasingly diverse marketplace. In sum Mr. Llopis' eBook will revitalize a renewed awakening of the powerful immigrant mentality and why Hispanic leadership is both a business and societal imperative for America to grow and prosper. Get your free download today at HispanicLeadershipTour Annette Prieto Executive Director Center for Hispanic Leadership CenterforHispanicLeadership Sent by Ruben Alvarez StayConnected OC The story of Jose Rodriguez a Mexican immigrant rights activist and co-founder of the nationally famous La Serenata de Garibaldi Restaurant in Boyle Heights died November 22 2010 born 1932 By Javier Rodriguez BAJOlamiradeJavier@yahoo Jose Rodriguez the brother uncle father grandfather husband and friend was hospitalized on Sunday 14 November 2010 due to pneumonia. During the week he suffered a series of complications including a heart failure. He succumbed on the morning of the 22 at St. John’s Hospital in Santa Monica. Although our parents registered him in Torreon Coahuila Jose was really born in Durango the birthplace of revolutionary leader Pancho Villa. It was in 1932 in the mining town of Basis in the northern Sierra Madre Mountains. His father Antonio Rodriguez Sanchez from Guamuchil Sinaloa was a miner a union delegate and an active Cardenista. He was then one of the leaders in a successful union drive at the town’s silver mine which was owned by two English families. Upon the union victory the “English nobles” fled the mine was closed and the jobs were lost. Some repression set in so our father with two children then Jose and Jacobo in late 1935 or early 36 packed up and on rented horses the only transportation then out of the sierra began the trek northward and ended up in Torreon. Jose as he vaguely recalled years ago was fascinated with the trip and of the entrance to urban life. Jacobo was only a few months old. Our father with only one year of school was self educated and in the 14 years in that city he became an organizer for the Mexican Communist Party as well as for the miners union “El Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Metalurgica de Torreon”. Multifaceted at sometime he got to own a small grocery store a chair factory and stints as a member of the judicial police and as a railroad inspector. In that secure context the family grew to six sons and our Grandmother Esperanza Aunt Margarita Tio Emerio and several extended relatives who followed enlarged the family tree. Both Jose and Jacobo were in private school and were considered brilliant students learned basic English developed early intellectual ambitions and a popular following in their schools and the colonia we lived in. With the end of the Lazaro Cardenas regime and some business setbacks our father ran out of options and decided to move further north to Juarez Chihuahua. He first ventured alone to set up the conditions for the family’s second migration. Jose saw his education in danger and resisted but in 1949 he left a promising education a thriving intellectual environment his friends mentor professors and a city he had learned to love in “ La Comarca Lagunera ”. This time with six children Jose Jacobo Jesus Antonio Javier and Jaime only a few months old we packed everything we could traveled by train and our father happily waited for us at the station. He hired a “taxi” which was a six foot long horse cart a carreta de caballos and we crossed the city on one of the main thoroughfares all the way to the western outskirts of the city to El Arroyo Colorado. What an introductory tour. The city in which General Villa also left his mark had a population of about 200 000. Today it’s 1.3 million less the several hundred thousand who have escaped the extreme violence brought on by President Calderon’s failed war time policies. A defining moment our tall handsome bronze mestizo proud and admired brother began his long journey as a member of the working class up to managing fine night clubs in the red light district of downtown Juarez. Not surprising Pepe was followed by half dozen of his closest school colleagues who ended up staying with us at the fascinating border city for years. At first we lived in utter poverty at a two room small dwelling with basic plumbing and outside wooden restroom stalls similar to the ones in the movie “Slumdog Millionaire”. However the old man was astute and intrepid. Besides his regular job he began to set up other business activities such as exporting meat and importing coveted “American groceries”. Soon our father had purchased a late model four door black 1947 Chevrolet. Jose worked in the gastronomic service industry as a dish washer and Isabel and Jorge were born. Our mother Isabel on several occasions also worked for months at a time as a house keeper in El Paso. Hard times hit again and our father’s adventurous spirit drove him to leave the family to work in the US as a contracted cotton picking bracer in Texas in early 1954. Family tradition and as the eldest sibling at the age of twenty one and being a full fledged waiter along with our mother Jose took charge of the family incurring also the financial responsibilities. During those years he grew to enjoy the movies as well as the music and songs of the golden years – la epoca de oro del cine mexicano - and he loved to sing and dance. A bohemian at heart he passed on el filin-the feeling of boleros to the rest of the family members. Meanwhile our Father opened up spaces and began his persistent dream of uniting his family once again. At first it was Jacobo and Jesus and on August 19 1956 the rest of family migrated north to Los Angeles except Jose.. The now seasoned adventurous lad impeccably dressed a trademark of the Rodriguez clan he stayed on and actually moved to a small double closet space within the night club where he was then employed. In a way with the family migrating to the US he was freed from the hard labor and more so the responsibility of supporting and leading the family for several consecutive years. At that time he was the most sought after bachelor at La Avenida Juarez and La Mariscal. Sometime after he and his closest colleagues ventured on a three month countrywide trip by automobile to Mexico City and beyond. Of course it was then safe to do so. That trip gave him a broader perspective of life and ambitions. Upon his return he climbed up the latter and managed two clubs owned by his travelling best friend Marco Antonio –by then a millionaire- in the same tourist sector of Juarez. Soon after a year or so of courtship he married Aurora his life long companion. In the US the concept of family unity once again set in when our father by then a member of HERE Local 11 and a busboy in the old downtown Hilton Hotel obtained the awaited federal pardon for his beloved son and finally brought him and his expecting spouse Aurora to the “four bedroom home in Boyle Heights” in the Pico Gardens Housing Projects just a few blocks from where the elegant La Serenata de Garibaldi proudly stands today. Months later Aurora and Jose’s only son Marco Antonio was born an Angeleno. All this took place east of downtown where we grew up and because then 80% of the tenants in the combined public housing tracts of Aliso Village and Pico were African American we got our first dose of multiculturalism began our path towards UCLA and other universities and we also entered the political arena as radical activists. To be precise it was about 1966 that the fire of the civil rights movement made its appearance in the Mexican neighborhoods of the Southwest and swept us the Rodriguez Clan unto the spotlight of the Latino struggle for equality and justice. Jose became an ardent activist in his own right but never leaving his work and family responsibility. He was a passionate supporter of Los Tres de Barrio* three Boyle Heights youth also from Pico Gardens who had shot a federal agent posing as a heroin dealer and were sentenced to forty years in federal prison There is a 1974 video of a protest at theLA Federal Court that includes Jose the family Bert Corona Antonio Villaraigosa and many other colleagues that will soon be placed on You Tube for Jose . Like the rest of the family in the early 70s he also joined CASA the pioneering organization of the immigrant rights social movement founded by the old man Bert Corona who by the way was also a client of the early more working class oriented “La Serenata”. During those years of radical grass roots activism there was two characteristics that distinguished Jose he was known nationally in the organization as the best seller on the LA Westside streets of Sin Fronteras the national left newspaper of CASA. The other was his hospitality and the refuge he gave to several undocumented Mexican political refugees including Joel “Negro” Ochoa Carlos “Napoleon” Arango and Congressman Jose Jacquez Medina. Although his formal education was brief like his mother and eight siblings he was a diligent student of dialectical and historical materialism political economy and other subjects related to political science studied in the collective social circles organized by CASA which became the pillars of his political formative years. Surprisingly for many of you this is the same alternative schooling of several LA Latino political celebrities which ironically today consider La Serenata their favorite eatery. Of course they can also afford it. As time flew in 1985 about a year after the Rodriguez’ had led the historical first presidential campaign of civil rights leader Jesse Jackson in the Latino community in California the grand idea to enter the restaurant business surfaced and originally it was Jacobo and Antonio who placed it on the table. Specifically it was Jacobo who found the restaurant on 1st Street in Boyle Heights and also procured the $19 000 loan from a friend of his Manuel “Campers” Moreno which paid for the restaurant. And so the business which had housed the “El Dorado Night Club” for decades was purchased cash from Dona Emilia with the family home in El Sereno placed as collateral for the loan. As with everything else the family engaged in idealistically in the beginning the central idea was of creating a space for social activists to gather in Boyle Heights. Pepe became the point man and the business was registered in his and Aurora’s name. A rarity in his career at that time he was unemployed although before he had lost more than one job because of his activism. To say the least building the restaurant and maintaining the family’s intense level of activism was difficult in the first years. The 18 year old legalization crusade for the millions of undocumented immigrants was coming to a conclusion and the family with dozens of other LA activists was leading the mass street pressure the petitions and part of the local and national lobbying which culminated with the IRCA Amnesty Law of 1986. At the same time we were directing Antonio’s first and only electoral exercise for the 14th Council District. Jacobo a former leader of the original National Chicano Moratorium Committee and organizer with United Electrical Workers Union was a growing businessman. Along with our mother they were the financial backers contributing in the first seven years tens of thousands of dollars. Beside’s hawking the home the family’s resources and community political influences were put in motion. In essence the making of La Serenata became a community affair. Grass roots and institutional groups businesses political leaders police brass judges lawyers the medical field etc. became an important layer of the initial reserve clientele of the restaurant. To name a few it included The Mass Coalition for Visas and Rights for the Undocumented MALDEF ACLU TIME Magazine CISPES White Memorial Hospital LA COUNTY FED Buena Vision Cable and more. Additionally an array of leftist Meetings and celebrations took place and logically the prices were affordable then. Most important also were the very close and long time friends of the family who made it a mission to contribute their grain of salt for example Leo “Shorty” Gonzalez a book keeper in the produce termina l who had been a school mate of Jacobo in El Paso’s Patterson Institute and in LA became an intimate colleague of Antonio since 1958. For two years without fail he sent weekly loads of the finest produce to the restaurant. There was also Froylan “Pajarito” Gomez who made and installed the first neon sign. And then there was activist Isaura Rivera-Agnos who designed the restaurant’s logo of the white flying dove with the olive branch on the peak. Self Help Graphics contributed the first poster exhibit and dozens of new and old friends gave a part of themselves including bringing food critics which along with my outreach to the media brought the first LA Times review piece in the Calendar section by Jonathan Gould. Considering our radical background and that we had monitored documented and organized anti police misconduct for many years as well as illegally spied upon by all levels of police agencies the following is a peculiar anecdote. The late Rudy de Leon formerly a Hollenbeck Police Station Commander who knew of the family for years fell in love with the restaurant’s food and Pepe’s personal attention. Like many other clients the brother Lo mimaba with distinct touches of the trade . For years Rudy went to have breakfast and lunch with an array of off duty cops. Then one time he came with an entourage that included a young Emilio who in the late sixties as an undercover agent right out of the academy had infiltrated the old ELA Skill Center in Boyle Heights and spied on several members of Pico Gardens Carnalismo. Several students were actually arrested leaving bad blood hanging. With Rudy almost laughing Emilio was nervous and tense until Jose and I told him to relax and gave him the welcome mat. Years later he was elected to head La Ley the Latino arm of the LAPD and came back many times. We in turn around 1987 continued denouncing police brutality founded a human rights clinic that documented close 300 cases of police brutality and assisted about 10 000 immigrants legalize their status. In retrospect what prepared Jose for the coming culinary experience which was to become also the finest achievement of his lifetime To begin with it was a lifetime of the family’s long cooking tradition and he picked up our mother’s sazon . Add to that 25 years of continuous hard disciplined and methodical work in some of the finest Mexican Italian French and continental restaurants in LA. Although he never worked the kitchen he had applied his intuition curiosity observance and memorized essential creams and spices. He developed his palate to the point he could separate the essences as he tasted. An early indicator of his culinary talents was the fact that a popular known chef always requested he prepare his version of the internationally famous Ceasar Salad. Additionally he acquired a basic knowledge of wine tasting. Lastly the only practical experience prior to the restaurant was cooking for the family’s weekly gatherings on Monday evenings his only day off at the family home. There mostly all of us including wives/husband or girlfriends the growing nephews and nieces conversed shared information analyzed planned conspired and enjoyed Jose’s succulent main course. He was a voracious meat eater then and actually downed 6 to 12 tortillas per meal. It was puzzling how he never gained excessive weight. OPENING THE RESTAURANT Opening the business became quite an affair. A friend of Pepe and Aurora brought a a cook from Mexicali to assist in the opening. On the first day of the elaboration of the menu the first issue arose. Present at that first meeting were Jose Aurora our mother the cook and Diana. Jose was adamant about including “El Mananero” as the opening breakfast dish. The plate included eggs pan cakes orange juice and unbelievably the controversy was over including refried beans on a pan cake plate. It was then clarified that the family’s diet since Torreon included pan cakes and beans and they were a must on weekend mornings. By then our mother’s refried beans regular or Los Frijoles Chinos a delicacy as well as el mole were famous and these recipes have been in the family history as far back as the Mexican revolution when our grandmother cooked them for our grandfather Toribio Hernandez Meraz a member of the landowning class. Pepe had a distinct dialectical creative approach to creating new cuisine or improving and polishing traditional dishes. His vision as he conveyed was to “educate the palate of the building clientele” and that he did. The initial sauce recipes for seafood dishes served jumbo shrimp or fish filets were the saquces “Al Cilantro Isla Mujeres Salsa La Serenata and Cream Chipotle”. Along with the mole prepared by our mother immediately las salsas were a hit and they were included in the first LA TIMES write up a year later. This was an early clear indication of new cuisine in the making created in Boyle Heights which fused European ingredients with Mexican condiments especially chiles. Jose’s sazon and –the taste- of La Serenata began their long journey to culinary history and delighting the palates of thousands in LA and the nation including many luminaries. As with other important elements the involved brothers provided Jose with books brought from across the border on the fish and mariscos caught in the Pacific and on Mexican food in general and he avidly ate them up. His monthly relaxing trips with Aurora to Tijuana Rosarito and Puerto Nuevo became also a constant probing and comparisons of sea foods. Then there was the coming of our nephew Benjamin Ontiveros a prized chef from Tijuana who enhanced and helped consolidate el sazon and more so the presentation of the plates especially the shrimp dishes which were described back in 1991 by Downtown News as “Swimming Flamingos”. For upcoming restaurant owners the following detail is a must Jose was diligent on quality and for years personally inspected every dish for neatness and taste. Having been on the job trained throughout his career he also hired the best working staff he could find but always opened the doors and saw to the training of new waiters and runners bartenders hostesses and most important the chefs which absorbed Jose’s sazon and the vast cooking experience of the Serenata’s cuisine. This is probably the most important legacy left La Escuela de Pepe. Altruistically speaking something learned from our parents in Mexico especially Juarez during those first years many homeless immigrants mostly new arrivals knocked at the restaurant and were fed a plate. Additionally the family began the traditional Thanksgiving in El Barrio which provided a meal to the poor and the homeless on that holiday. The restaurant closed and along with KPWR Radio the Coalition for Visas and the Latino Justice Center and over 100 volunteers from all over prepared over 75 turkeys and served up to 1 500 people in the neighborhood. Lastly like the rest of us Pepe became an internationalist but maintained strong progressive nationalist sentiments. He always kept abreast of the political reality of Latinos in LA and the nation and unequivocally was pro immigrant and a supporter of immigration reform and legalization. In 2006 like a true Rodriguez he and Aurora and La Serenata employees closed down the three Restaurants in support of the Great American Boycott of May 1st and again in 2007. He was always well informed on the political and social reality of Mexico and reading the analytical Mexican Magazine Proceso was a must every week and so was La Opinion of Los Angeles. He loved to engage you and over the last two years in the many political conversations he had with me he was analytically lucid and passionate. Also as with the past Viet Nam war he was against the present conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Moreover he strongly disagreed with America’s foreign policy towards Mexico and Latin America and was an ardent critic of President Felipe Calderon and his absurd war on the Narco class. Because of his past community involvement and more so because of his culinary accomplishments and the fame reached by the restaurant he is considered a son of Boyle Heights. As many friends have said in these past days “The restaurant brought pride to our community” and the condolences below best reveal this assertion Dear Javier I send my condolences and I am sorry for your loss. Jose was a treasure and held in high esteem by so many many people. His contribution to the community brought to it a sense of pride of its culture and history. His absence is indeed a cause for sadness. Rosa Martinez Rosa is a past editor of UCLA’s Aztlan Journal and was also a member of CASA at the same time as Pepe and edited the monthly Sin Fronteras newspaper. Compañero Nuevamente te abrazo en estos dias dolorosos. Como te dije que siempre ha sido un placer mis encuentros y me alegro que pude colaborar con Don José en manera de compartir mis fotos cosa que ha sido todo un honor para mi. Algunas veces me preguntaba el sobre que exactamente pasaba y hacia cuando tomaba tal y tal foto. Veia que realmente las estudiaba con mucho cuidado. Tambien se que le interesaba discutir la problematica de Mexico y el resto de Nuestra America. Mucha veces antes de llegar a visitarlo paraba y le compraba una edición del Proceso. Le encantaba leer esa excelente revista. Pues en la manera que puedo ayudar solo me avisan. Tambien te aviso que a traves estos años muchos de mis estudiantes visitaban el restaurante para ver las fotos y pues los animaba para que conocieran una buena cocina mexicana. Siempre eran experiencia placenteras y los complementarios positivos acerca lo amable y profesional de los compañeros meseros y en fin el personal. En realidad yo no he visto un grupo tan profesional y sumamente amable. Pienso que todo esto refleja en la enseñanza de Don José y el cuidado a todo lo que implicaba un buen restaurante y servicio al publico. Compañero Carlos Ugalde Carlos is a retired professor and a well known international photographer with exhibits in many countries including Venezuela Mexico and Cuba and has had his Photo Exhibit “Mexican Images” at La Serenata -at the request of Jose- for five continuous years. The restaurant -and its coveted Mexican recipes- created by Jose is known as “El Rey de las Salsas-The King of the Sauces”. Under his direction from a small neighborhood enterprise the business has grown to a chain of three restaurants located in Boyle Heights Westwood and Santa Monica. Its clientele is diverse and it includes Producer Moctesuma Esparza Salma Hayek Nicole Kidman Alfonso and Fernando Arau Thalia Paulina Rubio Michelle Pfeiffer Jodi Foster Robert Redford Sharon Stone Model Cindy Crawford Music Producer Pedro Rivera Gov. Elect Jerry Brown labor leader Maria Elena Durazo Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa Ass. Gil Cedillo Sen. Kevin de Leon Congresswoman Supervisors Gloria Molina and Mark Ridley Thomas Councilman Jose Huizar DJ Humberto Luna Fr. Greg Boyle ex-Supreme Court Justice Cruz Reynoso the Latino artist community and many other business persons barristers judges trade unionists former first ladies US Treasurers Governors and religious and community leaders. The name of La Serenata was chosen by Jose the brothers added de Garibaldi. In 1992 the business was turned over to Pepe. Carlos Guerra Journalist/Activist dies at 63 years-old December 6 2010 Obituary http // legacy /obituaries/sanantonio/obituary.aspx n=carlos-guerra amp pid=146992493 Carlos Guerra As I Knew Him Last Week Posted on 07. Dec 2010 by Sara Inés Calderón in Culture see Carlos Guerra alive at youtube /newstaco . The day after Thanksgiving I went to visit him in Port Aransas we did some NewsTaco videos and he made me Thanksgiving Dinner #2. I still have some turkey and broccoli he made in my fridge. Tonight it dawned on me that I was probably one of the last people to hug him peck him on the cheek and tell him that I cared for him. I wish I could say it was more than an unfortunate distinction. I last spoke to Carlos on Saturday night and we had plans to meet this week to do more NewsTaco videos and make plans for our future coverage. I was going to invite him over to my house and he was probably going to offer to feed me. Perhaps he would have told me more of his amazing stories — of the old days as an organizer or as a jeweler or a would-be conga player or whatever else he had dreamed of — and I would have listened and laughed at his jokes. We would have had a great time. Though it’s not the first time I’ve lost someone very close to me I can’t say it’s necessarily easier this time around. I had the unfortunate experience of missing a call from the Nueces County Sheriff’s Office Monday and finding out about Carlos’ passing from friends on his Facebook Wall — despite how much this sucked for me I think it’s a true testament to what an amazing person Carlos was. His power imagination dreams and influence reached far beyond the columns he wrote and into peoples’ hearts. I first met Carlos when I was 19 at an event in San Antonio. He didn’t remember this but when we were colleagues at the San Antonio Express-News we really began to get to know each other as friends. Of all of the things I admired about Carlos perhaps the most powerful for me was the fact that he was a dreamer. I always fell on the more practical side of life but Carlos he never put such realistic limitations on himself. He was one of the most alive people I have ever met and I’m sure up until the time he died he was dreaming. There’s too much to say about Carlos that I feel like a few graphs here won’t do him justice but as I write this all mocosa and distraught I take heart in the fact that the man changed my life. He was one of the first and only men in my professional life to see past my youthful figure and into my mind my heart and to genuinely ask me for friendship. He was a friend a mentor a confidant and a crazy jokester. In Port Aransas this is one of the jokes I recorded for our NewsTaco audience It was fun to make those recordings even if now it makes me sad. Carlos was an extremely generous and caring person to his friends — not that you’d know from his crazy evil eye professional mug shot — but he also cared so much about the world and the things he wrote about that when he talked to you it was hard not to be enraptured by what he said. Lots of people will miss Carlos for different reasons but I’ll miss him for my own. ¡Daba tanta lata But now I’ll miss those inopportune phone calls. He was always ready with wit or funny jokes or an open heart. I honestly don’t know what I’m going to do without him but I have a few ideas. I’m going to continue to promote his scholarship program because it was something he was truly passionate about that he really believed in. Another thing I’m going to do is start believing in myself the way he believed in me. But mostly I think I’m going to honor him for the amazing person he was — not perfect you understand — but a complete person who understood his humanity and tried like hell to make the world a better place. Thanks for making me a better person Carlos I’m going to miss you. We at NewsTaco are anxious to hear others’ stories of Carlos please share them here on Facebook or email us at tips@newstaco . Photo By Sara Inés Calderón http //newstaco /2010/12/07/carlos-guerra-as-i-knew-him-last-week Following Carlos Guerra’s Lead Posted on 08. Dec 2010 by Sara Inés Calderón in Culture One of the last conversations I had with Carlos was about my guelito who died four years ago. “You know ” I told Carlos on the balcony of his condo “I still miss my guelito all these years later. I still think of him still wish I could call him talk to him it sucks ” I said. “Not a day goes by when I don’t feel like I could ask my tías my tíos my father my mother and my guelito something or ask them for advice ” he replied. We both looked out into the Port Aransas sunset this is what it looked like then and the conversation kind of flickered out. I didn’t realize that I would soon be forced to feel the same way about Carlos. It’s only been a few days but I already feel funny that I haven’t heard from him read a silly Facebook update or gotten a gentle nudge to have me post something for him on NewsTaco. But as my guelito used to say “Recordar es vivir ” and so we must with Carlos. He was one of the most alive people I ever met and I intend to keep him that way if only in my memory. Of the most important things Carlos taught me was that in order to make your voice count it has to be strong — and getting there as a writer is work. When Carlos first started out writing columns he told me Hart Stillwell — author and then-columnist for a San Antonio paper — taught him a very important lesson Writing isn’t art it’s a craft. If you want to be a good writer Stillwell told Carlos then write Recently when I was groveling in self-doubt Carlos said the same thing to me. Carlos wanted NewsTaco to be a place where Latino issues and voices — of all kinds from all over the place — could find a platform and be heard. He wanted to be able to change the world for the better so that his daughter’s world would be better because it was the right thing to do and because I don’t really think he knew any other way to believe. Now that he’s gone I personally feel more compelled than ever to see his dream to fruition as do the rest of us at NewsTaco. Latinos must write because Latinos need to have a strong voice and NewsTaco is one place where we hope to make that happen. It’s been a tough week and there’s likely more Carlos Guerra-related coverage to come but in the meantime please know that NewsTaco fully intends to keep pursuing Carlos’ dream. Just because we’ve lost his voice doesn’t mean we’ve lost his spirit. http //newstaco /2010/12/08/following-carlos-guerras-lead/ NATIONAL ISSUES quot Nothing is so permanent as a temporary government program. quot Milton Friedman Marijuana Asthma and Aury L. Holtzman M.D. War on Drugs 2006 Proclamation Murder of Mother Caught on Camera Rest in Peace Hero Don Alejo Garza Tamez Criminals smuggle up to $39 billion in drug money OWNERSHIP of 1/3 of US private amp commercial aircraft UNKNOWN Officials Worry About Some Latino Converts To Islam 389 Miles “Living the Border” Documentary The Migrant Hotel - Where Deportees Find Shelter in Mexicali by David Bacon Lawyers for Immigrant Defendants Use Culture as a Defense Piracy The Real Economic End Game Hispanic Farmers Feel Shortchanged by Settlement Offer Latino Mayor May Be A Glimpse of Things to Come by Maria Hinojosa quot The more corrupt the state the more numerous the laws. quot Tacitus Marijuana Asthma and Aury L. Holtzman M.D. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 essentially ended the medicinal use of cannabis. In 1941 it was withdrawn from the U.S. pharmaceutical market because of the burdensome requirements of the law. It has been forty years since the government passed the Controlled Substance Act. On October 27 1970 the Congress of the United States passed and Richard Nixon signed into law the act which decriminalized many psychotropic drugs. Ostensibly the psychoactive drugs were viewed based on whether the drug had any medicinal qualities plus the drug's potential for sustained abuse or addiction. There were five schedules or divisions . Considerable disagreement arose among scientists and physicians in the subsequent categorizing of a long string of psychoactive drugs. Categories or schedules were identified basically by whether the drug had medicinal value and whether it would be considered too dangerous to use as medicine because of the possibility of its use in treatment leading to addiction. Marijuana was categorized as a Schedule 1 drug. Controversy continues to exist about placing marijuana as a Schedule I category. 1 Schedule I.— A The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. B The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. C There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. quot 20 Other drugs by contrast such as cocaine methamphetamines amphetamines and morphine were identified by the government as schedule 2 which meant less dangerous and with some medicinal value. Celebrity overdoses Another puzzle is Marinol. Marinol is a synthetic imitation of the THC tetra hydro cannabis agent in marijuana. It is categorized as a schedule 3 drug. It is odd that the federal government approves marinol for medicinal use which appears to be the major hallucinogenic component in marijuana yet ignores the 60-70 other active beneficial agents in marijuana. Looking at some drugs identified as schedule 4 should increase concern about how who and why drugs are identified as such. Valium xanax and ativan all can cause fatal over-dose or a fatal reaction from a well-known with-drawl syndrome. In other words if you take too much xanx you can overdose and die and if you stop using a high-dose of xanax abruptly it can cause a seizure and death. fatal over-dose on marijuana is almost physically impossible. Properly used I have observed a great variety and many diverse benefits in treating with marijuana appropriate to the medical problem. Marijuana is a well-used folk remedy in both Central and South America for treating Asthma and other lung problems. Many of the asthma patients who seek to obtain a medical marijuana recommendation here in the U.S. used marijuana medically for asthmatic problems in their mother country. The active ingredient in marijuana THC tetra hydro cannabis is a proven bronchial dilator and therefore very helpful to increase oxygen lung capacity. Perhaps the US needs to research inexpensive treatments for health practiced in other countries and find out why they work i.e. acupuncture . I do not advocate smoking. I strongly appose smoking of any form tobacco and/or marijuana. Although smoking marijuana does give instant relief to the asthmatic long term use can cause irreparable damage. Some people use a water-pipe or a bong mistakenly believing that it is healthier than smoking marijuana. It is immediately effective in giving relief during an asthmatic attack however the potential long term damage should be reason enough not to use that method for marijuana treatment of asthma. My suggestions for including marijuana in the treatment of asthma VAPORIZE I believe the best method for medicating with marijuana for asthma is to vaporize. To vaporize you use a machine that heats the cannabis to a temperature that the resin that contains the active therapeutic cannabinoids evaporate out of the cannabis and into the air where it can be inhaled. This produces no smoke but still causes the bronchial dilatation. If patients choose to medicate for asthmas with a vaporizer I recommend that they do as much research in choosing a vaporizer as they would in buying a car. A good vaporizer will run in the neighborhood of $300-400. A good vaporizer should have no knobs dials or displays. The temperature should be properly preset at the factory and its use should be simple Place the cannabis in the machine plug it in turn it on and wait five minutes. With vaporizing the effects will be much stronger than smoking. A good vaporizer will give you 80% of the resin dose contained in the cannabis but smoking will release only about50% or less. TEA A lot of patients tell me that they use marijuana in the form of an herbal tea to treat asthma. They said the the remedy was commonplace mostly in el campo where they didn't have medical access or any other treatment for asthma. A lot of Hispanics have come in specifically for a recommendation to be able to get marijuana to use for treatment of asthma with marijuana tea. I find their comments interesting because tea made with water does not extract THC from the marijuana leaves. It extract other agents which apparently have bronchial dilatation actions without the psychotropic properties.. THC is only one of 60-70 therapeutic class of chemicals found in cannabis. TINCTURE An easily administered treatment is the use of a tincture which is an alcohol or glycerin solution of marijuana extract. The tincture is used sublingually by placing one of two drops of the beneath the tongue. Tinctures are made by combining finely chopped marijuana with either alcohol or glycerin Books on preparing tincture can be found on the website FSBookco . In summary there are large numbers of people in Central South American and also large numbers of Americans making use of marijuana out of necessity due to inadequate access to medical care and/or lack of funds for medical care and medication. I highly recommend that anyone currently under treatment for asthma by a physician continue their current treatment and not attempt to self-medicate with cannabis. Asthma patients who are under a physician care and have found cannabis to benefit their asthma could consider the addition of cannabis but only as a supplement to their regular medical treatment They should remain under the supervision of their physician and discus treatment options with their physician. An excellent resource is quot Marijuana Medical Handbook quot by Rosenthal et al. It can be found at FSBookco . http // mybuddrh http //aurylorholtzmanmd@hotmail http //win4sports /auryholtzmanmd/auryholtzmanmd/htm THE DRUG WAR In 2006 newly elected Mexican President Felipe Calderon declared war on the seven major drug networks launching a bloodbath between traffickers and military and civilian authorities and among the networks themselves. Since then nearly 30 000 people have been killed and the gangs have won control of large swaths of northern Mexico to ferry their product to customers in the U.S. In 2007 the Justice Department estimated that the Mexican drug trade generated as much as $24. billion. By 2009 it was $39 billion. This year the government declined to make a projection. OC Register Dec 5 2010 Editor Website devoted to observing global drug trade activities http //insightcrime.org/ US blog on prison systems and current criminal justice news http //curenewyork.wordpress and questions new email... curenewyork@aol MURDER of MOTHER CAUGHT ON CAMERA Ciudad Juarez Mexico A grieving mother was murdered in front of entrance to the governor's palace in the capital of Chihuahua. Marisela Escobedo campaigning to bring the confessed killer of her 16-year old daughter Rubi Marisol Frayre to justice was gunned down December 16 in view of a closed-circuit television camera. In 2008 Sergio Rafael Barraza a known member of Los Zetas had confessed to killing his girl-friend Rubi Marisol Frayre and dismembering her body. Rubi's mother Marisela Escobedo tracked down Barraza and lead the police to him. Even though Barraza confessed and identified the site where he'd buried the girl a three-judge panel acquitted Barraza of the murder and freed him. After complaints from then Gov. Jose Reyes Bacza an appeals court over-turned the verdict and instated a 50-year jail term. It was the mother Marisela Escobedo who once again tracked down Barraza. Barraza escaped capture. Mrs. Bacza life had been threatened by friends of Barraza. quot If they are going to kill me let them do it right here to shame the government quot she said in a challenge that tragically was fulfilled. A 20-second video captured a man existing a car approaching Escobedo who ran across the street and was shot in the head at the entrance of the palace. quot Mom killed demanding justice for slain teen quot by Tim Johnson McClatchy Newspapers via OC Register 12-19-2010 Grim History Since 1993 a string of murders of women and girls has afflicted Chihuahua state continuing past 2003 when the federal government created units to prosecute the killers. News reports put the tally from the killing spree as high as 1 000. Fact In 2007 the city of Cuidad Juarez averaged less than one murder per day. Today it is over 8 murders a day and counting. Juarez has become the murder capital of the world. Rest in Peace Hero Don Alejo Garza Tamez Translated from Spanish The mob demanded Nov. 13 Don Alejo Garza Tamez surrender his property. The 77 year old man refused and barricaded himself in his farm. He killed 4 and wounded 2 terrorists. Milenio Mexico 11/22/2010 Monterrey Nuevo Leon.- The cartel demanded Don Alejo Garza Tamez surrender his property. The 77 year old man refused and barricaded himself in his farm killing 4 of them and wounding 2 bombers. When Mexican Marines arrived at the ranch outside of Ciudad Victoria Tamaulipas they saw a bleak scenario with the main house half destroyed by gunfire and grenades. Outside were four dead bodies and two unconscious wounded subjects. Inside there was only one body Don Alejandro owner and timber businessman. Inspection found weapons and ammunition at all the doors and windows. In the end they found the man had designed his own defense strategy to fight alone. On Nov. 13 a group of men had told him he had 24 hours to deliver his property to them. With almost 8 decades of life he told them he would not give them his property and would be there waiting he said flatly. He told his employees not to come to work the next day and spent the night preparing. At 4am they came. After a violent gunfight where the farmer seemed to be everywhere they tried grenades against him. After several of them were killed and a quick reconnaissance they chose to leave as they believed the military would soon arrive. Shortly after the Marines arrived and slowly patiently reconstructed the events they found just a rancher a man who loved his property more than anything in the world and literally defended it to the death. In the last hunt of his life Don Alejo surprised the group of assassins who wanted to impose the law of the jungle on his ranch. These Marines will never forget the scene a 77 year old man swept away four gunmen before he died fighting as the best soldier with dignity honor and courage. Rest in peace Don Alejo Garza Tamez. marinezj@anr.msu.edu Report Criminals smuggle up to $39 billion in drug money US stops $41 million By Diana Washington Valdez \ El Paso Times MEXICO IN FOCUS Analysis on news out of Mexico 12/01/2010 The Government Accountability Office is calling for urgent action to stop cross-border currency smuggling after federal officials seized $41 million in cash in a little more than a year. U.S. Sens. Jeff Bingaman D-N.M. and Max Baucus D-Mont. asked the GAO last year to examine the transportation of bulk cash proceeds from drug sales in the United States to Mexico or Canada. After finishing its investigation the GAO produced its findings in the report "Moving Illegal Proceeds." According to the report the National Drug Intelligence Center estimates that criminals smuggle between $18 billion and $39 billion each year across the Southwest border alone. Between March 2009 and June 2010 after Customs and Border Protection was asked to step up efforts to stem the flow of bulk cash U.S. agents seized about $41 million in illicit bulk cash leaving the United States at border crossings. Because Customs and Border Protection does not conduct full-time inspections of outbound traffic and because other measures are lacking only a fraction of the illicit cash flow is seized. The GAO report said technology is creating new money laundering concerns. One of the examples cited is stored value cards. These are prepaid cards loaded with value or currency that are used to move illegal proceeds across the border and around the world. Unlike with cash there are no laws in place that require border-crossers to declare the value of prepaid cards they may be transporting. Mobile phones are also being used with greater frequency to conduct money transactions that may be difficult to detect. Roger Maier spokesman for Customs and Border Protection in El Paso said that as of August of this year CBP had seized $40.9 million in illicit southbound cash along the Southwest border a 16.1-percent increase over the same period during the previous year. "We do not typically comment on the number frequency or duration of outbound operations although they have increased " Maier said. The Mexican government has complained that cash and weapons that flow south of the border enable drug cartels to conduct the kind of bloody battles that have killed thousands of people in Mexico. The GAO report said arms as well as cash are being seized at the border. "In June 2010 officers conducting outbound operations at the San Luis Arizona port of entry seized a large sport utility vehicle 114 grenades and over 2 500 rounds of various types of ammunition " the report said. Sen. Bingaman of New Mexico said "this report makes clear that we can't solve this problem unless we improve our border infrastructure and technological capabilities. Doing so would make it possible for us to seize billions of dollars per year and deprive drug traffickers of the proceeds that finance their deadly operations." Diana Washington Valdez may be reached at dvaldez@elpasotimes 546-6140. El Paso Times staff writer Daniel Borunda contributed to this story. Sent by Roberto Calderon Ph.D. beto@unt.edu OWNERSHIP of 1/3 of US private amp commercial aircraft UNKNOWN The Federal Aviation Administration is missing information on who owns one-third of the 357 000 private and commercial aircraft in the United States - a gap the agency fears could be exploited by terrorists and drug traffickers. the records are in such disarray that the FAA says it is worried that criminals could buy planes without the government's knowledge or use the registration numbers of other aircraft to evade new computer systems designed to track suspicious flights. It has ordered all owners to be register their aircraft in an effort to clean up its files. About 119 000 of the aircraft on the U.S. registry have quot questionable registration quot because of missing forms invalide addresses unreported sales or other paperwork problems according to the FAA. In many cases the FAA cannot say who owns a plane or even whether it is still flying or has been junked. Already there have been cases of drug traffickers using phony U.S. registration numbers as well as instances of mistaken identify in which police raided the wrong plane because of faulty record keeping. OC Register 12/10/10 Officials Worry About Some Latino Converts To Islam by Dina Temple-Raston NPR December 9 2010 The FBI arrested Antonio Martinez a 21-year-old Muslim convert Wednesday and charged him with plotting to blow up a military recruitment center. There are two things about this case that make it particularly interesting to counterterrorism officials. The first is that Martinez appears to have been radicalized in the U.S. The second is that he is Latino. Latino converts to radical Islam have been connected to terrorism cases in this country with increasing frequency - and officials are trying to understand why. The FBI began tracking Martinez who also went by the name Muhammad Hussain in October. That's when according to the criminal complaint against him Martinez allegedly struck up a conversation with an FBI source and told him that he wanted to attack U.S. military personnel. Martinez allegedly believed that the U.S. had long been at war with Muslims and he said that Muslim brothers needed to strike back. After taping hours of Martinez's conversations the FBI ended up providing him with what he thought was a car bomb. He allegedly parked it outside an armed forces recruiting station in Catonsville Md. on Wednesday and was arrested after he allegedly tried to detonate it. The explosives were inert and no one Justice Department officials said was ever in any danger. While there is already some discussion about Martinez having been entrapped by a terrorism sting operation launched by the FBI officials say to concentrate on that misses another wrinkle in the case Why do a small number of Latinos in this country seem to convert not just to Islam but to a radical form of it quot In some ways it is not the volume of conversion necessarily. It is not like folks are worried about vast communities or subcommunities of Latinos joining al-Qaida quot said Juan Zarate a former deputy national security adviser in the Bush administration who is now with the Center for Strategic and International Studies. quot What has got people's attention is the nature of individuals who have been caught in this web. quot The individuals involved have been at the center of what terrorism officials consider important cases. There is Jose Padilla the former Chicago native who pleaded guilty to training with al-Qaida or Daniel Maldonado a Latino-American who was one of the first U.S. citizens to join an al-Qaida affiliate group in Somalia. Officials also point to Bryant Neal Vinas a Latino from Long Island who found himself in al-Qaida's inner circle a couple of years ago. He talked to the group's leadership about how to attack the Long Island Rail Road and according to officials close to the case quot has been a gold mine of information about al-Qaida ever since. quot quot It's both the nature of these individuals but also their case studies the substantive dimensions of their work and who they are in contact with and what they represent that I think is why Latino converts have garnered some attention from counterterrorism analysts and the community quot Zarate said. quot These are cases people are still following. They are still instructive. quot One of the reasons these officials are interested in Latino converts is that al-Qaida appears to be. The terrorist group has specifically recruited Latinos under the assumption that they could move in and around the United States without arousing suspicion. Before Wednesday's arrest the most recent terrorism case involving a Latino happened over the summer. That's when two New Jersey men Mohammed Alessa and Carlos Almonte were arrested as they boarded a plane for Somalia. They allegedly planned to join the ranks of a terrorist group there called al-Shabab. The New York Police Department the FBI and New Jersey law enforcement had had the two men under surveillance for years Almonte in particular became of interest because he was Latino and allegedly so firmly embraced radical Islam. quot Carlos Almonte was of Dominican heritage a naturalized U.S. citizen from a middle-class family his father was a school bus driver and he grew up in a Catholic family quot said Mitch Silber the head of the New York Police Department's intelligence unit. quot And as Almonte started to change he dropped his non-Muslim friends and his change was visible to others. quot Almonte allegedly started hanging out with members of Revolution Muslim an Islamist group in New York and joined their online chats. He began talking about what he saw as America's war on Islam. Those are two things that he apparently had in common with the suspect in this latest case Martinez. Officials say the Internet isn't the only place radicalizing these Latino converts. Authorities have been tracking an increasing number of Latino converts who embrace radical Islam in prison. The concern Zarate says is that prison recruits will redirect their criminal energies and engage in terrorism. quot I think that it is in that intersection with prison radicalization gang culture religious zealotry that you have a potential problem quot Zarate said. quot I wouldn't say it is a wave but it is a potential problem authorities watch for. quot National Institute for Latino Policy NiLP 101 Avenue of the Americas New York NY 10013 800-590-2516 info@latinopolicy.org latinopolicy.org Useful informational web sites on Immigration laws amp issues http //lawprofessors.typepad /immigration/ Facts and Stats about on Current Immigration issues http // migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm id=818 Both Sent by Rafael Ojeda Tacoma Washington 389 Miles “Living the Border” Documentary 389 Miles Director Luis Carlos Davis named "Man of the Year" by Arizona Daily Star Trailer http // 389miles /trailer.html “Luis Carlos Davis is a voice you've never heard with stories that seem incomprehensible. He has now become the first-ever filmmaker to gain the confidence of a coyote those faceless smugglers who charge exorbitant fees to cross people over the border into the United States and his film is unbeknownst to most Americans at the heart of this immigration controversy.” - Shirin Sadeghi THE HUFFINGTON POST Somewhere along the Arizona-Mexico border in a house that is less than a mile from the fence Chuy a human smuggler agreed to be a participant in 389 Miles “Living the Border”. He had two conditions first only the camera assistant and I would know about the interview and second I would provide him with assurance that his face would be covered. Fortunately I remembered my brother Armando’s Blue Demon Mexican wrestler Mask and quickly procured it. During the interview he talked about the life experiences which influenced him to become a human smuggler and the corruption on both sides of the border. Finally he described how he had witnessed as a young boy playing in his neighborhood right next to the border fence a mother losing her fetus as she jumped from the top and her husband missed catching her. That is one of the reasons why he will never smuggle children into the U.S. When the interview ended Chuy got up said good-bye and left. To this day I have never seen Chuy or my brother’s Blue Demon mask. - Luis Carlos Davis Director 389 Miles “Living the Border” is a great and successful effort to capture the diverse and complex nature of the migration issue along the US-Mexico border. Its multilayered approach makes it a unique and valuable document. - Raúl López Echeverría Director of Centro Superior de Producción Cinematográfica Sent by Juan Marinez marinezj@anr.msu.edu THE MIGRANT HOTEL - WHERE DEPORTEES FIND SHELTER IN MEXICALI By David Bacon New America Media 12/22/10 http //newamericamedia.org/2010/12/the-migrant-hotel where-deportees-find-shelter.php MEXICALI Mexico Last year almost 400 000 people were deported from the United States. That's the largest wave of deportations in U.S. history even larger than the notorious "Operation Wetback" of the 1950s or the mass deportations during the Great Depression. Often the Border Patrol empties buses of deportees at the border gates of cities like Mexicali in the middle of the night pushing people through at a time when nothing is open and no services are available to provide them with food or shelter. Most deportees are young people. They had no money in their pockets coming to the United States and have nothing more as they get deported back to Mexico. These are invisible people. In the wave of anti-immigrant hysteria gripping the United States no one asks what happens to the deportees once they're sent back to Mexico. In Mexicali a group of deportees and migrant rights activists have taken over an old abandoned hotel formerly the Hotel Centenario the Hundred Year Hotel . They've renamed it the Hotel Migrante or the Migrant Hotel. Just a block from the border crossing it gives people deported from the United States a place to sleep and food to eat for a few days before they go home or try to cross the border again. The government gives it nothing. Border Angels the U.S.-based immigrant rights group provides what little support the hotel gets. A cooperative of deportees cooks the food and works on fixing the building. During the winter about 50-60 people live there at any given time while five or six more knock on its doors every night. Last summer at the peak of the season when people try to cross the border looking for work the number of deportees seeking shelter at the hotel rose to over 300. "A lot of people get hurt trying to walk through the mountains around Mexicali " says Benjamin Campista a cooperative member. "It's very cold there now and when they get caught and deported many are just wearing a T-shirt and tennis shoes. Some get sick those we take to the hospital. The rest stay here a few days until their family can send them money to get home or until they decide to try to cross again." Border Angels and the hotel collective agreed to pay the landlord 11 000 pesos a month in rent about $900 USD but they're already six months behind. Every day hotel residents go out to the long lines of people waiting to cross through the garita the legal border crossing . They ask for money to support the hotel and each person gets to keep half of what they're given. The other half goes mostly for food for the evening meal. Deportees have plenty of time to explain their situation to people standing in line since on a recent afternoon the wait to get through the garita was two hours. Every day Campista hears deportees tell their stories. "Three brothers stayed here last summer before they tried to cross. A month later one came back. I saw him on the roof crying as he looked at the mountains where the other two had died from the heat. A woman came here with her two-month-old baby. Her husband had died in the desert too." "We're human beings " Campista exclaims. "We're just going north to try to work. Why should we die for this Our governments should end these violations of human rights. Then our hotel wouldn't even be necessary. Lawyers for Immigrant Defendants Increasingly Use Culture Arguments as a Defense Samantha Henry Associated Press The lawyer for an African woman charged with smuggling young girls from Togo to New Jersey said her trial was about cultural norms that failed to translate in America. Twelve American jurors saw it as a clear-cut example of human trafficking and she was sentenced to 27 years in prison. Both sides focused on the cultural nuances of the case the defense arguing the woman was a benevolent mother figure who helped young girls escape a life of poverty the prosecution accusing her of using the threat of African voodoo curses to keep the girls subjugated. Prosecutors alleged Afolabi brought at least 20 girls between the ages of 10 and 19 from West African nations on fraudulent visas to New Jersey effectively enslaving them and forcing them to work in African hair braiding salons for no pay . For the complete article go to http // latimes /news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-cross- cultural-lawyers%2C0%2C298261.story Sent by lazos@lazos.tralcom Piracy The Real Economic End Game Commerce News December 11 2010 All across Mexico roving vendors street stands storefronts and even trendy bars peddle pirated DVDs masquerade tequila copy-cat fashion brands and other untaxed goods. With hefty price hikes in store for cigarettes next month tobacco is emerging as the latest pirated hot commodity. Overall the value of the so-called underground economy which is anything but subterranean reaches nearly $75 billion annually according to a prominent Mexican business leader. Jorge Davila Flores president of the Confederation of Chambers of Commerce Services and Tourism said the annual cash flow in the pirate sector tops the amount of money made from oil by three times outstrips migrant remittances by almost four times and buries tourist dollars by seven times. The value of the burgeoning black market also vastly exceeds the sum of foreign direct investment in Mexico which is expected to hover between $19 and $22 billion in 2010. In fact the $75 billion generated by the pirate economy every year is not much less than the total $81 billion in direct foreign investment that Mexico attracted between 2006 and 2009 according to American Chamber of Commerce/Mexico statistics cited by a border trade publication. If Davila Flores’ numbers are more or less in the ballpark the cash pile from pirated goods dwarfs the estimated $19-$39 billion per year earned from the sale of illicit drugs. “Piracy is an industry contraband is an industry.” Davila Flores said. “Everything that surrounds this economic activity is a grave problem.” In a Mexico City press conference the business leader said the number of employers in the informal economy-at least 1.3 million-vastly surpasses the 833 000 employers enrolled in the Mexican Social Security Institute which some Calderon administration officials have said confronts a looming solvency crisis. Of course employers in the informal sector do not pay social security or other payroll taxes. According to the Regus Business Tracker firm 40 percent of Mexico’s economically active population is “employed” in the informal sector with the percentage expected to rise to 50 percent by 2020 if current trends continue. The World Bank reports that half the enterprises in Mexico City alone sub-contract with the informal sector. Smuggling is a centuries-old story in Mexico and has long been a fixture of the US-Mexico border economy but the volume of illegally-imported and pirated goods has reached unprecedented levels in recent years due to Mexico’s trade liberalization policies customs corruption new opportunities for money laundering and the lure of cheap products in a low-wage economy. Openings to countries like China and Vietnam have laid new pipelines for pirate goods. In short almost picture perfect conditions exist for a thriving irregular economy. While the US government and media focus on Mexico’s battles over the illegal drug trade violence and threats of violence are increasingly related to conflicts over control of the broader underground economy and the multiple products and services of a mammoth but slippery economic sector. Additional sources Tribuna de San Luis/El Sol de Mexico December 11 2010. Article by Alejandro Duran and Arturo Lino. La Jornada/Notimex December 10 2010 Juarez/El Paso Now October 2010. Frontera NorteSur FNS on-line U.S.-Mexico border news Center for Latin American and Border Studies New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico For a free electronic subscription email fnsnews@nmsu.edu Sent by Walter L. Herbeck Jr. wlherbeck@gmail Hispanic Farmers Feel Shortchanged by Settlement Offer By Brandi Grissom The Texas Tribune bgrissom@texastribune.org New York Times December 9 2010 Modesta Salazar remembers playing baseball with her 12 brothers and sisters on the family farm outside the South Texas town of Pearsall where her father and brothers grew cotton corn and maize. quot All this was beautiful quot she said wistfully looking out over more than 500 acres of once-lush fields that are now scrubland overtaken by mesquite trees and cactus. quot Now it's just stories. quot The cause of the decline Mrs. Salazar said is discrimination by the United States Department of Agriculture since the 1960s in the awarding of loans and other federal benefits to minority farmers. She and more than 1 000 other Hispanic farmers in Texas and other states sued the U.S.D.A. a decade ago demanding that the government make reparations and change its ways. Last month Congress agreed to multibillion-dollar settlements for mistreatment - but with black and American Indian farmers. Hispanic farmers say the government has offered them a laughable sum by comparison. quot The government seems to be of the view they can simply throw some money - and very little money at that - at the problem and ignore completely the practices that caused these lawsuits quot said Stephen Hill a partner at the Howrey law firm in Washington and the lead lawyer in the Hispanic farmers' case. The Agriculture Department acknowledges the mistreatment that has been alleged. Secretary Tom Vilsack has said his agency is committed to resolving past discrimination cases and government officials insist they are working to ensure that the plaintiffs get a quick and equitable settlement. But the Agriculture and Justice Departments argue that the Hispanics' suit is different from the one brought by blacks and Indians. Unlike the other minority farmer lawsuits judges who presided over the Hispanic farmers' case said the group did not share enough in common to file a class-action lawsuit. Mrs. Salazar's father Juan Rodriguez bought the farm in 1952. Neighbors told him that the two previous owners had each lost the farm and warned him that local Agriculture Department agents would try to drive off his family as well. A few years later a local bank told Mr. Rodriguez that he owed $1 000 - a loan he did not remember receiving - and that he would lose the land if he did not pay it. An Anglo woman at the bank who had seen a similar scenario before wrote Mr. Rodriguez a check on the spot saving the farm. Problems with the Agriculture Department persisted Mrs. Salazar said and loans needed for planting would come too late or not at all. When he died in 1982 his sons took over the Pearsall farm and also encountered problems with the Agriculture Department. Loans were denied and even when high-level officials ordered local agents to lend the family money it never came. The brothers filed complaints sent letters and pleaded for help. One by one Mrs. Salazar said her brothers had to leave the farm until finally only her brother Modesto Rodriguez remained. When he had a series of disabling strokes Mrs. Salazar continued the struggle. Today the farm's only inhabitants are a few cattle and horses and a small group of abandoned dogs. In 2001 the government began foreclosure proceedings that are on hold pending the outcome of the lawsuit. This year the Justice and Agriculture Departments offered Hispanic farmers $1.33 billion to settle their discrimination claims and the claims of women farmers in a similar lawsuit. Then Congress approved a settlement of more than $2.25 billion with black farmers - even though census data indicated that nationwide there were about twice as many Hispanic farmers. The government's offer would also cap damages for individual Hispanic farmers at $50 000. Mr. Hill and other lawyers on the case told government lawyers that the proposal was quot woefully inadequate. quot Since then Mr. Hill said negotiations are at a standstill. Government officials said they had gone to great lengths to be fair to Hispanic farmers. If not for Mr. Vilsack's efforts to settle the claims quickly and fairly the officials said each of the thousands of Hispanic farmers would have to spend years arguing in court. The current offer they said allows farmers who believe they are entitled to more than $50 000 to pursue their cases in court. quot We believe that the voluntary settlement process we set forward is a fair option quot said Jessica Smith a Justice Department spokeswoman. As Mrs. Salazar stepped over cactus and cooed at dogs that roam the ruins of mobile homes and rusted farm trucks she said she hoped the case was resolved in her lifetime. Maybe some of her dozens of nieces and nephews will be able to make a living here she said and finally vindicate her family after years of mistreatment. quot We've gone through hell quot she said. quot I'm willing to do anything. quot Shared by National Institute for latino Policy Nthp.org Latino Mayor May Be A Glimpse of Things to Come by Maria Hinojosa NPR News December 12 2010 There's a good chance America will eventually look like San Antonio. Demographically the Texas city is a glimpse into the American future - a majority Latino community where English is the language of choice. The mayor of San Antonio Julian Castro is young photogenic well-educated and barely speaks Spanish. Yet he may very well be the model of a new kind of Latino leadership. A Place In Mainstream America The 36-year-old mayor is hard to pick out of a crowd. When he spoke at a rally for a San Antonio school bond issue earlier this year Castro looked a lot like the young people he was addressing. quot We have an obligation in this year 2010 to ensure that a whole new generation of young people has the best facilities the best opportunity to succeed in our schools quot he said. quot We need this bond issue for the future of our young people. quot And that future is going to be hard to ignore. Every 30 seconds a Latino turns 18 in America. That's just one reason to pay attention to San Antonio where Latinos already are the majority. Like Latinos across the United States San Antonio's Latinos are trying to figure out their place in mainstream American life. quot In the past few months especially with what's happening in Arizona it seems like there's a target on the back of many Latinos and a casting-aside of their worth in the United States. And the first instinct is to pull up your fist and fight back but I don't think that's necessarily the right course quot Castro says. quot I think the right course is to work with the community to register voters to take them out to focus on the positive. And if you go out and vote politicians are going to have to listen to you. quot A Mother And A Mayor For Role Models Castro and his twin brother Joaquin who now serves in the Texas state Legislature were politicized at an early age by the example of their mother Rosie Castro a single mom and activist. She was a driving force in the Raza Unida Party of the 70s. quot I took him and his brother out to the polls all the time so that they could see me vote quot she says. quot They would sometimes come help deliver a sign at one of these houses. In my generation we were not at the public policy table. You had to insert yourself into the political realities. You had to go to city hall and demand things. quot Today Rosie's son sits at the head of the public policy table at least in San Antonio. quot Julian is a new generation of Latino leader in an interesting sort of way quot says Henry Flores a political scientist and dean of the Graduate School at Saint Mary's University in San Antonio. quot He'll clearly tell you that two of his role models were his mother and Henry Cisneros. His mother because it kind of gave him a sense of community and activism and Henry Cisneros because it showed a way to govern and a way to hold himself up in public. quot Henry Cisneros served four terms as the mayor of San Antonio before serving on Bill Clinton's cabinet as HUD secretary. quot Rosie came up through the streets and was a community activist quot Flores says quot but she came from the outside and was never accepted by the establishment per se. Henry Cisneros was brought in by an Anglo establishment and eventually established himself. quot A New Generation of Latino Politicians quot Rosie and Henry kind of laid the groundwork for Castro's arrival and in an electoral sort of way in a participatory sort of way he represents a third wave of Latino politicians quot Flores says. Castro seems to agree. quot You do have plenty of folks at the school board the city council level the mayoral level the representative and senator level who are a new generation of Latinos that are well-educated that can make policy and debate with the best of the folks around the nation quot he says. Hopefully they won't forget that legacy Castro continues but also adapt to the quot America of 2010. quot quot Make policy that's gonna help Latinos yes quot he says quot but also then help everyone that they represent. quot Castro may very well be the sort of Latino politician we see more of in the next American generation. BUSINESS National Conference quot Accessing The Federal Marketplace quot With Native American Business Development Tools Orlando Florida February 1st amp 2nd - 2011 National Conference - The USHCC and the National 8 a Association are teaming up in Orlando Florida on February 1st amp 2nd for two days of business match-making to help your company access prime contracts and subcontracts in the Federal marketplace. We will have a strong contingent of Native American companies present at the conference to talk about teaming relationships with SDBs 8 a s WOBs SDVOSBs and HUB-Zone firms. Federal Marketplace - If you are interested in the $550 BILLION federal marketplace this conference is for you Special 8 a Business Development Tools - The focus will be on how to take advantage of the special 8 a business development tools of the Tribal Alaska Native Corporations and Native Hawaiian companies. These include 8 a sole-source set-aside contracts of unlimited size. This means that you can team up with a Native firms and go after large set-aside contracts on a sole-source basis. Tribal Alaska Native Corporations and Native Hawaiian companies are also considered small business for purposes of subcontracting with major federal prime contractors. You can team up with Native firms and go after large subcontracts with major prime contractors. Primary Topic Areas - The focus will be Federal contracting and subcontracting including How to work with federal agencies New regulations and requirements under recent legislation Working with prime contractors Organizing joint ventures Forming teaming agreements Strategic planning for capturing federal contracts Industry Focus - The focus of this conference will be to bring qualified firms together to form strong partnerships to serve the Federal government and its major prime contractors. The key areas of interest will be Information technology telecommunications construction environmental remediation oil gas and natural resource development defense and aerospace manufacturing and so forth. Basically match-making will focus on anything and everything that the Federal government buys. If your company has a product or service that the federal government buys the Native American firms want to talk to you about teaming opportunities. Match-making - In addition to a full program of presentations on contracting opportunities and forming teaming relationships there will be an open-forum match-making session at the end of each day. At these informal match-making sessions you will interact with executives of Tribal Alaska Native Corporations and Native Hawaiian companies to chat about potential teaming relationships in your areas of expertise. Federal Marketplace - If you are interested in the $550 BILLION federal marketplace this conference is for you Incredible Venue - The conference will be held at Disney’s Grand Floridian Resort and Spa in the heart of Orlando Florida. The Conference will take place on February 1st and 2nd. This is the perfect time for you to take a break from the wintery cold to come do business in warm sunny Orlando. Enjoy the warm weather the dynamic business atmosphere maybe even squeeze in a day of golf at one of Disney's 5 major golf courses Room Rates - We are offering a fantastic room rate of $159 per night if you sign up before the end of December . This rate makes this event the must attend business vacation of the year Registration - Conference registration is $395. To registrar for the conference please go to the website of the National 8 a Association at national8aassociation.org US Hispanic Chamber of Commerce 1424 K Street NW Suite 401 Washington DC 20005 EDUCATION From the Barrio to the Board Room American Universities See Decline in Foreigners Earning Science Doctorates White House Fact Sheet on the DREAM Act From the Barrio to the Board Room When Robert Renteria set off in search of telling his story he never expected what he would write to be used in schools around the country much less youth prisons churches and community based organizations. He also never expected to create a comic book version of that same story. But then again most of Renteria's journey since he published "From the Barrio to the Board Room Writers of the Round Table Press 2008 " has been unexpected. Renteria came from humble beginnings sleeping in a dresser drawer as an infant and growing up amidst abuse drugs and gang-life. As a teenager he was shot at stabbed and gave back his fair share. But when he his biological father who had abandoned the family when Robert was 3 died alone in a halfway house on skid row Renteria realized he was destined for the same path if he didn't make some serious changes. With the encouragement of his grandfather he went back to school for his G.E.D. joined the military served honorably for more than seven years and then climbed the ladder of Corporate America becoming the VP of a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange. Eventually Renteria opened up his own business but it was a young man who wanted to learn his secrets to success that helped Renteria realize that his story was worth sharing. He partnered with writer and Publisher Corey Michael Blake who helped him put together the first book in both English and Spanish and then brought him together with SmarterComics. The graphic novel produced by Writers of the Round Table Inc. communicates Renteria's 3 secrets to success hard-work dedication and education in a format tailor made for today's youth. By using powerful illustrations by artist Shane Clester Renteria's story is clearly communicated to a generation that is comfortable with quick bites of information. Students reading the books are leaving gangs going back to school applying to college and some are following in Robert’s footsteps and serving in the armed forces after experiencing the program. The book is currently available in English with a Spanish version due out for release in the coming weeks. Together SmarterComics Renteria and Blake are making the announcement today December 10th that for the next two weeks until midnight on Christmas Eve the Mi Barrio graphic novel will be available in English for free at SmarterComics to the first 1 000 visitors. “This is an investment in our teens and at-risk youth's education and future " said Renteria who was recently named Chicago Latino of the Year and now chairs the From the Barrio Foundation. Working closely with Cheryl Maraffio the foundation's executive VP who lost her son to gang violence and with Blake and SmarterComics Renteria spends his days delivering hope to the Hispanic youth of America. The Offer 1 000 free digital copies of Mi Barrio from SmarterComics Where smartercomics When From Noon December 10th until midnight December 24th About the From the Barrio Foundation The From the Barrio Foundation is a 501 c 3 non-profit corporation committed to using Renteria’s life business experience and role as a civic leader to help eliminate conditions that foster violence delinquency drugs and gangs. The books From the Barrio to the Board Room and Mi Barrio are tools and Renteria is a resource who promotes education a sense of pride and accomplishment and self-esteem within the youth of area communities. For more information visit fromthebarrio . Corey Michael Blake President Writers of the Round Table Inc. Executive Editor Writers of the Round Table Press Direct 224.475.0392 American Universities See Decline in Foreigners Earning Science Doctorates . . Paul Basken November 29 2010 Editor quot I am glad to read that foreign students earning science and engineering doctorates degrees at our universities have decreased. The US does not have the resources to educate a population of students who will not be adding to the future of our country. Foreign students will be returning to their countries having occupied seats that could have been filled by American students. In the past private universities welcomed foreign students who could pay the exorbitant tuition costs. However state universities wanting to create the same diverse cosmopolitan atmosphere are recruiting and awarding grants to foreign students pre-grad and post-grad putting them in competition with our own students. I am totally in support of the DREAM Act. I believe we have enough diversity among our undocumented students who have graduated from our high schools have prepared to go to college and want to attend our state schools. Our state schools should be serving their needs. They will be staying in the United States and are our future. quot Mimi The number of doctorates in science and engineering earned by foreign students at American universities shrank last year by 3.5 percent the first drop in more than five years the National Science Foundation reported. The decline came despite an overall increase in the total number of doctorates issued by American universities up 1.6 percent over 2008 levels as well as a net increase in the science and engineering fields up 1.9 percent over 2008 the NSF said in an annual review. Doctorates earned by science and engineering students holding temporary visas fell to 12 217 in 2009 from 12 686 the year before a likely reflection of factors that include tougher economic conditions worldwide an NSF analyst said. quot I would look to the usual suspects quot in explaining the reduction including job-market conditions both overseas and in the United States that might lead students to delay graduation said the study's author Mark K. Fiegener a project officer at the NSF. The reduction also may have been foreshadowed by data earlier in the decade showing that the enrollment of international students at American graduate schools had slowed or even declined Mr. Fiegener said. That slowdown was attributed by experts to factors that included the sagging economy increasing competition from higher-quality universities abroad and restrictions on the issuance of U.S. visas. Controversy and Competitiveness Those factors reflect the controversial nature of foreign-student enrollment especially in the sciences. The Obama administration and the Bush administration before it both sought to encourage such enrollment calling foreign students critical to the future of the United States' technological and economic competitiveness. Many in Congress have pushed back however reflecting voter fears that foreigners would compete for scarce jobs. The National Academies produced a report in 2005 quot Rising Above the Gathering Storm quot from a study committee that made a series of recommendations to Congress for improving American economic competitiveness including granting more visas to foreign students in science and engineering. The committee issued a follow-up report this past September complaining that many of its key recommendations remained unaddressed. The decline in doctorates in 2009 could largely reflect visa-processing problems that slowed graduate-school enrollment several years ago said Albert H. Teich director of science and policy programs at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. If that's the case Mr. Teich said doctorate rates among foreigners quot probably will quot increase again in future years. But the lack of a guaranteed ability to stay in the country after graduation may continue to deter foreign students said Susan Traiman director of education and work-force policy at the Business Roundtable an association of chief executive officers of large American companies. The group has long called for a policy of granting a green card to every recipient of an advanced degree. quot That's clearly not happening quot Ms. Traiman said. The NSF data also showed drops in doctorates in several engineering fields including electrical engineering down 10 percent to 1 694 and chemical engineering down 7 percent to 808. Universities issued a total of 7 634 engineering doctorates in 2009 down 3 percent from the previous year. The overall increase in all categories of science and engineering doctorates issued in 2009 by American institutions was largely due to growth among women up 5 percent to 13 593 the NSF reported. Men earned 19 849 a decline of five doctorates from their 2008 total. The NSF figures also showed that Americans from racial and ethnic minority groups are earning doctorates at a faster pace than white students are and that the proportion of 2009 doctorate recipients with employment prospects in the coming year was slightly below the level reported in 2008. Roberto Vazquez admin@lared-latina White House Fact Sheet on the DREAM Act ***************************************************** White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics U.S. Department of Education Hispanic Outreach Dec. 1 2010 ****************************************************** Dear Colleagues Here are a few updates on the DREAM Act including a White House fact sheet and an article by Secretary Arne Duncan. In addition don’t forget to visit the White House Initiative on Facebook and its newly revamped Web page 1. White House Fact Sheet on the DREAM Act THE DREAM ACT GOOD FOR OUR ECONOMY GOOD FOR OUR SECURITY GOOD FOR OUR NATION The DREAM Act is common-sense legislation drafted by both Republicans and Democrats that would give students who grew up in the United States a chance to contribute to our country’s well-being by serving in the U.S. armed forces or pursuing a higher education. It’s good for our economy our security and our nation. That’s why the DREAM Act has long enjoyed bipartisan support. It’s limited targeted legislation that will allow only the best and brightest young people to earn their legal status after a rigorous and lengthy process and applies to those brought to the United States as minors through no fault of their own by their parents and who know no other home. Our country will reap enormous benefits when the DREAM Act is finally enacted The DREAM Act will contribute to our military’s recruitment efforts and readiness. Secretary of Defense Gates has written to DREAM Act sponsors citing the rich precedent of non-citizens serving in the U.S. military and stating that “the DREAM Act represents an opportunity to expand the recruiting pool to the advantage of military recruiting and readiness.” The DREAM Act is also a part of the Department of Defense's 2010-2012 Strategic Plan to assist the military in its recruiting efforts. The DREAM Act will make our country more competitive in the global economy. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan has stated that passing the DREAM Act will allow “these young people to live up to their fullest potential and contribute to the economic growth of our country.” In particular the DREAM Act will play an important part in the nation’s efforts to have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world by 2020 ” something vital for America to remain competitive in today’s global economy. The DREAM Act will have important economic benefits. According to a recent UCLA study students that would be impacted by the DREAM Act could add between $1.4 to $3.6 trillion in taxable income to our economy over the course of careers depending on how many ultimately gain legal status. This income is substantially higher than the income they would earn if they were unable to attend and complete a college education. In fact research indicates that the average college graduate earned nearly 60 percent more than a high-school graduate. We have much to gain from doing right by these young people. The DREAM Act will allow our immigration and border security experts to focus on those who pose a serious threat to our nation’s security. Secretary Napolitano believes this targeted legislation provides a firm but fair way to deal with innocent children brought to the U.S. at a young age so that the Department of Homeland Security can dedicate their enforcement resources to detaining and deporting criminals and those who pose a threat to our country. Myths vs. Facts DREAM Act As the public debate on the DREAM Act moves forward it is vital that the facts on this important legislation remain clear. The Dream Act is good for our economy our security and our nation. And the lenghty and rigorous process the DREAM Act establishes will ensure that our nation is enriched with only the most promising young people who have already grown up in America. In fact according to a recent analysis by the Migration Policy Institute just 38 percent of all potential beneficiaries will successfully complete the DREAM Act’s rigorous process and earn permanent immigration status. Myth Opponents claim the DREAM Act is “amnesty.” Fact The Dream Act requires responsibility and accountability of young people who apply to adjust their status under the DREAM Act creating a lenghty and rigorous process. Young people must meet several requirements in order to qualify for the conditional status it will provide them. These requirements include entering the country when they were under 16 years old proving they have continuously lived in the U.S. for at least 5 years and graduated from a U.S. high school or obtained a GED demonstrating their good moral character proving they have not committed any crimes that would make them inadmissible to the country. Only then can they obtain a conditional status for a limited period of time. After their six year conditional status these same individuals will need to meet additional requirements to move on to the next phase of this process. Specifically they must have attended college or served in the U.S. military for at least 2 years and once again pass criminal background checks and demonstrate good moral character. If young people are unable to fulfill these requirements they will lose their legal status and be subject to deportation. Only applies to individuals who entered the U.S. as children. According to DREAM Act’s provisions beneficiaries must have entered the United States when they were under 16 years old. DREAM Act applicants will be responsible for paying fees to cover the costs of USCIS processing their applications. According to Section 286 m of Immigration and Nationality Act provisions the cost of having U.S. Customs and Immigration Services process DREAM Act applications will be covered by the application fees. DREAM Act applicants would be subject to rigorous criminal background checks and reviews. All criminal grounds of inadmissibility and removability that apply to other aliens seeking lawful permanent resident status would apply and bar criminal aliens from gaining conditional or unconditional LPR status under the DREAM Act. Additionally decisions to grant status are discretionary and any alien with a criminal record not automatically barred by these provisions would only be granted status when and if the Secretary exercises her discretion favorably. Myth Opponents claim the DREAM Act would encourage more students to immigrate illegally and that applicants would just use it to petition for relatives. Fact The DREAM Act only applies to young people already in the United States who were brought here as children it would not apply to anyone arriving later so it cannot act as a “magnet” encouraging others to come. Furthermore . DREAM Act applicants would not be able to petition for any family member until fulfilling lengthy and rigorous requirements outlined above and even then they would have to wait years before being able to successfully petition for parents or siblings. DREAM Act beneficiaries would only be able to petition for entry of their parents or sibling if they have satisfied all of the requirements under the DREAM Act. Even then they would be subject to the same annual caps waiting periods in order to petition for their relatives the bottom line is that it would take many years before parents or siblings who previously entered the country illegally could obtain a green card. Myth Opponents claim the DREAM Act would result in taxpayers having to subsidize student loans for those students who register through the DREAM Act. Fact DREAM Act students would not be eligible for federal grants period. An alien who adjusts to lawful permanent resident status under DREAM qualifies only for certain specified types of Federal higher education assistance. Undocumented youth adjusting to lawful permanent resident status are only eligible for federal student loans which must be paid back and federal work-study programs where they must work for any benefit they receive. They would not eligible for federal grants such as Pell Grants. What They’re Saying Editorials and experts around the country are agreeing that the DREAM Act is good for our nation and have called on Congress to pass it Former Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez a Republican said on a conference call on November 29 th it would be a “shame” not to pass the bill in the lame duck. Former Secretary of State Colin Powell said “ The Republican Party needs to take a hard look at some of the positions they’ve been taking. We can’t be anti-immigration for example. Immigrants are fueling this country. Without immigrants America would be like Europe or Japan with an aging population and no young people to come in and take care of it. We have to educate our immigrants. The DREAM Act is one way we can do this.” Former Illinois Republican Governor Jim Edgar voiced his support for DREAM in an op-ed in Sunday’s Chicago Tribune writing “A rational approach to comprehensive immigration reform should begin with the young people who were brought here as babies toddlers and adolescents…A nation as kind as ours should not turn its back on them. Congress needs to support the sensible humane approach embodied in legislation known as the Dream Act. The measure charts a rigorous path that undocumented youths must negotiate to gain legal status and qualify for citizenship and supporting it would be both good government and good politics. quot The Wall Street Journal published an editorial that argues “Restrictionists dismiss the Dream Act as an amnesty that rewards people who entered the country illegally. But the bill targets individuals brought here by their parents as children. What is to be gained by holding otherwise law-abiding young people who had no say in coming to this country responsible for the illegal actions of others The Dream Act also makes legal status contingent on school achievement and military service the type of behavior that ought to be encouraged and rewarded.” On August 11 2010 former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee explained to NPR the economic sense of allowing undocumented children to earn their citizenship quot When a kid comes to his country and he's four years old and he had no choice in it – his parents came illegally. He still because he is in this state it's the state's responsibility - in fact it is the state's legal mandate - to make sure that child is in school. So let's say that kid goes to school. That kid is in our school from kindergarten through the 12th grade. He graduates as valedictorian because he's a smart kid and he works his rear end off and he becomes the valedictorian of the school. The question is Is he better off going to college and becoming a neurosurgeon or a banker or whatever he might become and becoming a taxpayer and in the process having to apply for and achieve citizenship or should we make him pick tomatoes I think it's better if he goes to college and becomes a citizen. quot Education military religious and business leaders support the DREAM Act The legislation is supported by a wide range of leaders from the education military and business fields and from religious orders including the United Methodist Church General Board of Church and Society the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops the evangelical movement the Jewish community and many others . David S. C. Chu Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness under George W. Bush called for action on the DREAM Act to strengthen the military. “ If their parents are undocumented or in immigration limbo most of these young people have no mechanism to obtain legal residency even if they have lived most of their lives here. Yet many of these young people may wish to join the military and have the attributes needed - education aptitude fitness and moral qualifications.” CQ Congressional Testimony ”Immigration and the Military” July 10 2006 Margaret Stock a Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve retired a former professor at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and an adjunct professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage said “Potential DREAM Act beneficiaries are also likely to be a military recruiter’s dream candidates for enlistment … In a time when qualified recruits—particularly ones with foreign language skills and foreign cultural awareness – are in short supply enforcing deportation laws against these young people makes no sense. Americans who care about our national security should encourage Congress to pass the DREAM Act.” Margaret D. Stock “The DREAM Act Tapping an Overlooked Pool of Home Grown Talent.” The Federalist Society Washington DC. Engage The Journal of the Federalist Societies Practice Group Volume 6 Issue 2 October 2005 Bill Carr former Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Military Personnel Policy called DREAM “very appealing” to the military “because it would apply to the ‘cream of the crop’ of students. Mr. Carr concluded that the DREAM Act would be quot good for military readiness. quot Donna Miles “Officials Hope to Rekindle Interest in Immigration Bill Provision.” American Forces Press Service. June 11 2007 Conservative military scholar Max Boot supports the DREAM Act “It's a substantial pool of people and I think it's crazy we are not tapping into it.” The DREAM Act “would not only offer a welcome path toward citizenship for many promising young people but also might ease some of the recruitment problems that Army has been facing of late.” Max Boot “Dream a Little Dream ” Commentary Magazine September 20 2007 The Center for Naval Analyses issued a report finding that immigrants in the military have high levels of performance and lower rates of attrition. The report noted that non-citizens add valuable diversity to the armed forces and perform extremely well often having significantly lower attrition rates than other recruits. The report also pointed out that “much of the growth in the recruitment- eligible population will come from immigration.” CNA “Non-Citizens in Today’s Military. Final Report.” April 2005. http // cna.org/documents/D0011092.A2.pdf Senator Richard Durbin Makes a Compelling Case for DREAM “This is the choice the DREAM Act presents to us. We can allow a generation of immigrant students with great potential and ambitions to contribute more fully to our society and national security or we can relegate them to a future in the shadows which would be a loss for all Americans.” Senator Richard Durbin Floor Statement “DREAM Act as an amendment to the Defense authorization bill ” Friday July 13 2007 Editorial Pages supporting the DREAM Act New York Times Dreaming of Reform Nov. 30 2010 Wall Street Journal National A Worthy Immigration Bill Nov. 29 2010 Santa Rosa Press-Democrat Calif. Step forward Nov. 21 2010 Battle Creek Enquirer Mich. Step toward real reform Nov. 19 2010 Fresno Bee Sorting out hypocrisy on illegal immigration Nov. 19 2010 Los Angeles Times A path to college Nov. 17 2010 Sacramento Bee DREAM Act should be the law of the land Nov. 17 2010 La Opinión The time is now Nov. 16 2010 Denver Post To-do list for short session Nov. 16 2010 Berkshire Eagle Reform is a pipe dream Nov. 15 2010 Sheboygan Press DREAM Act has merit but do it right way Oct. 3 2010 Myrtle Beach Sun-News Dream deferred Oct. 1 2010 Rock Hill Herald S.C. Give DREAM Act a chance Sept. 27 2010 Leaf-Chronicle Clarksville Tenn. DREAM of being a citizen Sept. 27 2010 Milwaukee Journal Sentienal Editorial Dreams deferred Sept. 21 2010 San Francisco Chronicle Editorial Senate should pass DREAM Act Sept. 21 2010 Arizona Republic Editorial Pass DREAM Act the right way Sept. 21 2010 New York Times Dream Time Sept. 20 2010 Los Angeles Times The DREAM Act deserves a yes vote Sept. 20 2010 New York Daily News Make the DREAM come true Proposed law would clear path to earned citizenship Sept. 20 2010 La Opinión A reasonable strategy Sept. 20 2010 Chicago Tribue Pass the Dream Act Sept. 20 2010 Newsday Create a path to citizenship Sept. 20 2010 Aurora Sentinel Colin Powell is the right's voice of reason on immigration Sept. 19 2010 Deseret News Pass the DREAM Act Sept. 17 2010 El Diario Sí al ‘DREAM Act’ Sept. 17 2010 Chicago Sun-Times Give kids here illegally chance to go to college Sept. 16 2010 San Jose Mercury News Dream Act should transcend immigration debate Sept. 16 2010 Aurora Sentinel Everyone benefits when this DREAM comes true Sept. 14 2010 Arizona Republic The Dream Act is long overdue Aug. 19 2010 Fort Worth Star Telegram Politics interrupts a dream Aug. 19 2010 Washington Post Dream Act could save immigrant students from deportation Aug. 12 201 reprinted in the Herald-Sun North Carolina under the title “More American DREAMers” Fort Worth Star Telegram Deporting students isn't the best answer to immigration problems Aug. 10 2010 La Opinión - The DREAM Act can’t wait Aug. 8 2010 Wichita Eagle No leadership on immigration Aug. 6 2010 Akron Beacon Journal DREAM of an act Aug. 5 2010 Los Angeles Times Wake up and pass the DREAM immigration reform act June 26 2010 Boston Globe Case of Harvard student shows urgency of immigration reform June 18 2010 New York Times Courage in Arizona May 19 2010 Kansas City Star Protests could block American dream May 19 2010 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel The Dream Act a path for dreams to come true March 20 2010 Philadelphia Inquirer Reaching for a dream March 6 2010 Tallahassee Democrat Dare to DREAM Feb. 9 2010 Seattle Times Pass the Dream Act to give undocumented young people a future Jan. 28 2010 Miami Herald Congress must pass DREAM Act June 26 2009 Philadelphia Inquirer They’re not going away May 1 2009 2. Article on the DREAM Act by Education Secretary Arne Duncan Economic prosperity and national security through the DREAM Act By Secretary Arne Duncan - 11/30/10 06 15 PM ET Even in tough times Americans have used their freedom common sense and respect for one another to do the right thing for the nation. Today we face one of those times. There are thousands of hard-working patriotic young people who are leaders in their communities and who are looking for an opportunity to attend college or serve our country in the military but they cannot through no fault of their own. Congress has the opportunity to offer them and our country a brighter future by coming together in a bipartisan way to pass the DREAM Act. The DREAM Act will open the doors of higher education and military service to young people who were brought to America without documentation by their parents when they were children. If they are able to meet several requirements they will have the chance to earn a legal status. Specifically they will have to prove that they came to the United States before the age of 16 have lived here for at least five years don’t have a criminal record are not removable or inadmissible from the country are of good moral character and graduated from a U.S. high school obtained a GED or have been admitted to an institution of higher education. Today these students are living in fear of the next step of their lives and attending college or other postsecondary education is difficult while serving our country in the military is near impossible. Passing the DREAM Act will unleash the full potential of young people who live out values that all Americans cherish — a strong work ethic service to others and a deep loyalty to our country. It will also strengthen our military bolster our global economic competitiveness and increase our educational standing in the world. By opening the American Dream of college for these bright talented youth we will unleash an academic force into the U.S. higher-education system. The result will be a new generation of college graduates who will help strengthen our economic security. This new generation will be a new set of future taxpayers who will contribute much more as college graduates than they ever would as struggling workers moving from one under-the-table job to another. They will help build the economy of the 21st century. From a national security perspective the DREAM Act will give the military the opportunity to recruit students who are eager to serve at a time when there’s a growing shortage of potential soldiers. The Defense Department’s strategic plan names the passage of the DREAM Act as one of its goals to help maintain a mission-ready all-volunteer force. Military leaders understand that at this critical time in our history when we face countless threats to our way of life and the supply of soldiers does not match the demands being placed on our armed forces a new pool of highly qualified candidates willing to put their lives on the line for America is a major plus for the country. The students who will benefit from the DREAM Act are some of our country’s best and brightest. They were raised and educated in America. They include community leaders and volunteers who are committed to service in their neighborhoods. They are valedictorians and star athletes. They text and go to the mall. They are Americans in every sense of the word. They have deep roots here and are loyal to the country that has been the only home they’ve ever known. They want to serve our country and hope to become pediatricians teachers and engineers. They are exactly the type of young people America should be embracing. But unlike their classmates DREAM Act students are in a bind. It goes against the basic American sense of fairness to punish children for the choices of their parents. But thousands of young people find themselves in that position. We can’t let them continue to live unfulfilled lives of fear and squandered hopes. We must rise above the heated political rhetoric and embrace this common-sense approach. And we need to do it now before we lose this generation. It’s who we are as Americans at our best. Duncan is the U.S. Secretary of Education. http //thehill /special-reports/lame-duck-december-2010/131229-economic-prosperity-and- national-security-through-the-dream-act ***************************************************************************** Juan A. Sepúlveda Jr. Director White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics Ida R. Eblinger Kelley Director Hispanic Outreach and Communications U.S. Department of Education ***************************************************************************** Background on the DREAM Act Short introductory memo on the DREAM Act http //americasvoiceonline.org/DREAM101 DREAM Act Talking Points Five reasons to support the DREAM Act http //americasvoiceonline.org/ReasonsForDream DREAM Act Resources by State A state-by-state guide to the DREAM Act http //americasvoiceonline.org/DreamPacket DREAM Act Editorials Newspapers from around the country voice their support for the DREAM Act http //americasvoiceonline.org/research/entry/editorial_boards_call_for_passage_of_the_dream_act Analysis of Potential DREAM Act Beneficiaries MPI report on the numbers of DREAM Act eligible people http // migrationpolicy.org/pubs/DREAM-Insight-July2010.pdf Let Us Serve Stories of DREAM Act eligible youth who are ready to serve in the Armed Forces http // letusserve2010.org/ The DREAM Act and the Economy IPC says the DREAM Act creates economic opportunities http // immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/dream-act-creating-economic-opportunities The Economic Potential of DREAM Act Beneficiaries A report from UCLA NAID on the economic potential of DREAM Act beneficiaries http //naid.ucla.edu/uploads/4/2/1/9/4219226/no_dreamers_left_behind.pdf * CULTURE Some old Mexican Melodies Marvel Comics Bringing Sweet Slices of Mexico to Edmonton Roses in December Our Lady of Guadalupe Day Lionsgate and Televisa Unite on Films for Hispanics Some old Mexican Melodies..... http // youtube /watch v=YXxnjF0Ddbs amp feature=related http // youtube /watch v=7iuXVpAMdKM amp feature=related Sent by Jose M. Pena Marvel Comics is about to unveil its newest comic book featuring a “typical” New York high school student by day who fights crime with her martial arts skills by night – the twist The character is a Latina named Anya Corazon. Apparently Anya has appeared in past Marvel issues as Araña a member of the “Spider Society” – she can’t spin webs like Spider-Man so she relies on her talents in the martial arts to catch the bad guys … oh and she has an exoskeleton which apparently is very important when fighting crime. Sylvia Gonzalez-Hohenshelt sylvia_hohenshelt@nthp.org Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior Plaza Juárez #20 Col. Centro Deleg. Cuauhtémoc C.P. 06010 México D.F. Sent by Vicente Neria Sánchez vneria@sre.gob.mx Bringing Sweet Slices of Mexico to Edmonton Canada Cravings for Latin treats give rise to new bakery La Monarca by Liane Faulder Edmonton Journal Ninfa Castellanos left and Sergio Manrique are co-owners of La Monarca a new bakery in South Edmonton Canada http // edmontonjournal /life/Bringing% 20sweet%20slices%20Mexico%20Edmonton/ 3943931/story.html Cravings for Latin treats give rise to new bakery La Monarca. Edmonton has a new Latin bakery called La Monarca. The bakery will specialize in Latin sweets such as polvoron chocolate-vanilla cookies conchas sweet shell-shaped buns and pastel tres leches a meringue frosted cake . Located at 4119 106th St. the bakery is co-owned by Sergio Manrique who hails from Mexico but has lived in Edmonton for the past five years working to help settle new immigrants through his job at the Mennonite Centre for Newcomers. "I'm craving the stuff we have in Mexico " he says of his decision to open a bakery. "When I see something familiar from home it touches my heart." He used to frequent the Old Bread Factory a Mexican bakery in Whitemud Crossing which sadly closed . He thinks there are enough Latin people in Edmonton with roots in places like El Salvador and Guatemala to make a go of his new business. ROSES IN DECEMBER OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE DAY By Felipe de Ortego y Gasca Scholar in Residence Western New Mexico University For more than 475 years Mexicans and their progeny around the globe have been celebrating the appearance of Our Lady of Guadalupe to Juan Diego at Tepeyac–near Mexico City–on December 12 1531. Accounts of that appearance have varied over the years but essentially the story is that on his way to seek Bishop Zumarraga’s help in healing his sick uncle Juan Diego Indio encountered a woman en-route dressed in blue gossamer studded with stars who called him by name. Surprised Juan Diego listened to her charge that he ask the Bishop to build a church on the site where she stood. Dutifully Juan Diego related the message to the skeptical Bishop who explained that he needed a sign of some sort from the lady in blue in order to carry out her request. Upon hearing Juan Diego’s account of his conversation with the Bishop la Virgin de Guadalupe as she has come to be called instructed Juan Diego to gather some roses from nearby which he did placing them in the fold of his tilma. Carrying the roses to the Bishop Juan Diego is greeted by Bishop Zumarraga with words of incredulity “Roses roses in December–this is the sign ” The Bishop was expecting something more ethereal failing to realize that roses do not bloom in the mountain heights of Mexico in December. Taken aback Juan Diego dropped the hold on his tilma and the roses fell to the floor where upon the Bishop and those attending him dropped to their knees. Startled by the actions of the clerics Juan Diego could not see the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe which had embedded itself on the surface of his tilma. That was the sign. The Bishop promptly built a cathedral to honor the lady in blue and from that time on the Madonna of Tepeyac has become the national religious symbol of Mexico. The tilma is on display at the Basilica in Tepeyac. Mexicans of all faiths acknowledge Guadalupe as the patron saint of Mexico. In our house when I was growing up in San Antonio Texas my mother kept a home altar for la Virgin de Guadalupe. That altar kept us reverential when we were in its presence. Her picture hung prominently on the wall above the alter next to the picture of President Franklin D. Roosevelt who with the help of Guadalupe got us through the hard times of the Depression. As a Marine during World War II the picture of Guadalupe in my wallet kept me confident that she would keep me from harms way. Even later as a grown man I clung to that childhood belief in Guadalupe. For years my wife and I have kept a statuette of the Virgin in our home. However what has sustained my spiritual bond with Guadalupe is the play I wrote about her in 1981 at the request of Arch-Bishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio to commemorate the 450th anniversary of her appearance to Juan Diego. The title of the play is Madre de Sol / Mother of the Sun set within the first dozen years of Spanish rule in Mexico starting with the encounter of Montezuma and Cortez in 1519. The play premiered at Assumption Seminary in San Antonio in September of 1981 and ran until December 12th of that year. At the direction of the Arch-Bishop Osvaldo “Ozzie” Rodriguez from the La Mama Theater in New York was invited by Father Virgilio Elizondo to direct the play. Henry Cisneros’ brother George wrote the music for the play. John Igo drama critic for the San Antonio Light gave the show a rave review. After his role in Madre del Sol Jesse Borrego went on to star in the TV production of Fame and then a successful movie career. In February of 1982 the Arch-Bishop of Mexico City invited us to mount the play at the Teatro Antonio Casso in Tlatelolco. Mrs. Portillo wife of the presi-dent of Mexico introduced the play to the first audience of its Mexican run. The following year in 1983 with the help of the Meadows Foundation and the Conference of Christians and Jews Madre del Sol was staged in Dallas. The last production of Madre del Sol was mounted by Ozzie Rodriguez at the La Mama in 1984. For me the challenge of Madre del Sol was creating it as a trilingual play–English Spanish and Nahuatl–engendering comments from both English-language and Spanish-language audiences that despite its linguistic structure they understood every word in the play. As we approach the 500th anniversary of Guadalupe’s appearance to Juan Diego on that felicitous day of 1531 one wonders about the celebratory homage of the 500th Anniversary. Perhaps roses will bloom where least expected and in December. Copyright © 2007 by the author. All rights reserved. Lionsgate and Televisa Unite on Films for Hispanics By Brooks Barnes New York Times Service Miami Herald September 15 2010 Lionsgate’s African-American-focused film business anchored by Tyler Perry titles has becomea gold mine for the studio. Movies with predominantly black casts that tell stories rooted in black culture — surprise — bring out a sizable black audience. Now Lionsgate is trying to pull off the same trick with Latino-focused films. The studio in partnership with Televisa the media conglomerate based in Mexico City isbetting millions of dollars on that notion. On Tuesday the companies announced the creation of Pantelion Films which will release eight to 10 movies annually over the next five years that are aimed at Latino moviegoers in the United States. The films will represent a mix of genres as varied as romantic comedies and action thrillers.Some will be presented in English and some in Spanish. Pantelion’s first title “From Prada toNada ” about two spoiled rich sisters who are forced to move in with their poor aunt in East LosAngeles is scheduled for release in January. “If we tell emotionally resonant stories and explore the roots of Spanish-speaking people there isa very attractive opportunity here ” said Emilio Azcarraga Jean chief executive of GrupoTelevisa. “People like to see themselves represented on the screen.”Hollywood has repeatedly tried to till this ground without success. In 1999 two Los Angeles companies announced plans to release as many as a dozen Spanish-language films in the United States a year. That effort fizzled after audiences ignored two early releases. In 2003 Universal Pictures scrapped a distribution agreement with Arenas Entertainment a Latino film label. Samuel Goldwyn Films got burned when it tried to tap the Hispanic market in 2001 with films like “Tortilla Soup.” At the time Meyer Gottlieb Samuel Goldwyn’s president told The Los Angeles Times “When it comes to filmed entertainment they don’t view themselves as Latinos.They want to see it because everybody else wants to see it.”But Azcarraga and Jon Feltheimer chief executive of Lions Gate Entertainment say they are confident they can succeed citing figures showing that 37 million Hispanic moviegoers bought 300 million tickets in 2009 a per movie-goer rate of more than eight tickets a year the highest of any ethnic group. Analysts say that compared with other groups Latinos are the fastest-growing segment of the movie-going audience and buy more DVDs. “We have been interested in this market for a long time but now we really think we can turn itinto a business ” Feltheimer said.The difference this time the executives involved say is experience. Lionsgate has a successful track record in marketing movies to niche audiences. Televisa’s strength is in production. AndPantelion has a potential ace up its sleeve AMC Entertainment North America’s second-largestmovie theater chain behind Regal Entertainment. AMC’s chief executive Geraldo Lopez has agreed in advance to dedicate at least one screen in50 of its theaters to Pantelion films. “Gee if we can give them more culturally relevant product we may just get them to come to themovies a little bit more ” said Lopez. LITERATURE History Not Type http // historynothype /blacklegend.htm History Not Type text When Rubén Sálaz Márquez was born his parents named him after the great Nicaraguan poet in hopes that he would be a writer. He is now the owner of fourteen copyrights for his published works. Sálaz heard both Spanish and English at home so he grew up bilingual and bicultural. He was a conscientious student but the books were tempered with experience. He labored in the fields so he understands the plight of migrant farm workers. He sold newspapers on the streets and learned what the barrio was really like. After high school he earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in history Spanish and Education. He remembers that one English professor told him quot no one will ever hire you as a writer quot and one chairman of the history Department suggested that he not continue in the study of history. But Sálaz would not allow academic people to discourage him for long and he continued educating himself searching out Hispanic American history which was never presented to him in high school or university studies. His various books are the result. Sálaz makes his home in Alburquerque NM. Shared by Armando Rendon Editor Somos en escritos http //somosenescrito.blogspot / the Latino literary online magazine invites writers of Chicano Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban and other Hispanic origin to submit manuscripts to somossubmissions@gmail . Please read the first posting http //somosenescrito.blogspot /2010/02/bienvenidos.html Bienvenidos for more information about the magazine. BOOKS MexicanRoots Libros Para Latinos Book Review Tango Mike Mike story of Medal of Honor recipient Roy P. Benavidez Iberoamericana Vervuert Publishing Corp. Whitewashed Adobe Project by William Deverell Theatre Performance and Memory Politics in Argentina by Brenda Werth Mexican Americans in Los Angeles by Alex Moreno Areyan Chicano Students and the Courts Mexican American Legal Struggle for Educational Equality by Richard R. Valencia Exodus from the Alamo The Anatomy of the Last Stand Myth by Philip Thomas Tucker Claiming Rights and Righting Wrongs in Texas Mexican Workers and Job Politics During World War II by Emilio Zamora Lucas and His Loco Beans A Tale of the Mexican Jumping Bean by Ramona Moreno Winner Katrina in Five Worlds/Katrina en Cinco Mundos by Kathy Saade Kenny Juan Verdades The Man Who Couldn’t Tell a Lie by Joe Hayes Gabriel García Márquez through memory lane Mi Vida a story of Faith Hope and Love by Jose N. Harris Northern New Spain A Research Guide by Thomas C. Barnes Thomas H. Naylor and Charles W. Polzer This website includes a listing of books which focus on Mexican history and genealogy. IT IS WONDERFUL http // mexicanroots /index.php p=1_14 LPNnews Dear Editor Our Libros Para Latinos Book Review program provides you with free articles about books that we feel your readers will want to know about. Please remember that there are photos and word document versions of the article at the end of this email. Gracias Kirk Whisler kirk@whisler Tango Mike Mike is the story of Green Beret Roy P. Benavidez and his heroic action in Vietnam that earned him the Medal of Honor. His story is truly amazing and is a tribute to all the Vietnam Vets whose stories haven’t been told. Read the book The Last Medal of Honor The True Story of Green Beret Sergeant Roy P. Benavidez and His Six-Hour Battle in Hell. http //biggeekdad /2010/01/tango-mike-mike For information about Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert and all their publications http // ibero-americana.net/en/index.html . La Revolución mexicana en la literatura y el cine Díaz Pérez Olivia C. Gräfe Florian Schmidt-Welle Friedhelm eds. La guerra civil española en la novela actual silencio y diálogo entre generaciones Corredera González María Relación de las fábulas y ritos de los incas. Edición crítica de Paloma Jiménez del Campo. Transcripción paleográfica de Paloma Cuenca Muñoz. Coordinación de Esperanza López Parada Humanismo mestizaje y escritura. En los 400 años de los quot Comentarios reales quot Mora Carmen de Serés Guillermo Mercedes Serna eds. Beatrice Vervuert Iberoamericana Vervuert Publishing Corp. 9040 Bay Hill Blvd. Orlando FL 32819 Tel. +1 407 217 5584 Fax +1 407 217 5059 More Information on a 4 part documentary and related projects based on William Deverell's book can be viewed at http // whitewashedadobe / Whitewashed Adobe Project Review by Walter Dominguez 10/5/2010 quot From 1850 to 1950 El pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles was transformed from a small frontier outpost in the distant Mexican territory of Alta California into a sprawling and storied American city called Los Angeles – its economic and cultural influence extending across the nation and the world. How did this remarkable achievement happen What were the unique circumstances that provided Los Angeles with a way to greatness and the remarkable and diverse people who envisioned and built this urban phenomenon Whitewashed Adobe The Rise of Los Angeles – a four-part television series and multi-platform project seeks to answer these questions… Astonishingly the saga of how Los Angeles rapidly ascended has never received a comprehensive treatment in television and digital media… until now. In four one-hour television documentary episodes and companion multi-platform project Whitewashed Adobe The Rise of Los Angeles tells the compelling story of the remarkable and often painful transformation of Los Angeles through an innovative multi-ethnic and multi-racial prism. It reveals a city that from its Native American Spanish and Mexican beginnings and throughout the takeover by Anglo Americans was racially and ethnically diverse and its people creative and determined. Where despite continuing segregation discrimination ethnic tensions and even sometimes violence Los Angeles’ predominant Anglos and its Mexican and other minorities found ways to collaborate and fashion one of the most magnetic and important cities of the world. quot Images Photographic amp Postcards Images Acknowledgements • The Huntington Library San Marino California • La Plaza History Society amp Archive Los Angeles California • Bancroft Library University of California Berkeley • California History Room California State Library Sacramento • Seaver Center for Western History Research Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles • Collection of William Deverell Pasadena California • Archivo Práxedis Los Angeles California. All rights reserved by the copyright holders. No reproduction without permission. Book Available from UC Press. Theatre Performance and Memory Politics in Argentina Hardcover Palgrave Macmillan October 26 2010 ISBN-10 0230104347 Brenda Werth In Argentine theatre spanning from the democratic transition to the early twenty-first century the expression of human fragility has taken diverse forms revealing the Tranformative engagement of performance with memory politics and human rights over the course of the post dictatorial period. This book examines the intervention of theatre and performance in the memory politics surrounding Argentina’s return to democracy and in the context of the growing influence of global economic legal and cultural systems in the nineties onward. Though staged locally the plays and performances analyzed in this book invite spectators to imagine global communities to rethink shifting definitions of solidarity and justice and to reflect on the relationship between the politics of memory identity and place. Mexican Americans in Los Angeles by Alex Moreno Areyan Alex Moreno Areyan’s new book “Mexican Americans in Los Angeles” features UCLA faculty UCLA faculty highlighted in documenting community members’ achievements in Los Angeles by Elizabeth Case Published November 5 2010 in Campus News Updated November 5 2010 http // dailybruin /index.php/article/2010/11/alex_moreno_areyans_new_book_ mexican_americans_in_los_angeles_features_ucla_faculty Persistence perseverance and determination. “Those are the values that drive me and should drive everybody ” said Alex Moreno Areyan who held a signing for his book “Mexican Americans in Los Angeles ” Wednesday at the Chicano Studies Open House. Areyan’s book focuses on the achievements of Mexican American actors entertainers educators politicians and social leaders from Los Angeles. He said some goals of the book were to document the achievements of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles and emphasize the importance of their education to community members. In his book Areyan documented the achievements of five UCLA faculty members including David Hayes-Bautista a professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine. Areyan chose to profile Hayes-Bautista for his research into the Latino Epidemiological Paradox which showed that despite greater risk factors such as average lower income Latinos have fewer heart attacks fewer cases of cancer and live an average of three years longer than comparative populations. The professor of medicine is working to develop health care policies that more accurately reflect the needs of the Latino community. Hayes-Bautista said he believes Areyan’s book will help bridge the gap between his generation and today’s college-aged Latinos who are separated both by age and by culture. “ This book is a way of preserving the memory of the Chicano generation ” he said. Also featured are Carlos Haro the assistant director emeritus of the Chicano Studies Research Centre and Reynaldo Macias professor of Chicana and Chicano studies who helped establish the Chicana and Chicano studies department as undergraduates in the late 1960s. “UCLA is an institution that has a history with regards to Chicano education ” Haro said. The other UCLA faculty in Areyan’s book are history professor Juan Gomez-Quiñones and UCLA athletic director Dan Guerrero. “These are the people that took the political beating that it took to establish a Chicana and Chicano studies department ” Areyan said. “They are a source of inspiration to the kids in the Mexican American community .” Although UCLA was the 33rd stop on his book signing tour Areyan said his visit to UCLA was especially important to him because of his ties to the university. He conducted the majority of his research on campus and obtained many of his photographs from the UCLA archives. In the 1970s Areyan worked as the university director of Affirmative Action and his wife and daughter are former Bruins. “The cover of the book came out of this room ” Areyan said of the photo collection at the Chicano Studies Research Center Library in Haines Hall. The cover photograph shows a scene from the campaign to elect Edward Roybal to the Los Angeles City Council. As a child Areyan traveled throughout California with his family as a migrant farm worker. His father could neither read nor write and he attended more than 30 elementary middle and high schools before graduating from Redondo Union High School in 1960. He worked as a human resource administrator before releasing “Mexican Americans in Los Angeles.” His academic career culminated just 10 years ago with a master’s degree in human resources and an organizational diagnosis from the University of San Francisco. “Just tell me that I can’t do something. That gets me fired up ” Areyan said. “Anything is possible.” Alex Moreno Areyan. Mexican Americans in Los Angeles. Charleston SC Chicago IL. Portsmouth NH and San Francisco CA Arcadia Publishing 2010. ISBN 978-0-7385-8006-7 Sent by Roberto Calderon Ph.D. Beto@unt.edu Chicano Students and the Courts The Mexican American Legal Struggle for Educational Equality by Richard R. Valencia Subject Valencia wins book award Dr. Richard R. Valencia Professor of Educational Psychology at The University of Texas at Austin Fellow of the Cissy Parker McDaniel Fellow Fund and Faculty Associate of the Center for Mexican American Studies won a Runner Up Award at the recent 14th Annual University Co-op Robert W. Hamilton Book Awards Banquet. His book Chicano Students and the Courts The Mexican American Legal Struggle for Educational Equality 2008 Critical America Series New York University Press competed against 70 other books published by UT Austin faculty. Dr. Valencia's award came with a $3 000 prize. The Hamilton Book Awards are among the highest honors of literary achievement given to published authors at The University of Texas at Austin. Best Richard Richard R. Valencia Ph.D. Professor Educational Psychology Fellow Cissy Parker McDaniel Fellow Fund Richard.Valencia@mail.utexas.edu The University of Texas at Austin College of Education George I. Sánchez Bldg. Suite 506K 1 University Station D5800 Austin TX 78712-0383 Office 512 471-0378 Fax 512 471-1288 Sent by Roberto Calderon Ph.D. beto@unt.edu Dear Mimi Hope you are doing well. Just wanted to pass along a good review of my book Exodus from the ALamo. The Anatomy of the Last Stand Myth from the magazine Universitas from St. Louis University St. Louis Missouri. The last sentence emphasized "Tucker attempts to break down the racism against the Tejano and Mexican people fueled by Alamo legends." This is an important message and needs to get out. Hope that you and your family have a great holiday season. Phil Dr. Phillip Thomas Tucker Claiming Rights and Righting Wrongs in Texas Mexican Workers and Job Politics During World War II by Emilio Zamora I write to share wonderful news that Emilio Zamora won another major book award this time from the Philosophical Society of Texas http // pstx.org/index.php option=com_content amp view=category amp layout=blog amp id=2 amp Itemid=8 for the best book for 2010 winning the best book in Texas for fiction and non-fiction. This is now the fourth award for his book Claiming Rights and Righting Wrongs in Texas Mexican Workers and Job Politics During World War II College Station Texas A amp M University Press 2009 . The other awards are from the Texas State Historical Association the Texas Institute for Letters and the Tejano Geneological Society Austin Texas. Were it not that he had already won the T.R. Fehrenbach award for The World of the Mexican Worker in Texas he would have been a solid candidate for that one too inside info - He receive the award in my hometown of San Angelo Texas this past Saturday on December 4 2010. Emilio’s breadth of work and scholarship encourages the view that a forceful re-articulation of human and civil rights is the direction that we too must take for these times of deepening inequalities. I’ve read this book. It is excellent and it’s a great Christmas gift and available for purchase at Amazon http // amazon /s/ref=nb_sb_noss url=search-alias%3Daps amp field-keywords= Claiming+Rights+and+Righting+Wrongs+in+Texas amp x=0 amp y=0 Angela Valenzuela valenz@austin.utexas.edu Lucas and His Loco Beans A Tale of the Mexican Jumping Bean Ramona Moreno Winner Nicole Velasquez Mary McConnell - 2002 - Juvenile Fiction - 32 pages Lucas's grandfather takes him to a spot near his ranch where the seeds grow that are known as Mexican jumping beans in a story that also includes information ... books.google /books isbn=0965117413 Editor Ramona Moreno Winner made presentations at El Paso TX schools. Students learned what makes a jumping bean jump where they grow and the life cycle of the cydia saltitans jumping bean moth . Students were then able to hold the seeds in their hands and feel the wiggling of the larva inside. The fun continued with quot Freaky Foods From Around the World quot Teachers and students were introduced to foods from different cultures and then had the pleasure of sampling baked crickets prepared at home by Mrs. Winner. Many different cultures eat these tasty treat which are a wonderful source of protein. “I love your book becus I love your pichrs and I love the wrsz. Are you mord ” If you would like to invite Mrs. Winner for your next school assembly contact bsharp@brainstorm3000 . Award winning author Ramona Moreno Winner visits Dr. Sue Shook Elementary School in El Paso with cultural and science based assemblies. Channel 7 News captured the multicultural experience of eating crickets See clip at http // youtube /watch v=bf3dmIhO334 An introduction to the Mexican Jumping Beans “You are a great author and it has a lot of detel.”Sent by bsharp@brainstorm3000 Katrina in Five Worlds/Katrina en Cinco Mundos by Kathy Saade Kenny Hello Mimi I hope that all is well with you. Yesterday I met the author and I purchased her book about her Palestinian grandmother who immigrated from Bethlehem to other countries including Mexico. The first part of the book relates the story and information about the grandmother in English. The second part of the book tells the same information -but now in Spanish. The name of the book is "Katrina in Five Worlds/Katrina en Cinco Mundos" by Kathy Saade Kenny. I have completed reading the English part of the book. It has received a Best Books Awards Finalist award according to USA Book News . The table of contents includes Katrina's Worlds The Sa'ade Family in late-Ottoman Bethlehem Katrina's Childhood in Tzarist Russia Marriage and Loss in Revolutionary Mexico California in the 20's and the Great Depression Return to Palestine Independent Life in California About the Author You can get more information about the book by going to KatrinaInFiveWorlds The Mexican chapter of the book states on page 29 "In the early 20th century San Pedro was a flourishing town of 7 000 residents and surprisingly multi-cultural. The local cotton industry which exported to the United States supported the relatively large Arab community as well as Spanish English Chinese and Filipino immigrants the descendants of whom are still there today. The Kabaade family home was a large Moorish-style brick structure that closely resembled the architectural stye of the Palestinian hill country. Several buildings of similar style and vintage can still be seen in San Pedro." The grandmother did speak Spanish plus she had other family member in Mexico. And from what I understand there are still relatives in Mexico. The granddaughter Kathy Saade Kenny and her husband both have Mexican citizenship and often stay at their property dwelling in Mexico. The grandmother was an Orthodox Christian closely affiliated if not basically the same denomination to the Greek Orthodox Church. The granddaughter/author from what I recall is half Irish and half Palestinian. I can't remember what her husband's Mexican connection is but I would assume that some of her relatives are part Hispanic by now. In any case I have contacts with a woman in Costa Rica who is 100% of Palestinian heritage but she was born in Costa Rica doesn't speak Arabic and speaks only Spanish and English. There are many cases of Arabs in Latin America like this where they no longer speak Arabic and have assimilated the Hispanic ways. Sent by Jaime Cader jmcader@yahoo Juan Verdades The Man Who Couldn’t Tell a Lie in English or in Spanish By Joe Hayes In this clever retelling from master storyteller Joe Hayes a wealthy ranchero bets the farm that trusted employee Juan Verdades cannot tell a lie. When a beautiful woman tempts Juan into making a foolish mistake he wonders if he can admit his wrongdoing. Unavailable in print since 2008 the new paperback edition features gorgeous watercolor illustrations from Joseph Daniel Fielder and of course some classic Joe Hayes storytelling in both English and Spanish. The Reviews Are In... Publisher's Weekly calls Juan Verdades quot decidedly satisfying quot quot Spanish words and phrases dot the characters' dialogue enhancing the regional flavor. Fiedler's spare earth-toned paintings convey the particulars of the setting from traditional garb to the sprawling landscapes as well as the timelessness of folklore. quot While Children's Literature says quot This is a beautifully done picture book...The story is rich and will provide much for young readers to think about long after the tale is told. quot To learn more about Juan Verdades or to order your copy today click here . Contact 701 Texas Ave. El Paso Texas 79901 Phone 915 838-1625 Fax 915 838-1635 cincopuntos Distributed to the trade by Consortium Book Sales amp Distribution Inc. cbsd 1-800-283-3572 Gabriel García Márquez through memory lane Gabriel García Márquez through memory lane by Marcela Álvarez Nobel Prize winning author Gabriel García Márquez brings us his new opus quot Yo no vengo a decir un discurso quot published by Vintage Español. This latest release collects some of the most memorable speeches given by this celebrated writer. The compilation begins with his high school commencement speech on November 17 1944 in Zipaquirá and ends in 2007 in Cartagena de Indias both in Colombia. On that occasion the literature world commemorated a milestone the publication of one hundred million copies of One Hundred Years of Solitude. From Bogota Caracas Habana Mexico City to Paris Los Angeles and Panama City in 22 chapters the book covers different periods of the author's life and his views on a wide range of topics friendship -the special bond with fellow writers Álvaro Mutis and Julio Cortázar- his love for cinema and his passion for journalism quot the most noble profession quot Latin America poetry and the environment among others. In the chapter How I began to writehe explains that his career began with a short story he sent to Eduardo Zalamea Borda director of the literary supplement at El Espectador newspaper in Bogota. In one of his columns Zalamea surmised that the new generation of young Colombian writers which included García Márquez had nothing to offer in those days early 1950s . Feeling a pang of solidarity towards his colleagues he wrote to Zalamea. Silenced and impressed by the audacity of the young writer and upon reading the story Zalamea apologized and heralded the arrival of quot the new genius of Colombian letters quot . The book also includes Brindis por la poesía A toast for poetry the much-acclaimed acceptance speech he gave in Stockholm on December 10 1982 upon receiving the Nobel Literature Prize. An extremely shy and reserved person García Márquez has often described the act of public speaking quot as the most terrifying of human commitments. quot The last entry in the book is a speech he gave at the Academies of the Spanish Language before the King and Queen of Spain on March 26 2007 in Cartagena de Indias the idyllic seaside port of western Colombia. The writer began by saying quot not even in my wildest dreams when I was writing One Hundred Years of Solitude I'd ever imagined that one day I would see an edition of one million copies of this book quot . At this time the Nobel laureate is working on a new novel quot We'll Meet in August quot . No publication date has been set. About the author l García Márquez was born on March 6 1928 in the small and tropical town of Aracataca in northern Colombia. He grew up with his maternal grandparents. He attended law school but quit to devote himself to journalism and later on literature. In 1958 he married Mercedes Barcha with whom he had two sons Rodrigo and Gonzalo. He has lived in Mexico since 1962. For more information on this book and/or other books please visit tintafresca.us Mi Vida loco a homeless heroes road to redemption December 7th 2010 By Cherie Navarro Santa Ana Military Culture Examiner Mi Vida is like a Latino Forest Grump story. However it is the true-life story of Jose Harris his challenging childhood Army enlistment as a cook but eventually ending up a Paratroopers Airborne Ranger then Green Beret obtaining and losing success an ultimately finding out what matters most in life. Detroit-born Jose Harris is a graduate of the University of California Irvine and the University of California Berkeley. He is a former foster child nurse social worker psychological and academician. He currently resides in Anaheim California with his imaginary dog Jackie. When I was approached to write a piece on Jose N. Harris’s new book Mi Vida and share his personal story I readily agreed “Absolutely ” Only after I began to learn more about Harris a local Anaheim resident did my enthusiasm change to “what did I get myself into this time ” This is not a story I feel worthy to tell. This American Veteran’s life reads more like a John Grisham novella than a biography. Personally I have always vowed to family that I will never pen my memoirs some of the most amazing stories deserve to remain untold. And yet often the ability to verbally recount our life experiences to others has a special way of offering an internal healing perspective all of it’s own a new omniscient reflection into emotions and insights previously non-existent. After spending six years residing in an automobile homeless following a prestigious special forces Army Ranger career which took Harris across the globe what would be left to be done besides write it all down Harris actually participated in the life that so many Americans traverse monthly to the cinema to only imagine American’s become homeless for so many various reasons lack of resources mental illness they are hiding from the law other criminals or possibly they are hiding from the demons in their own mind which are not fabrications but real factual memories of places and events which cannot be erased. No matter how many Sci-Fi movies or conspiracy theorists believe they can be. The latter is the harsh reality for so many of our American Veterans living daily with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. This illness can strike at any moment any individual not just Veterans but also victims and in the case of Harris many years later following a highly productive education and medical career. The emotions involved with PTSD are entirely debilitating they can render a healthy person sickly in moments with anxiety or real manifested physical illness. One of the greatest juxtapositions found in present day American culture is that we want to feel constantly safe and secure from the ‘bad guys ’ we want our large SUVS soccer games on Saturdays church on Sunday and to spend our moments at work day dreaming about the weekend. As an entire culture we want to believe and many do that beyond our borders the entire planet has these same humble aspirations. Unfortunately the good and evil of existence is that they do not share our way of life. There are some very scary people in this world and the United States government is sometimes forced to become involved in matters that are well beyond the scope of this article. Certainly things that none of us want to acknowledge or know have occurred in our civilized society today I would honestly prefer to remain ignorant. Not because I do not care I do but rather because the knowing is what leads men and women like Harris to PTSD’s front door. For these personal reasons cited I will not be reading Harris’s novel instead I will probably gift a copy to one of the men in my life. However for everyone out there with a stronger stomach than mine please visit his website directly read Harris’s biography and purchase a copy of his book. Let’s help this fellow American know how much we care that he stepped forward to ‘answer the call’ of freedom and liberty when others like myself walked faster back to our track homes. Also the reason that despite my hesitations I chose to write this piece is because I too once loved and married a soldier who became Special Forces. To remind anyone reading these decisions to volunteer for the most dangerous assignments and units in the military do not just affect the soldier. They strongly affect the lives of every person in their family who must try to love the soldier both before and after their time of service. Unfortunately for the families this means they must learn to love and live with two entirely different people. Check it out http // mivida2010 / quot Northern New Spain A Research Guide by Thomas C. Barnes Thomas H. Naylor and Charles W. Polzer Recommended quot Northern New Spain A Research Guide by Thomas C. Barnes Thomas H. Naylor and Charles W. Polzer The University of Arizona Press Tucson Arizona 1981 This book was researched and produced to help authors in their own researches of the New Spain Spanish Records. I am currently reading about the military places and names regarding New Spain. However this book offers sources of the general with online DRSW Master Index for limited purposes. Respectfully submitted Leroy Martinez LATINO A PATRIOTS The Longoria Affair at Veteran's Day Celebration US Submarine Rescued entire B-29 WWII crew Vietnam Wall's Amazing Website History of the writing of the Star-Spangled Banner URLs for Veteran Services Marine stabbed stabber quot accidentally quot mangled The Only Good Thing About the Good Old Days is That They Never Came Back said WW II Veteran by Richard G. Santos Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti by Tony The Marine Santiago Hispanics in the United States Air Force by Tony The Marine Santiago The Longoria Affair at Veteran's Day Celebration Congresswoman Lucille Roybal-Alard was presented with a poster of The Longoria Affair signed by director/producer John J. Valadez. The presentation was made by Howard Hernandez and Jake Alarid of the American GI Forum City of Commerce CA Chapter during its Veteran's Day Celebration. El 11 de noviembre empezó a estar disponible el documental en español por internet. Source Gabriel Reyes Sent by Juan Marinez US Submarine Rescued entire B-29 WWII crew An entire crew of a B-29 12 aviators was rescued by a US submarine after their plane was shot down in 1944/5 70 miles off the coast of Japan. The entire rescue was filmed in color video but then sat in a guy's closet until now. This is a story from a Denver TV station of one of those rescued aviators to whom the video was delivered. It also shows their transfer to another submarine that is likely headed back to port before the one that accomplished the rescue. http //link.brightcove /services/player/bcpid347 62914001 bctid=672454611001 Sent by Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol View a video that shares the history of what was happening that inspired the writing of the Star-Spangled Banner our national anthem http // youtube /watch_popup v=Iwa- lSVqA1M amp vq=medium Sent by Paul Trejo PGBlueCoat@aol Vietnam Wall's Amazing Website The link below is a virtual wall of all those lost during the Vietnam war with the names bio's and other information on our lost heroes. It is phenomenal Click on the site at the bottom then chose a state. First click on a state. When it opens scroll down to the city and the names will appear. Then click on their names. It should show you a picture of the person or at least their bio and medals. http // virtualwall.org/iStates.htm Sent by Juan Farias jnbfarias@sbcglobal.net Book Valor amp Discord Mexican Americans and the Vietnam War by Eddie Morin This penetrating new release details the actual accounts of veterans of the controversial Vietnam war. Over 30 photos. Includes commemorative postcard. Marine stabbed stabber quot accidentally quot mangled November 27 2010.....Associated Press AUGUSTA Ga. - A U.S. Marine reservist collecting toys for children was stabbed when he helped stop a suspected shoplifter in eastern Georgia . Best Buy sales manager Orvin Smith told The Augusta Chronicle that man was seen on surveillance cameras Friday putting a laptop under his jacket at the Augusta store. When confronted the man became irate knocked down an employee pulled a knife and ran toward the door. Outside were four Marines collecting toys for the service branch's quot Toys For Tots quot program. Smith said the Marines stopped the man but he stabbed one of them Cpl. Phillip Duggan in the back. The cut did not appear to be severe. The suspect was transported to the local hospital with two broken arms a broken leg possible broken ribs assorted lacerations and bruises he obtained when he quot fell quot trying to run after stabbing the Marine. The suspect whose name was not released was held until police arrived. The Richmond County Sheriff's office said it is investigating. Sent by Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol The Only Good Thing About the Good Old Days is That They Never Came Back said WW II Veteran by Richard G. Santos richardgsantos@yahoo Retired Marine Corps Sergeant Ramon Valle Trevino passed away two weeks ago. I met him about three years ago in his native hometown of Pearsall. Born January 24 1918 he was a son of Cayetano Trevino and Refugia Valle Trevino. Ramon grew up during the Great Depression. He remembered going to school barefooted with very little if any breakfast. If lucky supper might have consisted of a pot of pinto beans but many nights there was nothing to eat and going hungry was common. “We had to accept that way of life as we weren’t the only ones living under these conditions” wrote Trevino in his 1993 GED essay. “There were men trying to earn a living at 50 cents or maybe 75 cents a day. To me these were the worst days of my life. Some people have called those awful years ‘the good old day’. To me the only good thing about ‘the good old days’ is that they never came back”. The last statement is surprising as Pearsall’s Mr. T as he was known had served in the Marine Corps during WW II. He enlisted September 9 1942 at Los Angeles California. Immediately after boot camp he was posted to the Pacific Theatre of War where he served from November 1 1942 to May 9 1945. His unit was the AMPRAC Company HPBN 3rd Marine Brigade. He was posted as a field cook. Like the vast majority of veterans he did not speak about his wartime experiences. Yet Trevino saw action in the island hopping tactics painfully wrestling one island after another from the entrenched Japanese Imperial forces at great losses to both sides. As cited in his discharge papers Trevino served in the “defense of Midway Islands from July 1 1943 to March 7 1945”. Although trained as a cook by the Marines after the war Trevino settled in the San Fernando Valley of California where he became a master mason. He soon owned his own business expanding to include incinerators cement work and general masonry work in Los Angeles Bel Aire and Beverly Hills. Although a successful California based businessman he never forgot his parents and family in Pearsall He “continued to save and send money” says his son Raymond Trevino. He would frequently visit and finally bought a lot on which he built a house. Ramon V. Trevino retired to his hometown in 1991 and accepted the position of Frio County Probation Officer until he retired in 2008. It should be added with high regards that the WW II veteran and retired businessman and later Probation Officer earned his GED certificate in March 1993 at the age of 73 About three years ago when I met Ramon V. Trevino I found him to be modest and soft spoken almost to the point of being humble. He did no speak of his wartime experiences nor of his highly successful business in California. However he could not accept the frequently heard gripes of younger generations complaining about “hard times”. “It is true that when I was growing up during the Great Depression you could buy a hamburger for a nickel but few could afford it at a salary of 50 cents a day” he noted. I feel I am leaving this world in a lot better shape that I found it. I feel we have never had it so good.” As a member of what has been called “The Great Generation” that served in World War II they certainly left us a better world. Unfortunately many never learned the lessons and today we see a drift back to the highly segregated discriminatory poverty stricken world before WW II. In conclusion we most sincerely thank Retired Marine Corp Sergeant Ramon V. Trevino and all other veterans for their contributions and sacrifices to the world our nation and communities. Muchisimas gracias Mr.T and may you rest in peace. Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti First Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General in US Air Force By Tony The Marine Santiago nmb2418@aol Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti born in 1936 was an officer of the United States Air Force who in 1985 became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General Vigil-Schimmenti was the Chief of the U. S Air Force Nurse Corps Office of the Surgeon General Headquarters U.S. Air Force Washington D.C. Early years Vigil-Schimmenti was born in Albuquerque New Mexico where she lived at her family's ranch between Edgewood and Moriarty. She graduated from St. Mary’s High School in 1954. In 1957 she received her nursing diploma from the Regina School of Nursing of Albuquerque. Military career Vigil-Schimmenti joined the U.S. Air Force in 1958 and was assigned to the Air Force Nurse Corps. From August 1958 until September 1960 she served as an operating room nurse and general duty nurse at the USAF Medical Center Wright-Patterson Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio . During the time she served at at the USAF Medical Center Wright-Patterson she was able to complete the flight nurse course at Gunter Air Force Base in Alabama . In 1960 Vigil-Schimmenti was assigned as a general duty nurse at USAF Dispensary Hickam Air Force Base Hawaii where she served until May 1962 when she was transferred to the 9th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron Tachikawa Air Base Japan where she was a flight nurse until August 1964. In August 1964 Vigil-Schimmenti left to attend the University of Pittsburgh and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1966. In July 1966 she was assigned to the USAF School of Health Care Sciences Sheppard Air Force Base Texas as an instructor in the Medical Service Specialist Course. Vietnam War Vigil-Schimmenti served in the Pacific during the Vietnam War . In June 1968 Vigil-Schimmenti was named the charge nurse in the school health program and primary care screening nurse at USAF Dispensary Kadena Air Base Okinawa . Return to the United States In January 1971 she returned to the United States and was assigned to David Grant USAF Medical Center Travis Air Force Base Calif. as charge nurse emergency services and primary care clinic charge nurse oncology clinic and home care service. Vigil-Schimmenti attended the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill from August 1973 until August 1974 and earned a Master of Public Health degree. Following graduate studies she was transferred to Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center Lackland Air Force Base Texas where she served as charge nurse clinical coordinator and facility design coordinator. Vigil-Schimmenti served in various positions until March 1983 when she was selected as command nurse Headquarters Strategic Air Command Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. In October 1985 Vigil-Schimmenti became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General. She assumed the duties of Chief of the U. S Air Force Nurse Corps Office of the Surgeon General Headquarters U.S. Air Force Washington D.C. Later years Vigil-Schimmenti retired from the Air Force in 1988. Guring her service years she attended the Air War College and the Inter-Agency Institute. Vigil-Schimmenti is a member of the American Nurses Association Texas Nurses Association Association of Military Surgeons of the United States National League for Nursing Air Force Association and the Aerospace Medical Association. Awards and recognitions Among Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti's decorations and medals were the following Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster Air Force Commendation Medal National Defense Service Medal Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Air Force Longevity Service Award Ribbon with five oak leaf clusters. Badges Flight Surgeon Badge Air Force Medical Badge Hispanics in the United States Air Force By Tony The Marine Santiago '''Hispanics in the United States Air Force''' can trace their tradition of service back to the United States Army Air Forces USAAF the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II which was the predecessor of the United States Air Force which was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. Hispanic is an ethnic term employed to categorize any citizen or resident of the United States of any racial background of any country and of any religion who has at least one ancestor from the people of Spain or is of non-Hispanic origin but has an ancestor from Mexico Puerto Rico Cuba Central or South America or some other Hispanic origin. The three largest Hispanic groups in the United States are the Mexican-Americans Puerto Ricans and Cubans. According to the U.S. Census Bureau the estimated Hispanic population of the United States is 42.7 million This estimate does not include the 3.9 million residents of Puerto Rico. thereby making the people of Hispanic origin the nation's largest ethnic or race minority as of July 1 2005. Hispanics both men and women have reached the top ranks of the Air Force serving their country in sensitive leadership positions on domestic and foreign shores. Hispanics however currently account for a total of 4.9% of the enlisted personnel making the United States Air Force the military branch with the lowest average of Hispanic recruits. Prelude to World War II Before the United States entered World War II Hispanic Americans were already fighting on European soil in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted ''coup d'état'' by parts of the army led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco against the government of the Second Spanish Republic. Hispanic Americans fought on behalf of both of the factions involved the quot Nationalists quot as members of the Spanish Army and the quot Loyalists quot Republicans either as members of the Abraham Lincoln International Brigade or as aviators in the Yankee Squadron led by Bert Acosta 1895–1954 . United States Army Air Forces and World War II When the United States officially entered the war on December 7 1941 Hispanic Americans were among the many American citizens who joined the ranks of the United States Armed Forces as volunteers or through the military draft. Some Hispanics such as Mihiel quot Mike quot Gilormini and Alberto A. Nido served and fought for two different countries as members of the Royal Canadian Air Force and the British Royal Air Force before joining the United States Army Air Force. Those who were qualified pilots or had received private flying lesson were assigned to the newly formed United States Army Air Force USAAF and served as active combatants in both the European and Pacific Theaters of war. Brig. Gen. Elwood R. Quesada Among the Hispanics who played an instrumental role as a commander during the conflict was Brigadier General Elwood R. quot Pete quot Quesada 1904–1993 . Quesada who eventually would become a Lieutenant General was assigned as a Brigadier General in October 1940 to military intelligence in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps. He became commanding general of the 9th Fighter Command where he established advanced headquarters on the Normandy beachhead on D-Day plus one and directed his planes in aerial cover and air support for the Allied invasion of the European continent. He was the foremost proponent of quot the inherent flexibility of air power quot a principle he helped prove during World War II. In December 1942 Quesada took the First Air Defense Wing to North Africa. Shortly thereafter he was given command of the XII Fighter Command and in this capacity would work out the mechanics of close air support and Army-Air Force cooperation. lt ref name= quot Quesada quot / gt The successful integration of air and land forces in the Tunisia campaign forged by Quesada and the Allied leaders became a blueprint for operations incorporated into Army Air Forces field regulations—FM 100-20 quot Command and Employment of Air Power quot first published on July 21 1943—and provided the Allies with their first victory in the European war. Principles such as the co-equality of ground and air force commanders centralized command of tactical aircraft to exploit quot the inherent flexibility of air power quot and the attainment of air superiority over the battlefield as a prerequisite for successful ground operations formed the core of tactical air doctrine. In October 1943 Quesada assumed command of the IX Fighter Command in England and his forces provided air cover for the landings on Normandy Beach. Among Quesada's many military decorations were the Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster Distinguished Flying Cross Purple Heart and an Air Medal with two silver star devices. Fighter pilots and bombardiers A quot flying ace quot or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The term quot ace in a day quot is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in a single day. Since World War I a number of pilots have been honored as quot Ace in a Day quot . Lt. Oscar Francis Perdomo First Lieutenant Oscar F. Perdomo 1919–1976 the son of Mexican parents was born in El Paso Texas. When the war broke out Perdomo joined the United States Army Air Force USAAF as an aviation cadet and was trained to pilot the P-47 Thunderbolt. After receiving his pilot training he was assigned to the 464th Fighter Squadron which was part of the 507th Fighter Group that was sent to the Pacific Island of Ie Shima off the west coast of Okinawa. The atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki Japan on August 9 1945 but while the Allies awaited Japan's response to the demand to surrender the war continued. On August 13 1945 1st Lt. Perdomo shot down four Nakajima Ki-43 quot Oscar quot fighters and one Yokosuka K5Y quot Willow quot Type 93 biplane trainer. This action took place near Seoul Korea when 38 Thunderbolts of the 507th Fighter Wing encountered approximately 50 enemy aircraft. This action was Lt. Perdomo's tenth and final combat mission and the five confirmed victories made him an quot Ace in a Day quot and earned him the distinction of being the last quot Ace quot of World War II. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action and the Air Medal with one oak leaf cluster. Lieutenant Colonel Donald S. Lopez Sr. USAAF fighter ace was assigned to the 23rd Fighter Group under the command of General Claire Chennault. The mission of the fighter group the quot Flying Tigers quot was to help defend Chinese nationals against Japanese invaders. During 1943–1944 Lopez was credited with shooting down five Japanese fighters four in a Curtiss P-40 and one in a North American P-51. Captain Michael Brezas USAAF fighter ace arrived in Lucera Italy during the summer of 1944 joining the 48th Fighter Squadron of the 14th Fighter Group. Flying the P-38 aircraft Lt. Brezas downed 12 enemy planes within two months. He received the Silver Star Medal the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with eleven oak leaf clusters. Captain Mihiel quot Mike quot Gilormini Royal Air Force and USAAF was a flight commander whose last combat mission was attacking the airfield at Milano Italy. His last flight in Italy gave air cover for General George C. Marshall's visit to Pisa. Gilormini was the recipient of the Silver Star Medal five Distinguished Flying Crosses and the Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters. Captain Alberto A. Nido Royal Canadian Air Force the British Royal Air Force and the USAAF. He flew missions as a bomber pilot for the RCAF and as a Supermarine Spitfire fighter pilot for the RAF. As member of the RAF he belonged to 67th Reconnaissance Squadron who participated in 275 combat missions. Nido later transferred to the USAAF's 67th Fighter Group as a P-51 Mustang fighter pilot. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with four oak leaf clusters and the Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters. Captain Robert L. Cardenas USAAF served as a B-24 Liberator aircraft pilot in the European Theater of Operations with the 506th Bombardment Squadron. He was awarded the Air Medal and two oak leaf clusters for bombing missions before being shot down over Germany in March 1944. Despite head wounds from Anti-aircraft flak he made his way back to Allied control. Lieutenant Richard Gomez Candelaria USAAF was a P-51 Mustang pilot from the 435th Fighter Squadron of the 479th Fighter Group. With six aerial victories to his credit Candelaria was the only pilot in his squadron to make quot ace quot . Most of his victories were achieved on a single mission on April 7 1945 when he found himself the lone escort protecting a formation of USAAF B-24 Liberators. Candelaria defended the bombers from at least 15 German fighters single-handedly destroying four before help arrived. He was also credited with a probable victory on an Me 262 during this engagement. Six days later Candelaria was shot down by ground fire and spent the rest of the war as a POW. After the war Candelaria served in the Air National Guard reaching the rank of Colonel prior to his retirement. Lt. Francisco Mercado Jr. awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by General Leon W. Johnson Lieutenant Francisco Mercado Jr. USAAF flew 35 combat missions as a Bombardier over enemy occupied Continental Europe as a member of the 853rd Bomb Squadron 491st Bomb Group 8th Air Force. He was awarded the Air Medal with four Oak Leaf Cluster and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He flew ten missions as the Squadron Lead Bombardier and one as the Group Lead Bombardier on December 30 1944 on a mission to the Railroad Bridge at Altenahr Germany. On July 21 1944 he earned a membership into the exclusive quot Caterpillar Club quot after he parachuted over England while returning from a mission with a crippled B-24. Technical Sergeant Clement Resto USAAF was not an quot ace quot but served with the 303rd Bomb Group and participated in numerous bombing raids over Germany. During a bombing mission over Duren Germany Resto's plane a B-17 was shot down. He was captured by the Gestapo and sent to Stalag XVII-B where he spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of war. Resto who lost an eye during his last mission was awarded a Purple Heart a POW Medal and an Air Medal with one battle star after he was liberated from captivity. Corporal Frank Medina USAAF was an air crew member on a B-24 that was shot down over Italy. He was the only crew member to evade capture. Medina explained that his ability to speak Spanish had allowed him to communicate with friendly Italians who helped him avoid capture for eight months behind enemy lines. When Staff Sergeant Ernest Gallego USAAF tried to enlist he was too young and when he was finally of age he failed the depth perception test and therefore chose gunnery school. Gallego and his crew flew on many missions from their base in Italy. Staff Sergeant Eva Romero Jacques One of the first Hispanic women to serve in the USAAF was Staff Sergeant Eva Romero Jacques. Romero Jacques who spoke Spanish and English and had three years of college spent two years in the Pacific Theater 1944 in New Guinea and 1945 in the Philippines as an administrative aide. She survived a plane disaster when the craft in which she was on crashed in the jungles of New Guinea. United States Air Force The United States Air Force was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. That same year Quesada was promoted to Lieutenant General and appointed as the first commander of the Tactical Air Command TAC . However Quesada quickly became disillusioned as he saw how TAC was being ignored while funding and promotions were largely going to the Strategic Air Command. In December 1948 Air Force Chief of Staff Hoyt Vandenberg stripped TAC of its planes and pilots and reduced its status to that of a planning headquarters under the newly formed Continental Air Command. Quesada protested and asked for a re-assignment. In 1951 Quesada requested an early retirement from the Air Force. Among the Hispanics who continued to served in the newly formed Air Force where Major Oscar F. Perdomo who retired in 1950 Lieutenant Colonel Donald S. Lopez Sr. who was an associate professor of thermodynamics at the United States Air Force Academy retiring from the Air Force in 1964 Captain Robert Cardenas who piloted the XB-42 Mixmaster and XB-43 Jetmaster. He was assigned chief test pilot for bomber aircraft and flew all prototypes of that class for the next four years. On October 14 1947 Cardenas was assigned the Officer in Charge of Operations and was the command pilot for the B-29 Superfortress that launched the X-1 experimental rocket plane in which Charles E. Yeager became the first man to fly faster than the speed of sound. In 1948 then-Major Cardenas was the Officer in Charge of Flight Test Division at Muroc Air Force Base and was Chief Air Force Test Pilot of the Northrop YB-49 flying wing. Colonel Mihiel Gilormini who was named base commander to the 198th Fighter Squadron in Puerto Rico and Colonel Alberto A. Nido who together with Gilormini and Lieutenant Colonel Jose Muñiz played an instrumental role in the creation of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard on November 23 1947. Both Gilormini and Nido were eventually promoted to Brigadier General and served as commanders of PRANG. Korean War Captain Manuel J. Fernandez Jr. The Korean War was an escalation of a civil war between two rival Korean regimes each of which was supported by external powers with each trying to topple the other through political and guerrilla tactics. The conflict was expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25 1950 until the armistice ceasefire agreement was signed on July 27 1953. In July 1950 there were about 20 000 Hispanics in the armed forces. Over the next three years nearly 148 000 Hispanic-Americans volunteered for or were drafted into military service. As in other conflicts Hispanics fought as members of the Armed Forces. 1953 Captain Salvador E. Felices who joined the Air Force in 1947 flew in 19 combat missions over North Korea during the war as combat operation officer for the 344th Bombardment Squadron. In 1954 he was reassigned and stationed at the Castle Air Force Base in California. He was assigned in 1952 to the 303rd Bombardment Wing as the 359th Bombardment Squadron operations officer. Felices participated in a bombing competition using a B-29 Superfortress equipped with an APQ-7 radar set and a Norden bombsight rate head. This would eventually lead the way to the development of the current techniques of synchronous radar bombing used today. During the war Orlando Llenza flew as a pilot in the 9th Air Refueling Squadron. During his career he flew the T-6 Texan B-25 Mitchell Boeing KB-29M tanker KC-97 StratotankerF tanker T-33 Shooting Star Shooting Star F-86 Sabre D E F and H models F-104 Starfighter and the C-47 Skytrain C-54 Skymaster C-131 Samaritan transports. After Llenza retired from active duty he was named Adjutant General of the Puerto Rico National Guard by Puerto Rico's Governor Carlos Romero Barceló a position which he held from 1977 to 1983. He retired with the rank of Major General. Captain Manuel John quot Pete quot Fernandez was the third-leading American ace in the Korean War. Fernandez had 14.5 kills during his 9 months in Korea. Prior to this Capt Fernandez who joined the Air Force's predecessor the USAAF during WW II was an advanced instructor at Nellis Air Force Base Gunnery School in Las Vegas NV. Cardenas was assigned to Wright Field and Edwards Air Force Base testing new fighters and bombers during the Korean War he was assigned to Wright Field and Edwards Air Force Base testing new fighters and bombers. Post Korean War Operation Power-Flite' was the first round-the-world nonstop flight by a jet airplane. In 1955 Felices completed the instructor course for the B-52 Stratofortress. In January 1957 he participated in a historic project that was given to Fifteenth Air Force by the Strategic Air Command headquarters known as quot Operation Power-Flite quot . ''Operation Power-Flite'' was the first around the world flight by an all-jet aircraft. He later completed a course on the KC-135 aircraft at the Boeing Company Ground School and participated in its flight test program. He wrote the first flight curriculum and initial qualification requirements for future SAC pilots. In July 1957 Felices delivered the first KC-135 to SAC Headquarters and he was the first to pilot the first flight of a KC-135 made by the then joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1958 he was awarded the Air Force Commendation Medal for landing a B-52 without the right rear landing gear. Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti joined the Air Force in 1958 and held clinical teaching and administrative positions all over the world. Vietnam War The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam supported by its communist allies and the government of South Vietnam supported by the United States and other nations. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. Military advisors arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s and combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive. The U.S. government did not begin keeping separate statistics on Hispanics until 1979. Therefore the exact number of Hispanics who served in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era is unknown. The statistics that were kept by the Department of Defense in accordance to the Vietnam War Statistics included Hispanics among Caucasians. Then Colonel Cardenas flew F-105 Thunderchief combat missions during the war and was later assigned to McConnell AFB as a trainer for the F-105. In 1968 Colonel Cardenas was promoted to Brigadier General and assigned to Command of the Air Force Special Operations Force at Eglin Air Force Base. Following his assignment to Eglin AFB he became Vice Commander of the 16th Air Force in Spain. In 1968 Colonel Cardenas was promoted to Brigadier General and assigned to Command of the Air Force Special Operations Force at Eglin Air Force Base. Following his assignment to Eglin AFB he became Vice Commander of the 16th Air Force in Spain. There he negotiated with Muammar al-Gaddafi the withdrawal of US forces from Wheelus Air Base in Libya. Cardenas retired as a Brigadier General in 1973. Major General Salvador E. Felices held various positions within the military. On June 1968 he was named commander of the 306th Bombardment Wing. He flew 39 combat bombing missions over North Vietnam during the Vietnam War in a B-52 aircraft. In 1969 he became the commander of the 823rd Air Division which covered the regions of Florida Puerto Rico North Carolina and Georgia. On May 1970 Felices was named Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff at the Headquarters of Strategic Air Command. He was responsible for SAC's intercontinental ballistic missile operational testing programs. quot . Brigadier General Antonio Maldonado who in 1967 became the youngest pilot and Aircraft Commander of a B-52 Stratofortress nuclear bomber was assigned in January 1971 to the 432nd Tactical Fighter Reconnaissance Wing Udon Royal Thai Air Force Base in Thailand. His active participation in the war included 183 air combat missions over North and South Vietnam Laos and Cambodia logging more than 400 combat flying hours in the F-4C Phantom. Brigadier General Antonio J. Ramos was a Lieutenant in November 1971 assigned to the 310th Tactical Airlift Squadron Phan Rang Air Base and Tan Son Nhut Air Base South Vietnam. In August 1972 was transferred to U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Airfield in Thailand where he was the Base Operations Officer until November 1972. Brigadier General Jose M. Portela as a First Lieutenant was sent to the Republic of Vietnam during the war and participated in numerous combat missions. On June 8 1972 he was promoted to Captain and on September 1972 was reassigned to the 3rd Military Airlift Squadron at Charleston Air Force Base South Carolina as a C-5 pilot. During his stint there he was assigned to the C-141s and in 1972 became the youngest C-141 Starlifter aircraft commander and captain at the age of 22. He served at CAF until July 1973 when he joined the Air Force Reserve as a C-5A Initial Cadre at the 312th Airlift Squadron at Travis Air Force Base in California. Brigadier General Ruben A. Cubero was a Captain when he was sent to the Republic of Vietnam on May 1969 and assigned to the 1st Brigade 25th Infantry Division 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron Tay Ninh West where he flew a OV-10 and served as a forward air controller. On November 1969 he was reassigned to the 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron at Bien Hoa Air Base. An F-86H one of the fighter planes flown by Colonel Negroni Colonel Hector Andres Negroni was a Captain when he participated in combat missions during the war and accumulated over 600 combat hours. During his tour he served in the 553th Reconnaissance Squadron stationed in Korat Thailand and as Chief of Combat Operation in the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in Udon Thailand. Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti obtained a Bachelor of Science in nursing in 1966 and a Masters of Arts in public health in 1974. She attended the Air Force Flight Nurse School the Air War College and the Inter-Agency Institute. Vigil-Schimmenti served in the Pacific during the Vietnam War. In June 1968 Vigil-Schimmenti was named the charge nurse in the school health program and primary care screening nurse at USAF Dispensary Kadena Air Base Okinawa. Operation El Dorado Canyon F-111 Aardvark Memorial Plaque with Ribas-Dominicci's name inscribed On April 15 1986 Major Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci was one of the pilots who participated in the Libyan air raid known as Operation El Dorado Canyon as member of the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing . His F-111F was shot down in action over the disputed Gulf of Sidra off the Libyan coast. Ribas-Dominicci and his weapons systems officer Capt. Paul Lorence were the only U.S. casualties of said operation. Both men's names are engraved in the F-111 quot Vark quot Memorial Park located in Clovis New Mexico. Ribas-Dominicci was awarded the Purple Heart and posthumously promoted to the rank of Major effective April 15 1986. United States Air Force Academy The United States Air Force Academy USAFA located immediately north of Colorado Springs Colorado in El Paso County Colorado is an institution for the undergraduate education of officers for the United States Air Force. Graduates of the four-year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree and most are commissioned as second lieutenants in the United States Air Force. As of 2010 Hispanics made up 10% of the academy's student body. In 1961 Héctor Andrés Negroni earned a bachelor of science degree in Engineering with a major in Public Affairs in the Air Force Academy making him one of the first Hispanics to graduate from said academy. Negroni was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force and was awarded his navigator wings. On October 7 1975 President Gerald R. Ford signed legislation permitting women to enter the United States service academies. On June 26 1976 Captain Linda Garcia Cubero was among 157 women that entered the Air Force Academy with the Class of 1980. In 1980 Cubero made history when she became a member of the first class of women to graduate from the United States Air Force Academy. There she earned her BS degree in Political Science and her free-fall parachute wings. Upon her graduation she was commissioned a Second Lieutenant. On July 1991 Ruben A. Cubero was named Dean of the Faculty becoming the first person of Hispanic heritage in that position. As Dean of the Faculty Cubero commanded the 865-member dean of the faculty mission element and oversaw the annual design and instruction of more than 500 undergraduate courses to 4 000 cadets in 19 academic departments. He led and supervised four support staff agencies and directed the operation of faculty resources involving more than $250 million. Cubero established the Air Force Academy's first Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. On August 3 1991 Cubero was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. Cubero retired from the Air Force on July 1 1998. He had more than 6 000 flight hours. Sensitive leadership positions Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti In 1973 Héctor Andrés Negroni was assigned to the 317th Tactical Airlift Wing Pope Air Force Base North Carolina serving as an aircraft commander flight commander assistant operations officer and wing chief of aircrew training. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1977 and became the Commander of the 3rd Mobile Aerial Port Squadron. In 1978 he was named the Chief of Liaison for the Joint United States Military Group in Spain. The Spanish Government presented Negroni with its highest Air Force peacetime award the Aeronautical Merit Cross for his contributions to the successful implementation of the United States-Spain Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and in 1981 promoted to Colonel. José M. Portela served in the position of Assistant Adjutant General for Air while also serving as commander of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. Portela is the only reservist ever to serve as director of mobility forces for Bosnia. Besides the Vietnam War he also participated in the following military operations The Persian Gulf War Operation Just Cause in Panama and Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Portela retried with the rank of Brigadier General. Lieutenant General Leo Marquez was the deputy chief of staff for logistics and engineering Headquarters U.S. Air Force Washington D.C. He was awarded a commission through the Air Force Reserve Officer's Training Corps program upon graduation from New Mexico State University and entered active duty as a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force in November 1954. In June 1979 he become deputy chief of staff for plans and programs at Headquarters Air Force Logistics Command Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Ohio. Marquez served as commander of Ogden Air Logistics Center Hill Air Force Base Utah from July 1981 to July 1983. Marquez who retired on August 1 1987 was promoted to Lieutenant General on August 1 1983. In April 1984 Antonio Maldonado was transferred to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base in Michigan. During the years which he spent there 1984–1987 he assumed various leadership positions Deputy Commander for Operations 1984 410th Bombardment Wing Vice Commander September 1984 and Commander July 1985 . While commanding the 410th General Maldonado won numerous top Air Force awards including the coveted Omaha Trophy best combat Wing and the 390th Bombardment Group Memorial Trophy best Wing Commander . On May 1987 Maldonado was reassigned once more to the Pentagon where he served as Chief Strategic Operations Division Operations Directorate Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In June 1988 he became Deputy Director for Operations National Military Command Center the Pentagon. On September 1 of that same year he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. On July 1989 Maldonado was named Chief U.S. Office of Defense Cooperation Madrid Spain becoming the senior Department of Defense representative to that country. His responsibilities included providing overall direction to U.S. elements in Spain on status of forces security assistance programs and other defense and base agreement matters. He also provided overall coordination for US offensive operations out of Spain during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Brigadier General Maldonado retired from the United States Air Force on September 1 1991 with more than 4 000 hours of flight after 27 years of service of active duty service. In 1985 Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General in the Air Force and was the first female general from New Mexico. She received her nursing diploma from Regina School of Nursing in Albuquerque. Because of her work on the base she decided to join the military as a nurse. Vigil-Schimmenti retired from the Air Force in October 1988. In April 2003 Brigadier General Ricardo Aponte became the Deputy Director for Operations Headquarters United States Southern Command in Miami Florida. In October 2004 he was named Director J-7 of the United States Southern Command. His directorate is the focal point for transformation initiatives knowledge management experimentation and gaming within the U. S. Southern Command. The directorate seeks out new concepts and rigorously tests them both in simulation and as part of operational experiments. The first transformation initiative was the start-up of the Secretary of Defense mandated Standing Joint Force Headquarters SJFHQ . The SJFHQ consists of planning operations knowledge management and information superiority experts who form the backbone of the Joint Task Force command structure in the event of contingency operations. Aponte retired July 1 2007. In August 1997 Brigadier General Antonio J. Ramos became the first Hispanic to serve as commander Air Force Security Assistance Center Air Force Materiel Command and dual-hatted as Assistant to the Commander for International Affairs Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command. Brigadier General Ramos retired from the Air Force on August 1 1999. Air Force Combat Action Medal Chief Master Sergeant Ramón Colón-López Chief Master Sergeant Ramón Colón-López is pararescueman who on June 13 2007 became the first Hispanic among the first six airmen to be awarded the newly created Air Force Combat Action Medal bestowed upon him by Air Force Chief of Staff General Teed Michael Moseley at the Air Force Memorial in Washington DC. The medal was created to recognize Air Force members who are engaged in air or ground combat quot outside the wire quot in combat zones. Airmen who are under direct and hostile fire or who personally engaged hostile forces with direct and lethal fire are eligible to receive the award. On March 11 2004 Colón-López together with his Advance Force Operations Team and elements of the Afghan National Strike Unit participated in an operation which required the capture of a high level target and a follow-on site exploitation with the intention of preventing the proliferation of chemical weapons. His helicopter came upon hostile enemy fire however Colón-López continued on his mission which resulted in the capture of 10 of the enemy and the destruction of multiple rocker propelled grenades and small caliber weapons. In January 2005 after Colón-López returned to the United States he was named Superintendent of Training and later Commandant of the Pararescue and Combat Rescue Officer School. National Hispanic Heritage Week Trend of Hispanic enlistment Source Department of Defense Population Representation in the Military Services Fiscal Year 2004 and data provided by the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense . On September 17 1968 President Lyndon B. Johnson designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week. In 1988 President Ronald Reagan extended that week to a month-long observance. The National Hispanic Heritage Month is a time for Americans to educate themselves about the influences Hispanic culture has had on society. The Air Force has realized that the fastest growing group in both the United States and the Marines are Hispanics and have joined the rest of the United States in the celebration of the contributions which ''Hispanics in the United Air Force'' have made to that military institution by celebrating National Hispanic Heritage Month from September 15 through October 15. However the number of Hispanics in the Air Force do not over-represent their percentage of the population. Today the United States Department of Defense faces a nationwide problem in recruiting men for the all volunteer Armed Forces because of the w ar in Iraq and Afghanistan yet according to the data provided by the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense Hispanic recruiting numbers have not increased into that service. Compared with the United States Marine Corps where Hispanics comprise 18 percent of the enlisted personnel the Air Force Hispanics only comprise 4.9 percent of the enlisted men. PATRIOTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Visita de San Antonio Texas a Macharaviaya España Expedientes militares en Espana y la America Hispana El apellido Alfaro Los visitantes y Alcalde posan en la Plaza Bernardo de Gálvez junto a la placa puesta con anterioridad por los quot Sons of the American Revolution quot Ayuntamiento de Macharaviaya Viernes 19 de Noviembre de 2010 Visita de San Antonio Texas a Macharaviaya España El domingo 14 de noviembre visitó Macharaviaya una representación de San Antonio Texas Estados Unidos de América entre ellos había descendientes de los españoles que quedaron allí tras la retirada de España de aquellos territorios tras 300 años de dominación sorprendentemente aún conservan el acento español de aquellos tiempos según nos contó la portavoz del grupo Dña. Sylvia Carvajal Sutton. También vinieron descendientes de Cervantes y todos ellos miembros de los Hijos e Hijas de la Revolución Americana y de la Orden de Granaderos y Damas de Gálvez. El Grupo fue recibido en el Ayuntamiento por el Alcalde y estos hicieron entrega de un libro dedicado sobre la historia de Texas ranchos contribución española a la independencia etc. Escrito por el Sr. Robert H. Thonhoff y titulado “The Texas connection” with the American Revolution. Después Dña. Sylvia Carvajal hizo entrega al Alcalde de una bandera del estado de Texas. Posteriormente dieron un recorrido por el pueblo verdadero motivo de su visita conocer la “ciudad” donde nació Bernardo de Gálvez. Una vez más nuestro municipio es honrado con una visita que nos hace sentirnos más orgullosos de la contribución de nuestro ilustre antepasado Bernardo de Gálvez en el nacimiento de la nación más importante de la tierra. El Alcalde da la bienvenida y expresa su satisfacción por la visita a los ciudadanos de San Antonio Texas La Sra. Sylvia Carvajal en nombre de todos hace entrega de un libro sobre la historia de Texas. Sylvia Carvajal hace entrega de la bandera de Texas al Alcalde El Alcalde se dirige a los presentes y les habla de la historia de Macharaviaya y la familia Gálvez. Todas las fotos de la visita aqui http // macharaviaya.es/index.php option=com_ content amp view=article amp id =158 -visita-de-san-antonio- texas amp catid =1 noticias-destacadas amp Itemid=70 Sent by Mary Ann Molly Long de Fernandez de Mesa molly@telefonica.net Visita al Museo de los Gálvez Recorrido por las calles del pueblo Expedientes militares en Espana y la America Hispana El apellido Alfaro El apellido Alfaro escrito por Antonio Alfaro de Prado http //alfaro.genealogica.net/index.php/monografias/8-militares.html Editor Jammed packed with historical information on the surname Alfaro starting with Archivo General Militar de Segovia Conserva las hojas de servicios de las Armas de Artillería Ingenieros Caballería e Infantería. Es posible solicitar información en relación con el personal que causó baja en el ejército hace más de 20 años enviándose la documentación por contrareembolso. Procedimiento remitir una carta con la mayor cantidad de datos posibles al fax o dirección a continuación Archivo Histórico General Militar de Segovia. Plaza de Reina Victoria Eugenia. 41071 Segovia Nº Fax/Teléfono +34 921 460 757. También vía e-mail archivosg@mde.es Esta dirección electrónica esta protegida contra spam bots. Necesita activar JavaScript para visualizarla Según la obra Archivo General Militar de Segovia - Indice de Expedientes Personales Vol. 1-9 Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro Madrid Ediciones Hidalguía 1959-1963 estos son los expedientes de militares cuyo primer apellido fue Alfaro Alfaro Agustín- Inf. 1793. Noble Alfaro Antonio Inf. 1839 Alfaro Calixto- Cab 1850* Alfaro Fermín- Contador del Estado 1826* Alfaro Francisco- Inf.1802.Honrada Alfaro Francisco- Ing 1870* Alfaro Francisco- Inf 1872* Alfaro Francisco-Sanid.1881* Alfaro Gaspar- Inf 1787* Honrada Alfaro José- Inf.1794* Noble Alfaro José- Inf 1795. Noble Alfaro José- Inf 1799. Noble Alfaro José- Cab. 1807 Noble Alfaro José- Inf 1823* Alfaro José María- Guard. de Corps 1802* Alfaro Juan- Guardia Civil 1833. Honrada Alfaro Ramón- Inf. 1839. Noble Alfaro Simón- Inf 1809.Noble Alfaro Abreu Francisco- Sanid. 1896* Alfaro Aguilar Salvador- Inf 1836. Honrada Alfaro Agusto Salvador- Cuerpo de Francos 1836 Alfaro Aspal Gregorio- Ing. 1907Alfaro y Bachis Domingo- Inf.1807 Noble Alfaro Belenzátegui José- Inf 1794. Noble Alfaro Cantabrana Eduardo- Inf.1848 Alfaro Coll Federico- Inf 1923* Alfaro y Echans Antonio- Inf 1833 Alfaro Feu José- Inf 1808 Alfaro Gil Francisco- Inf. 1869 Alfaro Inguas Bruno- Inválidos 1860 Alfaro Ladrón de Guevara Francisco- Inf 1861 Alfaro Méndez José- Administrativo 1860 Alfaro Mira Sacramento. I 1871 Alfaro Miranda Francisco- Capellán 1862 Alfaro Molina Eustaquio- Carab. 1870 Alfaro Ortega Sebastián- 1759. Conde. Alfaro Palacios Ramón- Inf. 1935 Alfaro del Pueyo Carlos- Int. 1916 Alfaro Rubio Rufino- Inf 1871 Alfaro Ruiz de Castro Andrés- Cab.1816. Noble Alfaro y Ruiz de Castro Antonio- Inf. 1806 Noble Alfaro y Saavedra José- Cadete 1871 Alfaro y Sánchez Félix- Inf 1824* Noble Alfaro Sandobal Ramón- Inf 1829 Noble Alfaro Sandobal Ramón- Inf. 1834 Alfaro Sandoval José- Cab.1837* Alfaro Sandoval Teodoro. Art 1816 Alfaro Servan José- Inf 1864 Alfaro Solano Gregorio- Admón.Mtar. 1890 Alfaro y Somaureu Bernardo- Inf 1833* Alfaro Tercero Fernando- Inf 1928 Alfaro y Teu José- Inf 1808 Noble Alfaro Triay Enrique- Inf 1883 Alfaro Ursia Daniel- Capellán 1913 Alfaro Vicente Enrique- Inf. 1849* Alfaro y Villegas José- Farm. 1794* Alfaro Vizcaínos Eustaquio- Alab.1894 Alfaro Zabazo Ramón- Ing 1867 Alfaro Zarabazo Sabas- Inf 1874 El año que se indica corresponde al de ingreso en el ejército salvo aquellas fechas que llevan asterisco en cuyo caso falta documentación y se cita un año en el que ya pertenecía al mismo. SURNAMES OTERO WHO ARE WE AND WHY DID WE BEGIN THEOTEROS.COM FAMILY HISTORY PROJECT Share Family Clan Information GURULE Family Newsletter http // theoteros /About_The_Oteros.html On February 2009 73-year-old Celia Otero Sinohui Hinojosa visited the Tubac Historical Society in southern Arizona hoping to find her ancestral roots. Throughout her early years Celia heard countless stories of how she was related to the Otero pioneer family the first to receive a Spanish land grant in present-day Arizona. She and her sister Maria Velia were raised by their grandparents Ricardo Otero and Francisca Quijada Otero in Tucson Tubac and Nogales Arizona . Celia asked her daughter Diana Hinojosa DeLugan to find out how she was related to the Oteros and that is why and how this project began. In 1989 an Otero family bicentennial reunion was held in Tubac. Individuals from Spain Mexico and from across the United States attended. Sadly many attendees left the reunion with the same question that Celia had growing up quot how am I related to the Otero family of Tubac quot We are excited to report that due to this Project many answers have been found. Over the past year TheOteros has conducted research at the historical societies in Tucson Tubac and Nogales Arizona. We have been joined by Otero family descendants in our group quest to preserve the Otero family history see below for a list of current contributors . The Otero family descendants' collaborative efforts have donated photos oral history and documents to the Otero Family History Collection. In addition Otero Family contributors have been hard at work building a family tree that now spans more than 10 generations. As this is a work in progress we encourage anyone interested in participating to contact Diana DeLugan TheOteros administrator by filling out the contact form here. We welcome contact from anyone searching for their Otero roots and rich history. We offer research support where we can. In addition we have selected a few books available in our Stores which may assist in Hispanic genealogy research southwest history books and books by and about Oteros. View some of our resources and the bookstores here. Editor Somos Primos has included the Otero surname in previous issues over 40 times. The reader with a special interest in the Otero surname may want to check review some of the information by going to http // google /custom q=Otero amp sa=Google+Search amp domains=www .somosprimos amp sitesearch= somosprimos SHARE FAMILY CLAN INFORMATION Gurule Family Newsletter 12-page online newsletter published amp edited by Patricia Sanchez Rau http // gurulefamily.org/resources/newsletters/newsletter_dec_10.pdf For the benefit of the Jacques Grolet/Gurulé Family Descendents – All rights reserved. We welcome the contribution of story ideas stories genealogy queries and milestone events in your lives. You may submit them to Patricia Sanchez Rau by e-mail leadville5@aol or Angela Lewis or e-mail to gen4nm@nmia Editor Congratulations to Patricia . . Great newsletter with items of historical depth. Somos Primos welcomes family clan information. Please feel especially invited to send an article about what your family clan is doing. CUENTOS Bajo El Arbol De Lagrimas by Yolanda Centennial Wizard of Odds on a Toy Boat by Ben Romero Bajo El Arbol De Lagrimas. A story from a manuscript by Yolanda Centennial yoliekline631@gmail Grandma was 4’10” tall and weighed about 100 pounds almost all her life that I can recall. Her features were very distinctive of a Mexican Indian bloodline high cheek bone dark almost reddish looking skin. She wore her long black hair in braids with ribbons entwined along the ends of each braid. She was born in Mexico in 1904 that was all I knew. She never had much to say and rarely had an opinion. She was soft spoken and seemed timid when speaking. Her stare was sad and tearful looking. One day in 1969 while we were sitting outside under a pecan tree I finally asked her where she was from and where was she born. We were not allowed to ask questions as children only to sit and be quiet or go outside and play. She paused a few seconds slowly stared up at the sky to gather her thoughts and then softly said “I was born in Panuco Veracruz.” “There was so much going on.” She pauses a few seconds again. “That was when Pancho Villa and Zapata were involved with the revolution.” She pauses again as if gathering her picture memories. “I was just a child maybe five years old living in Panuco.” “I can’t remember what my mother and father looked like only that they were there.” “We lived in a farm and we had chickens and horses.” “I was so young and remember being afraid.” “How did you end up in San Antonio ” I asked. “I don’t really know.” “Something happened to my father and mother.” “My brother two sisters and I were separated from each other.” “There was a person who said she was my Madrina.” “I was brought on a ship from Veracruz Mexico with my Madrina.” “I remember crying for a long time and asking for my mother.” “I found out later in life that one of my sisters was on the same ship with me ” she said. Tears rolled down her cheeks she stared straight ahead and said “To this day I still don’t know what happened to my family.” It’s unimaginable how much suffering was endured by many children during that time in Mexico. In my grandmother’s case this “Madrina” was probably a coyote taking children to the United States for profit. There were many other children whose lives were completely changed because of these unscrupulous thieves. My grandmother managed to survive obviously. She was raised with people she didn’t know. I’m sure she never received a hug or told she was loved. Heaven knows how much more she was mistreated by strangers. She learned to cook and clean houses was taught to obey or face the wrath of the Madrina. Grandma terribly feared this lady. I’m sure grandma prayed everyday for her salvation from this Hell. Her plans were to someday run away and make it on her own. She saved what little money she could hide and bought a piece of land on the west side of San Antonio. Grandma built her little “casucha.” It was not a palace nor was it something to brag about but it was her home. How proud she must have been I am blessed to have learned kindness honesty hard work and love of family from her. She never became rich or famous but she made a life with what she had. I know she would have been extremely happy had her parents been there with her. She passed away in 1971. Yolanda writes I have started writing memories and stories of my grandmother's life. I hope to someday complete it and perhaps publish it as a book. WIZARD OF ODDS ON A TOY BOAT by Ben Romero In 1967 when I was fourteen years old we lived in a rental house in Fairview New Mexico. In the backyard was a shallow cement pond where my younger brothers often played. One day I was stuck taking care of my brother Joseph and I let him take a plastic toy boat from the bathtub and play with it in the pond. He was only three and-a-half years old and I was bored watching him play so I decided to have some fun with him. “Can you say toy boat ” I asked. “Toy boat ” he answered clear as a bell. “Can you say it lots of times Fast Toy boat toy boat toy boat.” “Toy boat toy boit toi boit ” he responded. I laughed at his frustration. “Can you say it fast ” he asked. “Toy boat toy boat toi boit Auggghh.” I couldn’t do it either. He smiled and tried again. “Toy boat toy boat toy boat.” “That was a fluke ” I said. Nobody can do it twice. Try again.” He said it faster. “Toy boat toy boat toy boat.” What were the odds that a three-year-old kid could breeze through a tongue-twister twice I gave up and changed the subject. What if someone saw my baby brother beat me at my own game Nearly forty-five years later my brother called and said he was making a trip to California to visit with my family and me. He said he only had a couple of days to spend with us but hoped we could take him to the coast. “Maybe we can go deep sea fishing ” he suggested. I had been deep sea fishing only once in my life and one time was more than enough for me. It had resulted in seasickness an experience that has remained with me for twenty-five years. “Are you sure you want to go out into choppy waters in a tiny boat ” I asked in hopes of discouraging him. “It sounds like fun. I hear there are places in Morro Bay where we can pay a fee and spend several hours fishing.” I remembered a promise I made to myself that I would never go out into the ocean on a small boat again. “You might want to rethink that ” I said. “Once you’re way out there it feels like you’re on a toy boat. And if you get sick or cold they won’t turn back.” “Where’s your spirit of adventure ” he asked. “I thought you enjoyed fishing.” “How about whale watching instead ” I suggested. “Monterey has places at the wharf where we don’t even need a reservation.” “Yeah ” he agreed. “Whale watching sounds like fun. I’ve never seen a whale up close before. Maybe we can get Louie to join us.” I hung up the phone and gazed at my wife who had overheard my side of the conversation. “You once told me ” she said “that there was nothing of this earth that could make you get on a small boat in the ocean again. I’ve gotta work all week so I can’t go with you. Do you want me to buy you some motion sickness pills ” Her words hurt my pride for some reason. “No need ” I said. “We’re not going fishing so I won’t be looking straight down at the water this time. I can handle looking out at the distance. Besides we’re going to invite Louie too.” She laughed. “Your brother Louie won’t go out on a boat. He’s too smart. Mark my words.” My brothers arrived on Monday accompanied by Louie’s wife and daughter. We decided to eat dinner with all my children before taking an evening trip to the casino. I secretly hoped Joseph would be too tired to go to the coast the following day. Joseph is not much of a gambler. He followed me around for a while appearing to be bored. But the Keno machine responded favorably to his touch and he hit six numbers out of six within a few minutes. “I’m ahead four hundred dollars ” he announced. “I’m ready to go anytime you are.” I wasn’t ready to leave and neither was the rest of the family. Joseph wandered from one Keno machine to another and everywhere he went he won. Five numbers out of five on the second machine followed by four out of four numbers on the third and fourth machines. What were the odds It was past midnight when we left the casino. Joseph was $700 ahead. The rest of us were at least a few dollars in the negative. Joseph was up and ready early Tuesday morning. I told him it was best to wait until the morning traffic cleared before leaving for the coast. I also thought there would be a better chance that we would arrive too late at Monterey to get on board. When we reached the wharf people were boarding a boat. We were told it would get back just as the sun goes down. Joseph smiled and pulled out $40 for his ticket. I sighed and pulled out my money. My niece bought her ticket and we looked at brother Louie. “You guys go ahead ” he said. “Sylvia and I are going to look at the shops and get something to eat. We’ll meet you here at dusk.” There was no time to argue. We were about to miss the boat. As the rest of us boarded Louie and Sylvia stood on the pier taking pictures of us. As we headed out to sea I focused my sights on the sea lions pelicans and sailboats in the distance cautious not to look straight down at the water. The waves rose high in some spots and I clung to the rail as did the other passengers. A couple with a young child kept a firm hold on their daughter’s hand. The little girl squealed with joy at the rising and lowering of the boat. I looked at my niece and she sat quiet and content on a bench. My brother did not look so tranquil. “I’ve seen enough ” he said after we spotted a few playful dolphins. “We’ve only been gone a half-hour ” I said. “We’re going to be out another three hours.” By the time the boat stopped in what seemed like the middle of the ocean a lady approached the boat’s first mate. “I don’t feel so good ” she muttered. “It’ll be all right ” the man reassured her. “If you get nauseous just lean over the rail.” I looked at my brother. He looked pale. “Are you okay ” I asked feeling nauseous myself. “That lady’s feeding the fish back there ” he said. A moment later a bearded young man clung to the back rail then went down on his knees and made a retching sound that almost caused me to lose my lunch. The captain‘s bellowing voice filled the intercom. “Everyone look at three o’clock and eight o’clock ” indicating locations from the boat. “Both appear to be humpback whales you can tell by the blowholes.” The excitement made us forget about the rocking boat and our stomachs for a while. Our cameras snapped photos and we ran from one side of the boat to the other. My brother smiled from ear to ear as an enormous tail flipped out of the water. Even the bearded young man stood up for a few minutes still clutching the back rail. A few more sightings on the long ride back to shore pleased the crowd. All I wanted to do was get back to a warm stable shore. When I looked around to see how my brother was doing I saw him next to the bearded man feeding the fish. As we left the boat we noticed the couple with the young child. The little girl looked pale cold and dizzy. I was relieved that I’d managed to survive the boat ride without puking. My niece said I looked kind of sick and I wondered how she was able to sit through the entire tour without getting dizzy. After dinner and a lot of teasing of Joseph by the rest of us we started the long drive home. Somebody mentioned the casino and Joseph’s good fortune the night before and we ended up making a detour back over there. Tired as I was from the day’s driving and excitement my luck with the machines was pretty good. At least I was staying a little bit ahead. Joseph looked glum for a while but then he hit five numbers out of five and perked up. Before long he moved to another machine and won another couple hundred dollars. When I dropped him off at the airport the next morning my brother shook my hand and said “This is the first trip I’ve taken where I get to go home with more money than I started with. What are the odds ” As for me the odds of ever boarding a toy boat and going out into the ocean again are less than none. Ben Romero bromero98@comcast.net benromero FAMILY HISTORY Looking for a Town Títulos Nobiliarios Researching Colorado heritage National Archives and Records Administration New Blog Access to NARA’s Archival Databases AAD Southern California Genealogical Society MexicanRoots Family Search status 160 Million Records Big Changes at FamilySearch.org Tip If you are looking for a town and can't find it. Maybe there was a name changed. I did a google search for current name of city of Boca de Leones in Mexico I got this Antonio Gómez de Castro and Nicolasa Baes de Treviño at the mining town of Boca de Leones present-day Villaldama Nuevo León. ... PLUS . . Carnestolendas now the site of Rio Grande City Texas on the north side of the river. ... By 1766 Garza Falcón had established a ranching outpost named Santa Petronila five leagues ... Títulos Nobiliarios El objeto de crear este blog es difundir toda la información relacionada con los títulos nobiliarios poniendo especial hincapié en los archivos y centros que conservan documentación relacionada la bibliografía sobre los mismos y cualquier noticia interesante al respecto. http //titulosnobleza.blogspot / URL for many resources for researching Colorado heritage . mykunci /news/hispanic- genealogy-center.html carnicas-ireland /passanger-elijah-spencer-genealogy-grout/ fieldofyoga /devilbiss-donald-crabtree-genealogy/ National Archives and Records Administration NARA Recent post on their Blog about the 2010 census. "Have you ever wondered what it will be like to research the 2010 Census records in the future The decisions about what is permanently kept are being made today and you can have your say. Right now the appraisal site http //blogs.archives.gov/records-express/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/n1-029-10-5-appraisal.pdf Records schedule http //blogs.archives.gov/records-express/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/2010-census-records-schedule-n1 -029-10-5.pdf of the 2010 Census are available for public review and comment. There is a Records Express blog post_ http //blogs.archives.gov/records-express/ p=1016 and a notice http // federalregister.gov/articles/2010/11/30/2010-30216/records-schedules-availability-and-request- for-comments#p-19 in the Federal Register but we also wanted to make sure those of you who follow NARAtions are aware of the opportunity to review and comment." ******************** This is a chance to make comments that will become part of a permanent record. http //blogs.archives.gov/online-public-access/ p=3762 Source California State Genealogical Alliance Cathy Lujit SHHAR Liaison Access to NARA Archival Databases AAD http //aad.archives.gov/aad/ Show All Series gt gt Browse by Category Genealogy/ Personal History Casualties Civilians Military Personnel Passenger Lists Prisoners of War Indexes to Photographs Textual Records Private Sector Businesses Foundations Labor Unions Securities Places Countries States Counties Cities/Towns Zip Codes Wars/ International Relations Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Cold War Diplomatic Records Government Spending Contracts Grants and Assistance Time Spans 1800 –1900 1900 –1940 1940 –1955 1955 –1965 1965 –1975 1975 –1985 1985 –1995 1995 – present Browse by Subjects Be sure and Browse by Subject http //aad.archives.gov/aad/subject-list.jsp Sent by Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol Southern California Genealogical Society Jamboree 2010 lectures are now available on CD at the SCGS Library The Library’s collection now includes 73 lectures from Jamboree 2010 82 lectures from Jamboree 2009 10 lectures from the 2009 seminar sponsored by the Federation of Genealogical Societies FGS A choice altogether of 165 lectures. These CDs are located in CD Cabinet #2 in order of acquisition number. Lists of lecture topics for each speaker that show CD acquisition numbers are available at the library to help you find the CDs you want to play. Bring your own headphone set or borrow one at the library. Submitted on behalf of V Metcalfe MexicanRoots Editor I can't say enough about this website. http // mexicanroots /index.php p=1_1 This site is dedicated to helping family historians trace their Mexican ancestry and build their Hispanic family trees. Mexico has an incredible amount of genealogical records because of records kept by the Catholic Church but finding those records can be difficult if you don't know where to look. This website is a resource which brings all this different information together onto one site. Read our Recent Posts on famous Hispanic genealogies and family history. Trace your ancestors in Mexico Start your search by learning how to use the FamilySearch.org FREE searchable database with over 2 million baptisms and 300 000 marriage records from Mexico. Find out how to view and print scanned copies of millions of available Catholic Church records dating back to the 1600's. The records from FamilySearch.org are mostly prior to the 1930’s but in some cases there are records up to the 1950’s. Trace your Mexican-American ancestors Ancestry and other sources can be used to find immigration information about your ancestors who came to the United States from Mexico. To find your Mexican ancestors you need to know some basic information such as their names year of birth and place of birth. If you know the village or town that your ancestor lived you can then look to the nearest church for records. Spanish settlers established towns and missions throughout the current boundaries of Mexico and the southwest United States. Mexican Genealogy 101 Spain ruled Mexico from the time Cortes arrived in 1519 until the Mexican Revolution in 1821. Roman Catholic Spanish priests recorded baptisms marriages deaths and confirmations of local people in books kept as far back as the 1600’s. These books record not only the names but also place of birth parents grandparents godparents and racial information. Most Mexicans have a mixed heritage of Spanish and native American or Amerindian which is evidenced by the number of baptisms which list the child as “mulatto” or “mestizo”. Take a look at our pages on Spanish Terminology Racial Terminology and Spanish Names to learn more about your Hispanic heritage. Check out a list of 50 questions to ask when interviewing family members during genealogy research. Learn more about the History and Geography of Mexico to learn where your ancestors were from and understand how your family was influenced by important events in history. The Southwestern United States was part of Mexico until the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 and Spanish Missions and towns as far north as San Francisco California. The U.S. states of Texas New Mexico Arizona and California have a strong Hispanic influence and history. Also read our pages about the Catholic Churches of Mexico and Interesting facts about Mexico . Learn about the new genealogical method of tracing your Mexican ancestry through DNA Testing . To explore our site further check out our Sitemap or Links pages for more research tools or Contact Us for with your questions. Use the menu at the top of any page to link to different areas of this website. NEW Learn to Trace your Puerto Rican genealogy here . Family Search status 160 Million Records We are excited to announce that with three weeks of the year left our indexing volunteers have completed over 160 million records . New projects now available include records from Canada England Russia and the United States. Completed collections that will soon be available on beta.familysearch.org include records from these countries as well as from Germany. So far this year over 100 million new records from countries too numerous to list have been added to the beta search site. Visit beta.familysearch.org and click on the All Record Collections link to see how many countries are represented. We hope this information has been helpful to you and we appreciate all that you do to help move family history forward. Sincerely FamilySearch Big Changes at FamilySearch.org SALT LAKE CITY–FamilySearch announced Dec. 14 several changes today for its family history website FamilySearch.org . Online patrons will find millions of new records and images over 40 000 helpful articles over 100 interactive courses of instruction and a dynamic forum to ask personal genealogy questions. The changes have been in testing for some time. FamilySearch will continue to implement the new website in phases to ensure all critical elements are functioning as desired. Once complete the website will be promoted more broadly. The new site offers the following free benefits to FamilySearch patrons • Millions more scanned historical documents and indexes that are published more frequently. • An improved search experience that looks through more content and gives more accurate results. • A thriving online genealogical community where patrons can give and receive help. • One user name and password for all FamilySearch products and services. • Responsive reliable and scalable hardware and software that will allow the site to grow and improve. FamilySearch has published a helpful document called “Adjusting to the New Version of familysearch.org ” and a video tutorial that summarizes the changes to the new site. These new guides can be found under the “ Changes at FamilySearch.org ” link. The prior version of the site will still be available through the transition period. FamilySearch International is the largest genealogy organization in the world. Millions of people use FamilySearch records resources and services to learn more about their family history. To help in this great pursuit FamilySearch has been actively gathering preserving and sharing genealogical records worldwide for over 100 years. FamilySearch is a nonprofit organization sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Patrons may access FamilySearch services and resources free online at FamilySearch.org or through over 4 600 family history centers in 132 countries including the renowned Family History Library in Salt Lake City Utah. ORANGE COUNTY CA January 8 SHHAR Meeting Exploring the quot MexicanRoots quot website January 8 Grand opening of new Grijalva Sports Center facility Story of an Historic Orange County Church by Albert V. Vela Ph.D. What Exploring the quot MexicanRoots quot website. When Saturday January 8 2011 9 30 a.m. to 11 30 a.m. Where Orange Family History Center 674 S. Yorba Street Orange CA. Details A free presentation...Everyone welcome...No cost. The presentation by Mimi Lozano SHHAR President and Publisher/Editor of Somos Primos is sponsored by the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research SHHAR . The presentation will include a discussion of the genealogical records kept by Catholic Churches in Mexico. Learn how to use the quot MexicanRoots quot website to find those difficult records and trace your Hispanic/Latino ancestry. One-to-one research assistance is provided from 9 30 a.m. to 10 15 a.m. Presentation begins at 10 15 a.m. For more information on this event call Mimi Lozano at 714-894-8161. Please Join Us Saturday January 8 2011 The dream is now a reality The long awaited Sports Center at Grijalva Park is here and ready to serve its community This state-of-the-art energy efficient *LEED designed 26 200-square-foot sports center is located at 368 North Prospect Avenue and features a dance room with a wood floor ballet barres and mirrored wall a large multipurpose room and a spacious gymnasium with basketball and volleyball courts and plenty of fan seating. *LEED Leadership in Energy amp Environmental Design is a certification system indicating that a building was designed and built to be environmentally sound. Try It You’ll Like It In celebration of the grand opening of our new facility we are offering FREE single-day class trials the week of January 10-15 2011 in the Sports Center at Grijalva Park. “Try It You’ll Like it ” includes classes such as fencing water color painting cardio pump swing dancing and much more Pre-registration for free classes starts the week of November 8. You will need to complete a registration form and mail fax or walk-in it into the Community Services Department located at 230 East Chapman Avenue Orange CA 92866 or register online for a small convenience charge. Sent by Eddie Grijalva grijalvaet@sbcglobal.net Story of an Historic Orange County Church Albert V. Vela Ph.D. cristorey@comcast.net Growing up in Westminster in the 1940s and 50s I always wondered about the origins of the Japanese church used by Blessed Sacrament Church. I grew up on Spruce Street on the same block as the Church. I remember that Fr John McFadden our first pastor taught us our catechism lessons in this small wooden church in 1946 when I was in third grade at the newly integrated Seventeenth Street School. It was a small A-frame building with an east-west orientation. Barrio altar boys rang the tower bell to announce the beginning of Mass. Parishioners Mexican Americans and Anglos entered from Olive Street the west side. Across from us on the North Plaza and South Olive Street corner was the beautiful First Presbyterian church and their meeting hall. First Presbyterian Church As a teenager growing up in the 1950s I recalled hearing that our church was purchased from the Japanese. From the Japanese How could this be There were no Japanese families in Westminster that I knew of in the 1940s. Recently I came across important sources that have cleared up my mystery. One is an old copy of the Westminster Herald dated Friday July 9 1948 which I found in the Westminster Historical Museum directed by Joy Neugebauer. The front page displays a large photo of the church along with two smaller pictures. One picture is of our genial pastor Fr McFadden. He was an electrical engineer before he was ordained. He spoke English and delivered homilies Spanish with an accent. Why he sounded angry when he gave his sermons I never knew until I learned that brimstone and fire were the style of the times. He’s standing in front of the new rectory 1946 on the south side of the church. The second photo shows Sr Thaddeus a Columban missionary nun who arrived in 1948. The quot Japanese quot Mission Church used by Blessed Sacrament Parish ca 1942 Aerial view of Blessed Sacrament Church School and Sigler Park CA 1979 I shared a digital photo of the “Japanese” church with Janice Munemitsu. She wrote “Yes that looks like the building.” Janice is related to the Munemitsu family that leased their Westminster farm to Gonzalo Méndez in 1942. As we know Méndez spearheaded the drive to integrate Mexican American students in town Westminster Santa Ana and Orange. He and the other plaintiff Mexican American families are fondly remembered for their successful 1945 court case Méndez at al. vs Westminster et al. Leaora Blakely wrote the article “Tiny Country Church Makes Fourth Move” in that 1948 issue of the Westminster Herald. She remarked that Blessed Sacrament planned to move the “Japanese” church to an area near Talbert now Fountain Valley for the Catholic Mexican American residents living there. Apparently the Mexican American community known as Colonia Juárez needed it for religious services. Religious Procession moving South on Olive St. ca. 1946. First Presbyterian Church in Background on N/W Corner of North Plaza and Olive Streets. Don Natividad Mendoza on left Carrying Canopy Fr John McFadden Under Canopy. Religious Procession moving South on Olive St. Shows old Bolsa Methodist Episcopal South Church used by Blessed Sacrament Church ca. 1947 Clarence Nishizu an Orange County Japanese farmer during the 1930s – 1960s mentions in the book of the same name Clarence Nishizu that Japanese farmers raised Mexican chili peppers sugar beets and lima beans in Talbert/Fountain Valley as well as in Garden Grove Buena Park Smeltzer Wintersburg and Anaheim. He says that “Some of the Issei first generation Japanese farmers wanted a church so the first Presbyterian Mission now Wintersburg Presbyterian Church. . . in Garden Grove was built in 1910 ” p. 58 . Clarence comments about the Reverend Takeshi Ban. He states “ His} story is a classic in itself ” p. 2 . It was to be moved following the construction of the new Blessed Sacrament Church completed in time for Christmas in 1950. This was to be the final move of this historic mission church. Lupe Fisher has fond memories of the mission church sponsoring Jamaicas bazaars in the 1950s in Colonia Juárez. Today it is located on Ward Street south of Warner. The Holy Spirit Catholic Church uses it as a thrift shop. This then was the fourth move of this historic 128-year church. It was a labor of love originally built in 1882 with donated materials and labor. In his book The Story of the Town of Bolsa 2003 Douglas Westfall narrates that parishioners of the “Methodist Episcopal South Church from Greenville then old Newport had been holding services in Bolsa for several years ” p. 26 . He adds that the father of Walter Knott of Knott’s Berry Farm was an early minister here. The Latin American Mission used it next. From 1927 to 1929 it served immigrants from Mexico who labored in area agricultural fields. A Reverend Pedro Robles held services here during those two years. It’s possible that the Methodist Church supported the Latin American Mission. According to Westfall and Leaora Blakely Japanese pastor S. T. Ban moved the building and locates it on the Ball Ranch in 1926. Seven years later in 1933 Rev. Ban buys property on South Olive Street in Westminster and moves the church there. It was during this move on March 10 1933 that the Long Beach earthquake hit causing some damage to the church. Following restoration it is supposed that the Westminster School District contracted with the Rev. Ban to use it as a school in the fall. The reason is that the Seventeenth Street School a brick building suffered extensive damage from the severe quake. The building was for sale in 1942 when the Japanese communities in Orange County were being relocated for security reasons to remote places like Poston Arizona and Manzanar California. The Catholic Diocese of Los Angeles purchased the abandoned building that year. Historic St. Isidore Mission Church Los Alamitos. Previously in the 1920s and 30s Mexican American Catholics in the Westminster barrio traveled the four miles to the mission church of St. Isadore 1921 Los Alamitos for Mass and religious instruction. Masses were also held in barrio homes for the convenience of the faithful. The first two pastors of Blessed Sacrament Parish Fathers John McFadden and Robert Ross resided at St. Isidore in 1939. Father Kevin McNally ordained in 1941 at age 27 came to Los Alamitos shortly in the early 1940s. They and the other Columban Fathers were headquartered at the rectory built in 1946 on South Olive Street. The mission church of St. Isidore was assigned to the Columban Fathers in 1941. It had been under the care of the mother Church St. Boniface in Anaheim. If you follow carefully the movement of the Blessed Sacrament mission church you will notice that it’s been moved three times and not four as Blakely observes in her article for the Westminster Herald. She no doubt meant to write that it had been at three previous different locations that this would be its fourth move Bolsa Avenue and Wright the Ball Ranch Westminster and now Fountain Valley. May this veritable mission church building survive another 128 years The Original Bolsa Church now in Fountain Valley now in care of Holy Spirit Parish. LOS ANGELES CA A Monument Stands in East Los Angeles Los Angeles Family Center January 22 and 23rd Getty Museum lectures A Monument Stands in East Los Angeles by Eddie Morin World War II was especially harsh on the Mexican-American citizens since the community experienced an inordinate amount of casualties even as they were oppressed with discrimination in housing employment and educational opportunities. In East Los Angeles one of the largest areas in California that houses citizens of Mexican descent a committee was formed to draw attention to the disparities in human and civil rights despite great sacrifices for freedom’s cause Dedicated to assert that its sons and daughters had earned the right to full citizenship and its attendant benefits the Latin American Civic and Cultural Committee worked tirelessly to raise funds so that a monument could be erected in honor of the Mexican community members who had served so honorably. When the ground was broken one year later a meaningful plaque read December 7 1946 This ground broken for the Erection of a memorial as an Everlasting tribute to the American sons and daughters of Mexican descent who gave all In World War II The site that was picked was ideal a triangular shaped island on Brooklyn Avenue now Cesar E. Chavez Avenue with a smaller island on the opposite side of the street. The area had formerly been called Five-Points. The committee was spearheaded by Zeferino and Julia Ramirez and members of the Chamber of Commerce. Also lending assistance were Pete Aguilar Despart and Raul Morin of VFW Post 4696. The following year the goal was realized and the monument’s inscription read IN MEMORIUM THE MEXICAN COLONY GRATEFULLY DEDICATES THIS MONUMENT TO THE SACRED MEMORY OF THE AMERICAN SOLDIERS OF MEXICAN DESCENT WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN WORLD WAR II 1941-1945 FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY DEDICATED MAY 30 1947 ERECTED BY THE LATIN AMERICAN CIVIC AND CULTURAL COMMITTEE As the monument pointed out the casualty list was long but so too was the list of heroes and the monument became a tradition for Memorial Day observance in East Los Angeles. As a cognitive parallel to events Raul Morin penned his accounts of the Mexican American Medal of Honor recipients of World War II and Korea. The book was a first of its kind and was eagerly received by a public who yearned to know more about its heritage. The accomplishment was a fitting one for Raul Morin who had dedicated himself to veteran and community causes. Raul Morin spoke out and wrote editorials against discriminatory practices he decried the disparity of the grand jury system and was an unrelenting critic of police brutality. He spearheaded the effort to get a park in East Los Angeles named after Eugene Obregon a Medal of Honor recipient. An egregious lack of Hispanic representation in the officiating of boxing events motivated Raul Morin to address the state Sports Commissioner and this resulted in a newsworthy event. Costelo Cruz and Joey Olmos made history as they became California’s first Hispanic referees. As Joey Olmos said I really didn’t think I had a chance to become a referee. Because of Raul Morin’s encouragement I reached that goal.” Raul Morin received invitations to the inaugurations of both John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. He was asked by the Johnson administration to participate on a panel of civil rights along with Vicente T. Ximenez. He also served on Mayor Yorty’s Community Advisory Committee. At Raul Morin’s demise the family received a letter of condolence from the White House expressing their acknowledgement of his service to the nation. The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors also adjourned in his honor but they did something more notable following the suggestion of Commissioner Alarico Ortega and Felix Ontiveros they issued a proclamation naming the park located at the Five-Points area of East Los Angeles as Raul Morin Square. It was officially dedicated on May 7 1968. The monument includes a plaque that states quite simply Raul Morin Soldier Patriot Author and yet it does not begin to tell the entire story. His deeds are remembered fondly and there are many who state that he had a positive influence on their lives but now there are plans to redesign the area and that is where the controversy begins. Because of increased traffic and an expanding Metro system a conversion to a traffic circle at the Five-Points has been planned. There is some debate with the decisions being made by the planners and there is also strong reaction as to what name should be used. Completion for the traffic circle is slated for 2012 but the sorest issue of all is whether to continue calling it “Morin Memorial Square” or to opt for the new version “All Wars Memorial”. Morin Memorial Square was officially dedicated and approved by the Los Angeles City Council with signatures that include Gilbert Lindsay Art Snyder Billy Mills Tom Bradley Enarni Bernardi John Ferraro and the rest who stipulated that it would stand for perpetuity and that it included the area on both sides of the street. Nowhere does the monument mention All Wars in fact it seems to have emanated solely from a committee that is convinced that it is improving matters. Memorial Day 2009 Left to right Manuel Martinez Frank Aragon Eddie Morin and Jerry Jaramillo There is no rational for a change. In fact there is already an All Wars Memorial in East Los Angeles. It is located at Atlantic Boulevard Park on Sixth Street and Atlantic Boulevard 570 S. Atlantic . This has not deterred the All Wars Committee who have gone so far as to insist that the name existed at the Five-Points from the start even though a thorough examination of the facts proves that this is just not so. Ironically some of the members of this so-called All Wars Committee are members of VFW Post 4696 an organization that Raul Morin helped to found. The Morin Committee has as one of its members Rudy Hernandez a recipient of the Congressional Medal of Honor and other Medal of Honor heroes have offered their support too namely Alfred Rascon and Walter Ehlers. The planning committee which includes both sides of the issue along with city engineers will have a meeting in January 2011 to further discuss matters. Developments will be forthcoming. Eddie Morin is the son of Raul Morin and a Vietnam Veteran. He has also written an account of the Mexican American Medal of Honor recipients of that war. Eddie Morin can be reached at eddie_morin@sbcglobal.net . Los Angeles Family Center The reopened Los Angeles Family Center is the second major LDS family history resource in the nation to reflect the new emphasis on digital access and training spaces. The upgraded facility underwent extensive renovation and electronic upgrades. The LAFHC has 54 illuminated monitors 90 new computers and 18 large desk top film readers. One of the more popular features in the quot fish bowl quot rooms were two side by side 70-inch monitors capable of airing live training sessions on family history from any location wired with teleconferencing capabilities in the world. It was demonstrated how teachers could hold classes with specialized experts in their field without anyone having to travel out of state or perhaps out of the country. Church News week ending Nov 27 2010 January 22 and 23rd Getty Museum lectures January 22 7 p.m. Mesoamerichanics Artists Einar and Jamex de la Torre explore their approach to reinterpreting the classics of Mesoamerican sculptured to suite their current circumstance of living on both sides of the Mexican-American border. Jamuary 23 7 p.m. Los Angeles-based documentary filmaker and writer Jesse Lerner - wjhose films have been shown at the Sundance film Festival the Museum of Modern Art and the Guggenheim Musuem - discusses the persistence of ancient Mexican visual culture in the modern imagination and as a theme that runs through his work. CALIFORNIA January 21 - 23 2011 Los Californianos Quarterly Paso Robles Cowboy Coffee by Richard Duree California Spanish Genealogy Compiled by Ron Filion Anuncio de la 2nda Conferencia Anual de la Sociedad Genealogica Nueva Galicia Tiburcio Vasquez's story retold in quot Bandito quot Joaquin Murrieta Robin Hood of El Dorado January 21 - 23 2011 Los Californianos Quarterly Meeting in Paso Robles Our upcoming quarterly meeting will be held in Paso de Robles. The location was selected so we can visit the newly restored Mission San Miguel. But Paso Robles itself is a very interesting place historically and today. You will be able to eat drink shop and sight-see while taking a walking tour of the historic downtown buildings including The Granary used in the 1880s for flour production and storage is now the home of Cool Hand Luke’s Restaurant and Bar. The Municipal Bath House Built by and for the City today is Powell's Sweet Shoppe. The Cosmopolitan Hotel began as a bar and rooming house as early as the 1860s and today it is the Pine Street Saloon. The Paso Robles Children's Museum is housed in the Paso Robles Firehouse built in 1930's. Information on 75 wineries in town and the walking tour will be in your registration packets. The Anglim Winery occupies the Historic Paso Robles Railroad Depot. Beer lovers will want to visit the Firestone-Walker Brewery amp Tasting Room. Firestone-Walker Brewing Co. is an award winning microbrewery featuring fresh unpasteurized pale ales. The River Oaks Hot Springs Spa is just north of town. We have a scheduled tour of the Paso Robles Pioneer Museum. It contains artifacts from early Indian settlements vintage farm and ranching equipment antique vehicles clothing and hundreds of items from pioneer homes and businesses. A restored one room school house built in 1886 and the area’s first brick jail are on the property. The Paso Robles Area Historical Society in the Carnegie Library located in the downtown City Park has photographs and documents of the history of North San Luis Obispo County. including the San Luis Obispo County Title/Patent books 1850-1946. San Miguel is seven miles north of Paso Robles where we tour the Rios Caledonia Adobe built under the direction of Petronilo Rios. From 1860-1886 it served as an Inn and Stage stop on the road from San Francisco to Los Angeles. Our major event is the afternoon tour of the newly renovated Mission San Miguel will be led by John Warren historian and Curator of the San Miguel Mission Museum. After repairs from earthquake damage the mission church is once again a busy popular wedding site. Joseph Barnes negotiated a time for us to see it. After a happy hour and dinner at the Mission San Miguel Auditorium art historian Pamela Huckins and Julianne Burton-Carvajal PhD. present quot The Legacy of Esteban Munras Painted Walls and Family Documents. quot Esteban Munras is credited in designing the painted decoration of the church and sacristy at Mission San Miguel and supervising the Native Americans who painted them. Mission San Miguel is the only one of our 21 missions that retains its original decorative scheme intact. Our Sunday morning brunch and general membership meeting will start at 10 00 a.m. at the San Miguel Mission auditorium. Our speaker will be Wallace Ohles on quot The Lands of Mission San Miguel and Rancho El Paso de Robles. quot Mr. Ohles is a member of Friends of the Adobes since 1971 for which he authored the book Lands of Mission San Miguel. Headquarters Holiday Inn Express Hotel amp Suites 2455 Riverside Ave Paso Robles CA 93446 805-238-6500 Special Room Rate $99 + tax per night also Thursday Jan 20 and Sunday Jan 23 Hotel Reservation Deadline Monday Jan 5th Call Now REGISTRATION FORM ATTACHED. Meeting Registration due January 15 2011 Questions Call Joseph Barnes at 661-254-1642 or email jebsep@yahoo Cowboy Coffee by Richard Duree A cup of real Cowboy Coffee will make a believer out of the most skeptical and finicky coffee drinker. It's quot black as death strong as love sweet as sin hot as hell. quot And it's smooth as silk without a trace of bitterness. Here's how the experts do it. You need a metal pot with a wide base and narrow top. Add the amount of water you wish to brew and measure an appropriate amount of freshly ground coffee beans. Just pour the ground coffee onto the top of the water then with the lid off heat the water until it just comers to a boil. Remove the port from the heat and pour a cupful of cold water over the coffee grounds give it a minute or so to settle the grounds. Then pour off a cup sample and and toss the remainder of the cup don't know why but that's what the expert said to do . At the point the coffee is ready to serve. It takes about 50% more coffee than a normal drip coffee process. There is some disagreement among experts whether or not to add cold water some say the grounds will settle in about five minutes without the cold waters. An alternative method is to just remove the lid from the pot for a minute or so to the let the grounds cool. Editor I found this description very interesting because I remember watching my Mom under the direction of my Dad prepare coffee in this way . I remember being puzzled by the act of pouring cold water into a pot that was brewing hot coffee. Why would you cool off the coffee and stir up the grounds Apparently because it worked. Richard Duree is president of the Living History Society of Mission San Juan Capistrano. California Spanish Genealogy Compiled by Ron Filion for SFgenealogy SOLDIERS OF THE ANZA 1775 EXPEDITION As the soldiers of Anza's expedition were the founders and first settlers of the city of San Francisco it becomes a matter of historical importance to know who and what they were. They left their imprint on the civilization of California and their names are as familiar as household words to all who know the country. The list is now given for the first time and the particulars concerning the families were taken from the Spanish archives of California destroyed by the fire of 1906. In giving the members of the families I only enumerate the children accompanying the expedition. Many more were born in California. 1. Ensign José Joaquin Moraga was born in 1741 died in San Francisco and was buried July 15 1785 in the mission church whose corner stone he laid in 1782. Moraga was an able assistant to Anza and received his commission as lieutenant on the arrival of the expedition at San Gabriel. He accompanied his commander on the survey of the peninsula and river of San Francisco and on Anza's departure for Mexico took command of the expedition. He founded the presidio and mission of San Francisco and was the first commander retaining the position until his death nine years later. He founded the mission of Santa Clara in 1777 and in the same year the pueblo of San José Guadalupe San José . His record as an officer is an honorable and stainless one. His wife was María del Pilar de Leon y Barcelo. She did not accompany the expedition being sick in Terrenate at the time but with her son Gabriel joined her husband in San Francisco February 20 1791 the government paying the cost of transportation three hundred and eighty dollars and twenty-five cents. The only child of Moraga I find any record of was his son Gabriel born at the presidio of Fronteras Sonora in 1765 buried in Santa Barbara California June 15 1823 married first Ana María daughter of Juan Francisco Bernal second Joaquina daughter of Francisco Javier Alvarado and sister of Pio Pico's wife. Don Gabriel enlisted in the San Francisco company December 1 1783 and served for twenty-two years as private corporal and sergeant at the presidios of San Francisco and Monterey and in command of various mission escoltas of those districts. On March 10 1806 he received his commission as alférez and was assigned to the San Francisco garrison. On August 16 1811 he was made brevet lieutenant for gallantry in a battle with the Indians on the strait of Carquines and on October 30 1817 he was made a full lieutenant and ordered to Santa Barbara. His hoja de servicios of December 1820 shows thirty-seven years service and forty-six expeditions against the Indians. He applied for retirement on account of chronic rheumatism and other infirmities and Governor Sola Captain José Darío Argüello and other officers as well as padres Señan and Payeras testified in terms of highest praise regarding his character and the value of his services but no attention was paid to his request. In 1806 Moraga explored and named the San Joaquin river and he made a number of expeditions to and beyond the Tulares. Don Gabriel is described as a tall well built man of dark complexion brave gentlemanly and the foremost soldier of his day in California. His son Joaquin was grantee of Rancho Laguna de los Palos Colorados in Contra Costa county and a portion of Moraga valley on said rancho is still in possession of his descendants. Another son Vicente was grantee of Pauba in Riverside county. 2. Sergeant Juan Pablo Grijalva was born in La Valle de San Luis Sonora in 1742 died in San Diego California June 21 1806. He enlisted in the presidial company of Terrenate Sonora January 1 1763 and served twenty-four years in the ranks before he received a commission—eleven of them at the presidio of San Francisco. On the 20th of July 1787 he was commissioned alférez and attached to the San Diego company. In 1796 he applied for retirement on account of infirmities contracted during his long services. Governor Borica endorsed his application recommending that he be retired with the rank of lieutenant as a reward for his services to the king. He was retired as alférez with half pay—two hundred dollars a year. The following November he was made lieutenant his pension remaining the same. Grijalva brought with him in the expedition his wife María Dolores Valencia and three children María Josefa age nine María del Carmen age four and Claudio a baby. Josefa married Sergeant Antonio Yorba who came with Portolá in 1769 as sergeant of Catalan volunteers. She became the mother of one of California's great families grantees of Santa Ana de Santiago Las Bolsas and Lomas de Santiago. Carmen married Pedro Regalado Peralta son of Gabriel. Of Claudio I know nothing. The name of Grijalva died out in California. 3. Corporal Domingo Alviso lived but a short time after reaching San Francisco. He was buried March 11 1777 and the libro de difuntos gives neither age nor place of birth. With him came his wife María Angela Trejo and four children Francisco Javier age ten Francisco age nine María Loreta age five and Ignacio age three. The family became a large and influential one and were grantees of Natividad Cañada Verde y Arroyo de la Purisima Milpitas Potrero de los Cerritos El Quito Cañada de los Vaqueros and Rincon de los Esteros. The town of Alviso was named for Ignacio. 4. Corporal José Valerio Mesa was born in 1734 in Opodepe a mission on the Horcasitas river a little above San Miguel in Sonora. His wife María Leonor Barboa and six children born at the presidio of Altar accompanied him to California. They were José Joaquin age twelve José Ignacio age nine Ignacio Dolores age eight María Manuela age seven José Antonio and Juan age three. Valerio's grandson Juan Prado son of José Antonio became an ensign and comandante of San Francisco under Vallejo. This family received the following grants San Antonio Santa Clara county Los Médanos Rinconada del Arroyo de San Francisquito and Soulajule. 5. Corporal Gabriel Peralta was born at the presidio of Terrenate in Sonora in 1731 died in Santa Clara California October 22 1807. His wife Francisca Javier Valenzuela and four children Juan José age eighteen Luis María age seventeen Pedro Regalado age eleven and María Gertrudis age nine accompanied the expedition. Luis María enlisted in the Monterey company December 2 1781 and served in the ranks for forty-five years. He was eight years a private twelve years a corporal and twenty-five years a sergeant. He was a soldier engaged in many expeditions against the Indians and was several times recommended for promotion to the commission grade of alférez but never received it. He was retired invalido in 1826 and died in San José in 1851 aged ninety-three. On June 20 1820 Don Pablo Vicente de Sola governor of California granted to Sergeant Luis Peralta the San Antonio rancho eleven square leagues—48 825 acres perhaps the most famous as well as the most valuable of all the California grants. It includes the sites of the cities of Oakland Alameda and Berkeley. The Rinconada de los Gatos the Cañada del Corte Madera and the San Ramon ranchos were also given to the descendants of Corporal Peralta. 6. Juan Antonio Amézquita was born in Metape Sonora in 1739. He enlisted at the presidio of Tubac July 9 1764 and was retired invalido November 1 1788. On October 1 1786 he was transferred to Monterey where in 1813 he was living with his third wife María Micaela Sotelo. Juan Antonio's wife Juana María de Guana and five children Manuel Domingo age twenty-three María Josefa age twenty María Dolores age ten María Gertrudis age about three and María de los Reyes a babe came with the expedition. With this family was Rosalia Zamora wife of the oldest son Manuel Domingo—who was also called Salvador Manuel and Manuel Francisco. María Josefa became the wife of Ensign Hermenegildo Sal. 7. José Ramon Bojorques born in the city of Sinaloa in 1737 brought with him his wife Francisca Romero and three children María Antonia age fifteen wife of José Tiburcio Vasquez María Micaela age thirteen and María Gertrudis age twelve. With the family was the husband of María Micaela José Anastacio Higuera. 8. Justo Roberto Altamirano was born in Aguage Sonora in 1745. He brought with him his wife María Loreta Delfin and two sons José Antonio and José Matias. Matias died in 1783 and José Antonio in 1789. Justo Roberto had a number of children born in San Francisco and Santa Clara but the name has died out in California. 9. Ignacio Linares was born in San Miguel de Horcasitas in 1745 died in San José Guadalupe California June 5 1805. His wife María Gertrudis Rivas and four children María Gertrudis age seven Juan José Ramon age five María Juliana age four and Salvador age one came with the expedition. 10. Carlos Gallegos brought his wife María Josefa Espinosa but no children. I know nothing about him except that he was sent to the mission of the Colorado and was killed by the Yumas in the rising of 1781. The above ten constitute the veteran soldiers of the Sonora presidios who volunteered to cast their lot in California. The recruits were 11. Juan Salvio Pacheco lived but a short time in California. I do not know the date or place of his birth. He died before July 21 1777 but the family he founded became a large one. He brought with him to California his wife María del Carmen del Valle and five children Miguel age twenty Ignacio age fifteen Ignacia Gertrudis age fifteen Bartolomé Ignacio age ten and María Barbara age ten. Juan Salvio's descendants were grantees of Potrero de los Cerritos Arroyo de las Nueces Santa Rita San José Rancho San Ramon Monte del Diablo and Positos ranchos. The towns of Pacheco in Contra Costa and Pacheco in Mann counties are named for this family. 12. José Antonio Garcia was born in Culiacan Sonora and died in Santa Clara California January 25 1778 the first death recorded gente de razon on the books of that mission. His wife María Josefa de Acuña and five children María Graciana María Josefa José Vicente José Francisco and Juan Guillermo accompanied the expedition. 13. Pablo Pinto was born in the city of Sinaloa in 1732 buried in San Francisco December 1 1783. He brought with him his wife Francisca Javier Ruelas and four children Juan María age seventeen Juana Santos Juana Francisca and José Marcelo. The husband of Juana Santos Casimiro Varela accompanied the family. Another daughter of Pablo Pinto was with the expedition—Teresa wife of the poblador Nicolas Galindo. The marriage of Juana Francisca to Mariano Cordero a soldier of the Monterey garrison November 28 1776 is the first marriage recorded in the libro de casamientos of San Francisco. 14. Antonio Quiterio Aceves was born in La Valle de San Bartolomé Durango in 1740. He brought with him his wife María Feliciana Cortes and six children María Petra age thirteen José Cipriano age eleven María Gertrudis age six Juan Gregorio age five Pablo age three and José Antonio age two. Aceves was granted the Salinas rancho four leagues on the Salinas river in 1795 one of the earliest grants. 15. Ignacio María Gutierrez brought his wife Ana María de Osuna and three children María Petronia age ten María de Los Santos age seven and Diego Pascual born on the Gila en route. 16. Ignacio de Soto was born in the city of Sinaloa in 1749 and died in Santa Clara California February 23 1807. His wife María Barbara Espinosa de Lugo was a sister of the soldier Francisco de Lugo whose daughter María Antonia became the mother of General Vallejo. She with two children María Antonia age two and José Antonio age one accompanied her husband. The first white child born in San Francisco was Francisco José de los Dolores Soto son of Ignacio and Barbara born August 10 1776. The child was hastily baptized ab instantem mortem but he lived to become a great Indian fighter and died in 1835 a sargento distinguido. I have a record of fourteen children born in California to Ignacio and Barbara Lugo de Soto and their descendants were grantees of the following ranchos Cañada de la Segunda El Piojo San Matias San Lorenzo Cañada de la Carpintería Cañada del Hambre Capay San Vicente Los Vallecitos and Bolsa Nueva. 17. José Manuel Valencia was born in Guadalupe Zacatecas Mexico in 1749 and died in Santa Clara California in 1788. His wife María de la Luz Muños and three children accompanied him to California. The children were María Gertrudis age fifteen years Francisco María age eight and Ignacio María age three. His descendants were granted Alcanes rancho and Cañada de Pinole. 18. Luis Joaquin Alvarez was born in the city of Sinaloa in 1740. He brought with him his wife María Nicolosa Ortiz and two children Juan Francisco and María Francisca. 19. José Antonio Sanchez was born in the city of Sinaloa in1751. He brought his wife María de los Dolores Morales and two children María Josefa age seven and José Antonio age two also Ignacio Cardenas a prohijado—adopted son. Sanchez was a man of some education and wrote a beautiful hand. The family became prominent in San Francisco and José Antonio second became ensign and comandante of San Francisco and famous for his skill and courage as an Indian fighter. In 1827 he was permitted to occupy the rancho nacional which was afterwards formally granted him. This was the great Buri Buri rancho immediately south of the city and county of San Francisco comprising 15 793 acres now belonging in part to the Spring Valley Water Company. In 1836 José Antonio 2d was retired with forty-five years' service to his credit. He passed the rest of his life on his rancho and at the mission of Dolores. He appears on a padron of San Francisco in 1842 as an hacendado farmer . He was a brave and honest man and somewhat given to asserting his rights. He became involved in a controversy with the priests over the question of tithes which Sanchez following the example of Vallejo and other prominent landowners refused to pay. In consequence of this quarrel he was denied the comforts of religion on his death bed and for a time Christian burial. He died June 22 1843 and was finally given ecclesiastic interment in the cemetery of the mission on July 5th. His son Francisco grandson of Anza' s trooper was comandante of San Francisco at the time of the conquest and was the Captain Sanchez who captured Alcalde Bartlett and commanded the Mexican forces at the battle of Santa Clara. Francisco was granted the San Pablo rancho. 20. Manuel Ramirez Arellano was born in Puebla in 1742 and brought with him his wife María Agueda de Haro and son José Mariano. He was retired in 1786 and removed to Los Angeles. He had three children born in Santa Clara and three more born in Los Angeles. The family was quite prominent in the south and the name became changed to Arellanes. Manuel Ramirez was alcalde of Los Angeles in 1790 and his daughter María Martina married Don Ignacio Martinez later comandante of San Francisco and was the mother of some of California's famous beauties. Don Teodoro Arellanes son of Manuel born in Santa Clara November 5 1782 is mentioned by Davis Robinson and other writers as a ranchero prince. The family obtained the Guadalupe El Rincon and La Punta de la Laguna ranchos. 21. Joaquin Isidro de Castro was born in the city of Sinaloa in 1732. He brought with him his wife María Martina Botiller and nine children Ignacio Clemente age twenty María Josefa age eighteen María Encarnanacion age twelve María del Carmen age ten José Mariano age 9 José Joaquin age six Francisco María age two Francisco Antonio and Cárlos. This was a very large family and became connected by marriage with most of the prominent families of California. One granddaughter married Governor Alvarado and another married Cárlos Antonio Carrillo and became mother of five beautiful daughters all of whom married Americans. One of the earliest grants of land in California was made to Joaquin Isidro who together with his son-in-law Mariano Soberanes was granted Buena Vista on the Salinas river in 1795. In 1801 Castro was given La Brea. His sons and grandsons were given the following ranchos and islands Aptos Del Refugio El Sobrante Laguna de Teche Las Llagas Las Paicines Las Animas San Andrés San Gregorio San Lorenzo San Pablo San Ramon Shoquel Solis Vega del Rio del Pájero Isla de la Yegua Mare Island and Isla de Yerba Buena. The Castros of Monterey and the Castros of San Francisco call each other cousin. General José Castro belonged to the Monterey family. 22. Felipe Santiago Tapia born in Culiacan in 1745 brought his wife Juana María Filomena Hernandes or Juana María Cardenas and the following children José Bartolomé Juan José José Cristoval José Francisco José Victor María Rosa age fifteen María Antonia age thirteen María Manuela age ten and María Ysidora age four. José Bartolomé who settled at San Luis Obispo was grantee of Topanga Malibu rancho in 1804. His son Tiburcio was granted Cucamonga rancho. 23. Juan Francisco Bernal born in Rancho del Tule in the district of Sinaloa in 1737 brought his wife María Josefa de Soto sister of Ignacio and seven children José Joaquin age thirteen Juan Francisco age twelve José Dionisio age ten José Apolonario age nine Ana Maria age five María Teresa de Jesus age three and Tomás Januario. This family received the following lands Rincon de las Salinas y Potrero Viejo South San Francisco Rincon de Ballena Santa Teresa Laguna de Palos Colorados Embarcadero de Santa Clara El Alisal and Cañada de Pala. Bernal Heights San Francisco is a part of Rincon de Salinas. 24. Juan Atanasio Vasquez born in Agualulco Sonora in 1735 brought his wife María Gertrudis Castelo and three children José Tiburcio age twenty José Antonio age ten and Pedro José. This family received Corral de Tierra Chamisal and Soulajule ranchos. 25. Juan Agustin Valenzuela born in Real de los Alamos Sonora in 1749 brought his wife Petra Ignacio de Ochoa and one child María Zepherin. 26. Santiago de la Cruz Pico was born in San Miguel de Horcasitas in 1733. In 1777 he was transferred from San Francisco to the San Diego presidio and founded a large family in the south. His sons all enlisted in the presidial companies as did the sons of the other soldiers and one José Dolores being transferred to Monterey founded the northern branch of the family. Santiago brought with him to California his wife María Jacinta Vastida and seven children all born in San Javier de Cabazan on the Rio Piastla Sonora. The children were José Dolores age twelve José María age eleven José Miguel age seven Francisco Javier age six Patricio age five María Antonia Tomasa and María Josefa. José María son of Santiago was the father of Pio Pico the last Mexican governor of California. Andrés another son of José María was perhaps the ablest member of the family of Pico. He was in command of the Californians at the battle of San Pascual and was present and took part in the engagements at the San Gabriel river and La Mesa. As commander of the national forces in California he signed the capitulation of Cahuenga January 13 1847 which ended the war. He was member of the assembly in 1851 presidential elector 1852 land receiver and brigadier general of militia 1858 and state senator 1860-1. Antonio María son of Dolores was lieutenant of militia captain of defensores member of constitutional convention presidential elector in 1860 and register of the land office at Los Angeles in 1862. Another son of Dolores José de Jesus was captain of defensores. He broke his parole and was captured and condemned to death but was pardoned by Frémont whom he assisted in bringing about the treaty of Cahuenga. The descendants of Santiago de la Cruz Pico received the following grants Agua Caliente Arroyo Seco Bolsa de San Cayetano Piedra Blanca El Pescadero Jumal La Habra Los Flores Moquelamo El Paso de Bartolo Viejo Punto del Año Nuevo San José del Gracia de Simi Santa Margarita Temecula Valle de San José and Casa Loma. 27. José Vicente Felix was born in Real de los Alamos Sonora in 1741. His wife Manuela Piñcuelar was the woman who died in childbirth the first night out from Tubac. Seven children came with the expedition José Francisco José Doroteo José de Jesus José Antonio Capistrano María Loreta María Antonia and Maria Manuela. José Vicente was transferred to the San Diego company before 1782 and in 1802 or earlier was given the Felix rancho just north of the pueblo of Los Angeles—now within the city bounds. 28. Sebastian Antonio Lopez brought his wife Felipa Neri or Felipa Xermana and three children Sebastian María Tomasa and María Justa. I have no information about this family. 29. José Antonio Sotelo died in San Francisco January 20 1777 the second death recorded in the libro de difuntos. The name of his wife is given by Pedro Font as Gertrudis Peralta but the above register has it Manuela Gertrudis Buelna. They brought one child Ramon. 30. Pedro Antonio Bojorques born in Sinaloa in 1754 brought his wife María Francisca de Lara and daughter María Agustina age four. The wife died January 28 1777 the third death in San Francisco and Pedro married the widow of Corporal Domingo Alviso María Angela Trejo on the 20th of July following. His son Bartolomé was grantee of Laguna de San Antonio six leagues in Marin county. Accompanying the expedition were four families of settlers pobladores and three solteros bachelors . The families were 1. José Manuel Gonzales with his wife María Micaela Bojorques and children Juan José Ramon Francisco and María Gregoria. José Manuel was made a poblador of San José Guadalupe. 2. Nicolas Galindo born in Real de Santa Eulalia in 1743 brought with him his wife María Teresa Pinto daughter of Pablo and one child Juan Venancio one year old. Nicolas enlisted in the San Francisco company and served until 1794 when he was retired and his son José Rafael took his place. José Antonio Galindo son of Juan Venancio received on September 23 1835 the first grant of land in San Francisco La Laguna de la Merced twenty-two hundred and twenty acres in the southwestern part of the city and county. On May 12 1837 Galindo sold this rancho to Francisco de Haro for one hundred cows and twenty-five dollars in goods. It now belongs to the Spring Valley Water Company and is valued at four million dollars. Galindo also received in 1835 the Sausalito rancho which he sold to William A. Richardson the following year. Other members of this family received town lots in San Francisco and the lands of the Santa Clara mission. A granddaughter of Nicolas Galindo married James Alexander Forbes English consul at Monterey. 3. Nicolas Antonio Berreyesa born in Sinaloa in 1761 was accompanied by his sister Isabel age twenty-two both unmarried. Nicolas married Gertrudis daughter of Gabriel Peralta and Isabel married Juan José Peralta her brother. Nicolas enlisted in the San Francisco company October 1 1782. His son José de los Reyes born in Santa Clara January 6 1785 was one of the first victims of the war of conquest. He was a retired sergeant with thirty-seven years’ service to his credit. He was killed June 28 1846 by Frémont's men as he landed from a boat at San Rafael on his way to Sonoma to visit his son who was alcalde at that place. With him were two sons of Francisco de Haro Francisco and Ramon bearers of dispatches from Castro to his lieutenant Joaquin de la Torre. José Reyes Berreyesa was owner of the land on which the New Almaden quicksilver mines were situated The members of this family received the following grants Cañada de Capay Rincon de Musulacon Chirules San Vicente Malacomes Milpitas and Las Putas. Nicolas wrote his name Berrelleza. 4. María Feliciana Arballo widow of José Gutierrez accompanied the expedition with her two little girls María Tomasa Gutierrez age six and María Estaquia Gutierrez age four. She left the expedition at San Gabriel where on March 6 1776 she was married to Juan Francisco Lopez a soldier of the guard. The marriage ceremony was performed by Fray Francisco Garcés missionary to the Colorado river tribes who it will be remembered Anza had left at the junction of the rivers. Garcés had gone up the Colorado to visit the Mojaves and had crossed the Mojave desert arriving at San Gabriel after the expedition had passed up the coast. Little María Estaquia thirteen years later married José María Pico whom she had first known when a boy of eleven he accompanied his family with the expedition. She became the mother of Pio Pico. María Feliciana had by her second husband María Ignacia de la Candelaria Lopez who married Joaquin Carrillo of San Diego and became the mother of General Vallejo's wife and four other daughters whose loveliness is duly recorded in the pages of this historia verdadera. After her husband's death María Ignacia Lopez de Carrillo who was a most beautiful woman was granted in 1841 the rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa in Sonoma county where she lived with her son Ramon. She is buried in the ruined mission of San Francisco Solano at Sonoma. Her remains were laid under the font where it would receive the holy water that fell from the hands of devout worshippers. The three solteros were Don Francisco Muños Pedro Perez de la Fuente Marcos Villela. Villela became a poblador at San José Guadalupe. Of the others I know nothing. Source Eldredge Zoeth Skinner. The Beginnings of San Francisco. 1912 San Francisco. Note 12. Submitted by Ron Filion to SFGenealogy GO HOME ANUNCIO DE LA 2NDA CONFERENCIA ANUAL DE LA SOCIEDAD GENEALOGICA NUEVA GALICIA La Sociedad Genealógica Nueva Galicia enfocada en estudios genealógicos coloniales del área Nueva Galicia de México se le hace sumamente grato hacerles saber que la 2nda Conferencia anual será realizada en Rancho Cucamonga California aproximadamente 45 millas al este de Los Ángeles el próximo 30 de Abril del 2011. La conferencia presentará al Dr. Eric Van Young Profesor de Historia en la Universidad de California en San Diego quien dará una charla sobre la historia colonial de Guadalajara y sus familias latifundistas. Otro conferencista será el Sr. Arturo Ramos moderador de Nuestros Ranchos un sitio de web sobre la Genealogía Méxicana cuyas charlas se centrarán en las investigaciones del Archivo General de México City y PARES dos Archivos en línea. También vamos a tener a otros presentadores. Si estas interesado en atender esta conferencia por favor ponte en contacto con Rosalinda Ruíz al NGGSConference@yahoo . Necesitamos poder proyectar el número de personas interesadas antes del 30 de Agosto de 2010 hay asientos limitados . La registración comenzará el 1 de Octubre del 2010. El sitio en línea de la Sociedad Genealógica Nueva Galicia es http // nuevagalicia.org/index.htm. Rosalinda Ruiz lareina2@ix.netcom Tiburcio Vasquez's story retold in quot Bandito quot Carl Nolte Chronicle Staff Writer Sunday Novr 21 2010 http // sfgate /cgi-bin/article.cgi file=/c/a/2010/11/21/MNS51GECOA.DTL In the dusky light of an autumn evening this part of the world looks a little unreal half in shadows half lit by the setting sun. It is no wonder so many myths have sprung up around California. The Gold Rush is one of the most enduring. A bonanza a mother lode of solid gold is found in the hills and thousands of people come to California from all over the world in search of a new life. They are pioneers intrepid men and woman who found a great state in the Wild West. The Gold Rush the historian Kevin Starr said once is part of the DNA of California. The reality was a bit different. Though most of the pioneers were good people plenty were not gunmen and robbers tough guys who would kill in the blink of an eye. They preyed particularly on the Indians and the earlier Spanish-speaking settlers people who called themselves Californios. The Americans who took California also squatted on the land took what they wanted and pushed the Californios aside. John Boessenecker a San Francisco lawyer and historian describes what happened next quot The Gold Rush quot he writes quot more than anything else completely changed the lives of the Californios and began their rapid economic and political decline ... Californios especially the peones vaqueros and campesinos became a displaced people. quot But out of this experience grew another myth - the noble outlaw who robbed the rich and spared the poor who avenged the crimes of the evil men who had stolen the land a handsome dashing bandito who was a combination of Robin Hood and Zorro. This was Tiburcio Vasquez the grandson of the men and women who founded both San Francisco and San Jose a charming robber who terrorized the state for years. Boessenecker is perhaps the country's leading authority on Vasquez and his new book quot Bandito quot University of Oklahoma Press tells the story. Vasquez was born in Monterey in 1835 and driven by a hatred of the Americans he called gringos led a life of crime. He was a robber and a thief and was involved in at least nine killings. He frequented San Francisco's Barbary Coast committed crimes up and down California and led four bloody prison breaks from San Quentin. Once he and his gang seized an entire small town. Vasquez was as famous as Jesse James in his day. The Chicago Tribune called him quot the most noted desperado of modern times. quot He had another side. Vasquez was a cultured man fluent in both English and Spanish. quot He had a magnetic personality quot Boessenecker said. quot He danced he sang he read novels he wrote poetry. He was extremely gregarious. He was a gentleman bandit. quot Vasquez also was careful about his own people. quot He was highly popular among the Californios quot Boessenecker said quot He paid for his lodging he paid for his food. He didn't rob Hispanic people. quot And the Californios protected him - he lived among them when he was on the run. To them he was a hero. Vasquez was finally captured in Southern California sent north to be tried for robbery and murder and found guilty. A huge crowd attended his hanging in San Jose on March 19 1875. quot I am innocent of murder and am not afraid to die quot he said just before he was hanged. In one sense Tiburcio Vasquez did not die. There are Tiburcio Vasquez health clinics in southern Alameda County and a county park and high school in Los Angeles County are named for him. But what is the truth about Vasquez Boessenecker has studied him for over 40 years. quot The idea of noble bandit is uniform in all cultures quot Boessenecker said quot but in the final analysis he was a robber. quot Was he a killer too quot He always said he never killed anyone quot Boessenecker said. quot He said the other guy did it. quot quot The story of Tiburcio Vasquez quot Boessenecker writes quot is shrouded in mystery and myth. quot E-mail Carl Nolte at cnolte@sfchronicle . http //sfgate /cgi-bin/article.cgi f=/c/a/2010/11/21/MNS51GECOA.DTL This article appeared on page A - 2 of the San Francisco Chronicle © 2010 Hearst Communications Inc. Sent by John Arvizu hot_ss@yahoo Joaquin Murrieta Robin Hood of El Dorado Sent by Art Guevara amp The Cross Creek Cowboys Re-enactors Joaquin Murrieta sometimes spelled Murieta or Murietta ca. 1829–July 25 1853 also called the Mexican or Chilean Robin Hood or the Robin Hood of El Dorado was a semi-legendary figure in California during the California Gold Rush of the 1850s. He was either an infamous bandit or a Mexican patriot depending on one's point of view. 2 Murrieta was partly the inspiration for the fictional character of Zorro. His name has for some political activists symbolized resistance against Anglo-American economic and cultural domination in California. The "Association of Descendants of Joaquin Murrieta" is devoted to putting forth that Murrieta was not a "gringo eater " but instead that "He wanted to retrieve the part of Mexico that was lost at that time in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo." 3 Bitter dispute surrounds the figure of Joaquin Murrieta who he was what he did and many of his life's events. This is well summarized by the words of historian Susan Lee Johnson "So many tales have grown up around Murrieta that it is hard to disentangle the fabulous from the factual. There seems to be a consensus that Anglos drove him from a rich mining claim and that in rapid succession his wife was raped his half-brother lynched and Murrieta himself horse-whipped. He may have worked as a monte dealer for a time then according to whichever version one accepts he became either a horse trader and occasional horse thief or a bandit." 2 Murrieta's head The Rangers severed Three-Fingered Jack's hand and the alleged Murrieta's head as proof of the outlaws' deaths and preserved them in a jar of alcohol. 2 The jar was displayed in Mariposa County Stockton and San Francisco and later traveled throughout California spectators could pay $1 to see them. Seventeen people including a Catholic priest signed affidavits identifying the head as Murrieta's alias Carrillo enabling Love and his Rangers accordingly received the reward money. However 25 years later O. P. Stidger claimed that he heard Murrieta's sister say that the head was not her brother's. 5 At around the same time numerous sightings of old man Murrieta were reported. A few people claimed that Capt. Love failed to display the head at the mining camps which was not true. 6 It was even alleged by an anonymous Los Angeles based correspondent to the San Francisco Alta California Daily in August 1853 that Love and his Rangers murdered some innocent Mexican mustang catcher and bribed people to swear out affidavits. The preserved head was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES Luis Saul Moscoso elected to Washington Legislature Cesar A. Rico Rodriguez honored panelist of Seattle Museum of Flight Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission Serving the Treaty Tribes of Western Washington Luis Saul Moscoso Iowa Alum amp Dubuque Native elected to Washington State Legislature Union man just got elected in the Washington State House of Representatives. He was sworn in as Representative of the 1st Legislative District in the courtroom of Judge Marcine Anderson King County District Court Shoreline. Luis is the first Hispanic male to serve in the Legislature in 14 years since with the retirement of Emilio Cantu 41 LD in 1996. He is proud to join two long-serving Latinas Senator Margarita Prentice and Representative Phyllis Gutierrez Kenney as the only three Hispanics in the State Legislature for the 2011-2013 Biennium. Sent Rafael Ojeda Tacoma WA RSNOJEDA@aol Rafael Ojeda with Cesar A. Rico Rodriguez For more information please contact education@museumofflight.org or info@museumofflight.org The Museum of Flight 9404 East Marginal Way South Seattle WA 98108 Sent by Rafael Ojeda rsnojeda@aol In observation of Veterans Day on Saturday November 13 2010 the Seattle Museum of Flight presented a special panel honoring and recognizing the contributions of America's veterans. The event hosted four combat pilots who flew jets and achieved aerial victories in many of America's recent conflicts. Special guests of honor were Chuck DeBellevue recognized by the USAF as an Ace for his six aerial victories over MiGs in the Vietnam conflict Cesar Rodriguez who flew an F-15 over Kosovo and in the first Gulf War attaining a total of three aerial victories Robert Titus who gained two victories while flying the F-4 now on display in the Museum and John A. Madden Jr. who scored three aerial victories. The program started at 2 p.m. in the William M. Allen Theater. A FREE Educator Open House was held on Thursday Nov. 11 from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Panelist left to right John A. Madden Chuck DeBellevue Robert Titus Cesar A. Rico Rodriguez Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission Serving the Treaty Trib es of Western Washington Oct 25th 2010 • Category NWIFC Blog Today’s press release from the Department of Labor http //nwifc.org/2010/10/lummi-fishermen-receive-more-than-3-million-in-economic-relief/ Lummi Nation fishermen will receive more than $3 million in assistance from the U.S. Department of Labor it was announced today. Lummi fishermen have been among the most affected by the decline of Fraser River sockeye salmon. The U.S. Department of Labor today announced a $3 390 568 grant to assist about 300 workers affected by fishing industry layoffs in the Lummi Nation located near Bellingham Wash. “Layoffs in the fishing industry constitute a serious crisis for this community ” said Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis. “Just as we are committed to helping workers in other communities across the country we will ensure these workers get the opportunity to acquire the skills needed to promptly enter good jobs that pay family-supporting wages and offer real opportunities for advancement.” Awarded to and operated by the Lummi Nation this grant will assist fishermen dislocated as a result of the decline in sockeye salmon. The affected workers will have access to dislocated worker services which may include basic skills training individual career counseling and occupational skills training to help them transition to stronger areas of the tribal economy. The Lummi tribal development plan indicates that job opportunities are available in Lummi- and state-owned fish hatcheries as well as metal fabrication outboard motor repair and equipment parts businesses. Of the $3 390 568 announced today $847 644 will be released initially. Additional funding up to the amount approved will be made available as the grantee demonstrates a continued need for assistance. National Emergency Grants are part of the secretary of labor’s discretionary fund and are awarded based on an applicant’s ability to meet specific guidelines. The Seattle Native Circle is part of The Native Circle. Please visit the website for more information and previous newsletters. http //thenativecircle.org/NC Cities/Seattle/Seattlehome.html Contact us at thenativecircle@gmail Sent by Don Milligan donmilligan@comcast.net SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 'Silk Stocking' trooper served on Mexican border by Carl Henry Marcoux El Paso Museum of History Opens January 2011 Family History Expo Kicks Off 2011 in Mesa Southwest’s Mexican Roots The Untold Stories By David E. Hayes-Bautista 'Silk Stocking' trooper served on Mexican border November 04 2010 By CARL HENRY MARCOUX http //articles.ocregister /2010-11-04/news/24821256_1_mexican-border-regiment-cornelius-vanderbilt/2 The Orange County Register Orange County California invited residents to share family stories of how the Mexican Revolution had affected their family. The series organized by Ron Gonzales News Team Leader consisted of 14 articles and reflected the diversity of experiences and adaptations made by migrating families. The December issues of Somos Primos included 13 articles. The Silk Stocking article conclude the entire series. Carl Henry Marcoux author of the article is an 83 year old Retired insurance executive writer and historian who holds a doctorate in history from UC Riverside. Mr. Marcoux explains on his father's experience quot It got me interested in Mexico. I did my dissertation on Mexican politics – on Plutarco Calles the man who formed the PRI quot – the country's Institutional Revolutionary Party. During the 1910-1920 conflict about a million of Mexico's 15 million citizens died and nearly 900 000 immigrated to the United States. To contact Ron Gonzales 714-704-3792 rgonzales@ocregister My father Henry Marcoux was a salesman of fancy imported foods and liquor on New York City's Park Avenue in 1916. One of his customers was Cornelius Vanderbilt a direct descendant of the original Cornelius Vanderbilt of railroad fame. The current Vanderbilt at this time held the rank of major in the Seventh New York National Guard Regiment housed in its own armory on Park Avenue. Vanderbilt got to know my Dad pretty well over the months that the latter sold food and wine to the mansions along the well known street. He invited my Dad to join the regiment that operated more as a social club than a military unit. The Seventh known as quot the Silk Stocking Regiment quot held dances at the armory every weekend. The members wore West Point style uniforms and paraded through the city on patriotic holidays. Occasionally they would journey to Long Island to practice marksmanship their only duty outside of the city itself. To my father joining the regiment seemed like an excellent opportunity to improve his social and business life. Imagine his consternation when he and his fellow weekend soldiers were called to active duty. Shortly after he signed up the regiment was ordered to Texas on the Mexican border. The Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa had in 1916 launched a series of attacks against Americans both south and north of the border claiming that the Americans had sided with his enemy Venustiano Carranza who led his opposing Mexican Constitutionalist Forces in the Mexican Revolution. The Americans replied by ordering Gen. John J. Pershing and the regular army to enter Mexico seek out Villa and punish him for his attacks on American personnel and property. Pursuit of Villa turned out to be a useless task. The Americans could not even find him in the wilds of northern Mexico. The regular American Army forces were so limited that Pershing's campaign involved almost all of the existing regulars. The government ordered the New York National Guard to the Mexican border to preclude further moves north by the Mexicans. For the New Yorkers the move to McAllen Texas their new headquarters was a shock and a surprise. The camp was established approximately seven miles north of the border. The site was home to small prairie dogs horned toads snakes tarantulas and centipedes. At this time of the year south Texas experienced heavy seasonal rains and sometimes hurricanes. The town had no paved streets. When Vanderbilt shipped his limousine to the camp he discovered that it could not be driven in the area because of the road conditions. The encampment was a sea of mud. The Seventh Regiment being basically a parade unit lacked the necessary organization to operate in such an environment. For example no cooks had been recruited at the company level. Private Marcoux born in 1888 and having been a food salesman in civilian life drew the assignment of cook for the regiment's M Company. Canned corn beef and hardtack were the staples that had been brought down from New York. Marcoux sought to supplement these rations by buying chickens and eggs from local farmers. On one occasion he bought rattlesnake meat caught by the locals and served it to the troops as quot eel stew. quot The new cook was the target of a great deal of criticism until he last managed to acquire at least the rudiments of army cooking. Most of the military activity for the regiment consisted of ever lengthening daily marches. Initially the distances were six or seven miles but as the troops hardened the distances increased to fourteen. Rifle ranges were established to improve the men's marksmanship. Officers of the Constitutionalist army across the border were invited to see the New Yorkers march and operate their weapons including their American machine gun companies. The Mexicans expressed some doubts about the effectiveness of American operations in the rough northern Mexican countryside. The Americans were not impressed with what they observed of the Mexican contingents. These were poorly armed lacked adequate shoes and clothing and had a large number of 15- and 16-year-olds in their ranks. Fortunately no occasion arose that led to actual fighting between the two groups. Finally by November 1916 the New Yorkers were ordered back to their home state. The presence of American troops had ended incursions by the Mexican irregulars into U.S. territory. They received a hearty welcome from the local citizenry when they arrived in New York. However the regiment's civilian soldiers were scarcely back on their jobs when seven months later the entire New York Guard was called up for service in World War I. Because of their recent Mexican experience they were considered among the most capable American units available for service. The New Yorkers were sent for brief training on trench warfare in South Carolina and then shipped to France. The Seventh was renamed the 107th of the newly created 27th Division composed primarily of New Yorkers. Gen. Pershing now commander of the American troops in France offered the 27th's troops to the British 2nd Army battling for their lives against the Germans on the Hindenburg line. In the subsequent second battle of the Somme the Americans suffered a casualty rate approaching 70% but helped the Allied army break the Hindenburg line. My Dad now a mess sergeant was put in charge of a food column moving hot meals on a regular basis to the troops in the forward trenches. The Germans attempted to stop the flow by shelling the mule trains used in the transfer. Dad suffered some shrapnel wounds in the course of this action. After the Germans surrendered the New Yorkers came home to march in the Victory Parade up 5th Avenue. In 1919 Sergeant Marcoux was mustered out. He came west to San Francisco to work with his brother Joe in the insurance business. He established his own insurance brokerage shortly thereafter and maintained a profitable personal lines business for the following forty years. He retired in 1960 and died in 1964 at age 76. ### Military Get the latest military headlines and features daily at ocregister /military and updates via Twitter by following @OCMilitary. El Paso Museum of History Opens January 2011 An exhibit coming to the El Paso Museum of History from Spain will explore the first 300 years of Spanish enterprises in the New World. The story will be told by nearly 140 rare documents maps illustrations and paintings – many of which have never been displayed outside of Spain. This exhibit entitled The Threads of Memory Spain and the United States El Hilo de la Memoria España y los Estados Unidos will open in El Paso in early January 2011. To herald the coming of this once in a lifetime exhibit and in celebration of the National Day of Spain the El Paso Museum of History with the cooperation of the Consulate General of Spain is pleased to present Dr. Luis Laorden from Madrid Spain who will give an illustrated talk on When West Texas was New Mexico Spanish Maps tell the tale. The year 1492 was a key one for Spain and the New World. Columbus’ discovery of America brought profound and dramatic changes to life as it was then known in both Europe and the Americas. It is a tale of glory and deceit great successes and shocking failures of creation and destruction. It is the drama of life wrought by men and women larger than life. Using maps as his guide Dr. Laorden will discuss the Spanish exploration and expansion into what we know as northern Mexico New Mexico and West Texas. Dr. Luis Laorden has been a Civil Engineer since 1963 having received his doctorate degree in 1966 from Madrid University Madrid Spain. After a long career as a professional engineer he is now specializing on the Spanish heritage in what is now the United States of America. He has written articles and delivered lectures at well-known institutions of Spain. Dr. Laorden is now finishing a four volume compendium about the Spanish presence in the Southwest of the US soon to be published. Dr. Laorden is an active member of Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail Association CARTA and other cultural associations in the US and Spain. Attendance to this special lecture will be by invitation only and limited space is available on a first come first served basis. Anyone interested in attending should call for an invitation or RSVP to 915 351-3588. Images courtesy of Dr. Luis Laorden The El Paso Museum of History exists for the educational benefit of the community and visitors. It promotes the understanding and significance of the rich multicultural and multinational history of the border region known as the Pass of the North. Sue Taylor Senior Education Curator El Paso Museum of History 510 North Santa Fe Street El Paso TX 79901 TEL 915-351-3588 FAX 915-351-4345 The El Paso Museum of History exists for the educational benefit of the community and visitors. It promotes the understanding and significance of the rich multicultural and multinational history of the border region known as The Pass of the North. Sent by cherrera1951@hotmail Family History Expo Kicks Off 2011 in Mesa Dear Family History Consultants Center Directors and Extraction Directors and Assistants The first Family History Expo for 2011 is taking place in Mesa Arizona. This is a great opportunity not only for learning from the experts how to further your own family history research but also for inviting members of the community and general public—whether beginner or advanced—who share your love of genealogy to attend. The Arizona Family History Expo is sponsored by Family History Expos a private company . The expo will be held January 21–22 2011 at the Mesa Convention Center 263 North Center Street Mesa Arizona. Over 100 classes will be presented by more than 50 national and local speakers as well as staff from the Family History Library in Salt Lake City Utah. You can review the class schedule at fhexpos /expos/ Exhibitors from throughout the U.S. will teach about the latest products and services available in the industry. Representatives from various genealogical societies will also be on site. There is no cost for attending the keynote address visiting the exhibit hall or attending the three free classes scheduled on Saturday for family history consultants stake directors and priesthood leaders. All general questions about the expo should be directed to E-mail Expo@FHExpos Phone 1-801-829-3295 Web http // fhexpos /expos/ Southwest’s Mexican Roots The Untold Stories By David E. Hayes-Bautista Editor This marvelous essay was found on a website dedicated to Mexican family history research. It is a wonderful resource of 49 pages of helps suggestions and data http // mexicanroots /index.php p=1_1 PART I Thanks to overwhelming Latino support in last November’s election on Jan. 20 Barack Hussein Obama placed his hand upon the bible used by Abraham Lincoln for his inauguration and took the oath of office as this nation’s 44th president. What few people know is that nearly 150 years ago Latinos were also vigorously involved in assuring Lincoln’s re-election to the presidency in 1864 so that he could see the Civil War to its end spread freedom to all and bequeath a bible for President Obama to use. The first year of the American Civil War was disastrous and disheartening for the supporters of freedom and democracy. Confederate troops bent on continuing slavery and tyranny had beaten the Union forces in nearly every major battle. The French emperor Napoleon III took advantage of the Confederacy’s victories to send his troops into Mexico to depose a democratic president Benito Juarez and impose his puppet emperor Maximilian of Austria. For a while it looked as if slavery and tyranny would characterize the North American land mass. But suddenly like a ray of lightning in a night storm on May 5 1862 hope lit up the sky at the gates of Puebla. The outgunned and outmanned Mexican army fighting to preserve freedom and democracy decisively beat back the army of slavery and tyranny throwing the mighty French army back to its base on the coast. Bursting with joy Mexicans in California immediately celebrated the first major victory of freedom and democracy by commemorating the battle of the Cinco de Mayo. And Mexican enthusiasm was needed. After its sluggish start the Civil War had devolved into a stalemated series of see-saw battles the Union forces winning some and the Confederate forces winning others over the following three years. In the middle of this bloody stalemated battle against slavery and tyranny Lincoln’s first term as president was coming to an end and he had to convince the American electorate to let him continue the war to its conclusion. This was not going to be easy. Across the land Lincoln’s authority was weak. Certainly the Confederacy did not recognize him calling Jefferson Davis its legitimate president. In the North and in the West—including California—supporters of the Confederacy called Copperheads did not lose any opportunity to stir up dissent. Even worse a “Peace Party” had formed. Weary of four years of war unwilling to extend the hand of liberty to the enslaved this new party headed by former U.S. General McClelland challenged Lincoln’s prosecution of the seemingly endless bloody war. Make peace now They exclaimed. Let the south go let them keep their slaves it’s none of our business. Their simplistic slogans appealed to a war-weary American public. Lincoln was in trouble under pressure to cease his efforts…. But he enjoyed the support of Mexicans in California who opposed slavery with all their fiber who had insisted California join the union as a free state. Concerned about the future of the Union without Lincoln as president early in October in 1864 a large group of Mexicans and other Latinos met in San Francisco at the Terpsichore Hall on Pacific and Stockton Streets to discuss how they could support their embattled candidate Abraham Lincoln. A young firebrand who had just moved to San Francisco from Los Angeles Francisco P. Ramirez exhorted the crowd to organize its efforts as did the Mexican Consul Jose Maria Vigil and a number of other orators. Speaking in the Spanish language common to California for nearly a century at that point the speakers urged those Latinos present the “Children of the Americas ” hailing from California Mexico Central America and South America to become involved in this very important election that could decide the future of the United States. Acting on the old Spanish dicho “La union hace la fuerza” the Latinos present decided to form a new organization to support Lincoln and his fight for freedom the “Club Unionista Hispano-Americano de Lincoln y Johnson” Andrew Johnson was his vice-presidential candidate . The editor of La Voz de Mejico one of the many Spanish-language newspapers of 19th century in California exhorted those Latinos who were naturalized citizens of the US to vote for Lincoln and urged those immigrant Latinos who were not yet naturalized become so in order to defend freedom and democracy in the upcoming election. To drive the point home that America’s battles were also Latino battles the editor of La Voz de Mejico pointed out that “nuestro destino se halla identificado con nuestro pais adoptivo—la causa de la union es la misma que Mejico sostiene” our destiny is the same as that of our adopted country—the cause of the Union is the same that Mexico supports PART II In 1864 a group of Mexicans in San Francisco founded the Club Unionista to fight for President Abraham Lincoln’s re-election and against General McClelland’s Peace Party’s support of the Confederacy and the continuation of slavery. In coalition with other Lincoln supporters including the “Irish Club for Lincoln and Johnson ” the group decided to drum up enthusiasm for Lincoln by holding a nighttime torchlight parade through the streets of San Francisco. Club Unionista members prepared themselves for what was to come officers groomed their horses in anticipation of the big event. A number of Mexican and Latino militia had been formed in the state by that time in Los Angeles Sonora New Almaden and Marysville. The militia in San Francisco called itself the “Artilleros ” and wore uniforms that included “blusas encarnadas” blood-red shirts . Finally on the night of October 16 1864 the pro-Lincoln parade was to begin. Excitedly members of the Club Unionista crowded into the rooms of the Terpsichore Hall. At the command of Captain Guillen the Artilleros marched forward. Behind them four abreast the Club Unionista members marched out into the street holding their flaming torches aloft. The mounted officers came behind astride their spirited horses. The banners and signs carried by Club Unionista members bore evidence of their bi-lingual and bi-cultural heritage. One bilingual sign that tied together the American Civil War and the French Intervention in Mexico read “Honest Abe is our man—Muera Maximiliano” Death to Maximilian Another banner listed the civil and military heroes of the war on both fronts Mexico and the Atlantic coast “Lincoln—Juarez Grant—Negrete” Yet another gave a decidedly negative opinion of the leaders of the Confederacy and the French in Mexico “Maximiliano el usurpador — Davis el traidor” Maximilian the usurper Jefferson Davis the traitor . And still another banner made reference to Lincoln’s emancipation of the slaves “Dios hizo al hombre y Lincoln lo declaró libre.” God created man and Lincoln declared him free And finally one simple banner tied together the events of the Battle of Puebla and the Battle of Gettysburg in the defense of freedom and democracy “Puebla 5 de mayo de 1862.” Along the parade route a huge Mexican flag could be seen floating in the air in front of the editorial offices of the Spanish-language newspaper La Voz de Mejico a banner hung from the window read “La Voz de Mejico-Lincoln y Johnson.” But as the marchers passed the corner of Market and Montgomery streets the enemy showed its face. A group of Confederate sympathizers had gathered and began to yell out insults. Before their cause could gather steam however they were quickly drowned out by the louder voices of Mexican patriots. For nearly two hours the Club Unionista marched through the streets of San Francisco singing and cheering for freedom and democracy. At one point they saw another group of Mexicans from Petaluma carrying a large Mexican flag the flag of freedom and democracy with a banner that read “Nosotros ayudaremos…a echar fuera los invasores de Méjico” We are going to help…throw the invaders out of Mexico . Reporting on the event the next day the editor of La Voz de Mejico described the event as “destinada à ejercer una influencia pronunciada en este Estado animando à todos inspiràndoles valor y resolucion para sostener hast el ultimo trance los principios de libertad y progreso” destined to exert a great influence in this state creating enthusiasm in every heart inspiring courage and resolution to support the principles of freedom and progress to the end . But there were Copperheads and Confederate sympathizers who wanted Lincoln’s re-election stopped at any cost. The Mexicans would have to redouble their efforts if their president were to win re-election and save the union. PART III Gold As soon as the discovery was announced many Atlantic-Americans* from the southern states flocked to California a number bringing their slaves with them. The original “southern strategy” was to extend slave-holding territory from the Old South all the way to the Pacific Ocean. But freedom-loving Mexicans in California frustrated that intention. Slavery had been abolished in Mexico in 1829 while California was still part of the Republic of Mexico. So strong was the desire for freedom for everyone twenty years later Mexicans helping to write the California constitution in Monterey in 1849 insisted that the state enter the US as a free territory. As the US moved towards civil war over the question of slavery Confederate sympathizers called “Copperheads” after the snake that strikes with deadly poison lost no chance to agitate in support of the Confederacy. The first senator from California David Gwinn was an unabashed supporter of southern slavery. James Watson state senator from Los Angeles was proud to be a Copperhead. As soon as the Confederate guns boomed on Fort Sumter groups of southern sympathizers journeyed to the Old South to take up arms against the US government headed by Abraham Lincoln. As Mexicans in California generally opposed slavery and supported democratically elected governments both in the US and Mexico it did not take long for them to clash with the Copperheads who supported slavery and oligarchy. At the large torchlight parade in San Francisco in October of 1864 Mexicans marchers in support of Lincoln shouted down a group of Confederate hecklers who supported the so-called “peace candidate ” former General George McClelland who ran on the platform of letting the southern states go if they wanted to leave the United States and keep their slaves. Mexican miners founded the mining town of Hornitos in Mariposa County in 1849 and by 1864 the town still had a very large Mexican population which supported Lincoln. Late in October Mexicans there helped stage a pro-Lincoln rally and as in San Francisco the flags of both Mexico and the US headed the procession as symbols of freedom and democracy. But the Atlantic-American population harbored a hard core of Confederate sympathizers supporters of McClelland and his “peace platform.” Disgusted that Mexicans should be so obvious in their support for Lincoln a Copperhead in Hornitos was reported to have said “We don’t expect to get and we don’t even want the Mexican vote in this campaign.” The Copperheads soon put their words about rejecting the Mexican vote into action. After the speeches were over and the crowd had drifted away the Copperheads wheeled a six-inch canon into the plaza where the flags waved and deliberately shot a hole through the flag of the Mexican Republic then fled into the night. This defilement of the flag outraged Mexicans The editor of the Spanish-language newspaper “La Voz de Mejico ” likened this act to the firing of Confederate guns at the America flag flying over Fort Sumter. The mutilated Mexican flag was carried to San Francisco to be repaired but before being mended it was displayed in the office of “La Voz de Mejico” so that the Mexican community could see firsthand the outrage committed by the forces of slavery and tyranny. Far from disheartening Mexicans this act of confederate vandalism only encouraged the Mexicans to redouble their effort to re-elect Lincoln. The editor of “La Voz de Mejico” wrote “invitamos a todos los mejicanos y demas hispano-americanos que tenga derecho de votar que redoblen sus esfuerzos desde hoy hasta el dia de la eleccion presidencial en favor de la causa de la Union” We invite all Mexicans and other Hispanic-Americans who have the right to vote to redouble their efforts from today until the day of the presidential election in support of the cause of the Union . And now the election to vote for Lincoln and freedom or for McClelland and slavery was only weeks away. What more could Mexicans do to ensure that freedom and democracy would characterize the North American land mass PART IV The calls to support President Abraham Lincoln’s re-election by Mexicans and other Hispanics could be heard all across California in the days leading up to the November 8 1864 election. Just days before Lincoln’s fate and that of the United States was to be decided Valentin Alviso a young member of an old Californio family in San Leandro stood in front of a Mexican flag and addressed the Spanish-speaking residents of Alameda County in their native language urging them not to be indifferent to the great political issues facing the US in Lincoln’s re-election bid. In Los Angeles the US Army and its band marched from its headquarters in Drumm Barracks in San Pedro all the way to the Plaza where the pueblo was founded in 1781. They stopped at the headquarters of the Junta Patriotica Mejicana where a formation mostly made up of Hispanics—Californios Mexicans Central and South Americans—waited to join them on the march. The flags of Mexico and the US symbols of freedom and democracy preceded the marchers carrying banners written in Spanish denouncing slavery tyranny and separatism. Coming to a halt in front of the Lafayette Hotel Filomeno Ibarra President of the Junta Patriotica speaking in Spanish reminded the crowd that the fight against slavery and tyranny was being waged both in the US and Mexico “nosotros los Mejicanos…tenemos los mismos sentimientos de los americanos del Norte y sostenemos la union y la libertad…Es nuestro deber como mejicanos verdaderos sostener el partido liberal de los Estados Unidos dando nuestro voto a Lincoln y Johnson…” We the Mexican population…have the same sentiments as the North Americans and we support the Union and freedom…. It is our duty as true Mexicans to support the liberal party of the United States giving our vote for Lincoln and Johnson While Ibarra’s words were met with loud applause a small group of Confederate sympathizers tried to disrupt the crowd with cheers for the opposition candidate General McClelland they were quickly silenced. Along the Central Coast Mexican Assemblyman Ramon Hill lit up crowds of Mexicans and other Hispanics in Santa Barbara and San Buenaventura with energetic speeches in Spanish supporting the Union. Joining him on the speaker’s stand were prominent Mexicans from Santa Barbara General Covarrubias and Agustin Janssen. “la poblacion mejicana se compone de… patriotas que… estan en favor del partido de Lincoln y votaran el boleto unionists.” The Mexican population is composed of… patriots who… are in favor of the party of Lincoln and will vote the unionist ballot” Over in Contra Costa County the Club Unionista in Martinez invited the Clubs from San Ramon Lafayette and Antioch to a giant pro-Lincoln rally in Pachecoville. A band played and a canon thundered out volleys to welcome them. When the crowd spied the Mexican flag entering the rally everyone Mexicans and Atlantic-Americans alike applauded and shouted out anti-slavery anti-secessionst and anti-monarchist slogans. Senor Berreyesa addressed the crowd in Spanish as did an Atlantic American Mr. Matheson who had mastered Spanish as a second language. The correspondent to La Voz de Mejico noted “Los nativos californios de este condado estan todos unidos en favor de Lincoln y Johnson” The Native Californians in this county are all united behind Lincoln and Johnson Mexicans spoke all around the state in favor of Lincoln and the union. Santos Berreyesa spoke in Napa and the San Francisco-based president of the Club Unionista Hispano-Americano Agustin Splivalo spoke to crowds of Hispanic-Americans living in Sacramento Marysville Placerville and Oroville where he found “los ciudadanos hispano-americanos bien informados de las cuestiones politicas del dia y dispuestos a apoyar con sus votos a nuestros candidatos Lincoln y Johnsons.” The Hispanic-American citizens well informed about the political issues of the day and are willing to support our candidates Lincoln and Johnson with their votes As Election Day approached La Voz de Mejico noted that Hispanic-American political involvement was at its highest level since California joined the US in 1850 “Esta es la primera vez que la poblacion hispano-americano haya participado de una manera tan activa en las cuestiones politicas del pais” This is the first time that the Hispanic-American population has participated this actively in the political issues of this country And when the election results were announced the Spanish-language newspaper proudly headlined the result “Mayoria Unionista en el Estado” Unionist majority in the state . Lincoln had won the Union was saved the Civil War was to be pursued to its end and the hand of liberty was to be extended to all Americans. Mexicans and other Hispanic-Americans were as energetic a part of the election in 1864 as they were last fall in the election of 2008. Mexicans Latinos Lincoln and Obama—an American tradition In Spanish of course. David E. Hayes-Bautista is Professor of Medicine and Director of the Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. His most recent book is La Nueva California Latinos in the Golden State University of California Press 2004 To read more of his articles visit egpnews INDIGENOUS Mural in Capitol Baptism of Pocahontas KPBS and Union Bank Honor Hispanic Heritage Month and American Indian Heritage Month Local Heroes Nakum Preserving amp promoting Native Americans indigenous to Texas amp Northeastern Mexico. Infinity of Nations Baptism of Pocohontas John Gadsby Chapman Oil on canvas 12' x 18' 1839 placed 1840 One of four historic murals located in the Capitol's Rotunda This painting depicts the ceremony in which Pocahontas daughter of the influential Algonkian chief Powhatan was baptized and given the name Rebecca in an Anglican church. It took place in 1613 or 1614 in the colony at Jamestown Virginia the first permanent English settlement on the North American continent. Pocahontas is thought to be the earliest native convert to Christianity in the English colonies this ceremony and her subsequent marriage to John Rolfe helped to establish peaceful relations between the colonists and the Tidewater tribes. The figures of Pocahontas and the officiating minister are given prominence by their placement their bright white clothing and the light that shines upon them. Pocahontas kneels on the top level of a stepped dais her head bowed and her hands clasped before her. Reverend Alexander Whiteaker raises his eyes and his left hand while his right hand rests on the baptismal font. John Rolfe Pocahontas’s future husband stands behind her. Other colonists and members of Pocahontas’s family look on displaying a range of emotions. At the left of the painting Sir Thomas Dale deputy governor of the colony has risen from his chair near the font to observe the event. Pocahontas’s regally dressed brother Nantequaus turns away from the ceremony as her uncle Opachisco leans in from the right. The seated brooding figure of another uncle Opechankanough turns completely away from the ceremony while Pocahontas’s sister with an infant watches from the floor. Chapman received the commission for the Rotunda painting in 1837 and selected Pocahontas as its subject. He may have chosen to paint her baptism because he had already in 1836 completed a scene that showed her more widely depicted rescue of John Smith. Seeking to depict the scene of this ceremony accurately Chapman traveled in England and America to examine objects and buildings from the early seventeenth century. Because the Jamestown church had since been torn down he based his setting on a church that he believed to be of similar age and incorporated features appropriate to the colony such as the pine columns many details were based on a written description by a Jamestown resident. Chapman created this painting in Washington D.C. in the loft of a barn on G Street N.W. His life during the time in which he worked on it was marked by great sadness and misfortune his son died in February 1838 and two weeks later his daughter was born prematurely and survived only ten hours. He was also under mounting pressure from debts and worked quickly on the canvas to collect his payment after completing it he noted in his day book that the money he received from the government for the painting was “barely equivalent to its cost” to him. The painting was delivered to the Capitol and installed in November 1840. This painting has undergone various cleaning repair and restoration treatments. In 1925 it was relined because of the damage it suffered from currents of heated air rising from the floor registers. Finding a manufacturer in the United States to provide such a large canvas proved difficult and the canvas was eventually ordered from a company in Brussels . In 1980 the painting was attached to an aluminum panel to help it resist the effects of changes in temperature and humidity. All of the Rotunda paintings were most recently surface cleaned in 2008. An engraving of Chapman’s painting appeared on the reverse of the First Charter $20 National Bank Notes issued in 1863 and 1875. John Gadsby Chapman was born on August 11 1808 in Alexandria Virginia . He received encouragement and instruction from history painter George Cooke and portraitist Charles Bird King and he studied further in Philadelphia . In 1828 he traveled to Italy to study the Old Masters and in 1831 he returned to America to create landscapes and portraits which he exhibited in Washington D.C. Richmond and Philadelphia . He moved in 1834 to New York City where he became a member of the National Academy of Design and illustrated books and magazines. He also began a series of history paintings depicting events in colonial-era America and their success led to the commission for Baptism of Pocahontas his best-known work. In 1850 he and his family settled in Rome where he prospered by selling his works to American tourists. In the 1860s however the Civil War curtailed tourist travel in the 1870s his wife died and he relied on fellow Americans for charity. His health failing he returned to the United States in 1884 and lived with his son in Brooklyn . He died on November 28 1889. Source of Information Wallbuilders David Barton's tour of the capital. Text http // aoc.gov/cc/art/index.cfm Sent by Susanna Taylor November 04 2010 KPBS and Union Bank Honor Hispanic Heritage Month and American Indian Heritage Month Local Heroes SAN DIEGO BUSINESS WIRE As part of its ongoing commitment to cultural diversity and to celebrate Hispanic Heritage and American Indian Heritage months Union Bank has partnered with KPBS to honor four extraordinary San Diegans during its 13th Annual Local Heroes Awards program. Recognized for exemplary leadership and dedication to serving their communities these Heroes join eight other dedicated community members in the year-long celebration. The Hispanic Heritage month honorees are Gracia Molina Enriquez de Pick founder and professor of Chicano/a Studies and International Activist for Women’s Rights and Carolina Alcoser Ramos Latino Services Coordinator for the San Diego LGBT Community Center. The American Indian Heritage month honorees are Harry Paul Cuero Jr. council member of the Campo Band of Kumeyaay Indians and Dwight Kala Lomayesva III executive director of American Indian Recruitment Programs. Read below credentials and accomplishments. KPBS and Union Bank “Our Union Bank Local Heroes program began in San Diego in 1998 and we are proud of this expanded partnership with KPBS ” said Union Bank Executive Vice President George Ramirez. “We honor and thank these community leaders who have committed themselves to improving the lives of others who live within the vibrant and rich cultural mosaic of San Diego. Their contributions are vital as they advocate for support and provide inspiration to members of our communities who are often underserved.” KPBS General Manager Tom Karlo said “KPBS is excited to again partner with Union Bank to celebrate this year’s Local Heroes. These heroes embody a strong ongoing commitment to community service and we are pleased to showcase their work through our video profiles which are currently airing on KPBS TV and KPBS.org. We want residents of San Diego to have an opportunity to learn more about and appreciate the extraordinary contributions these dedicated individuals provide to our community.” San Diego’s Hispanic Heritage month and American Indian Heritage month honorees are Gracia Molina Enriquez de Pick has been an educator feminist student mentor and community activist for women’s equality indigenous communities labor and immigrants’ rights for over 60 years. As a faculty member at Mesa College she founded and wrote the curricula for the first associate’s degree in Chicano/a Studies. At UC San Diego she was one of the founders and a faculty member for the university’s Third College now named Thurgood Marshall College . She is a founder of IMPACT and the Comision Femenil Mexicana Nacional the first national feminist Chicana Association. She has served as the Chicana Caucus Chair of the National Women’s Political Caucus and on the National Council of La Raza. Her book “Mujeres en la Historia amp Historias de Mujeres ” published in 2008 highlights women in Mexican history covering the indigenous period prior to 1492 through the first half of the 20th century. Carolina Alcoser Ramos is the coordinator of Latino/a Services for the San Diego Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Community Center. Ramos is a co-founder of the Black/Brown Coalition a national organization to bring together African American and Latino/a people. She has served as a San Diego Human Relations Commissioner is a member of the San Diego Unified School District Superintendent’s Commission on LGBT issues in Education and is a sensitivity trainer for the San Diego City Social Services Department. She speaks at schools universities and military bases throughout San Diego on issues of LGBT equality and immigrant rights. Ramos has served as the Regional Director of Bienestar Human Services and as a domestic violence advocate for the Palomar Pomerado Health Family Violence Program and on the Board of Directors of PACTO Latino Aids Organization. KPBS and Union Bank Harry Paul Cuero Jr. is a tribal advocate curator of tribal history and master singer of Bird Songs. He has served as treasurer cultural director and chairman of the Campo Band of the Kumeyaay Nation and is currently a member of Campo’s Executive Committee. As the cultural director for Campo Cuero worked with tribal youth teaching them native song and dance and encouraging them to participate in tribal ceremonies. A traditional Bird Singer for over 30 years Cuero and a group of Kumeyaay youth performed cultural Bird Songs with the San Diego Symphony. He has also performed traditional Bird Songs during the pre-game ceremony of the 1998 Super Bowl game in San Diego and performed at the opening of the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian in Washington D.C. He and other Bird Singers also performed at the White House for President Bill Clinton. Dwight Kala Lomayesva III a member of the Hopi tribe of Arizona has tirelessly served the San Diego American Indian Community for over 20 years. As Executive Director of the American Indian Recruitment Programs AIR his primary focus has been the expansion and improvement of educational opportunities for American Indian youth. AIR was created by Lomayesva as an afterschool program and adopted by the American Indian Advisory Committee under the SDSU department of American Indian Studies in late 1993. In addition to promoting higher educational opportunities for participants who are tutored and mentored by college students AIR also offers a culturally relevant component that instills a sense of pride and increased self-esteem among the students. The AIR programs have expanded to the University of San Diego the University of California San Diego and Palomar College. These outstanding citizens will join eight other Local Heroes in this year-long celebration of cultural diversity. All 12 honorees will be honored at the 2010 Local Heroes Awards on Tuesday November 16 from 6 p.m. to 7 30 p.m. The awards ceremony is being held in the Sherwood Auditorium at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego 700 Prospect Street La Jolla. About UnionBanCal Corporation amp Union Bank N.A. Headquartered in San Francisco UnionBanCal Corporation is a financial holding company with assets of $80 billion at September 30 2010. Its primary subsidiary Union Bank N.A. is a full service commercial bank providing an array of financial services to individuals small businesses middle-market companies and major corporations. The bank operated 397 banking offices in California Washington Oregon and Texas as well as two international offices on September 30 2010. UnionBanCal Corporation is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. which is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Inc. Union Bank is a proud member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group MUFG NYSE MTU one of the world’s largest financial organizations. Visit unionbank for more information. About KPBS KPBS is a public service of San Diego State University serving the region with TV Radio and Internet content that is educational as well as entertaining and free of commercial interruption. Nakum Preserving and promoting the cultures traditions ceremonies and languages of Native Americans indigenous to Texas and Northeastern Mexico. The Institute solicits and develops articles and publications that will be disseminated to the general public on topics pertaining to the indigenous people in this area. As articles publications and other materials are developed or identified the Institute collects these and maintains a library and archive. These collections will be available to the public for further research and to preserve the culture traditions ceremonies and languages of our ancestors in one central accessible location. For centuries the identities of the peoples native to the U.S. Southwest and Northern Mexico have been subject to legal political and social interpretations that serve colonial interests. The mission of Nakum the Coahuiltecan word meaning “we speak” or “I speak to you ” is to offer a public forum through which scholars of Native and Chicana/o studies can do precisely what the title suggests speak from their own perspectives. In keeping with the general mission of the Indigenous Cultures Institute this journal offers a space for the continued exploration of Hispanics’ indigenous identities. The journal thus brings together many of the conversations that the Institute has cultivated and through its online presence makes them available to a vast and growing audience of scholars journalists creative writers and students with an abiding interest in hearing the voices of those who contribute to those discussions. Editorial Board Lydia French Managing Editor Mario Garza Chair of the Indigenous Cultures Institute’s Board of Directors Norma Cantú University of Texas at San Antonio Department of English Shannon Speed University of Texas at Austin Anthropology Department Call for Papers Letter from the Indigenous Cultures Institute Chair Creative Work In Xochitl In Cuicatl Qwo-Li Driskill Qwo-Li Driskill is a Cherokee non-citizen Two-Spirit/Queer activist writer and performer also of African Irish Lenape Lumbee and Osage ascent. S/he is the author of Walking with Ghosts Poems and a co-editor with Chris Finley Brian Joseph Gilley and Scott Lauria Morgensen of Queer Indigenous Studies Critical Interventions in Theory Politics and Literature forthcoming from University of Arizona Press. Qwo-Li is an assistant professor in the Department of English at Texas A amp M University. Scholarly Articles Historical Recovery Colonial Mimicry and Thoughts on Disappearing Indians in Elena Zamora O’Shea’s El Mesquite book review by Kirby Brown a citizen of the Cherokee Nation. Kirby Brown is a PhD candidate in the department of English and Indigenous Studies Initiative at the University of Texas at Austin. His dissertation Stoking the Fire Nationhood in Early Twentieth Century Cherokee Writing examines how four Cherokee writers variously remembered imagined and performed Cherokee nationhood in the period between tribal dissolution in 1907 and reorganization in the early 1970s. Published and forthcoming essays engaging contemporary Indigenous critical theory constitutional criticism in Native literatures and Native interventions in the Western can be found in Sovereignty Separatism and Survivance Ideological Encounters in Native North America 2009 Studies in American Indian Literatures 2011 and The Oxford Companion to Indigenous American Literatures 2012 . The Borderlands of Borderlands Tres Vistas by Lydia A. French Lydia French a doctoral candidate in the Department of English and a portfolio student in the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin is currently competing her research into the cultural and theoretical work of recorded popular music in contemporary American Indian and Chicana/o fiction. Her dissertation “Sonic Gentitud Popular Music and the Literary Nations of Aztlan ” examines the intersectionality of state and cultural nationalisms as/at the intersection of popular music and narrative. Indigeneity and Mestizaje in the Texas Borderlands Emergent Readings of the Post-Conquest by Sheila Marie Contreras Sheila Marie Contreras is Associate Professor of English and Director of the Chicano/Latino Studies Program at Michigan State University. Her book Blood Lines Myth Indigenism and Chicana/o Literature was published by the University of Texas Press in 2008. Currently she is at work on a new project Mestizaje/Métissage Post-Conquest Cultural Politics in the Americas. Review by T. Jackie Cuevas of Nepantleras in the “Borderlands of Difference” T. Jackie Cuevas teaches in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at Syracuse University. Originally from South Tejas Cuevas is a member of Macondo the socially conscious creative writing collective founded by author Sandra Cisneros. Cuevas’s writing has appeared in Ixua Review Sinister Wisdom and in the introduction to the third edition of Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands / La Frontera The New Mestiza Aunt Lute 2007 . Sent by Armando Rendon Editor of online blog Somos en escrito INFINITY OF NATIONS by N.F. Karlins "Infinity of Nations" blows out any previous Native American show http // artnet /magazineus/reviews/karlins/infinity-of-nations-heye-center12-1-10.asp "Infinity of Nations Art and History in the Collections of the National Museum of the American Indian " Oct. 23 2010-Oct. 25 2020 at the George Gustav Heye Center 1 Bowling Green New York N.Y. 10004 Ten years seems like a long time for an exhibition to be up but maybe not for something like "Infinity of Nations" at the National Museum of the American Indian George Gustav Heye Center in lower Manhattan. I’ve visited the exhibition three times and have only begun to see many of the approximately 700 works in the show. Yes 700. The show’s subtitle "Art and History in the Collection of the National Museum of the American Indian" hints at how extensive its reach is works from Native American cultures from the southern tip of South America to the northern top of Canada. Better still is the quality of the objects in the show. "Infinity of Nations" blows out any previous Native American show in this country for breadth but also dazzle. These exquisite objects range in date from several painted clay female figurines from the Valdivia culture of Ecuador ca. 3500 BC the oldest known pottery in the Western hemisphere to pieces made recently. Larry Beck a Seattle-born sculptor whose Yup’ik heritage got him interested in the masking traditions of the Northwest Coast made his Walrus Spirit in 1982 from found objects. Drawing on Pop Art influences its sleek construction and distinctive diffident personality certainly made me smile. Ten headdresses emphasizing the splendor of Native American art-making kick off the show in a room of their own. An Amazonian Brazilian headdress or cope of white blue and red heron and macaw feathers is not only radiant but underlines the continuity in some cultural groups since it was made in 1990. The remainder of the exhibition is divided into ten geographical areas with works from multiple cultural groups in each. Their being adjacent suggests how porous these spaces were to cultural exchange and in many cases still are. Items made with materials foreign to the areas of their production evoke complex trade networks. An incised whelk shell gorget from the Mississippian culture from a site in Tennessee far from any sea attests to far-flung trade routes ca. 1250-1350 when the piece was made. The warrior with a severed head looks very much like a Mesoamerican figure. He is seen dancing in imitation of the Morning Star a symbol of masculinity. Yet the mounds made by the Mississippian culture preceded those in Mesoamerica. The unknowns particularly about this region offer lots of opportunities for further research. Sometimes we know a bit more about connections. The Hohokam an early Pueblo-people that inhabited western Mexico and the extreme deserts in what is now the United States Southwest left traces of a rich material culture that connected them to California and Mexico. When something upended their settlements in the Southwest some migrated to Chihuahua Mexico where a stunning effigy jug of painted clay was created around 1200-1400. Only a few more strictly utilitarian items are included and they tell stories like the arrows 1911-16 made by the man believed to be the last member of the Yahi tribe in California suggesting how much has been lost. Historical pieces remind viewers of how Indians were perceived and how convoluted their relationships with non-Natives. An etched copper alloy "Peace Medal" of 1676 from the Massachusetts Bay Colony was given to Christian Indian scouts who helped the British defeat other Native Americans fighting against colonial expansion. The image of the Native American is from the Massachusetts seal. Of course trade beads from non-Natives were transformed into fabulous wearable art from one end of North America to the other. I expect fashionistas will get even more ideas about beading and fringe than they have in the past from Native Americans with this show. A drop-dead gorgeous Inuit woman’s parka from Nunavet Canada successfully integrates geometric and floral motifs. The delightful color scheme is the result of about 160 000 glass beads and ivory toggles. A caribou skin and teeth cloth and metal were also used in its construction sometime around 1895-1915 during the booming whaling days of Hudson Bay. And moccasins ca. 1880 associated with Peo Peo T’olikt an Indian warrior who eventually became a rancher in Idaho sprout trippy flowers in vivid colors that are unforgettable. Whether the piece is a Mayan stone carving of a ball-player from Guatemala around 600-750 or a painted wood mask from Bob Harris a Kwakwaka’wakw carver from Vancouver Island in Canada around 1900 each is outstanding. With so many works curator Cécile R. Ganteaume associate curator of the National Museum of the American Indian has singled out one object from each of the ten geocultural areas to highlight in its own case. A Native American discusses the piece at the push of a button. If you don’t have much time I’d suggest floating through the show stopping when something arrests your attention and also taking advantage of the insights provided by the Native Americans. The exhibition is so rich that it deserves multiple visits. And since it’s up for ten years we have some time. My only suggestion to the museum would be to devote even more area to these wonderful objects if they ever tackle a show of this size again. I know space was a concern and they look terrific in the space allotted yet I yearned to see many of the smaller sculptural pieces in the round perhaps in their own cases. For the moment I can hardly wait to go back. N.F. KARLINS is a New York critic and art historian. Sent by Juan Marinez marinezj@anr.msu.edu ARCHAEOLOGY DNA Neanderthal genetic material in living people 5 500-year-old leather lace-up moccasin found in Armenia Robot used to explore ancient tunnel at Teotihuacan ruins Scientists from te Max Planck Institute in Germany decoded DNA taken from Neanderthal skeletons in Croatia and found that some of the genetic material exists in people alive today. Anthropologists previous believed the the early human relative simply died out but the latest findings show that interbreeding must have taken place. OC Register Parade Dec 5 2010 pg 8 An international team of archaeologists discovered what's thought to the the worlds' oldest leather shoe in a cave in Armenia. Thanks to the cave's cool dry conditions th 5 500-year-old leather lace-up moccasin about a woman's size 7 was so well-preserved that even its laces were intact. OC Register Parade Dec 5 2010 pg 6 Robot used to explore ancient tunnel at Teotihuacan ruins 1st for Mexican archaeology Jorge Barrera Associated Press The full Article with any associated images and links can be viewed here. http // startribune /science/107226758.html TEOTIHUACAN Mexico - The first robotic exploration of a pre-Hispanic ruin in Mexico has revealed that a 2 000-year-old tunnel under a temple at the famed Teotihuacan ruins has a perfectly carved arch roof and appears stable enough to enter archaeologists announced Wednesday. Archaeologists lowered the remote-controlled camera-equipped vehicle into the 12-foot-wide 4-meter corridor and sent wheeling through it to see if it was safe for researchers to enter. The one-foot 30-cm wide robot was called "Tlaloque 1" after the Aztec rain god. The grainy footage shot by the robot was presented Wednesday by Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History. It shows a narrow open space left after the tunnel was intentionally closed off between A.D. 200 and 250 and filled with debris nearly to the roof. Archaeologist Sergio Gomez says the footage showed the arched-roof tunnel was an example of sophisticated work by the ancient inhabitants of Teotihuacan which is located just north of modern Mexico City. "All of the passage more than 100 meters yards long was excavated in the rock perfectly and in some places you can even see the marks of the tools the people of Teotihuacan used to make it " said Gomez. Well-worked blocks and a smoothly-arched ceiling showed the tunnel was not natural but rather a man-made structure that researchers believe lead to possible burial chambers. Researchers hope to clear the debris blocking the tunnel's mouth and enter passageway by late November or early December. Robots have been used before in Egypt. In 2002 a robotic vehicle was used to discover a hidden door and chamber in the Great Pyramid built by the pharaoh Khufu more than 4 000 years ago. But the INAH as Mexico's archaeology agency is known said it appeared to be the first robotic exploration in Mexico and probably in the Americas. After excavating a vertical shaft that leads to the tunnel entrance the mouth of the passageway was discovered in July. Ground-penetrating scanner images showed that the passageway lies 40 feet 12 meters below the surface and runs beneath the Temple of Quetzacoatl in the central ceremonial area of the ruins. The scanner images appear to show chambers that branch off the tunnel and archaeologists think they may hold the tombs of some of the ancient city's early rulers. Experts say a tomb discovery would be significant because the social structure of Teotihuacan remains a mystery after nearly 100 years of archaeological exploration at the site which is best known for the towering Pyramids of the Moon and the Sun. No depiction of a ruler or the tomb of a monarch has ever been found setting the metropolis apart from other pre-Hispanic cultures that deified their rulers. Vertical excavations begun in 2009 to reach the mouth of the tunnel suggest it was a ruler's tomb Gomez said. Rich offerings were tossed into the tunnel at the moment it was closed up including almost 50 000 objects of jade stone shell and pottery including ceramic beakers of a kind never found before at the site. The complex of pyramids plazas temples and avenues was once the center of a city of more than 100 000 inhabitants and may have been the largest and most influential city in pre-Hispanic North America at the time. But nearly 2 500 years after the city was founded — and about 2 100 years after the Teotihuacan culture began to flourish there — the identity of its rulers remains a mystery. The city was abandoned by the time the Aztecs arrived in the area in the 1300s and gave it the name "Teotihuacan " which means "the place where men become gods." Sent by Mercy Bautista-Olvera SEPHARDIC The Jews of Cape Verde Jewish History Project While we know much of the history of Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th and early 16th centuries the story of Sephardic Jews who traveled first to Morocco and Gibraltar and then in the mid 19th century to an archipelago 375 miles off the coast of West Africa is a fascinating but little known part of that history. Descendants of the Cape Verde Jews along with Carol Castiel director of public affairs programming at Voice of America founder and director of the Cape Verde Jewish Heritage Project will tell you about this remarkable history. Lecture offered in December Co-sponsored by the American Sephardi Federation. The Cape Verde Jewish History Project founded in 2007 works in conjunction with the descendants of the Jewish families of Cape Verde to accomplish its goals. Many descendants throughout the world are collaborating on various aspects of the Project such as providing oral testimonies technical support and financial assistance. An organization called the Cape Verde-Israel Friendship Society AMICAEL was formed between Cape Verde and Israel in 1994. An AMICAEL subcommittee is also collaborating on the Project. The seeds of the Cape Verde Jewish Heritage Project were sown in the late 1980’s while Carol Castiel was managing a United States Agency for International Development- USAID funded scholarship program for Portuguese-speaking Africa at the African-American Institute in New York City. From her Cape Verdean students many with Jewish surnames she learned of the Jewish cemeteries throughout the islands. Castiel continued to travel to the archipelago in the 1990’s as an independent consultant/free-lance journalist. Her trips coincided with a resurgence of interest in Jewish roots on the part of many descendants who were pressing for the restoration of the dilapidated cemeteries. Since then Castiel has contributed time and effort to interviewing descendants publishing articles and making presentations about the Jewish presence in Cape Verde. Initially called “The Jews of Cape Verde Project Preservation of Memory ” the project was affiliated with B’nai B’rith International. In 2007 the Project now renamed “The Cape Verde Jewish Heritage Project” received independent 501 c 3 status and can now more effectively raise funds to achieve its goals of preserving the cemeteries and telling the story of Cape Verde’s Jewish heritage. AFRICAN-AMERICAN Senate Approves $4.6 Billion Discrimination Settlement For Black Farmers Indians by Mary Clare Jalonick WASHINGTON — The Senate has approved almost $4.6 billion to settle long-standing claims brought by American Indians and black farmers against the government. The money has been held up for months in the Senate as Democrats and Republicans squabbled over how to pay for it. The two class action lawsuits were filed over a decade ago. The settlements include almost $1.2 billion for black farmers who say they suffered discrimination at the hands of the Agriculture Department. Also $3.4 billion would go to Indian landowners who claim they were swindled out of royalties by the Interior Department. The legislation was approved in the Senate by voice vote Friday and sent to the House. President Obama in a statement praised the Senate for passing the bill and urged the House to move forward on it. He said his administration is also working to resolve separate lawsuits filed against USDA by Hispanic and women farmers. "While these legislative achievements reflect important progress they also serve to remind us that much work remains to be done " he said. Elouise Cobell a member of the Blackfeet Tribe from Browning Mont. and the lead plaintiff in the Indian case said Friday that it took her breath away when she found out the Senate had passed the bill. She said was feeling despondent after the chamber had tried and failed to pass the legislation many times. Two people who would have been beneficiaries had died on her reservation this week. "It's 17 below and the Blackfeet nation is feeling warm " she said. "I don't know if people understand or believe the agony you go through when one of the beneficiaries passes away without justice." John Boyd head of the National Black Farmers Association said the passage of the black farmers' money is also long overdue. "Twenty-six years justice is in sight for our nation's black farmers " he said. Lawmakers from both parties have said they support resolving the long-standing claims of discrimination and mistreatment by federal agencies. But the funding has been caught up in a fight over spending and deficits. Republicans repeatedly objected to the settlements when they were added on to larger pieces of legislation. But Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid D-Nev. satisfied conservative complaints by finding spending offsets to cover the cost. The legislation also includes a one-year extension of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program which gives grants to states to provide cash assistance and other services to the poor and several American Indian water rights settlements in Arizona Montana and New Mexico sought by Sen. Jon Kyl R-Ariz. In the Indian case at least 300 000 Native Americans claim they were swindled out of royalties overseen by the Interior Department since 1887 for things like oil gas grazing and timber. The plaintiffs would share the settlement. The Cobell lawsuit has dragged on for almost 15 years with one judge in 2008 comparing it to the Charles Dickens' "Bleak House " which chronicles a never-ending legal suit. Using passages from that novel U.S. District Judge James Robertson noted that the "suit has in course of time become so complicated" that "no two lawyers can talk about it for five minutes without coming to a total disagreement as to all the premises." The Indian plaintiffs originally said they were owed $100 billion but signaled they were willing to settle for less as the trial wore on. After more than 3 600 court filings and 80 court decisions the two sides finally reached a settlement in December. "Personally I still think we're owed a hundred billion dollars but how long do you drag this thing out " Cobell said Friday. "Do you drag it out until every beneficiary is dead You just can't do that." Cobell said she feels confident about passage in the House where the two settlements already have passed twice as part of larger pieces of legislation. For the black farmers it is the second round of funding from a class-action lawsuit originally settled in 1999 over allegations of widespread discrimination by local Agriculture Department offices in awarding loans and other aid. It is known as the Pigford case named after Timothy Pigford a black farmer from North Carolina who was an original plaintiff. The government already has paid out more than $1 billion to about 16 000 farmers with most getting payments of about $50 000. The new money is intended for people – some estimates say 70 000 or 80 000 – who were denied earlier payments because they missed deadlines for filing. The amount of money each would get depends on how many claims are successfully filed. The bill passed Friday would be partially paid for by diverting dollars from a surplus in nutrition programs for women and children and by extending customs user fees. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar said with the passage of the Cobell settlement "This is a day that will be etched in our memories and our history books." The Obama administration has aggressively moved to resolve the discrimination cases after most of them have lingered a decade or more in the courts. Last month the Agriculture Department offered American Indian farmers who say they were denied farm loans a $680 million settlement. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said passage "marks a major milestone in USDA's efforts to turn the page on a sad chapter in our history." huffingtonpost EAST COAST January 15 Bobby Gonzalez the Last Puerto Rican Indian Gonzales Group Knowledge and Business Solutions Saturday January 15 2011 4 pm presentation and book signing in New York. The Last Puerto Rican Indian By Bobby Gonzalez A collection of Dangerous Poetry that pays homage to our Taino ancestors and our living brothers and sisters... Bobby González photo by Wilfredo Irizarry. The Last Puerto Rican Indian on Bronxnet Bobby with quot Chatting With Friends quot TV show host Clarisel Gonzalez and publisher Luis Cordero at Bronxnet in Lehman College- Friday September 15 2006 Bobby at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe - Wednesday August 23 2006 Photo by Luis Cordero The Last Puerto Rican Indian on WBAI radio. Bobby Gonzalez was welcomed to WBAI Radio on Sunday August 20 2006 by quot Barrio Block quot show hosted by Ibrahim Gonzalez and Nando Alvaricci. Bobby recited quot Anacaona quot one of the poems on his book quot The Last Puerto Rican Indian. Editor Bobby does point out that the Last Puerto Rican Indian . . has not been born yet. For more information go to http // cemipress /index_0410.html Thanks to TheMULatino we can show you Bobby Gonzalez on YouTube performing quot Thank You Mr. Columbus quot quot And then she begins to sing and cry with joy knowing that she will soon be walking in the radiant spirit land where the ancient ones dwell. quot From quot Anacaona quot ©Bobby González A Case Study of the Mount Lebanon Pennsylvania Multicultural Market By Gonzales Group Since 2000 we have seen a significant shift in the profile of consumers. The multicultural consumer has grown both in population size and in buying power. The findings of this study paint a complex yet insightful picture of the Multicultural community. Given the rapid growth rate of Hispanic Asian and African-American population the Gonzales Group examines Mount Lebanon utilizing data compiled by the U.S. Census to identify the overall market potential within the multicultural segments. Overall the total population of Mount Lebanon is expected to decline by 4.46% between 2010-2015. The Hispanic population will experience the largest growth growing by 98.00%. From 2000 to 2010 Mount Lebanon saw the Hispanic and Asian population increase by 39.16% and 15.19% respectively while the African-American population increased by . 96%. The traditional White non-Hispanic population decreased by 10.04%. Delivering Multicultural Business Solutions Contact@thegonzalesgroup EAST OF MISSISSIPPI A new home in Michigan the Mexican-American experience in Muskegon Archeological dig uncovers fragments of life at a Spanish outpost in 18th-century Louisiana City Archives New Orleans Public Library A new home in Michigan the Mexican-American experience in Muskegon On Sunday December 12 2010 a Mass was held in honor of the Virgen de Guadalupe and the unveiling of the 216 page book commemorating the stories of 38 families that lived in Ryerson Heights “La Colonia” beginning in 1942. Our Lady of Grace Parish- 495 Getty Muskegon MI. For more information contact Irene Navarro 231 773-9504 latinosworkingforthefuture@gmail Sent by Juan Marinez marinezj@anr.msu.edu In search of An archeological dig uncovers fragments of life at a Spanish outpost in 18th-century Louisiana by MaryAnn Sternberg http //maryannsternberg /files/Galveztown.pdf http //colonialspanishofla.blogspot / Intro One dump Saturday morning in March of 2008 Rob Mann extracted a dainty white porcelain shard from a neat shallow square trench carved into Glen Cambre’s front yard. Carefully turning the fragment over Mann revealed a lovely floral motif— a pattern of brown stems and green and blue petals and leaves on a white background hand-painted delicately sketched. It was a shard of a Chinese export teacup. Rob Mann is Louisiana’s Southeast Regional Archeologist with a professional expertise in historical American archeology. He can identify the teacup and other artifacts unearthed from the Cambre greensward— fragments of French faience and coarse Spanish earthenware brick rubble nails chunks of coal pieces of bone— as evidence of daily life of the residents of Galveztown a Spanish colonial community perched at the confluence of Bayou Manchac and the Amite River between 1779 and 1806. But he can’t establish the provenance of the artifacts because although the settlement’s history and significance has been studied and well documented virtually nothing of Galveztown’s material culture is known. Sent by Bill Carmena JCarm1724@aol City Archives New Orleans Public Library http //nutrias.org/~nopl/inv/digest/digest52.htm Digest of the Acts and Deliberations of the Cabildo Pertaining to the MILITARY Introduction to the Digest Subject Book Volume Page Date Description Military 1 193 7/22/1774 Governor Unzaga Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – The Royal Commission confirming the title of Don Cecilio Odoardo as Civil and Military Lieutenant Governor names him also General Counsellor of the Militia of the City as prescribed by law. Royal document on page 195. Military 1 313 4/9/1779 Governor Galvez Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – At this time the Attorney General calls attention to the lack due to a state of war of Militia in this Province to keep order and safeguard the roads. See “Slaves and Savage Negroes.” Military 2 1 9/8/1779 Governor Galvez Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – Don Pedro Piernas Commandant of the Plaza notifies the Cabildo of the declaration of war against His Britanic Majesty by Royal Decree of May 18th of the present year. See Bernardo De Galvez under “Governors” Part I of this Digest for further details of this war. Military 2 9 12/24/1779 Governor Galvez Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – Copies of a Royal Order are received for distribution to the Councils Commandants and Justices in which His Majesty authorizes his American subjects to regard the subjects of His Britanic Majesty as hostile. Military 2 19 3/20/1780 Governor Galvez Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – Galvez reports the surrender of Mobile and encloses a casualty list of the dead and wounded. Military 2 29 5/26/1780 Governor Galvez Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – In submitting a sworn statement of the funds of the year 1779 the City Treasurer makes known “that the Militia of this city left in expedition for Baton Rouge Mobile and Pensacola and as a result the lodging places as well as the taverns which were in operation no longer existed.” The Commissioners ordered that the Militia pay what they owe to the City Treasury “for pool and bar room bills as soon as they come back to the city.” Military 2 39 10/27/1780 Governor Galvez Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – Don Luis Boisdore presents an official document stating the impossibility of making the collection of taxes due the City Treasury by the Cabaret owners as they are soldiers of the Battalion stationed in the Plaza who sell and operate without license through one pretext or another concluding that these collections are not to be charged to his account. See “Taverns.” Military 2 59 5/25/1781 Acting Governor Miro Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – Don Luis Boisdore is discharaged as City Treasurer page 58 and among various shortages in his accounts is an item of 509 Pesos which he could not collect due to the absence of the debtors at war. It is later revealed page 87 by a letter from the Cabildo to Galvez in which they remind him that he saw fit to release the Major Domo from payment of this amount. Military 2 211 2/6/1784 Acting Governor Miro Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – At this time an official document from the Governor of this Province was presented accompanied by a definite treaty of peace between Spain and England. At the previous meeting the Acting Governor ordered the city illuminated for three nights and the “Te Deum” sung. – On page 155 of Cabildo Book 3 Volume I mention is made of a document containing this Treaty with England but it is not shown. Military 3 I 37 1/14/1785 Acting Governor Miro Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – A Royal Order is presented concerning privileges allowed to disbanded soldiers so that they may come into possession of their estates. Military 3 I 142 12/22/1786 Acting Governor Miro Royal Ensign De Reggio Sr. – An official letter is received from the Governor informing the Cabildo of the grace granted by His Majesty to the officers and Sergeants of the Battalion of Militia of this city granting them the enjoyment of Military Statutes in recognition of their services in the last war with Britain. Letter on page 143. Military 3 II 5 1/18/1788 Acting Governor Miro Royal Ensign De Reggio Jr. – The Governor presented a Royal Order granting commissions “signed by His Royal Hand ” to the officers of the Militia of this province for services rendered during the last war and extending the same grace to others who might serve in the future. Military 3 III 73 6/28/1793 Governor Carondelet Royal Ensign Almonaster – The Governor informs the Cabildo that His Majesty has decided to declare war on France because of repeated insults and hostilities that nation has committed against our Nation. The Commissioners agreed to contribute to the expense of the war. Later page 132 a letter of thanks is received from the King. Military 3 III 74 7/5/1793 Governor Carondelet Royal Ensign Almonaster – The Governor presented a Royal Edict concerning the creation of a company of Royal guards for the American gentlemen. Military 4 I 165 12/16/1796 Governor Carondelet Royal Ensign Almonaster – At this time the Governor informs the Cabildo that His Majesty has declared war on the King of England. The Commissioners informed themselves of the contents of this letter and agreed to file same in the usual manner. Military 4 III 224 9/5/1800 Acting Governor Vidal Royal Ensign De La Ronde – At this time the Commissioners take up with the Governor the abuse committed by the men in the Army in evading the payment of debts due to military prerogatives and statutes which have been granted them. – The Governor’s reply is on page 226. Military 4 IV 8 10/10/1800 Acting Governor Vidal Royal Ensign De La Ronde – Don Pedro de la Roche calls attention to the fact that in the session held on September 12th it was decided to forward a petition to the King concerning privileges granted to men in Military Service. Back to the Introduction to the Digest 5/15/2002 we TEXAS H.R. 1231 VA hospital to the McAllen-Harlingen area Report shows Texas a main engine of U.S. job growth Lucy Rede Franco The Other Sister by La Prima Elisa Perez Ancelmo Bergara - Unsung Tejano Hero Who Would Not Die by Richard G. Santos Col. Juan N. Sequin Tejano Patriot and Hero of the Alamo by Lino Garcia Jr. Ph.D. Rio Grande Valley Veterans are asking for your support to pass H.R. 1232. The purpose of the bill is to bring a full-service VA hospital to the McAllen-Harlingen area. Many disabled and impoverished Veterans can no longer travel To Audie Murphy. A full service VA hospital in The Valley will greatly help EVERY VETERAN presently being served by Audie Murphy to get better follow-up care without waiting TWO YEARS for an appointment. How much more suffering is expected of our aging impoverished and disabled Veterans Placido Salazar USAF Retired Vietnam Veteran 210 658-9756 psalazar9@satx.rr Report shows Texas a main engine of U.S. job growth Posted Thursday Oct. 28 2010 By Steve Campbell sfcampbell@star-telegram Texas created more than half the jobs in the nation over the last year according to a report released Thursday. In the monthly review of the Texas economy for October Ali Anari and Mark Dotzour of the Real Estate Center at Texas A amp M University reported that the state added 166 000 jobs during the year ending in September for an annual growth rate of 1.6 percent. During the same period the U.S. economy gained 321 000 jobs an annual growth rate of 0.2 percent. The private sector is driving job creation in Texas Anari said in a statement. "The private sector posted an annual employment growth rate of 1.9 percent compared with 0.5 percent for the U.S. private sector during the year " he said. Every metro area in Texas except Lubbock had more jobs in September 2010 than in September 2009. Waco topped the list with a 2.4 percent growth rate followed by Austin 2.3 percent Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood 2.3 percent College Station 2 percent and McAllen 2 percent . The four biggest metro areas didn't fare as well with Dallas gaining 1 percent Fort Worth-Arlington adding 0.9 percent San Antonio up 0.7 percent and Houston at 0.1 percent. Lubbock dropped 0.2 percent. "All Texas industries except trade construction and information had more jobs in September 2010 than they did 12 months earlier " Anari said. Mining and logging which includes oil and gas drilling led in job creation with a 14.1 percent gain 27 900 jobs . The average number of active rigs increased from 379 in October 2009 to 688 this month according to Hughes Tool Co. Government the biggest employment sector in the state with 1 817 700 jobs increased 0.6 percent 10 900 jobs . The biggest decrease was in the information industry including Internet service providers Web search portals publishing broadcasting and telecommunications. The sector's employment dropped by 7.3 percent 14 600 jobs to 186 200 jobs. Steve Campbell 817-922-9281 Read more http // star-telegram /2010/10/28/2585867/report-shows-texas-a-main-engine.html#ixzz15z4X1IRP Lucy Rede Franco The Other Sister By La Prima Elisa Perez Much has been written about Lucia “Chita” Rede Madrid see “ My Desert Flower ” blog . Two articles in National Geographic and media coverage of her “private lending library” catapulted her to worldwide fame leaving her equally accomplished sister Lucy Rede Franco in the background. I first learned about Lucy when I found a booklet inscribed “To my dear cousin Ofelia from Lucy Franco”. I found this booklet among my mother’s Ophelia belongings. An article entitled ALL IN THE FAMILY relates the legacy of Antonia Lujan Rede mother of Lucia Chita Rede Madrid and Lucy Rede Franco. It tells how as an adolescent Antonia traded goat’s milk in exchange for English lessons. She continued her pursuit of a higher education and at age seventeen– the young lady who got her first pair of shoes at age nine was teaching English in the mining town of Shafter Texas. “La Plazuela” to locals Shafter was founded by her husband’s grandfather Francisco Rede an Indian Captive . see “ Los Redes” blog Little did the young lady know that she was nurturing a legacy that lives on to this day In 1921 the teaching tradition was passed on to Lucy when upon receiving her teaching credential she was assigned to the little Redford schoolhouse. Continuing the tradition her brother Edmundo Rede was a teacher in Socorro Texas. Alberto Rede taught in San Pedro California. Delfina Rede Chavez mother of Denise taught in Las Cruses New Mexico and Lucia Chita Madrid taught in Redford Texas. Lucy married Manuel Franco in 1924. Together they had eight children all of whom obtained college degrees Lucy and Manuel Franco retired to live in Presidio Texas. Their lovely home is directly across the Lucy Franco High School–a fitting tribute to a dedicated teacher. Lucy received her B.A. at the Sul Ross University at age 54 In 1959 she was named “ TEXAS MOTHER OF THE YEAR” by the Texas Federation of Women’s Clubs. In 1960 Lucy was named “ Texas Mother of the year” by the American Mother’s Committee of New York. As of this year the Franco children have established “The Lucy Rede Franco Scholarship Endowment” at her Alma Mater – The Sul Ross State University in Alpine Texas. The legacy lives on. Prima Elisa Dave Perez 462dave@gmail http //primaelisa.wordpress /2010/11/22/lucy-rede-franco-the-other-sister/ ANCELMO BERGARA - UNSUNG TEJANO HERO WHO WOULD NOT DIE By Richard G. Santos richardgsantos@yahoo Jose Ancelmo Bergara aka Vergara was born at the Villa de San Fernando de Bexar now San Antonio in 1778. He appears in the 1790 census as a son of Juan Jose Bergara and Maria Bernarda de Carabajal. Ancelmo’s brothers were Antono Pru 22 Francisco 21 and Jose Manuel 3 . Their father seems to have been one of the cavalrymen of the Segunda Compania de San Carlos de Parras del Alamo . The Second Company of the mounted militia unit was stationed at the abandoned Mission San Antonio de Valero. The mission thus became known as the garrison of the Alamo Unit. Hence the mission became known as “The Alamo”. Ancelmo’s mother was a descendant of the Tlaxcaltecan Native Americans who founded San Esteban de Tlaxcala across the river from Saltillo Coahuila in 1598. Ninety years later some Tlaxcaltecans were among the third and final founding of Monclova Coahula in 1688. No longer considered Native Americans the Carabajal family was among the 1716-1718 founders of the Villa de Bexar before the arrival of the Canary Island families in 1731. Notwithstanding name similarities the Tlaxcaltecan Carabajals were not related to the family of the founder of Nuevo Leon Portuguese Sephardic Jewish conquistador Don Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva. In 1811 Militia Captain Juan Bautista Chapa overthrew the Governor of Spanish Texas and the Bergaras were sure to have participated as they were members of the militia. This seems to be verified in that the following year when Ancelmo Bergara is a member of the rebel company commanded by Carlos Despallier at Nacogdoches. He served as a courier informing the people of Bexar that the Republican Army of the North under Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara had invaded Texas and were determined to overthrow the Spanish Government of Texas. According to Peter Schwarz in his book Forgotten Battlefield pp 21-22 Ancelmo Bergara and his companion Luis Grande were captured and executed. That is not accurate. It is most likely that Bergara was arrested and held at the Alamo jail. The rebel army took Nacogdoches and Goliad before advancing on Bexar. They defeated the Spanish forces at Battle at the Rosillo in March 1813 and entered Bexar on April 1st. They freed the prisoners form the Alamo jail and temporarily kept the Governor and his staff at the same jail. Five days later rebel leader Gutierrez de Lara issued the first written formal Declaration of Independence against Spain. On or about the same day the Governor and staff were told they were being taken to Nacogdoches but instead were executed at the Rosillo battlefield. Due to U.S. intervention Gutierrez de Lara was replaced as commander of the Republican Army by Jose Alvarez de Toledo. The Tejano volunteers under the leadership of Miguel Menchaca voiced their distrust and disapproval of Alvarez de Toledo. Nonetheless the rebel army met a better armed Spanish force under General Joaquin de Arredondo on August 18 1813. The rebels were defeated at the Battle at the Encinos del Rio Medina along the Camino Real directly north of Pleasanton-Poteet. Ironically the Sons of the American Revolution incorrectly list Ancelmo Bergara as one of the rebels killed in the encounter. That also did not occur. Ancelmo was probably one of the many un-identified Tejanos survivors of the Battle at the Medina that fled to Louisiana and did not return until after 1821 when Mexico gained its independence from Spain. Like other surviving Tejano rebels he might have also served under Andrew Jackson at the battle at New Orleans and later under Jean Lafitte at Galveston Island. Although references are made to the Tejano rebels no muster roll listing the men has been found. For the record Ancelmo Bergara reappears in 1836 as a member of Juan N. Seguin’s company during the Texas Revolution. He was probably one of the spies sent by Seguin and Bowie to check the advance of Santa Anna’s Centralist Army. It is very possible that Ancelmo was on scouting duty when the battle at the Alamo started. Or he was one of the men who accompanied Juan N. Seguin when the defenders asked Houston for assistance. It is known that immediately after the battle it was Ancelmo Bergara who appeared before Sam Houston reporting the Alamo had fallen. Houston ordered Ancelmo be arrested and jailed until he could verify the report. Houston later stated he did not wish to alarm the volunteers from the U.S. or residents of Texas. Consequently Ancelmo was jailed until his report was verified. Ancelmo Bergara returned to duty under the command of Colonel Juan N. Seguin and Captain Antonio Menchaca. History does not record Ancelmo’s activity until he is discharged from military duty on April 2 1837. On that date Antonio Menchaca and Juan N. Seguin verified that Ancelmo Bergara was a Sergeant in the Second Regiment of Cavalry in the army of the Republic of Texas. Ancelmo Bergara who two different writers claim to have been killed first in 1811 then in 1813 served in the 1835-36 Texas Revolution and discharged in 1837. While in Houston Texas on June 26 1837 Ancelmo sold the title and all rights to the land given him as a Texas Revolution Veteran to William Fairfox. He signed with an X as he did not know how to write. The man who would not die reappeared in November 1838. At 60 years of age Ancelmo was a witness in the historic lawsuit between the Bexar Land District and San Patricio Land District. Ancelmo and three other Sanantonianos testified as to the exact route of the “old Presidio Road” also known as Camino Real del Medio that divided the land two districts. In so doing the men identified all water crossings and campsites from Bexar via present Poteet Charlotte Cotulla Catarina and finally the Presidio del Rio Grande present Guerrero Coahuila . They also testified that the Upper Camino Real via Frio Town was not established until 1806. At this time this writer does not know when unsung Texas hero Ancelmo Bergara finally passed away and where he is buried. Like many Sanantonianos after 1848 he might have moved to present Wilson Atascosa Medina or Frio counties. On the other hand he might have been among the men of Juan N. Seguin who moved to Coahuila in 1842 to serve as spies for the Republic of Texas. Serving under the Mexican Army yet loyal to Texas they formed a unit called “Defensores de Bexar”. They caused so much trouble wherever they went that the Mexican Army ordered the unit to be disbanded and Seguin to be tried as a Texas spy. Many of the men and their families returned to Texas with Seguin after the end of the U.S.-Mexico War in 1848. Therefore the place of death and burial of Ancelmo Bergara on either side of the Rio Grande is unknown. It is interesting to note however that the Bergara family of Dilley Texas may be among his descendants. Until more is known Ancelmo Bergara will remain one of the many unsung un-recognized Tejano heroes of Spanish Mexican both Republics of Texas and early US statehood history. As an after thought I am sure that if Ancelmo had still been alive during the U.S. Civil War he would have joined the Confederate Army of Texas. Like his mentor and commander Juan N. Seguin he was also a Tejano rebel in search of a battlefield. But alas the rebel who would not die faded into the unread pages of Texas history. Finally National Park Service historian of the Camino Real de los Tejas Dr. Susan Boyle did not know nor was she aware of the1838 lawsuit detailing the route of the Camino Real del Medio featuring Ancelmo Bergara as one of the deponents. I gave NPS a copy of the document in Spanish and another in English both dated 1838. I added a land survey map depicting the road in Atascosa County dated 1842. This will be discussed at the Saturday November 20 meeting of the Nacimiento del Camino Real at Lytle’s Community Center at 10AM. The public is invited to attend. End …………… End ………………… end ………………….. end Zavala County Sentinel ……….. 17 – 18 Nov 2010 Sent by Juan Marinez marinezj@anr.msu.edu Article appeared Dec. 12-13 in the Brownsville Herald COL. JUAN N. SEGUIN-TEJANO PATRIOT AND HERO OF THE ALAMO Dr. Lino García Jr. is Professor Emeritus of Spanish Literature LGarcia@UTPA.Edu Col. Juan Nepomuceno Seguín was born on October 27 1806 in San Fernando de Béjar New Spain now San Antonio Texas the son of Juan José Erasmo María de Jesús Seguín and Josefa Augustina Bercerra Seguín one of San Antonio’s oldest and noblest of families both native born Tejanos and prominent cattle and land baron of early Colonial Spanish Texas. Juan Erasmo’s grandfather settled in San Antonio in 1722 just four years after the founding of Presidio San Antonio de Valero in 1718. Thus their heir Juan N. Seguín enjoyed the privileges of a refined and cultured environment. Juan N. Seguín married María Gertrudis Flores de Abrego from a well known San Antonio ranching Tejano family of long standing. Four of her brothers Captain Salvador Flores Captain Manuel Flores Lieutenant Nepomuceno Flores and Private José María Flores all participated and joined their brother in law Juan N. Seguín in his struggle against tyranny that pitted Tejanos against General Antonio de Santa Ana’s Army. Historians have normally ignored Seguín’s and other Tejanos’ accomplishments in the development of Texas and their vast contributions to the initial framework and struggle for Texas Independence. The seguín family as well as other eminent Tejanos of early times believed in liberty and were fair-minded individuals who showed great respect for families friends and fellow Tejanos in their communities. They were the original settlers of Texas and had inherited the positive qualities of Spanish character strong family ties good neighbor relations excellent education and upbringings as well as the qualities of decency and high regard for human beings. These are what led Col. Juan N. Seguín to become one of the most revered and respected heroes of the Texas Independence movement during the 1830’s. He first became aware of the tyranny that was to fall on his beloved Texas when the Mexican Constitution of 1824 completely ignored all basic human rights that previously had been granted to all citizens and subjects of México. There are several things one must remember about this tumultuous period in the development of Texas and to set the historical record straight I have enumerated them below 1. The territory of “ las provincias de los Tejas” was part of New Spain until 1821 and from then until 1845 was an integral part of the country of México and responded to the Mexican authorities in Coahuila. 2. The citizens of Texas after 1821 were all Mexican nationals citizens of the country of México including Tejanos and Texians residents of Texas not of Hispanic origin which included Stephen F. Austin and the recently arrived northern colonists. 3. The Independence Movement of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla’s “ El Grito” of September 16 1810 that also helped to liberate Tejanos as well as the later on the Battle of the Alamo of 1836 were both part of Mexican History and not of the US. 4. The Battle of the Alamo of 1836 was a Civil War within the confines of Mexican History and all participants on both sides were in essence fighting their own countrymen. 5. General Antonio de Santa Ana as despot and ill liked that he was came to “ las provincias de los Tejas” to protect Mexican territory and not as an invader this then destroys the myth of freedom loving Americans fighting an invading Mexican Army long propagated in Texas History books. This perception painted all Tejanos who looked like the enemy spoke like the enemy worship like the enemy thus were also considered the enemy an idea that was indeed alive for decades in our state. The above statements will hopefully help erase some perceptions regarding the role of the Tejanos during this period of Texas history therefore easing some of the damage done to the Tejano psyche over the years as well as leveling history’s playing field and bestowing some well deserved dignity to the role of the Tejanos in the development of Texas. At that time General Antonio de Santa Ana had taken complete control of the Mexican Government and had already incurred the wrath of most intellectuals and men of peace in México. This provided Col. Juan N. Seguín with the opportunity to convene in 1834 the first revolutionary meeting held on Texas soil protesting the new demands and actions of the Mexican Government and one such complaint was that it was too far away to properly conduct its business in favor of the Tejanos and Texians. Seguín distributed a circular requesting citizens to form a Texas Constitutional Convention in San Antonio to address these issues that he felt were unfair. He was indeed the first individual to proclaim the changes entering the lives of the people of Texas and the dangers that were in complete disregard for the way of life that they had all enjoyed. In 1834 Seguín was appointed Territorial Governor Jefe Político of Texas and the following year in 1835 he recruited Tejano fighters to defend against the forces of Santa Ana’s army as well as providing food horses and shelter to his own troops. In the 1835 during the Siege of Béjar San Antonio . Seguín and his Tejano “ rancheros” and Texian volunteers attacked the forces of the enemy and re-affirmed their commitment to end the tyranny. The Tejanos were the first ones to initiate the movement for Independence with two skirmishes on Texas soil against tyranny and in support of freedom the first one was the “ de las Casas revolt” of 1811 in San Antonio and the second one the Battle of Medina in 1813 near that city also. Thus the Tejanos were the first ones to initiate the skirmishes they were the first ones to die in battles and unfortunately the first ones to be forgotten in the pages of history. Although serving at the Battle of the Alamo of 1836 he did not actually participate in the final battle as with his knowledge of both English and Spanish he acted as courier for the soldiers fighting and he was chosen to carry the message via enemy lines that Texians and Tejanos would never surrender. When he returned to the Alamo it had already fallen to Santa Ana’s forces and in 1837 Seguín directed the burial of the fallen heroes of the Battle of the Alamo. He would also block the Mexican Army from going across the Brazos River thus prevented them from overrunning the Texians. Later on at the Battle of San Jacinto he played an important role when his Tejano Cavalry fought and helped secured this battle causing grave damage to Santa Ana’s Army. After Texas became a Republic Seguín headed the San Antonio Military Forces commanding a large army in defense of the New Republic. In 1839 he was elected State Senator representing San Antonio resigning a year later to concentrate on other matters pertaining to the defense of the newly created Republic only to return to public life as Mayor of San Antonio in 1841. Other prominent Tejanos also served gallantry in the Texas of that time and four of them were Lorenzo de Zavala y Sáenz Antonio de Navarro Blas Herrera Francisco Ruiz and thousands of Tejanos either involved in the actual battles or by providing food shelter and horses to the revolutionary soldiers. After the Battle of the Alamo of 1836 Texas was flooded with adventurers and land hungry northerners who were unfamiliar with the Tejanos’ long and loyal efforts in their fight for freedom and thus their loyalties to the new social order were often challenged and at times the Tejanos were confused with the enemy causing many Tejanos to suffer rejection in their own land and also causing great damage to the Tejano psyche for decades to follow. Seguín was vehemently opposed to his defense of Tejano rights and this led to Seguín fleeing to México “to seek refuge among his enemies” where he was arrested and was forced to serve in the Mexican Army. In 1848 Seguín returned to his beloved Texas and lived shortly at his Father Juan Erasmo Seguín’s hacienda in Floresville. His later activities were also very productive as he served twice as Justice of the Peace of Bexar County and as County Judge of Wilson County becoming a founding father of the Democratic Party in Bexar County. He was indeed a son husband father statesman a veteran commander of many Texas battles a scholar and the savior of San Antonio Texas. Juan N. Seguín was and is a legendary individual in the Independence Movement and has been an unsung hero of Texas who is seldom given credit for his and his families’ vast contributions to the development of present day Texas. He died on August 27 1890 at the age of 63 while living in Nuevo Laredo Tamaulipas México where his son Santiago served as Mayor and is buried in Seguín Texas the city named after him in 1838 and where the town honors him with a large monument showing him on horseback and with his sable drawn . Brownsville native Dr. Lino García Jr. is Professor Emeritus of Spanish Literature at UTPA-Edinburg. He can be reached at 956 381-3441 or at LGarcia@UTPA.Edu MEXICO Families of General Teran Nuevo Leon Mexico Volume Two 1815-1819 ” by Crispin Rendon Exploring Colonial Mexico Personajes en la Historia de Mexico por Jose Leon Robles de la Torre Manuel Robles Pezuela General Miguel Miramón Defunciones de Higueras N.L. Investigó Tte. Cor. Intdte.Ret. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero. Libro de Bautismos de Alamos Sonora Tte. Cor. Intdte.Ret. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero Church records are available for 22 Mexican States Fray Juan Cerrado Hispanic Genealogy El Catastro de Ensenada 1749 a 1756 Nuevos Hallazgos en la Ascendencia del Adcelantado de Costa Rica Juan Vazquez de Coronado por Federico Mata Herrera La familia de Francisco Gutierrez de Lara Moctezuma Lineage “Families of General Teran Nuevo Leon Mexico Volume Two 1815-1819 ” by Crispin Rendon is now online. It can be downloaded at http //home.earthlink.net/~shharmembers/genteranmarriagesvol2.pdf Exploring Colonial Mexico Dos Pilas two extraordinary baptismal fonts. Two contrasting late 16th century examples of extraordinary interest in Mexico State can be found at Zinacantepec just outside Toluca and Tepepan near Xochimilco. Becom Two photographic exhibits currently on display The first can be seen at the newly restored Mission San Miguel California until February 2011. The show consists of large scale photographs by the well known California photographer Jeffrey Becom taken at the five Sierra Gorda mission churches founded by Padre Junípero Serra and others in the present state of Querétaro Mexico. These colorful church fronts are among the most stunning in Mexico. Drawings by artist Richard Perry are also on exhibit there. © Jeffrey A Joyful Noise Music and Musicans in the Painted Ceilings of Michoacán The second event is an exhibit of images from the spectacular painted ceilings of churches in western Michoacán. Entitled A Joyful Noise Music and Musicans in the Painted Ceilings it features a selection from photographs by Carolyn Brown that illustrate this theme. This exhibit is now open at the Cathedral of Guadalupe in Dallas Texas and will run until December 12. This inaugural show is part of a larger project entitled Heavens Above now under development in coordination with co-director Richard Perry that will showcase the extraordinary variety of images from these luminous painted ceilings . Richard Perry ESPADANA PRESS Exploring Colonial Mexico http // colonial-mexico Manuel Robles Pezuela PERSONAJES EN LA HISTORIA DE MÉXICO Por JOSÉ LEÓN ROBLES DE LA TORRE RUMBO AL BICENTENARIO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DE MÉXICO 1910-2010 General e ingeniero don Manuel Robles Pezuela vigésimo noveno Presidente de México del 23 de diciembre de 1858 al 21 de enero de 1859. General e ingeniero don Manuel Robles Pezuela vigésimo noveno Presidente de México del 23 de diciembre de 1858 al 21 de enero de 1859. Datos del Tomo V de XIII Libro 34 de mi obra inédita quot La Independencia y los Presidentes de México quot relacionados con el ingeniero y General don Manuel Robles Pezuela vigésimo noveno Presidente de México del 23 de diciembre de 1858 al 21 de enero de 1859 nacido el 23 de mayo de 1817 en la ciudad de Guanajuato siendo hijo de don Francisco Robles Ing. y Coronel y de su esposa doña Josefina Pezuela. Estudió su primaria en Guanajuato y posteriormente pasó a la Ciudad de México donde ingresó al colegio de Minería. El 24 de noviembre de 1835 ese año obtuvo los premios de Química Cosmografía e Inglés. Terminó la carrera de ingenieros en Minas en 1840 obteniendo el título respectivo con honores por haber sido uno de los mejores y brillantes estudiantes. Su padre fue director del colegio de Minería y su hermano Luis también fue ingeniero así que era una familia de ingenieros. El 30 de enero de 1844 fue ascendido a Teniente Coronel de Ingenieros del Ejército Mexicano y fue enviado a Veracruz con el cuerpo de ingenieros del que muy pronto fue su comandante. El Ejército Norteamericano atacó el Puerto de Veracruz y desembarcó en la ciudad de Veracruz en mayo de 1847 no obstante los esfuerzos del Ejército Mexicano por detenerlos celebrándose la capitulación del puerto el 28 de marzo. El Teniente Coronel de ingenieros don Manuel Robles Pezuela al retirarse de Veracruz fue enviado por el General Canalizo a Cerro Gordo para hacer un reconocimiento donde estaba acampado el General Antonio López de Santa Anna. Se trataba de realizar urgentemente algunos trabajos de fortificación para detener al Ejército Norteamericano que tenía las miras en la capital de la República. Cerro Gordo se perdió ante el potente ataque de las fuerzas invasoras que traían mejor armamento y parque suficiente y la capital del país cayó en manos de los norteamericanos dando lugar al Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo firmado el dos de febrero de 1848. El 16 de enero de 1851 al subir a la Presidencia el General don Mariano Arista nombró al ingeniero y general don Manuel Robles Pezuela como Ministro de la Guerra durando en el cargo hasta el 18 de junio de 1852 y terminada su gestión fue enviado a Veracruz como Comandante Militar. El 23 de diciembre de 1858 Robles Pezuela recibió la Presidencia de la República por entrega que le hizo el General Félix Ma. Zuloaga y duró en el cargo hasta el 21 de enero de 1859 volviendo como comandante del Ejército a Veracruz. Las cosas estaban muy divididas y se luchaba entre los liberales que sostenían el Gobierno de Juárez por el centro y norte del país y los conservadores que tenían la capital de la República con su Gobierno. El Gobierno de Juárez concedió amnistía al General Robles Pezuela fijándole residencia en Sombrerete Zacs. pero Robles en lugar de obedecer se dirigió rumbo a Tehuacán Puebla siendo perseguido y aprehendido el 21 de marzo de 1862 y entregado al General Zaragoza en San Andrés Chalchicomula donde Zaragoza ordenó el fusilamiento de Robles el 23 siguiente. Sus restos fueron sepultados en algún panteón del lugar San Andrés Chalchicomula. Posteriormente el 11 de julio de 1863 el Gobierno conservador mandó una comisión para recoger los restos del valiente general e ingeniero que había servido a la patria contra el Ejército invasor norteamericano en Veracruz. Ya en la capital de la República se rindieron a Robles Pezuela los honores y homenajes que merecía. General Miguel Miramón PERSONAJES EN LA HISTORIA DE MÉXICO Por JOSÉ LEÓN ROBLES DE LA TORRE RUMBO AL BICENTENARIO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DE MÉXICO 1810-2010 Y BICENTENARIO DE LA REVOLUCIÓN MEXICANA 1910-2010 Don Miguel Gregorio de la Cruz Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo trigésimo Presidente de México. El más joven al subir al poder de tan sólo 28 años de edad. Datos del Tomo V de XIII Libro 35 de mi obra inédita quot La Independencia y los Presidentes de México quot relacionados con el General don Miguel Miramón y Tarelo cuyo nombre completo al bautisterio fue el de Miguel Gregorio de la Luz Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo trigésimo Presidente de México el más joven de toda la Historia de México en subir al poder de tan sólo 28 años de edad el dos de febrero de 1859 hasta el 28 de diciembre de 1860 nacido en la Ciudad de México el día 17 de noviembre de 1831 siendo hijo legítimo del Teniente Coronel don Bernardo Miramón y de su esposa doña María del Carmen Tarelo. Sus estudios primarios los hizo con profesores particulares ya que su familia era de recursos económicos holgados y luego pasó al Colegio Militar para estudiar la carrera de las armas en el Castillo de Chapultepec como lo habían hecho su padre sus tíos y hermanos mayores. En 1847 dejó el Colegio por la guerra de los norteamericanos que ya habían combatido en Padierna Molino del Rey y otros lugares hasta tomar la capital del país. Los estudiantes del Colegio Militar defendieron su colegio hasta sus últimas fuerzas pues el poderío invasor era incontenible por la superioridad de armamento. Estudió durante seis años donde estuvo como alumno cabo sargento segundo y subteniente de artillería. En octubre de 1852 ingresó a la Armada y en sus primeros combates fue herido y por haber derramado su sangre en defensa de la patria se le impuso la cruz y medalla al mérito. Ahí conoció a Conchita Lombardo a la que pretendió pero ella le dijo que cuando le llevara su banda de General volverían a hablar. En julio de 1853 regresó al Colegio Militar para impartir la cátedra de tácticas militares. En julio de 1855 fue ascendido a Teniente Coronel y para 1856 junto con su amigo Osollo recibieron la banda de General en Palacio Nacional. Su primer acto de General fue el de visitar a Conchita Lombardo que era hija de familias ricas y le presentó su banda de General y ella recordó lo que antes le había ofrecido. Se hicieron novios y para el 20 de octubre de 1858 pidió su mano en matrimonio y por las premuras de la guerra se casaron el día 21 del mismo mes aunque dice don José Ramón Malo en sus memorias que la boda religiosa fue el día 24. La boda civil fue en Palacio Nacional y el Presidente y su esposa fueron los padrinos. El matrimonio tuvo cuatro hijos Miguel Concha Guadalupe y Rafael. El día dos de febrero de 1859 subió el General Miramón a la Presidencia de la República siendo el más joven de la historia de México en llegar a la silla presidencial a tan sólo escasos 28 años de edad el 28 de diciembre de 1860 siendo el trigésimo Presidente. A principios de 1861 se embarcó para La Habana donde lo alcanzó su esposa Conchita y de allí partieron a Europa instalándose por poco tiempo en París porque Napoleón III le ofreció muchas ayudas a cambio de que le cediera parte del territorio nacional en la Baja California a lo que le contestó que él no vendía su parria y se retiró de Francia radicándose en España. Se entrevistó con el Papa Pío IX y éste le impuso la gran cruz de Pío IX. De regreso en México el Emperador Maximiliano lo invitó a formar parte de su Ejército Imperial y él aceptó para combatir a las fuerzas republicanas. Después de muchas batallas se realizó el sitio de los conservadores y Maximiliano en la ciudad de Querétaro y después de un largo tiempo de combates no pudieron romper el cerco de las fuerzas republicanas y fueron hechos prisioneros y después de un juicio sumario se les notificó el 16 de junio la sentencia de ser pasados por las armas. Fue hasta el 19 de junio de 1867 en que se cumplió la sentencia llevados al Cerro de las Campanas en Querétaro fueron fusilados Maximiliano Miramón y Mejía. Conchita Lombardo recogió el cadáver de su esposo y lo llevó a la Ciudad de México para darle cristiana sepultura en el Panteón de San Fernando de donde posteriormente se sacaron sus restos y se llevaron a la Catedral de Puebla donde fueron colocados en la nave del Sagrado Corazón a donde los fui a localizar en 1968 viendo una placa de mármol que dice quot Miguel Miramón fusilado en Querétaro el 19 de junio de 1867. RIP quot . Ver September 2008 en Somos Primos historia de “Los Niños Héroes de Chapultepec ” en inglés General Miguel Miramón fue uno de los Niños Héroes de Chapultepec. Source elsiglodetorreon .mx Sent by Mercy Bautista-Olvera DEFUNCIONES DE HIGUERAS N.L. Investigó Tte. Cor. Intdte.Ret. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero. Le envío estos registros de defunciones de Higueras N.L. que investigué hace varios años estas personas murieron durante la Guerra de Intervención Norteamericana 1846-1848. Reciba un afectuoso saludo así como para los colaboradores y lectores de SOMOS PRIMOS de su amigo. Tte. Cor. Ricardo Raúl Palmerín Cordero duardos43@hotmail En el film de defunciones número 0605498-02 de Higueras N.L. que posee la Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días se encuentran los registros de las personas que fueron asesinadas por las tropas norteamericanas durante la Guerra de Intervención 1846-1848.- Recordemos a estos Héroes olvidados con un postrer reconocimiento para ellos y sus descendientes. Datos investigados por el que esto escribe el año de 2002 en el Centro de Historia Familiar de San Luis Potosí que se encuentra en Terrazas y N. Zapata.- 12 de octubre de 1847 en el camposanto de la villa de N.S. de Marín el présbitero Juan Nepomuceno Váes de Benavidez dí eclesiástica sepultura en tramo de veinte reales a los huesos de Don Pedro Garza soltero hijo legitimo de Jesús Garza y Catarina Caballero fue muerto por los americanos en el campo de 25 años de edad se sepultó en Marín.- 12 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos del finado Don Agapito Guerra casado con Antonia Pais fue muerto por los americanos de 40 años de edad.- 17 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de Antonio González casado con Juliana Treviño fue muerto por los americanos de 50 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 17 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de Manuel González hijo legítimo de Don Antonio González y Doña Juliana Treviño fue asesinado por los americanos de 17 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 21 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de José María González casado con María del Refugio González fue asesinado por los americanos de 47 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 21 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de Cristóbal Treviño hijo legítimo de Julián Treviño y de Francisca González fue asesinado por los americanos de 29 años de edad se sepultó en Guadalupe.- 21 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Agapito González soltero hijo legítimo de Felipe González y de María Gertrudis González fue asesinado por los americanos de 23 años de edad se sepultó en Guadalupe.- 25 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de José González . Casado con Gertrudis Flores fue asesinado por los americanos de 29 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 25 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Don Félix Flores viudo asesinado en el campo por los americanos de 59 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 25 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Pablo Flores casado con María Antonia González fue asesinado por los americanos en el campo de 36 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 28 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Marcial Flores casado con Ramona González fue muerto por los americanos en el campo de 27 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 28 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Juan Guajardo casado con Paula Pompa fue asesinado por los americanos en el campo de 27 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 31 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Ygnacio González casado con Manuel Treviño . Fue asesinado por los americanos en el campo de 40 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 31 de octubre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de Ramón González soltero hijo legítimo de Cayetano González y de María Petra de la Garza fue asesinado por los americanos de 34 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 2 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de de José Anastacio Garza casado con Viviana Caballero fue muerto por los americanos de 34 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 2 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a José Teodoro Garza soltero hijo legítimo de Favián Garza y de Josefa González fue muerto por los americanos de 19 años de edad se sepultó en la hacienda de Guadalupe.- 2 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de José Leonardo Garza casado con María Sóstenes Cano fue muerto por los americanos de 27 años de edad se sepultó en Guadalupe.- 8 de Noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Tomás Escamilla casado con Ynés Villarreal fue muerto por los americanos en el campo de 40 años de edad se sepultó en Papagayos.- 14 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Rafael Guzmán casado con Dolores Livas fue muerto por los americanos de 30 años de edad se sepultó en la villa.- 14 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a Eugenio Livas casado con Cornelia Aguirre fue muerto por los americanos de 46 años de edad se sepultó en la villa.- 18 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de de Ygnacio Casas viudo fue muerto por los americanos de 73 años de edad se sepultó en Guadalupe.- 18 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de Gabriel Casas viudo fue muerto por los americanos de 30 años de edad se sepultó en Guadalupe.- 18 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de José María Casas soltero hijo legítimo de Ygnacio Casas y Juana Treviño fue muerto por los americanos de 23 años de edad se sepultó en Guadalupe.- 21 de noviembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de Zeferino Caballero casado con María del Refugio García fue muerto por los americanos de 33 años de edad se sepultó en la villa.- 3 de diciembre de 1847 dí eclesiástica sepultura a los huesos de José Ramón Guzmán soltero hijo legítimo de Pedro Guzmán y de Faustina González fue asesinado por los americanos de 14 años de edad se sepultó en las villa.- LIBRO DE BAUTISMOS DE ALAMOS SONORA. Imagen del bautismo del General y Presidente de la República Mexicana Don José Félix de la Santisima Trinidad Zuloaga Trillo. Verdadero nombre no Félix María como lo han escrito y su fecha de nacimiento es el 31 de Marzo de 1813 en Alamos Sonora. Márgen izquierdo. Jose Felix de la Santisima Trinidad. quot En esta Yglesia parroquial de los Alamos en cinco de abril de mil ochocientos trece yo Dn.Juan Nicolas Quiros Cura por S.M. bautise solemnemente puse los Stos. Oleo y Sagrado crisma á un niño español que nacio el treinta y uno de Marzo y se le pusieron los nombres de Jose Felix de la Santisima Trinidad hijo legmo. de D. Manuel Jose Zuloaga y de Da. Mariana Trillo y fueron padrinos D.Manuel de Anguis y Da. Serafina Barrera a quienes adverti el parentesco y obligaciones contraidas y por ser verdad lo firme. quot D. Juan Nicolas Quiros Mandado por Tte. Cor. Ricardo Raúul Palmerín Cordero Church records are available for 22 Mexican States Good morning Mimi Church records are available for 22 Mexican States for viewing on-line FREE ” Amen to the LDS Church for this incredible opportunity. I am betting there are unexpected Church records available on these films i.e. Church census of the those faithful attending that particular Church. I am dedicated to you and Somos Primos. Don’t hesitate to contact me Mimi. Saludos abrazos Manuel Quinones Jr. MANUEL.QUINONESJR@US.ARMY.MIL Mexican Church records for the following Mexican States on-line free on https //beta.familysearch.org/s/image/show · Aguascalientes · Albacete · Baja California · Baja California Norte · Baja California Sur · Campeche · Chihuahua · Coahuila · Colima · Distrito Federal · Durango · Guerrero · Hidalgo · Jalisco · Morelos · México · Nuevo León · Sinaloa · Sonora · Tamaulipas · Tlaxcala · Zacatecas There is no need to order them through the local Family History Center. You can view the actual Church record on your personal computer at home. The Mexican Church records have been digitalized and are of exceptional clarity. A person can print a Church entry you are interested in and you can magnify the Church record page for closer viewing. For example for my beloved Estado de Nuevo Leon you can view all of the Church records for Monterrey Cadereyta and Cerralvo. There are 38 other Ciudad/Pueblo Church records for el Estado de Nuevo Leon available for viewing on-line. Go to https//beta.familysearch.org/s/image/show to see the list of Church records in Cuidades/Pueblos located in Nuevo Leon. Not all Mexican Church records for all Mexican States are available for viewing on-line as yet. Note that Civil records are not available for viewing on-line. Manuel Quiñones Jr. MANUEL.QUINONESJR@US.ARMY.MIL FRAY JUAN CERRADO Cuando llegaron los españoles a la zona que llamaron de Nueva Galicia actualmente pertenece a México se enfrentaron a muchos conflictos ya que los indios no respondían a la buena voluntad de los frailes que trataban de ayudarles y al mismo tiempo enseñarles la doctrina cristiana. El obispo de Nueva Galicia Fray Pedro de Ayala autorizó a los franciscanos para la fundación de un monasterio en la villa de San Miguel de Culiacán siendo nombrado guardián de dicho monasterio Fray Gaspar Rodríguez quien con dieciséis sacerdotes emprendió la difícil labor que se le había encomendado. Entre esos dieciséis religiosos estaba Fray Juan Cerrado natural de Palos de la Frontera hijo de Luís García y de Marina de Triana. Este fraile había marchado como lego y fue en el Convento de San Francisco de México donde profesó y llegó a ser Guardián de la Casa Principal. La esperanza del obispo se vio cumplida ya que la labor de esos religiosos empezó a dar frutos muy pronto aún cuando la hostilidad de los nativos seguía en el ambiente. Pero muere el obispo Pedro de Ayala y los asuntos del obispado regresaron a manos del Cabildo Eclesiástico que estaba dominado por los seculares que decidieron nombrar un vicario para San Miguel destinando para ello al bachiller Juan Pérez. Tan pronto llegó Juan Pérez a San Miguel de Culiacán se enfrentó a los religiosos y forzó tanto a los españoles como a los indígenas para que no asistieran a los oficios que ofrecieran los franciscanos alegando que “no tenían autoridad para impartir los sacramentos” Excomulgó a unos españoles y después les cobró dinero por levantarles el pecado espiritual. Incluso mandó azotar a una pareja de indios Antonio y Maria porque habían solicitado directamente a Fray Gaspar que los uniera en matrimonio. La tensión llegó a un extremo que Fray Gaspar Rodríguez y sus compañeros Juan Cerrado y Juan Luque se enfrentaron al Vicario verbalmente e incluso se dice llegaron a las manos. El Cabildo envió a un investigador y el bachiller Juan Pérez fue retirado de la villa y los tres religiosos continuaron su labor doctrinal con mucho éxito. Fray Juan Cerrado murió a los 28 años por heridas de flecha en un ataque de los indios Ángel Custodio Rebollo acustodiorebollo@gmail Hispanic Genealogy El Catastro de Ensenada 1749 a 1756 By Lynn Turner AG Monday November 29 2010 El Catastro de Ensenada 1749 a 1756 Hace unas semanas FamilySearch pusó todas las imagenes del Catasto de Ensenada de la provincia de La Rioja. FamilySearch incluyó todas las secciones del catastro que son - Autos generales - Bienes de legos o seglares - Bienes de eclesiásticos - Personal de eclesiásticos - Respuestas generales - Memoriales de legos o seglares - Memoriales de eclesiásticos El Catastro de Ensenada fue un padron que hizo los reyes de Castillo y Leon entre los años 1749 a 1756. El Ministerio de Cultura ha puesto las Respuestas generales en su sitio - Pares . Este sitio tambien tiene mucha mas informacion sobre el Catastro. Logrño/La Rioja es la primera provincia que FamilySearch ha puesto en la red. En tiempo otras provincias estarán tambien. Posted by Lynn Turner AG at 5 57 PM Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Google Buzz Labels Catastro de Ensenada España genealogía española About Me Lynn Turner AG I graduated from BYU in Family History and Genealogy in 2004. My areas of expertise include Spain and Latin American. Currently I work for FamilySearch as a Record Specialist. I hope you enjoy the blog View my complete profile FamilySearch esta preparando de poner los indices de Nicaragua Peru y Chile que hicieron los voluntarios en FamilySearch Indexing 112 days ago ICAPGen me pidió que enseñara una clase en su conferencia y en la conferencia de Ogden FHC. Más detalles ya viene. 131 days ago . Hispanic Genealogy El sitio BYU Script Tutorial http //goo.gl/b/bbor 131 days ago NUEVOS HALLAZGOS EN LA ASCENDENCIA DEL ADELANTADO DE COSTA RICA JUAN VAZQUEZ DE CORONADO Federico Mata Herrera Académico de Número de la Academia Costarricense de Ciencias Genealógicas Uno de los personajes más relevantes de la historia costarricense es sin duda Juan Vázquez de Coronado conquistador primer gobernador y primer Adelantado de Costa Rica . Aparte de su trascendencia histórica como uno de los principales forjadores de la nación Vázquez de Coronado es uno de los principales genearcas de la población costarricense hasta tal punto que un difundido estudio evidencia que es progenitor de una verdadera élite que hacia 1975 le había dado al país 29 de sus 44 Jefes de Estado y cerca de dos centenares de diputados . No obstante la investigación de los antepasados de Juan Vázquez de Coronado parecía haberse agotado en las valiosos trabajos realizadas hace medio siglo por el ilustre genealogista Norberto de Castro quien encontró en la Biblioteca Nacional de España un manuscrito que contiene la genealogía que sirve de base a este trabajo . Afortunadamente desde entonces se han producido nuevas publicaciones de corte histórico y genealógico y se han reeditado algunos trabajos clásicos que si bien es cierto no tratan directamente de la ascendencia de la familia Vázquez de Coronado desarrollan algunas de sus ramas colaterales pudiéndose en algunas ocasiones remontarse en su genealogía hasta épocas muy antiguas como se expondrá a continuación. Ascendientes directos de Juan Vázquez de Coronado Don Juan Vázquez de Coronado y Anaya nacido en Salamanca en 1523 y muerto en un naufragio en 1565 fue I Adelantado de Costa Rica según merced concedida por el rey Felipe II en Aranjuez el 8 de abril de 1565. Pasó muy joven a América con sólo 17 años y se estableció primero en México y luego en Guatemala en donde comenzó a desempeñar cargos oficiales tales como Diputado del Cabildo de la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros y Alcalde Ordinario de Guatemala. En 1548 casó con Isabel Arias Dávila hija de una de las principales familias de la zona pues su padre era el capitán Gaspar Arias Dávila uno de los conquistadores de Nueva España y Guatemala. Con posterioridad pasó a El Salvador en donde disfrutó de una encomienda en Naolingo y fue nombrado Alcalde Mayor de San Salvador en 1549. Más tarde aparece ocupando el mismo cargo en Honduras en 1556 y en Nicaragua en 1561 y finalmente en Costa Rica en 1562. En el país destacó por la manera pacífica y justa con la que ejecutó las tareas de conquista siendo muy respetado y estimado tanto por los indios como los colonos españoles . En 1565 viajó a España en donde por su méritos el rey Felipe II de concedió el cargo de Gobernador de Costa Rica y el título hereditario de Adelantado de Costa Rica no obstante en el viaje de regreso para tomar posesión de sus cargos su nave desapareció en una borrasca frente a las costas del sur de España . Fue su padre Gonzalo Vázquez de Coronado y Luján nacido hacia 1500 y muerto en Valladolid en 1540. Señor de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez mayorazgos de su familia. Alguacil Mayor perpetuo de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid. Contrajo nupcias con Antonia de Guzmán y Arauzo de quien desciende la rama mayor de la familia herederos de los señoríos y cargos y que fue luego titulada con el Vizcondado de Monterubio y el Marquesado de Coquilla en 1693 y posteriormente adquirió por matrimonio el Condado de Montalvo y otras muchas posesiones . El Adelantado de Costa Rica desciende de una relación extramatrimonial con Catalina de Anaya de la que no se tienen más detalles pero que indudablemente pertenece a una de las familias más principales de Salamanca . Su abuelo fue Juan Vázquez de Coronado y Sosa de Ulloa muerto en 1532 Señor de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez Corregidor de Segovia y de Jerez de la Frontera y Capitán General de la Frontera. Prefecto de Granada estuvo al servicio de los Reyes Católicos y de Carlos I. Regidor de Salamanca. Fundador del mayorazgo de su casa el 16 de diciembre de 1522. Casó con Isabel de Luján dama de la reina Isabel I de Castilla la Católica natural de Madrid e hija de Juan de Luján el Bueno y de María de Luzón de quienes se hará referencia más adelante. El segundo abuelo fue Gonzalo Vázquez de Coronado y Rodríguez de Grado muerto en 1492 Señor de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez en tierras de Salamanca. Contrajo nupcias en Toro con Catalina de Sosa y Ulloa hija del Doctor Gonzalo Ruiz de Ulloa miembro del Consejo del rey Enrique IV y de Catalina de Sosa. Su tercer abuelo fue Juan Vázquez de Coronado y Monroy muerto en 1465 Señor de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez y de las tierras de su Casa en Galicia las cuales vendió con posterioridad. El rey Juan II de Castilla le otorgó la facultad para amayorazgar sus bienes pero no ejerció este poder. Casó con Mari Hernández hija de Pedro Rodríguez Caballero y Mayor Alvarez de Grado. Los Rodríguez eran una de las familias principales de Salamanca y por eso fueron sobrenombrados quot caballero quot con posterioridad una de sus ramas denominada Rodríguez de las Varillas se convirtió en una de las familias con mayor poder en la ciudad. El cuarto abuelo fue Pedro Vázquez de Cornado y Ulloa muerto en Salamanca en 1392 Señor de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez en tierras de Salamanca y de las posesiones de su familia en Galicia quien al morir fue sepultado en la iglesia de Santo Tomé templo que fue demolido para dar lugar a la actual Plaza de los Bandos . Casó con Berenguela Fernández de Monroy hija de Ruy González de Monroy Señor de Tornadizos y Berenguela González de Texeda progenitores de la Casa de Monroy en Salamanca y de quienes también se hará referencia más adelante. El quinto abuelo fue Juan Vázquez de Cornado muerto en 1371 quien se estableció en Salamanca y fue en esta localidad I Señor de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez y continuó con la posesión de las tierras de su Casa en Galicia. Contrajo nupcias en Galicia con Mencía de Ulloa de la que no se tienen referencias pero que indudablemente es descendiente de una de las más antiguas y poderosas familias de la zona. Su sexto abuelo fue Gonzalo Rodríguez de Cornado muerto en 1341 señor de Azuaga y de la Casa de Cornado en el lugar del mismo nombre en Galicia Alcalde Mayor de Córdoba y ayo del infante Pedro futuro rey Pedro I el Cruel de Castilla . También fue Caballero de Santiago en donde ejerció el cargo de Comendador Mayor de León. Su esposa fue Elvira Arias natural de Galicia de quien se desarrollará su ascendencia con posterioridad. Hermano de este caballero fue Vasco Rodríguez de Cornado muerto en 1338 quien fue uno de los personajes más importantes de su tiempo Gran Maestre de la Orden Militar de Santiago y Adelantado Mayor de Castilla. En un documento que se encuentra en el Archivo de la Universidad de Salamanca se menciona al que vendría ser el sétimo abuelo del Adelantado y antepasado más antiguo del que se tiene noticia llamado Juan Vázquez Cronado sic muerto en 1329 quien vivió en Galicia. Finalmente debe mencionarse a Francisco Vázquez de Coronado tío del Adelantado de Costa Rica y quien es el personaje más destacado de su familia pues fue conquistador y Gobernador del Reino de la Nueva Galicia situado al noroeste del actual México y es célebre por su vana expedición en búsqueda de las Siete Ciudades de Cíbola que lo llevó a descubrir gran parte del norte de México y del centro y el oeste de Estados Unidos. Este caballero casó en México con Beatriz de Estrada llamada la Santa hermana de Leonor de Estrada antepasada de la familia Alvarado. De su padre el Tesorero y Gobernador Alonso de Estrada Hidalgo Señor de Picón se ha afirmado repetida e infundadamente que era hijo bastardo del rey Fernando el Católico lo cierto es que no existe prueba documental alguna que demuestre esta aseveración . Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo La familia de Francisco Gutierrez de Lara La hacienda de San Pedro esta ubicada en el municipio de Zuazua Nuevo León al norte de Monterrey y fue adquirida y restaurada por la Universidad Autónoma de N.L. UANL El Fundador - constructor fue don Alonso de Treviño en el siglo XVIII. Cuando murió don Alonso sus hijos fraccionaron la Hacienda y la vendieron a varios compradores entre ellos los que compraron la mayor parte fue la familia de Francisco Gutierrez de Lara que eran parientes de Don José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara pero no fue él quién compró la Hacienda hay que recordar que a Don Bernardo le habían quitado todos sus bienes en Revilla. Don José Bernanrdo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara Uribe murió en la Villa de Santiago N.L. al sur de Monterrey el 13 de mayo de 1841 y allí fue sepultado en el altar lateral de la parroquia . Actualmente en la ex-hacienda de San Pedro se encuentra el Centro de Información de Historia Regional de la UANL. Atentamente Clemente Rendón de la Garza cronistahmt@hotmail MOCTEZUMA Lineage Huehueh Acamapitchtli se casó con Ilancueitl hija de Ahcolmiztli procreando a Acamapitchtli n. 1307. Acamapitchtli y madre no conocida procrearon a Huitzilihuitl n. 1381 m. 1417 y Izcoatl ¿ m. 1440. Huitzilihuitl se casó con Tlatoani hija de Tezozomoc procreando a Chimalpopoca n. 1397 m. 1427 y Moctezuma Ilhuicamina n. ¿ m. 1468. Moctezuma Ilhuicamina y madre no conocida procrearon a Huitzilxochtzin. Izcoatl se casó con Tlacuitlaatzin procreando a Emperdor Tezozomoczin {señor de Escpuzalco} m. ¿ . Emperador Tezozomoczin se casó con Atotoztli procreando a Quaqupicahuac {primer Rey deSantigo} Ahitzotl Axayacatl n. ¿ m. 1481 y Tizoc. Axayacatl se casó con Azcalxochitl Xochiquetzal hija de Netzahualcoyotl procreando a Cuitlahuac Tezozomoc y Moctezuma Xocoyotzin n. 1466 m. 30 junio 1521. Moctezuma Xocoyotzin es el padre de Cuauhtemoc {Don Fernndo Cortes Moctezuma Guichilihuitl el Emperador así fue bautizado } Tormento de Cuauhtemoc Aplicóse el tormento al emperador de los Mexicanos y sufrióle en su compañía el señor de Tlacópam pariente y amigo suyo ungiéndoles los piés y las manos con aceite exponiéndoseles después a fuego manso. Cuauhtemoc soportó en silencio y con gran dignidad aquel martirio pero llegó un momento en que el señor de Tlacópam no pudiendo ya contenerse lanzó un gemido débil y volvió el rostro hacia su soberano. Cuauhtemoc le miró con altivez y después de haberle contemplado un momento le dijo ¡ Hombre de poco corazón ¿ estoy yo acaso en algún baño o deleite El señor de Tlacópam desmayó en el tormento y prometió hacer revelaciones. {Los historiadores contemporáneos dicen que Cortés y Alderete avergonzados y admirados de la energía de Cuahutemoc suspendieron el tormento} Cuauhtemoc {Don Fernndo Cortes Moctezuma Guichilihuitl el Emperador} es el padre de Don Diego de Mendoza de Austria Moctezuma. Don Diego de Mendoza de Austria Moctezuma es el padre de Don Baltazar de Mendoza Moctezuma. Moctezuma Xocoyotzin se casó con Acatlan procreando a Ana de Moctezuma n. ¿ m. 1 julio 1520 Diego Huanitzin Elvira de Moctezuma Francisca de Moctezuma Ines de Moctezuma { Princesa Tecuichpo} n. ¿ m. 1 julio 1520. Hernan Cortes hijo de Martin Cortes de Monroy y Catalina Pizarro Altamirano se casó con Ana de Moctezuma procreando a Maria Cortes. Moctezuma Xocoyotzin y Miyahuaxochitl procrearon a Pedro de Moctezuma n. 1503 m. 8 septiembre 1570. Pedro de Moctezuma se casó con Catalina Quiazuchitl procreando a Diego Luis de Moctezuma. Diego Luis de Moctezuma se casó con Francisca de la Cueva y Valenzuela hija de Francisco de la Cueva Bocanegra y Isabel de Valensuela procreando a Cristobal de Moctezuma Felipe Marcelino de Moctezuma Francisca Antonia de Moctezuma Francisco de Moctezuma y de la Cueva y Maria de Moctezuma y de la Cueva. Francisca Antonia de Moctezuma se casó con Ines Pizarro. Juan de Arellano y Grado se casó con Maria de Moctezuma y de la Cueva. Diego Luis de Moctezuma y Quiyauhxochtzin procrearon a Pedro Tesifon de Moctezuma. Pedro Tesifon de Moctezuma se casó con Geronima de Porras y Castillo procreando a Diego Luis Tesifon de Moctezuma y Teresa Francisca Tesifon de Moctezuma. Diego Luis Tesifon de Moctezuma se casó con Isabel Ana de Loaysa y Ocalle procreando a Geronima de Moctezuma Loaysa de la Cueva. Jose Sarmiento de Valladares y Arines {m. 1708} se casó con Geronima de Moctezuma Loaysa de la Cueva procreando a Melchora de Moctezuma Valladares y Guzman n. ¿ m. 15 agosto 1715. Diego Luis Tesifon de Moctezuma se casó en segundas nupcias con Luisa Joffre de Loaysa y Carrillo procreando a Maria Geronima Moctezuma y Joffre. Jose Sarmiento de Valladares y Arines se casó en segundas nupcias con Maria Geronima Moctezuma y Joffre procreando a Fausta Dominga Sarmiento Valladares n. 1693. Diego Cisneros y Guzman se casó con Teresa Francisca Tesifon de Moctezuma procreando a Geronima Manuela Cisneros de Guzman. Pedro de Moctezuma se casó en segundas nupcias con Ines Tiacapan procreando a Martin de Moctezuma. Moctezuma Xocoyotzin y Tecalco hija de Totoquihuatzin procrearon a Axayacatl n. ¿ m. junio 1520 y Isabel de Moctezuma n. 11 julio 1510 Tenochtitlan m. 9 diciembre 1550. Cuitlahuac se casó con su sobrina carnal Isabel de Moctezuma procreando a Cacama. Cuauhtemoc {Don Fernndo Cortes Moctezuma el Emperador} se casó con su media hermana Isabel de Moctezuma en sus segundas nupcias. {no tuvieron descendencia} Hernan Cortes hijo de Martin Cortes de Monroy y Catalina Pizarro Altamirano se casó 1520 en segundas nupcias con Isabel de Moctezuma en sus terceras nupcias procreando a Leonor Cortes Moctezuma n. a. 1529 Tenochtitlan m. 1562. Diego Arias de Sotelo se casó con Leonor Cortes Moctezuma procreando a A na Sotelo de Moctezuma Cristobal de Sotelo n. ¿ m. 1607 Fernando Sotelo de Moctezuma y Petronila Navarro. Cristobal de Sotelo se casó con Juana de Heredia Patiño. Fernando Sotelo de Moctezuma se casó con Maria de Villaseñor y Corona hija de Juan de Villaseñor y Cervantes y Catalina Corona procreando a Ana del Espiritu Santo Sotelo de Moctezuma Diego Sotelo de Moctezuma Fernando Sotelo de Moctezuma Juan Sotelo de Moctezuma n. ¿ m. 11 noviembre 1643 y Leonor de la Trinidad Sotelo de Moctezuma. Juan Sotelo de Moctezuma se casó con Maria Hurtado de Mendoza procreando a Maria de Moctezuma. Bernardo de Bocanegra se casó 13 febrero 1638 con Maria de Moctezuma. Martin Navarro se casó con Petronila Navarro procreando a Maria de Gabay y Francisca Gabay. Pedro Fernandez de Vaulus se casó con Maria de Gabay procreando a Juan Fernandez de Vaulus. Juan Fernandez de Vaulus se casó con Leonor Becerra hija de Juan Lopez de Elizalde y Aberruza y Leonor Becerra y Sanchez de Mendoza procreando a Leonor Fernandez. Nicolas de Arellano se casó 12 julio 1664 con Leonor Fernandez procreando a Cristobal de Arellano b. 3 mayo 1665 Nicolas de Arellano b. 15 diciembre 1666 Jose de Arellano b. 9 abril 1675 y Leonor de Arellano b. 11 agosto 1681. Cristobal de Arellano se casó 1698 con Graciana Romero. Cristobal de Valderrama se casó 1531 con Leonor Cortes Moctezuma en sus segundas nupcias procreando a Leonor Valderrama Cortes de Moctezuma n. ¿ m. 1562. Juan de Tolosa se casó 1537 con Leonor Cortes Moctezuma en sus terceras nupcias procreando a Isabel de Tolosa Cortes Moctezuma Juan de Tolosa Cortes Moctezuma y Leonor de Tolosa Cortes Moctezuma. Juan Perez de Oñate hijo de Cristobal de Naharriondo Perez de Oñate y Catalina Salazar de Cadana se casó 1588 con Isabel de Tolosa Cortes Moctezuma procreando a Maria Perez de Oñate Cortes y Cristobal de Oñate n. 1589 m. 1612. Vicente de Zaldivar Oñate Mendoza hijo de Vicente de Zaldivar y Oñate y Magdalena Mendoza Salazar se casó 17 agosto 1616 con Maria Perez de Oñate Cortes procreando a Ana de Oñate Isabel de Oñate Juan Zaldivar y Oñate y Nicolas de Zaldivar y Oñate. Cristobal de Oñate se casó 1611 con Maria Gutierrez del Castillo procreando a Juan Perez de Narriahondo y Castillo n. 1612 m. 1679. Cristobal de Zaldivar y Oñate hijo de Vicente de Zaldivar y Oñate y Magdalena de Mendoza Salazar se casó con Leonor de Tolosa Cortes Moctezuma procreando a Juan de Zaldivar Cortes Moctezuma n. ¿ Zacatecaz Leonor Cortes Moctezuma y Vicente Zaldivar Cortes Moctezuma. Juan de Zaldivar Cortes Moctezuma se casó con Isabel Altamirano de Castilla hija de Fernando Gutierrez de Altamirano y Francisca de Castilla Osorio y Sosa procreando a General Cristobal de Zaldivar y Altamirano de Castilla. General Cristobal de Zaldivar y Altamirano de Castilla se casó con Francisca de Miranda y Escobar procreando a Juana de Zaldivar Miranda y Joseph de Zaldivar Miranda b. 23 diciembre 1648 Puebla. Jose de Magaña y Castilla se casó 6 agosto 1684 Asuncion Distrito Federal con Juana de Zaldivar Miranda procreando a Maria Manuela Antonia de Magaña y Castilla. Juan Rodriguez de San Miguel hijo de Jose Rodriguez de San Miguel y Juana de Bustamante se casó 1 marzo 1699 Puebla {dato de John Inclan} con Maria Manuela Antonia de Magaña y Castilla procreando a Mariana Rodriguez Magaña y Castilla. Martin de Zelada Ruiz {nat. de Castilla España} hijo de Mateo de la Zelada y Manuela Ruiz Basurto se casó 1 septiembre 1720 con Mariana Rodriguez Magaña y Castilla procreando a Maria de los Dolores Zelada Rodriguez Magaña n. ¿ Puebla. Felix Ignacio de Sandoval Torres hijo de Felipe Cayetano Cardenas Sandoval Rojas y Francisca Xaviera de Torres se casó 9 marzo 1750 con Maria de los Dolores Zelada Rodriguez Magaña procreando a Felix Mariano de San Ignacio de Sandoval Zelada 16 diciembre 1751 Maria Paula Ignacia de Sandoval Zelada Jose de Sandoval Zelada b. 15 abril 1754 y Maria Dolores Gertrudis Sandoval Zelada b. 15 agosto 1765 Asuncion D. F. Felix de Sandoval Zelada se casó con Maria Guadalupe Lasso de la Vega. Ildefonso Caballero de los Olivos y Vicarres se casó 6 octubre 1774 con Maria Paula de Sandoval Zelada. Jose de Sandoval Zelada se casó con Ignacia Dominga Xaviera Salamanca Andonaegui. Alonso de Grado se casó 1521 con Isabel de Moctezuma en sus cuartas nupcias. Pedro Gallego de Andrada hijo de Hernan Garcia Jaramillo y Mayor Gallego de Andrada se casó 1525 con Isabel de Moctezuma en sus quintas nupcias procreando a Juan de Dios de Andrada Moctezuma n. 1530 m. 1577 y Juana de Andrada Moctezuma. Juan de Dios de Andrada Moctezuma se casó con Maria de Castañeda procreando a Felipe de Andrade Castañeda Hernando de Andrade Castañeda Ysabel de Andrade Castañeda Juan de Andrade Castañeda y Pedro de Andrade Castañeda. Juan de Dios de Andrada Moctezuma se casó en segundas nupcias con Maria de Iñiguez procreando a Pedro de Andrade y Iñiguez. Juan Cano de Saabedra hijo de Pedro Cano y Catarina Gomez de Saabedra se casó 1526 con Isabel de Moctezuma en sus sextas nupcias procreando a Catalina Cano Moctezuma Gonzalo Cano Moctezuma Ysabel de Jesus Cano Moctezuma Juan Cano de Moctezuma n. ¿ m. 2 enero 1579 y Pedro Isabel Cano Moctezuma ¿ m. 1576. Gonzalo Cano Moctezuma se casó con Ana de Prado Caledron procreando a Juan Cano de Moctezuma y Prado y Maria Cano de Moctezuma y Prado n. 1540. Juan Cano de Moctezuma y Prado se casó con Isabel Mejia y Figueroa procreando a Diego Cano de Moctezuma y Maria Cano de Moctezuma. Antonio Augdelo Calderon se casó con Maria Cano de Moctezuma procreando a Diego de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma Jose Trinidad de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma y Maria de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma. Diego de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma se casó con Maria Navarrete procreando a Antonio de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma. Antonio de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma se casó con Josefa Velazquez procreando a Antonio de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma. Jose Trinidad de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma se casó con Maria Antonia de Sacramento procreando a Maria Josefa del Carmen de Augdelo. Antonio Hernandez se casó 26 febrero 1775 con Maria Josefa del Carmen de Augdelo. Nicolas de Aviles se casó 3 febrero 1691 con Maria de Augdelo Cano de Moctezuma. Juan Cano de Moctezuma se casó 6 enero 1559 con Elvira de Toledo procreando a Juan de Toledo Moctezuma y Pedro de Toledo Moctezuma. Juan de Toledo Moctezuma se casó con Mariana de Carvajal Toledo Ovando y Torres procreando a Francisco de Torres Moctezuma y Juan de Moctezuma Carvajal y Toledo. Francisco de Torres Moctezuma se casó con Isabel de Moctezuma procreando a Francisco de Moctezuma y Torres. Francisco de Moctezuma y Torres se casó con Circa Pacheco procreando a Maria Manuela de Moctezuma Pacheco. Juan de Moctezuma Carvajal y Toledo se casó con Isabel Pizarro procreando a Mariana Cano de Moctezuma. Alvaro de Vivero se casó febrero 1650 con Mariana Cano de Moctezuma procreando a Isabel de Vivero Moctezuma y Maria de Vivero n. ¿ m. 24 agosto 1683. Pedro Antonio Roco de Godoy se casó con Isabel de Vivero Moctezuma. Juan de Carvajal se casó con Maria de Vivero procreando a Bernardino de Carvajal n. 1667 m. 17 mayo 1728. Bernardino de Carvajal se casó 1686 con Maria Josefa de Lancaster hija de Agostinho de Lancaster y Joanna Enriquez de Noroela procreando a Juan Antonio de Carvajal b. 22 mayo 1688 m. 22 agosto 1747. Juan Antonio de Carvajal se casó con Francisca de Zuñiga y Arellano procreando a Manuel Bernardino de Carvajal y Zuñiga. Manuel Bernardino de Carvajal y Zuñiga se casó con Maria Micaela de Gonzaga y Caracciolo procreando a Angel de Carvajal y Gonzaga. Angel de Carvajal y Gonzaga se casó con Vicenta Fernadez de Cordova y Pimentel. Pedro Isabel Cano Moctezuma se casó con Ana de Arriaga procreando a Maria Cano y Arriaga. Gonzalo de Salazar se casó con Maria Cano y Arriaga. CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA La Melenita Peruvian Nobel Prize Laureate Mario Vargas LLosa. Hola a todos con bastante demora va el fondo de pantalla de diciembre 2010. En este caso enviamos el interior del salón de peinados "La Melenita quot en el los años 40 se ubicaba en pleno centro de San Francisco en Bv. 25 de Mayo. no era el único porque competía con otros sitios bien reconocidos como por ejemplo la Maison Muruzetta. Vean la cantidad de personas que trabajaban en el lugar no solo peinando sino también para algunos tramientos de belleza y manicura. Tengan todos un buen fin año y mejor comienzo de 2011. Archivo Gráfico y Museo Histórico de la Ciudad de San Francisco y la región Argentina Mandado por Arturo Bienedell arturobienedell@yahoo .ar Peruvian Nobel Prize Laureate Mario Vargas LLosa. #3 on the video . http // washingtonpost /wp-dyn/content/gallery/2010/10/05/GA2010100503982.html sid=ST2010121001751 Sent by Rafael Ojeda rsnojeda@aol CARIBBEAN/CUBA Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 Antonio Maceo Cuban Patriot and Hero Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 by Miriam Zoila Pérez Colorlines Online Wednesday December 8 2010 http //colorlines /archives/2010/12/what_cuban_americans_should_teach_us_about_immigration_reform.html Ever since the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 Cubans who have made it the United States have been put on an automatic path to citizenship. Cubans in the U.S. have reaped the benefits of this special status my family included. My parents came to the U.S. with their families as pre-teens in the first wave of exiles from Cuba. Their respective families had different motivations for coming but both were fleeing the new Castro government and its intrusion in their lives and their businesses. What for them as for many who came over in the original wave was meant to be a temporary visit until Castro was defeated has become a multi-generation resettlement. I was born here along with some other 652 000 Cuban-Americans all of us with the advantage of parents who have been able to work and live legally since day one. It's virtually impossible to be an undocumented Cuban in the United States. In today's immigration climate and particularly during the debate happening right now on the DREAM Act it's hard to imagine legislation as generous as our long-standing policy toward Cubans in the United States. Conservatives have tried to paint the DREAM Act as some sort of amnesty. In reality the DREAM Act is an extremely narrow piece of legislation offering a select group of youth a long and challenging path to citizenship. When compared to the policy that allowed my parents to come to the U.S it looks positively draconian. The DREAM Act includes a path to citizenship but the current version also includes a 10-year probationary period and required military service or college attendance. In the most recent iteration of the bill it also prohibits DREAMers from accessing health care benefits during that time. Cubans had and have none of these restrictions and are able to become legal permanent residents within one year of being in the U.S. and citizens five years later. U.S. immigration policy toward Cubans has been an extremely good thing for the Cuban-American community and should be a model for immigration policy toward other immigrant groups as well. Statistics show what a boon this special status has been for Cubans in the U.S. The fourth largest Latino group in the U.S. we outperform all other Latino groups in basically every category linked to economic status according to data from the Pew Hispanic Center. Cubans are almost twice as likely as other Latinos to have a college degree 25 percent as opposed to 12.9 percent . Cubans have a median income that is $5 000 higher than other Latino groups. Only 13.2 percent of Cubans are living in poverty as opposed to 20.7 percent of other Latinos. The list goes on. Based on 2008 census data in homeownership employment rates number of insured across the board Cuban Americans do better than all other Latino groups. It would be overly simplistic to claim that Cubans in the U.S. have thrived simply because of their path to citizenship. Race and class inevitably play a factor in these differences as well. Whereas the overwhelming majority of Latin American immigrants to the U.S. are driven by economic motivations Cubans have had a strong political motivation in response to the Communist leanings of the Castro government and his Cuban revolution. This shaped significantly who left Cuba particularly in the initial wave of immigration in the 1960s. Cubans who came then were more likely to be well-educated professionals some with significant access to resources but all with skills and education that enabled them to establish businesses and careers in the U.S. But Cubans also received significant assistance from the federal government which provided not only special immigration status but also low-interest loans for small businesses and education access to public programs like welfare and Medicaid and even low-cost English language classes. Again against the backdrop of today's anti-immigrant climate it's hard to image such a generous policy toward immigrants having any chance of making it through Congress now. Cubans are also more likely than other Latino groups to identify as white. According to a Pew analysis of 2004 Census data 86 percent of Cubans identified as white as opposed to 60 percent of Mexicans and 50 percent of Puerto Ricans. Whether all of these Latinos who are self-identifying as white are actually seen as such by the general public is impossible to know. Some of this also must be attributed to the oddly-defined Census categories which give Hispanics a less than representative list of races from which to choose. But Pew still found that there were education and income differences for those Latinos who self-identified as white. "Hispanics who identify themselves as white have higher levels of education and income than those who choose 'some other race.' " This self-definition seems to have its limits in terms of impact on achievement levels though as Cubans still under-perform economically when compared to non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. While Cuban exiles in the U.S. have had many advantages it's also important to recognize that most of them came here with little of the wealth or property they'd accrued in Cuba. Some left it behind thinking it was just a temporary stay others were forced to leave their assets and property behind in return for permission to leave the island. By the time my maternal grandparents came to the U.S. in 1962 they were allowed to bring only three changes of clothing each. Some Cubans may have had money in bank accounts in Miami or figured out ways to smuggle valuables or cash out. But the vast majority who came initially and almost everyone who has come since arrived empty-handed. What they did bring however is a crucial combination of skills education and immigration status that have been central to Cuban success. This success has been mostly ignored in the immigration debate-despite the fact that it could be a key argument in support of a path to citizenship in immigration reform. The economic success of Cubans hasn't just benefited those of us in the Cuban-American community it has benefited the U.S. as a whole. Lower rates of poverty higher rates of education and the ability to work and of course pay taxes not just sales tax but income and property taxes as well means good things for the U.S. overall. Cuban Americans are proof positive of what an immigrant group can achieve when given a path to citizenship. What is so incredible about this policy toward Cubans is that it has endured half a century and some 10 Presidents including some of our most conservative in recent memory. It is unlikely that this policy towards Cubans was prompted solely by feelings of good will toward the Cuban people. The policy was a Cold War-era attempt along with the long-standing Cuban embargo at fighting against Communism and Castro. The conservative support for this policy is representative of the endurance of anti-Castro policies as well as the unusual relationship between the Cuban-American community and the Republican Party a relationship forged after John F. Kennedy's botched Bay of Pigs invasion. Whatever drove the policy in Washington what's significant is its outcome. Whereas immigrants today are faced with countless roadblocks to success even when they are documented Cubans have been given every type of assistance necessary to guarantee our success. And it's worked. Congress now has an opportunity to grant these same rights to another immigrant group-the DREAMers young people raised in the U.S. without documents. If the DREAM Act is passed these young people will have to jump through hoops that the Cubans never did but they'll also reap the benefits of joining the ranks of documented immigrants. Even conservatives should agree that having an immigrant population in the U.S. that is out of poverty and into the workforce is a key driver toward economic success for the entire nation. Dr. Carlos Muñoz Jr. Professor Emeritus Department of Ethnic Studies 510-642-9134 http //ethnicstudies.berkeley.edu/faculty/munoz Latin American Current Affairs Antonio Maceo Cuban Patriot and Hero December 7 2010 Editor Introduction to essay Antonio Maceo in a single combat action one of more than 800 in which he took part usually leading the charge of his troops he was wounded 8 times 4 in the left chest 1 in the left shoulder and 3 in his right hand. At the age of 23 Antonio Maceo had said goodbye to his pregnant wife and baby daughter and as a private joined the Cuban patriots immediately after the Grito de Yara which on 10 October 1868 launched the Ten Years’ War. For bravery under fire in his native Oriente province he is promoted to sergeant then very quickly to lieutenant and by the end of 1868 Maceo is a captain. His actions in the attack on Guantánamo in January of 1869 merit his promotion to major and by March he is a lieutenant colonel. In 1870 he is wounded in combat for the first time then again and a third time at his camp. Despite the seriousness of his injuries he defeats the enemy and two months later he has recovered and is fighting again. Maceo’s fame grows. On 6 August 1877 a few months short of the end of that war Antonio Maceo by then a brigadier general was shot 8 times on his horse as he charged the Spanish lines at Mangos de Mejía near the town of Barajagua in Oriente. In his award-winning biography Octavio R. Costa says that Maceo’s officers thinking him dead carried the body to a nearby house. Amazingly a few days later Maceo regained consciousness. The top Spanish commander learned that Maceo was alive but immobilized. Convinced that his capture or death would put an end to the fighting General Martínez Campos dispatched 3 000 soldiers to find Maceo at all costs. Maceo is moved from the house on a stretcher to a safer location. But the Spanish troops set an ambush. Maceo jumps from the stretcher onto his horse and gets away. After three days of moving about in rough terrain with hardly any food or rest Maceo has evaded the enemy. He tells his escort troops that he is feeling better. As Maceo gradually recovers the war is winding down. Martínez Campos makes several proposals for a negotiated peace. Dissension grows in the Cuban ranks. But Antonio Maceo goes on fighting for Cuba’s freedom. In January 1878 now a major general he launches several successful attacks until in the first week of February Maceo defeats the famous San Quintín battalion which had fought throughout the Ten Years’ War. In three days of hard fighting at San Ulpiano Maceo’s troops kill or wound 245 Spanish soldiers including ten officers while two Cuban officers and one soldier lose their lives and five are wounded. To read the full essay on Maceo please go to http // bestthinking /thinkers/politics_government/international_politics/ south_american_politics/guillermo-a-belt tab=blog amp blogpostid=9664 Sent by Jose M. Pena JMPENA@aol Philippine Islands Catalog of Filipino Names Tuason Family only noble Filipino family Katálogo ng mga Apelyidong Pilipino Catalog of Filipino Names © 1995-98 by Hector Santos All rights reserved. One of the more obvious marks left by Spanish rule in the Philippines is the prevalence of Hispanic surnames among Christianized Filipinos. Those who lived in remote areas and were not subjugated escaped this fate. Many people in the mountain areas of Luzon Mindanao Mindoro Palawan and other places retained their way of life their culture and their way of naming themselves. Thus a Yam-ay in Mindoro today does not have a name like Claudette Villanueva as would probably have been the case had she lived among the conquered people. Before the Spaniards arrived a person's second family not middle name was usually taken from one of his children. Thus Timbô who had a son named Pitík was known as Timbô amá ni Pitík. Compare this with the Western custom of sons taking their names from their fathers like Peter son of John or Peter Johnson. Sometimes a physical feature was used to describe a person like Pitong Kirat for a certain Pito who only had one good eye. Many early Christianized Filipinos named themselves after the saints so much so that it caused consternation among the Spanish authorities. Apparently Christianization worked much too well and there were soon too many Santoses San Joses San Antonios and San Buenaventuras to suit those in power. They were forced to change their last names unless they could prove that their family had been using it for several generations. Another unacceptable custom was that siblings took on different last names like they had always done before the Spaniards came. All these quot problems quot resulted in a less efficient system of collecting taxes. And so on November 21 1849 Governor General Narciso Clavería ordered a systematic distribution of family names for the natives to use. The Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos was produced and approved names were assigned to families in all towns. Name distribution was so systematic that civil servants assigned family names in alphabetical order causing some small towns with only a few families to end up with all names starting with the same letter. This interesting situation remained until fairly recent times when people became more mobile and started seeking mates from other towns. One result of the Hispanization of Filipino names was the change in the way traditional names placenames too were pronounced. Since Hispanic names were just sounds that didn't mean much names like quot Dimalantá quot became quot Dimalanta quot the accent shifting to the penultimate syllable and quot Julag-ay quot became quot Júlagay quot the accent shifting from the penultimate to the first and the glottal catch disappearing . This tended to hide the meanings of the names and made them more of an abstract entity just like Hispanic names. At the same time the new pronunciation sounded more Hispanic and this step completed the transformation of some families at least in their own minds to an erzats class of pseudo-Spaniards. This list has brought about many interesting emails with more names and stories about their origins. Most were proud to have real Filipino names unlike the majority of us who have Hispanic surnames. However one took exception to having his name Agulto listed as an indigenous Filipino name. He claimed he was a Filipino whose ancestors were Sheppardic Jews from Spain and he found it offensive for his name to be called truly Filipino. Of course I immediately removed Agulto from this list. Go to the site for a list of truly Filipino names that remained in use even after the Clavería edict http // bibingka /names/ Tuason Family only noble Filipino family From WikiPilipinas The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia http //en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php title=Tuason_Family The Tuasons are the only noble Filipino family that is they were elevated by the King of Spain Carlos IV to the Spanish nobility by a royal decree of 1782. They are descended from an intermix of Chinese Spanish and Filipino families. The great patriarch of the Tuasons was an Chinese immigrant from Fukien Son Tua who settled in Binondo Manila in the early 18th century. He came to Manila to engage in the galleon trade . Quickly amassing wealth because of his business acumen he became possibly the richest man in the Philippines by late 18th century. Son Tua as the Most Prominent 18th c. Filipino His prominent role in Philippine society was only emphasized during its British Occupation from 1762 to 1764 when Son Tua was one of the very few residents to rally people around the Spanish colonial troops. He even financed and helped direct counterattacks. He was promoted to colonel and he organized 1 500 Chinese mestizos which was dubbed the Battalion of the Royal Prince . It was a treacherous time for Spain in the Philippines as the British invasion had weakened Spain's power and occasioned rebellions and demands for independence. In gratitude for helping the Spanish Governor General Simon de Anda drive the British redcoats out of Manila he was exempted him from paying tributes for two generations in 1775 and he was encouraged to hispanize his name. In that time it was the practice to reverse the syllabry of a Chinese name so Son-tua was hispanized to Tua-son. From that time on he was called Don Antonio Tuason . He was awarded large tracts of prime land. Family lore relates that the governor general promised Don Antonio that whatever lands he could encircle by horseback from sunrise to sunset would be his. Being very astute Don Antonio prepared several horses in different stations in what was known the Diliman and Mariquina area. Through this feat Don Antonio made sure that he traversed thousands of hectares in a day. Thus began the Tuason real estate empire which survives to this day. By this time the Tuasons had emerged as the leading Chinese mestizo family not only in Binondo but in the entire Philippines. This prestige was further elevated when the King of Spain conferred a noble title on the family in 1782. To express his gratitude Don Antonio was posthumously allowed by the King of Spain Carlos IV to found a mayorazgo noble estate on February 25 1794. The mayorazgo was officially approved by the King's decree of August 20 1795. SPAIN More Proof That Vikings Were First to America El Corsario Cavendish More Proof That Vikings Were First to America By Lisa Abend Nov. 26 2010 Jack Heretik of the Knights of Columbus portrays the 15th century Italian explorer Christopher Columbus during a Columbus Day event in Washington D.C. on Oct. 11 2010 Read more http // time /time/world/article/0 8599 2033038 00.html#ixzz16SPu2cQm Jonathan Ernst / Reuters Pity poor Leif Ericsson. The Viking explorer may well have been the first European to reach the Americas but it is a certain Genoan sailor who gets all the glory. Thanks to evidence that has until now consisted only of bare archeological remains and a bunch of Icelandic legends Ericsson has long been treated as a footnote in American history no holiday no state capitals named after him no little ditty to remind you of the date of his voyage. But a group of Icelandic and Spanish scientists studying one mysterious genetic sequence — and one woman who's been dead 1 000 years — may soon change that. Ten years ago Agnar Helgason a scientist at Iceland's deCODE Genetics began investigating the origin of the Icelandic population. Most of the people he tested carried genetic links to either Scandinavians or people from the British Isles. But a small group of Icelanders — roughly 350 in total — carried a lineage known as C1 usually seen only in Asians and Native Americans. "We figured it was a recent arrival from Asia " says Helgason. "But we discovered a much deeper story than we expected." From the Archives See TIME's cover story on the Vikings. Helgason's graduate student Sigridur Sunna Ebenesersdottir found that she could trace the matrilineal sequence to a date far earlier than when the first Asians began arriving in Iceland. In fact she found that all the people who carry the C1 lineage are descendants of one of four women alive around the year 1700. In all likelihood those four descended from a single woman. And because archeological remains in what is Canada today suggest that the Vikings were in the Americas around the year 1000 before retreating into a period of global isolation the best explanation for that errant lineage lies with an American Indian woman one who was taken back to Iceland some 500 years before Columbus set sail for the New World in 1492. See the top 10 things you should know about Columbus. "Quantitatively the importance of the discovery is fairly minimal " says Carles Lalueza a researcher at Barcelona's Institute of Evolutionary Biology who collaborated on the project. "You're talking about a few people on a remote island. But qualitatively the fact that there is evidence for the transmission of genes between two continents at that early a date is very exciting." See pictures of Italians in America. And it's not just the mere fact of contact that is intriguing. Until now the historical evidence has suggested that while the Vikings may have reached the Americas they didn't really engage with the indigenous population. "According to the sagas the Vikings had troubles with the locals and couldn't settle there so they returned to Iceland " says Helgason. "But if we're right it will mean they didn't just sail there and come back. They had real contact with them." Comment on this story. For now the story of the lone American Indian woman taken on a Viking ship to Iceland remains a hypothesis. To prove it will require finding the same genetic sequence in older Amerindian remains elsewhere in the world — family members as it were of that 1 000-year-old woman who ended up so far from home. That sounds like a daunting task but Helgason and his team hope that as news of their finding spreads other geneticists will re-examine remains they have already studied for evidence of the same lineage. See the eerie beauty of Iceland's volcano from earlier this year. In the meantime Helgason will also be exploring one other possible explanation for the unexpected finding. Though unlikely the presence of the C1 lineage could indicate that it originated in those ancient populations who dispersed from Europe into Asia and the Americas. In other words instead of a single American Indian carrying the lineage to Europe it may have risen out of primitive Europe and migrated to different parts of the world. "If that's the case we'd be talking about 14 000 years ago " says Helgason. "So even if we're wrong about this one Amerindian woman the other answer would be even more spectacular." Sent by John Inclan fromGalveston@yahoo Read more http // time /time/world/article/0 8599 2033038 00.html#ixzz16SPj7yCk El Corsario Cavendish Ya hemos hablado en otros artículos del galeón que unía México y las Islas Filipinas durante los siglos XVI al XVIII además de los apetecibles cargamentos que llevaba en sus rutas. Para Manila cargaban plata del Perú en barras y en moneda semillas tabaco garbanzos y plantas de vid e higueras entre otras mercancías y con destino a Acapulco traían tejidos de seda alfombras persas algodón pólvora biombos y porcelanas marfil y diferentes especias. Después que Magallanes cruzó el estrecho aparecieron por el Pacifico barcos de distintas nacionalidades europeas especialmente ingleses y ya sabemos que los ingleses que merodeaban por esos mares tenían permiso como corsario de Isabel I de Inglaterra la reina virgen para atacar y saquear a los barcos españoles. Uno de estos corsarios Thomas Cavendish le tenía puesto el ojo al galeón de Manila por lo que en la primera ocasión en noviembre de 1587 cuando llegaba a las costas de California y amparado por la niebla se acercó al “Santa Ana” que así se llamaba la nave y sorprendió a los castellanos que entre tripulación y pasajeros alcanzaban las 150 personas. Aunque el capitán Tomás de Alzola repartió espadas lanzas y trabucos solo pudieron hacer frente al primer ataque de los piratas porque en la segunda oleada el “Santa Ana” fue capturado y tanto tripulación como pasajeros fueron llevados a tierra mientras los hombres de Cavendish encallaban el barco español y se dedicaban a su saqueo. Curiosamente el “Santa Ana” anteriormente iba armado con varios cañones pero en este viaje consideraron que por el Pacifico encontrarían pocos piratas y los desmontaron dejándolos en tierra para la defensa de Manila. Una vez llevaron al “Desiré” el barco de Cavendish todo lo de valor que encontraron escogieron a dos pilotos y varios esclavos y marineros para que les ayudaran en la navegación entregando a los que dejaron en tierra telas espadas y arcabuces para su defensa además de comida para algún tiempo y los abandonaron a su suerte ahorcando antes a Juan de Almendrales que se les enfrentó cuando le hicieron prisionero empleando un lenguaje soez y despectivo para los ingleses. Tan pronto marcharon los piratas los españoles pusieron manos a la obra y lograron reflotar y reparar el “Santa Ana” con la tela que les dejó Cavendish hicieron una vela y el 6 de enero de 1888 lograron llegar doce de ellos enfermos a Acapulco. Angel Custodio Rebollo INTERNATIONAL Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana The Portuguese American Historical and Research Foundation Inc. Book Christopher Columbus Was Son of Polish King How a lunar eclipse helped Columbus' crew avoid hunger by John Stanley Older issues of the quot Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana quot . http // coloquiosdehistoriacanarioamericana.es/especial/pn-3 The Portuguese American Historical and Research Foundation Inc. http // portuguesefoundation.org/boat.html Non-Profit organization incorporated under the laws of North Carolina. Dedicated to the Research of Early American History and the Portuguese Making of America. 501 c 3 Send your comments by email to portugal@portuguesefoundation.org P.A.H.R. Foundation Inc. - 277 Industrial Park Road - Franklin NC 28734 - USA Fax 828 369-3751 Site maintained by Susan Deetz. Portuguese Passenger Ship Lists A data base is under construction and we expect to have the names of Portuguese passengers that have come to the new world since the 16th century. During the 19th century lists such as the ones shown below are easily available. The information below has been reproduced from this web site dholmes /ships.html . We suggest a visit to this web site for more information. More ships lists may be searched at The Compass Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild istg.rootsweb /newcompass/pcindex.html Arrivals of Portuguese to North-America before the 18th Century 1492 With Columbus João Areias from Algarve Portugal 1539 With Hernando de Soto André de Vasconcellos Álvaro Afonso João Álvares de Valverde Abião Lopes Gavião Lopes Manuel de Torres Simão Rodrigues do Marão Mem Roiz Pereira Domingo Sardinha Fernão Pegado Estevão Pegado and Antonio Martins Segurado 1560/6 Diogo de Ferreira from Porto Portugal 1560/6 Francisco Gil from Lisbon Portugal 1560/6 Francisco Merida de Molina and his wife Guiomar Pereira from Lisbon Portugal 1566 With Pedro Menéndes de Aviles Antonio Pereira a native of Porto Portugal 1578/85 Diogo Martins from Campo Maior Portugal 1578/85 Leonor Nunes Bartolomeu Garcia Isabel Soares Bartolomeu Fernandes all from Evora Portugal Sent by Margaret Garza Mage1935@aol Book Christopher Columbus Was Son of Polish King MADRID Spain Nov. 29 A new biography of Christopher Columbus claims that the man who discovered the Americas was neither Italian nor Spanish but the son of an exiled Polish king who lied to keep his real lineage secret. Portuguese historian Manuel Rosa says he spent 20 years digging through medieval documents and genealogy for his book quot Columbus The Untold Story quot published this month in Spain. A professor at Duke University in North Carolina Rosa believes that Columbus was actually the son of exiled Polish King Vladislav III and a Portuguese noblewoman and that he lied to protect his father's true identity. AP A Portuguese historian's new book claims that Christopher Columbus was actually the son of an exiled Polish king and a Portuguese noblewoman and that he lied to protect his father's true identity. Conventional wisdom has said that Columbus was from a family of humble Italian weavers born in 1451 to Domenico Columbo a weaver who also ran a cheese stall in the city of Genoa. But Rosa believes the explorer was able to woo monarchs into funding his seafaring adventures only because he was in fact descended from royalty himself from Poland. He cites documents that he claims reveal that Columbus and his brother both had access to four European royal courts a rare feat for supposedly poor Genoese weavers. Rosa also believes that Columbus himself was married to a woman from the Portuguese aristocracy in 1479 years before his first Atlantic voyage and that the marriage helped him secure contacts and funding for his trips. quot The sheer weight of the evidence presented makes the old tale of a Genoese wool-weaver so obviously unbelievable that only a fool would continue to insist on it quot Rosa told London's Daily Mail newspaper . In 1498 Columbus signed his last will and testament with the words quot being I born in Genoa quot but Rosa writes that the document is now believed to be a forgery written 80 years after his 1506 death by Italians who wanted to lay claim to his legacy. Rosa's work has caught the attention of National Geographic which sent a producer to Spain and Portugal this month to begin researching a documentary on his findings according to a press release from the book's publisher . Columbus' ancestors have long been a topic of intrigue and speculation among historians. Even though the explorer claimed to have been born in Genoa to a textile family other theories have claimed his true roots lie in Portugal Greece Spain or even Scotland. There's some evidence that Columbus sought to obscure his origins which could reveal that he was really Jewish or a double agent working for the Portuguese royal family. quot Our whole understanding of Christopher Columbus has for 500 years been based on misinformation. We couldn't solve the mystery because we were looking for the wrong man following lies that were spread intentionally to hide his true identity quot Rosa told The Daily Telegraph . The new book Rosa's third about Columbus says the great navigator's father was in fact Vladislav who is long thought to have died in the Battle of Varna against the Ottomans in 1444. Rosa believes that he actually survived and fled to live in exile on the island of Madeira a Portuguese territory where he married a Portuguese noblewoman who gave birth to Columbus. On Madeira Vladislav was known as quot Henry the German quot the book says. Many paintings of Columbus show that he was red-haired fair-skinned and blue-eyed all features more common in Poland than in Italy. Columbus' coat of arms was also strikingly similar to that of the Polish king and a painting of the explorer housed in Seville Spain shows a crown hidden in his sleeve. Rosa said there's plenty of evidence to support his theory but his next project will try to back up his thesis indisputably with DNA evidence. quot I have made a request to the Cathedral in Krakov to examine remains from the tomb of Vladislav II who could turn out to be the grandfather of Columbus quot Rosa told the Telegraph. quot It would prove the truth of my theory. quot Sent by Bll Carmena JCarm1724@aol How a lunar eclipse helped Columbus' crew avoid hunger by John Stanley February 1504 - Christopher Columbus was in a bad way. In the course of his fourth visit to the New World badly leaking ships left him stranded on what is now Jamaica. The inhabitants initially hospitable had grown hostile at the crew's transgressions and had threatened to cut off the crew's food supply. While consulting his ephemerides charts that give the positions of astronomical objects at given times Columbus realized that astronomers had predicted that a lunar eclipse would be visible in a couple of days. The day before the eclipse he told the local leaders that if they didn't change their minds the moon would disappear from the sky. They scoffed but after the eclipse occurred as predicted on Feb. 29 they relented. Four months later Columbus and his crew were rescued. He returned to Spain in November never to return to the New World. quot The story sounds too good to be true quot said Alan MacRobert a senior editor at Sky amp Telescope magazine. quot But it really happened. quot Sent by John Inclan fromgalveston@yahoo 12/30/2010 08 01 AM Sunday 03 July 2011 upload Login Edit Latinas Mundial Youtube Vimeo Dailymotion Yahoo Blip Videos Images Biography News Related People Related Places Related Sites Video Details latinas mundial latinas mundial African American African Americans also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans and formerly as American Negroes are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry. http //wn /African_American Agustin Ramos Calero Sergeant First Class Agustin Ramos Calero June 2 1919-February 10 1989 was awarded 22 decorations and medals from the U.S. Army for his actions during World War II thus becoming the most decorated Hispanic soldier in the United States military during that war. http //wn /Agustin_Ramos_Calero Al Lopez Alfonso Ramon "Al" Lopez August 20 1908 ndash October 30 2005 was an American catcher and manager in Major League Baseball and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1977. http //wn /Al_Lopez Alaska Natives Alaska Natives are the indigenous peoples of Alaska. They include Inupiat Yupik Aleut Inuit Tlingit Haida Tsimshian Eyak and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures. http //wn /Alaska_Natives Albert Pujols José Alberto Pujols Alcántara born January 16 1980 better known as Albert Pujols is a professional baseball player who has played his entire career in Major League Baseball MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals. Currently a first baseman Pujols is well-known for his all-around ability as a player to hit for both average and power plus his base-running and fielding excellence. His consistency over his ten years in the Major Leagues has earned him the reputation as one of the best players in the game today and the most feared hitter in baseball according to a poll of all 30 MLB managers in 2008. Since his MLB debut in 2001 Pujols has been selected as an All-Star nine times has won the National League Most Valuable Player Award three times and won a World Series title in 2006. http //wn /Albert_Pujols Alberto Del Rio http //wn /Alberto_Del_Rio Alberto Gonzales Alberto R. Gonzales born August 4 1955 was the 80th Attorney General of the United States. Gonzales was appointed to the post in February 2005 by President George W. Bush. While Bush was Governor of Texas Gonzales had served as his general counsel and subsequently he served as Secretary of State of Texas and then on the Texas Supreme Court. From 2001 to 2005 Gonzales served in the Bush Administration as White House Counsel. http //wn /Alberto_Gonzales Alejandro R. Ruiz Sergeant Alejandro R. Ruiz June 26 1923 ndash November 20 2009 was a former United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor the United States' highest military decoration for his actions in the Battle of Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands during World War II. http //wn /Alejandro_R_Ruiz Alex Rodriguez Alexander Emmanuel "Alex" Rodriguez born July 27 1975 is an American Major League Baseball third baseman for the New York Yankees. He previously played shortstop for the Seattle Mariners and the Texas Rangers. http //wn /Alex_Rodriguez Alfred V. Rascon Lieutenant Colonel retired Alfred Velasquez Rascon born September 10 1945 was a medic in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor—the United States' highest military decoration—for his actions near Long Khanh Province during the Vietnam War. In more than one occasion Rascon exposed himself to enemy fire and grenades by covering the bodies of those whom he was aiding with his own. http //wn /Alfred_V_Rascon Ambrosio Guillen Staff Sergeant Ambrosio Guillen December 7 1929 ndash July 25 1953 was a United States Marine who was posthumously award the Medal of Honor mdash the United States' highest military honor mdash for his heroic actions and sacrifice of life during the Korean War two days before the cease fire. He was responsible for turning an overwhelming enemy attack into a disorderly retreat. http //wn /Ambrosio_Guillen America Ferrera America Georgine Ferrera born April 18 1984 is an American actress who is known for playing the lead role in the television series Ugly Betty . She also starred in the movies Real Women Have Curves Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants its sequel Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 and The Dry Land and had a small role in the skateboard biopic Lords of Dogtown 2005 . http //wn /America_Ferrera Andrew A. Humphreys Andrew Atkinson Humphreys November 2 1810 ndash December 27 1883 was a career United States Army officer civil engineer and a Union General in the American Civil War. He served in senior positions in the Army of the Potomac including division command chief of staff and corps command and was Chief Engineer of the U.S. Army. http //wn /Andrew_A_Humphreys Andy García Andrés Arturo García Menéndez born April 12 1956 professionally known as Andy García is a Cuban American actor. He became known in the late 1980s and 1990s having appeared in several successful Hollywood films including The Untouchables and When a Man Loves a Woman . More recently he has starred in ''Ocean's Eleven and its sequels Ocean's Twelve and Ocean's Thirteen and The Lost City''. http //wn /Andy_García Angela Salinas Major General Angela Salinas is the director of Manpower Management Division Manpower and Reserve Affairs Headquarters Marine Corps. On August 4 2006 when she assumed command of Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego she become the first woman to command the Recruit Depot. On August 2 2006 Salinas became the first Hispanic female to become a United States Marine Corps general officer and the sixth female in the Marine Corps to reach the rank of brigadier general. http //wn /Angela_Salinas Anthony Muñoz Michael Anthony Muñoz born August 19 1958 is a Pro Football Hall of Fame offensive tackle who played most of his career for the National Football League's Cincinnati Bengals. After missing much of the 1992 season battling knee and shoulder injuries Muñoz attempted to play a 14th season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers but he was released before the season started and decided to retire shortly after. http //wn /Anthony_Muñoz Anthony Quinn For other people named Anthony Quinn see Anthony Quinn disambiguation http //wn /Anthony_Quinn Antonia Novello Dr. Antonia Coello Novello M.D. born August 23 1944 is a Puerto Rican physician and public health administrator. She was a vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and served as fourteenth Surgeon General of the United States from 1990 to 1993. Novello is the first woman and first Hispanic to serve as Surgeon General. http //wn /Antonia_Novello Antonio Banderas José Antonio Domínguez Banderas born August 10 1960 better known as Antonio Banderas is a Spanish film actor film director film producer and singer. He began his acting career at age 19 with a series of films by director Pedro Almodóvar and then appeared in high-profile Hollywood films including Assassins Evita Philadelphia Desperado The Mask of Zorro Spy Kids and the Shrek sequels. http //wn /Antonio_Banderas Argentine American Argentine Americans are citizens or residents of the United States whose origins are in the South American nation of Argentina. http //wn /Argentine_American Arte Moreno Arturo "Arte" Moreno born August 1946 is an American businessman of Mexican descent. On May 15 2003 he made history by becoming the first Hispanic to own a major sports team in the United States when he purchased the Anaheim Angels baseball team from the Walt Disney Company. http //wn /Arte_Moreno File Anna May Wong passport style photograph .jpg" /> Asian American Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian which includes individuals of East Asian South Asian and Southeast Asian origin. http //wn /Asian_American Asian Latin American Asian Latin Americans are Latin Americans of East Asian Southeast Asian or South Asian descent. http //wn /Asian_Latin_American Asian people Asian people or Asiatic people is a demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular region or subregion of Asia. Though usage may be based on residence it is usually considered an ethnicity or race. http //wn /Asian_people Baldomero Lopez Baldomero Lopez August 23 1925 ndash September 15 1950 was a first lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for smothering a hand grenade with his own body during the Inchon Landing on September 15 1950. http //wn /Baldomero_Lopez Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II born August 4 1961 is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008. http //wn /Barack_Obama Belizean American ''' http //wn /Belizean_American Benicio del Toro Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez born February 19 1967 better known as Benicio del Toro is a Puerto Rican actor and film producer. His awards include the Academy Award Golden Globe Screen Actors Guild SAG Award and British Academy of Film and Television Arts BAFTA Award. He is known for his roles as Fred Fenster in The Usual Suspects Javier Rodríguez in Traffic his Oscar-winning role Jack 'Jackie Boy' Rafferty in Sin City Dr. Gonzo in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Franky Four Fingers in Snatch Che Guevara in Che and most recently for his role as Lawrence Talbot in The Wolfman . He is the third Puerto Rican to win an Academy Award. http //wn /Benicio_del_Toro Benjamin Bratt Benjamin Bratt born December 16 1963 is an American actor. He is most famous for his role as Rey Curtis on the TV series Law Order and his appearances in the movies Blood in Blood Out Miss Congeniality Traffic and Piñero . He starred on the A E Network drama The Cleaner . http //wn /Benjamin_Bratt Bill Clinton William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton born William Jefferson Blythe III August 19 1946 is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War and was the first baby boomer president. His wife Hillary Rodham Clinton is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor J.D. from Yale Law School. http //wn /Bill_Clinton Bill Richardson William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III born November 15 1947 is the 30th and current Governor of New Mexico. Before being elected governor Richardson served in the Clinton administration as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary. Richardson has also served as a U.S. Congressman chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. On December 3 2008 then-President-elect Barack Obama designated Richardson for appointment to the cabinet-level position of Commerce Secretary. On January 4 2009 Richardson announced his decision to withdraw his nomination because of an investigation into improper business dealings in New Mexico. In August 2009 federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor and there has been speculation in the media about Richardson's career after his second and final term as New Mexico governor concludes. http //wn /Bill_Richardson Black people The term black people usually refers to a racial group of humans with skin colors that range from light brown to nearly black. According to a recent scientific study human skin color diversity is highest in sub-Saharan African populations. It is also used to categorize a number of diverse populations together based on historical and prehistorical ancestral relationships. Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent Sub Saharan African descent see African diaspora . Among the members of this group dark skin is most often accompanied by the expression of natural afro-hair texture. Other definitions of the term "black people" extend to other populations characterized by dark skin including some indigenous to Oceania and Southeast Asia. http //wn /Black_people Bob Martinez Robert Martinez born December 25 1934 in Tampa Florida was the 40th Governor of Florida from 1987 to 1991. Prior to that he was the mayor of Tampa from 1979 to 1986. http //wn /Bob_Martinez Bob Menendez Robert "Bob" Menendez born January 1 1954 is the junior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. In December 2005 he was appointed by Jon Corzine to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Corzine who resigned upon being elected Governor of New Jersey and was sworn into office in January 2006. Menendez was elected to his own full six-year term in the 2006 U.S. Senate election defeating Republican Thomas Kean Jr. He is the first person of Latino ethnicity to represent New Jersey in the U.S. Senate. http //wn /Bob_Menendez Bobby Chacon Bobby Chacon born November 28 1951 is an American former two-time world boxing champion. http //wn /Bobby_Chacon Bolivian American http //wn /Bolivian_American Brazilian American Bolivian American is a compound term that applies to American citizens of Bolivian origin. Racially Bolivian Americans are identified as Indigenous European mostly Spanish German or Croatian Afro Bolivian or a combination of any or all three races in varying degrees of admixture. Furthermore there are Bolivian Americans of Japanese descent albeit in small numbers. http //wn /Brazilian_American Brazilian people Brazilian Americans are Americans of Brazilian origin. There were an estimated 351 914 Brazilian Americans as of 2008 according to the United States Census Bureau. Another source gives an estimate of some 800 000 Brazilians living in the U.S. in 2000 while still another estimates that some 1 100 000 Brazilians live in the United States 300 000 of them in Florida. http //wn /Brazilian_people Brian Sandoval Brazilians brasileiros in Portuguese are all people born in Brazil. A Brazilian can be also a person born abroad to a Brazilian parent or a foreigner living in Brazil who applied for Brazilian citizenship. The vast majority of Brazilians live in Brazil. http //wn /Brian_Sandoval Cain Velasquez Brian Edward Sandoval born August 5 1963 is a former judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada and a politician from the state of Nevada who is running for governor in the 2010 election. In June 2010 Sandoval defeated his GOP challengers and won the Republican nomination for the 2010 Gubernatorial election. Sandoval leads in general election polling against Democrat Rory Reid his general election opponent. http //wn /Cain_Velasquez Cameron Diaz Cain Ramirez Velasquez born July 28 1982 is a Mexican American mixed martial artist in the Heavyweight division. He is a two-time All-American collegiate wrestler from Arizona State and a Junior College National Champ at Iowa Central Community College. He is a two-time 5A state champion in Arizona Compiling a record of 110-10 for Kofa High School located in Yuma Arizona under Shawn Rustad and Marty Niblo. He currently competes in the UFC in the heavyweight division. As of June 29 2010 he is ranked as the #4 heavyweight in the world by Sherdog and MMAweekly and #6 by MMAfighting . Cain also has never lost a round in mixed martial arts competition. Velasquez who trains at the American Kickboxing Academy won the No-Gi Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu blue belt championships roughly a year after starting submission grappling. He currently holds a purple belt under Dave Camarillo. He is currently expected to face Brock Lesnar for the UFC Heavyweight Championship at UFC 121. http //wn /Cameron_Diaz Carlos Arroyo Cameron Michelle Diaz born August 30 1972 is an American actress and former model. She gained fame in the 1990s with roles in the blockbuster films The Mask ''My Best Friend's Wedding and There's Something About Mary . Other notable film credits include Charlie's Angels Vanilla Sky Gangs of New York and voicing Princess Fiona in the Shrek film series . Diaz received Golden Globe nominations for her performances in There's Something About Mary Being John Malkovich Vanilla Sky and Gangs of New York''. http //wn /Carlos_Arroyo Carlos Bocanegra Carlos Alberto Arroyo Bermúdez born July 30 1979 in Fajardo Puerto Rico is a Puerto Rican professional basketball point guard for the Miami Heat in the National Basketball Association NBA . Arroyo is the fifth player from Puerto Rico to play in the NBA. In the 2008-09 season he played for Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Israeli Basketball Super League winning the league's championship and being named the final's Most Valuable Player. http //wn /Carlos_Bocanegra Carlos Gutierrez Carlos Manuel Bocanegra born May 25 1979 is an American soccer player who plays for French Ligue 1 club Saint-Étienne and is the captain of the United States national team. For both club and country he splits his time between centre back and left back. http //wn /Carlos_Gutierrez Carlos Lozada Carlos Miguel Gutierrez originally Gutiérrez born November 4 1952 served as the 35th U.S. Secretary of Commerce from 2005 to 2009. Gutierrez is a former Chairman of the Board and CEO of the Kellogg Company. http //wn /Carlos_Lozada Carlos Ortiz Private First Class Carlos James Lozada September 6 1946 ndash November 20 1967 was a member of the United States Army who was one of five Puerto Ricans who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for their actions in combat. http //wn /Carlos_Ortiz Carlos Santana For the Cuban wrestler with the same name see Carlos Julian Ortíz http //wn /Carlos_Santana Carmelo Anthony Carlos Augusto Alves Santana born July 20 1947 is a Mexican American rock guitarist. Santana became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band Santana which pioneered rock salsa and jazz fusion. The band's sound featured his melodic blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales and congas not generally heard in rock music. Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s. Rolling Stone named Santana number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time in 2003. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and 3 Latin Grammy Awards. http //wn /Carmelo_Anthony Chamorro people Carmelo Kiyan Anthony born May 29 1984 nicknamed "Melo" is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association NBA . After a successful high school career at Towson Catholic High School and Oak Hill Academy Anthony attended Syracuse University for college where he led the Orangemen to their first National Championship in 2003. He earned the tournament's Most Outstanding Player award and was named the Most Valuable Player of NCAA East Regional. After one season at Syracuse University Anthony left college to enter the 2003 NBA Draft where he was selected as the third pick by the Nuggets. http //wn /Chamorro_people Charlie Sheen The Chamorro people or Chamoru people are the indigenous people of the Mariana Islands which include the American territory of Guam and the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia. Today significant Chamoru populations also exist in several U.S. states including Hawaii California Washington Texas and Nevada. According to the 2000 Census approximately 65 000 people of Chamoru ancestry live on Guam and another 19 000 live in the Northern Marianas. Another 93 000 live outside the Marianas in Hawaii and West/Pacific coast of USA . The Chamoru are primarily of Austronesian stock. http //wn /Charlie_Sheen Charlie Villanueva Carlos Irwin Estévez born September 3 1965 known professionally as Charlie Sheen is an American actor. His character roles in films have included Chris Taylor in the 1986 Vietnam War drama Platoon Jake Kesey in the 1986 film The Wraith and Bud Fox in 1987 film Wall Street . His career also included more comedic films such as Major League the Hot Shots films and Scary Movie 3 and 4 . On television Sheen is known for his roles on two sitcoms as Charlie Crawford on Spin City and as Charlie Harper on Two and a Half Men . http //wn /Charlie_Villanueva Cheech Marin Charlie Alexander Villanueva born August 24 1984 in Queens New York City is an Dominican-American basketball player who currently plays for the Detroit Pistons. http //wn /Cheech_Marin Chilean American Richard Anthony "Cheech" Marin born July 13 1946 is an American comedian and actor who gained recognition as part of the comedy act Cheech Chong during the 1970s and early 1980s and as Don Johnson's partner Insp. Joe Dominguez on Nash Bridges . He has also voiced characters in several Disney movies including Oliver and Company The Lion King and Cars . The thick Mexican accent he often uses is a part of a comic persona rather than a natural accent. http //wn /Chilean_American File JoaquinTheMountainRobber.jpg" /> Christina Aguilera Chilean Americans are Americans of Chilean descent or Chileans who have obtained American citizenship. They number in 68 849 of whom close to 14 000 live in the states of Florida and California while around 16 330 live in the states of New York New Jersey Connecticut and other New England states combined. http //wn /Christina_Aguilera Christy Turlington Christina María Aguilera in English born December 18 1980 is an American pop singer songwriter dancer and actress. Aguilera first appeared on national television in 1990 as a contestant on the Star Search program and went on to star in Disney Channel's television series The Mickey Mouse Club from 1993–1994. Aguilera signed to RCA Records after recording "Reflection" for the film Mulan . http //wn /Christy_Turlington Ciro Rodriguez Christy Turlington Burns born January 2 1969 is an American model best known for representing Calvin Klein from 1987 to 2007. She has worked on dozens of modeling contracts with companies including Maybelline Cosmetics and Versace. Turlington starred in her fashion documentary Catwalk and Isaac Mizrahi's Unzipped . She was added on as the fourth model investor after Elle Macpherson Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer of the now defunct Fashion Cafes. http //wn /Ciro_Rodriguez Claudio Reyna Ciro Davis Rodriguez born December 9 1946 is a Democratic Congressman who has represented Texas's 23rd congressional district since 2007. The district stretches from El Paso in the west to San Antonio in the east—a distance of some 500 miles. He previously represented the neighboring 28th district from 1997 to 2005. http //wn /Claudio_Reyna Cleto L. Rodriguez Claudio Reyna born July 20 1973 is a retired American soccer player and the current USSF US Youth Soccer Technical Director. He was the captain of the United States national team before retiring from international football following the USA's exit from the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He's widely considered one of the greatest players the United States has ever produced. Reyna last played for Red Bull New York of Major League Soccer where he was team captain. On July 16 2008 Reyna held a press conference where he announced his retirement. http //wn /Cleto_L_Rodriguez Colombian American Cleto L. Rodriguez April 26 1923 ndash December 7 1990 was an American who served in both the U.S. Army and in the U.S. Air Force and received the Medal of Honor for actions in Manila Philippine Islands during World War II. http //wn /Colombian_American Image Zamka G NASA.jpg" /> Costa Rican American Colombian Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their nationality or heritage from the South American nation of Colombia. They are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States. http //wn /Costa_Rican_American Cuban American http //wn /Cuban_American Cuban people A Costa Rican American is an inhabitant of the United States who is of Costa Rican descent or birth. http //wn /Cuban_people Image Pitbullrapper.jpg" /> Cyrano de Bergerac A Cuban American is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Cuban Americans are also considered native born Americans with Cuban parents or Cuban-born persons who were raised and educated in US. Cuban Americans form the third-largest Hispanic group in the United States and also the largest group of Hispanics of European ancestry as a percentage within the group in the US. http //wn /Cyrano_de_Bergerac César Chávez http //wn /César_Chávez Daniel Fernandez Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac 6 March 1619 ndash 28 July 1655 was a French dramatist and duellist who is now best remembered for the many works of fiction which have been woven around his life story. In these fictional works he is featured with an overly large nose portraits suggest that he did have a big nose though not nearly as large as described in Edmond Rostand's play and the subsequent works about him. A statue of him stands in the town of Bergerac Dordogne. http //wn /Daniel_Fernandez David B. Barkley César Chávez Estrada March 31 1927 – April 23 1993 was a Mexican American farm worker labor leader and civil rights activist who with Dolores Huerta co-founded the National Farm Workers Association which later became the United Farm Workers UFW . http //wn /David_B_Barkley David Farragut Daniel Fernandez June 30 1944 ndash February 18 1966 recipient of the Medal of Honor. He was the first Mexican American to receive that honor during the war in Vietnam. http //wn /David_Farragut David M. Gonzales David Bennes Barkley March 31 1899 ndash November 9 1918 often spelled Barkeley was a United States Army private who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during World War I in France. After successfully completing a scouting mission behind enemy lines he drowned as he swam back across the Meuse River. http //wn /David_M_Gonzales David Ortiz David Glasgow Farragut July 5 1801 ndash August 14 1870 was a flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral vice admiral and full admiral of the Navy. He is remembered in popular culture for his order at the Battle of Mobile Bay usually paraphrased "Damn the torpedoes full speed ahead " by U.S. Navy tradition. http //wn /David_Ortiz Dennis Chavez Private First Class David M. Gonzales June 9 1923 ndash April 25 1945 was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor mdash the United States' highest military decoration mdash for his heroic actions during World War II. On April 25 1945 at age 22 PFC Gonzales was killed in action in the Philippines while in the face of fierce enemy machine gun fire digging out fellow soldiers who had been buried in a bomb explosion. For over 60 years the surviving son of Gonzales David Jr. wondered about the men his father had saved unaware that one of the men William W. Kouts was also searching for the family of the person who saved his life. Finally the search came to an end on May 2007 with the help of Tony Santiago an editor of Wikipedia. http //wn /Dennis_Chavez Desi Arnaz David Américo Ortiz Arias born November 18 1975 in Santo Domingo Dominican Republic is a Dominican-American Major League Baseball designated hitter for the Boston Red Sox. Previously Ortiz played for the Minnesota Twins 1997–2002 . Nicknamed "Big Papi" Ortiz is a six-time All-Star and holds the Red Sox single-season record for home runs with 54 set during the 2006 season. Ortiz is and weighs . Ortiz plays first base in NL parks. http //wn /Desi_Arnaz Diana Taurasi Dionisio "Dennis" Chavez April 8 1888 – November 18 1962 was a Democratic politician from the U.S. State of New Mexico who served in the United States House of Representatives and in the United States Senate from 1935 to 1962. http //wn /Diana_Taurasi Dick Versace Desi Arnaz March 2 1917 – December 2 1986 was a Cuban-born American musician actor and television producer. While he gained international renown for leading a Latin music band the Desi Arnaz Orchestra he is best known for his role as Ricky Ricardo on the classic American TV series I Love Lucy starring with Lucille Ball to whom he was married at the time. http //wn /Dick_Versace Diego Sanchez Diana Lurena Taurasi born June 11 1982 in Chino California is a professional basketball player who plays for the Phoenix Mercury in the WNBA and Fenerbahçe Istanbul in FIBA’s EuroLeague Women. http //wn /Diego_Sanchez Dominican American Dick Versace born April 16 1940 is a former basketball coach and National Basketball Association executive. He's also the first person of Puerto Rican descent to have coached an NBA team. http //wn /Dominican_American Dora the Explorer Diego J. Sanchez born December 31 1981 is an American mixed martial artist MMA with a background in wrestling and Gaidojutsu system of submission wrestling developed by his longtime trainer Greg Jackson. Sanchez was the winner of the first season of The Ultimate Fighter reality series and currently fights as a welterweight with the Ultimate Fighting Championship UFC . http //wn /Dora_the_Explorer Image Alex Rodriguez NYY uniform walking.jpg" /> Ecuadorian American A Dominican American is any American who has origins in the Dominican Republic. http //wn /Ecuadorian_American Eddie Guerrero Dora the Explorer is an American animated television series created by Chris Gifford Valerie Walsh and Eric Weiner. A pilot episode for the series aired in 1999 and Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000. The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network including the associated Nick Jr. channel. It aired on CBS until September 2006. A Spanish-dubbed version first aired as part of a Nick en español block on NBC Universal-owned Telemundo through September 2006 since April 2008 this version of the program has been carried on Univision as part of the Planeta U block. http //wn /Eddie_Guerrero File Christina Aguilera Sanremo.jpg" /> Edward D. Baca An Ecuadorian American is any person in the United States who is of Ecuadorian ancestry. Ecuadorian Americans can be Mestizo White Afro-Ecuadorian Indigenous Mulato or Zambo. Many Ecuadorians are of Lebanese descent. There are also sizable populations of Ecuadorians of Italian German Chinese and Japanese descent. http //wn /Edward_D_Baca Edward Gomez Eduardo Gory "Eddie" Guerrero Llanes October 9 1967 – November 13 2005 was a Mexican-American professional wrestler born into the Guerrero wrestling family. He wrestled in Mexico and Japan for several major professional wrestling promotions in the United States Guerrero wrestled in Extreme Championship Wrestling ECW World Championship Wrestling WCW and in World Wrestling Entertainment then WWF later renamed to WWE . http //wn /Edward_Gomez Enrique Iglesias Edward D. Baca LL.D. July 23 1938 - was a United States Army general in the New Mexico National Guard. Under Baca's leadership in the 1980s the NMNG rose to national prominence as a part of the U.S. Army's 'Total Force Policy.' Later he became the first Hispanic to head the National Guard Bureau. At the time of his retirement in 1998 Baca was the highest ranking Hispanic military officer. http //wn /Enrique_Iglesias Erik Estrada Private First Class Edward Gomez August 10 1932 ndash September 14 1951 was a United States Marine from Omaha Nebraska who posthumously received the Medal of Honor mdash the United States' highest decoration for valor mdash for gallantly sacrificing his life to save the lives of four fellow-Marines on his machine gun team. PFC Gomez was the 18th Marine to receive the Medal of Honor for heroism during the Korean conflict. http //wn /Erik_Estrada Erneido Oliva Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler born May 8 1975 better known as Enrique Iglesias is a Spanish pop music singer-songwriter. http //wn /Erneido_Oliva Esai Morales Henry Enrique "Erik" Estrada born March 16 1949 is an American actor known for his co-starring lead role in the 1977–1983 United States police television series CHiPs . He later became known for his work in Spanish language telenovelas and in more recent years his appearances in reality television shows and infomercials and as a regular voice on the Cartoon Network show Sealab 2021 . http //wn /Esai_Morales Estevanico Erneido Andres Oliva Gonzalez Born 20 June 1932 in Aguacate Cuba is a Cuban-American who was the deputy commander of Brigade 2506 land forces in the abortive Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961. http //wn /Estevanico Euripides Rubio Esai Manuel Morales Jr. born October 1 1962 is an American actor known for his role as Bob Valenzuela in the 1987 biopic La Bamba . He also appeared in the PBS drama American Family and in the Showtime series Resurrection Blvd. Most recently he played Major Edward Beck in the CBS drama Jericho and Joseph Adama in Caprica a prequel to the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica series. http //wn /Euripides_Rubio Eva Longoria Estevanico c. 1500–1539 also known as "Mustafa Zemmouri" "Black Stephen" "Esteban" "Esteban the Moor" "Estevan" "Estebanico" "Stephen the Black" "Stephen the Moor" "Stephen Dorantes" after his owner Andres Dorantes and "Little Stephen" was the first known person born in North Africa to have arrived in the present-day continental United States. An enslaved servant he was one of four survivors of the Spanish Narváez expedition and traveled with explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca across northern New Spain present-day U.S. southwest and northern Mexico . Estevanico Cabeza De Vaca and Andrés Dorantes de Carranza were helped by the skills of their comrade Alonso Del Castillo who became known as a healer among the indigenous people they encountered. http //wn /Eva_Longoria Eva Mendes http //wn /Eva_Mendes F. J. Duarte http //wn /F_J_Duarte Federico Peña Eva Mendes born March 5 1974 is an American actress. She began acting in the late 1990s and after a series of roles in several low-end films she broke into more mainstream Hollywood releases such as 2 Fast 2 Furious Hitch We Own the Night and The Spirit . http //wn /Federico_Peña Felipe Alou F. J. Duarte is a laser physicist and author/editor of several well-known books on tunable lasers. He introduced the generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory and has discovered various multiple-prism grating oscillator laser configurations. These configurations include the multiple-prism near-grazing-incidence grating cavities originally disclosed as copper-laser-pumped narrow-linewidth tunable lasers. Duarte's contributions have found applications in a variety of fields including http //wn /Felipe_Alou Felix Rigau Carrera Federico Fabian Peña born March 15 1947 was United States Secretary of Transportation from 1993 to 1997 and United States Secretary of Energy from 1997 to 1998 during the presidency of Bill Clinton. http //wn /Felix_Rigau_Carrera Felix Soto Toro Felipe Rojas Alou born May 12 1935 in Bajos de Haina Dominican Republic is a former outfielder and first baseman in Major League Baseball and the former manager of the San Francisco Giants and Montreal Expos. The first Dominican to play regularly in the major leagues he is the most prominent member of one of the sport's most notable families of the late 20th century his younger brothers Matty and Jesús were both longtime National League outfielders and his son Moisés was most recently an outfielder with the New York Mets all but Jesús have been named All-Stars at least twice. The family name in the Dominican is Rojas but Felipe Alou and his brothers became known by the name Alou when the Giants' scout who signed Felipe mistakenly thought his matronymic was his father's name. http //wn /Felix_Soto_Toro Fergie singer First Lieutenant Felix Rigau Carrera August 30 1894-October 13 1954 known as "El Aguila de Sabana Grande" The Eagle from Sabana Grande was the first Puerto Rican pilot and the first Hispanic fighter pilot in the United States Marine Corps. Rigau Carrera was also the first Puerto Rican parachutist and the first pilot to fly on air mail carrying duties in Puerto Rico. http //wn /Fergie_ singer Fermín Tangüis Dr. Felix Soto Toro born 1967 is an astronaut applicant and an Electrical Designs Engineer in NASA who developed the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System ASPTMS Electronic 3D measuring system . http //wn /Fermín_Tangüis Fernando Caldeiro Stacy Ann Ferguson born March 27 1975 better known by her stage name Fergie is an American singer-songwriter rapper fashion designer and actress. She was a member of the children's television series Kids Incorporated and the girl group Wild Orchid. She is the female vocalist for the hip hop group the The Black Eyed Peas with whom she has attained much charting success worldwide. Her own debut album spawned four Billboard Hot 100 top five singles three of which went to number one. http //wn /Fernando_Caldeiro Fernando Luis García Fermín Tangüis March 29 1851 - August 24 1930 was a Puerto Rican businessman agriculturist and scientist who developed the seed that would eventually produce the Tanguis cotton in Peru and save that nation's cotton industry. http //wn /Fernando_Luis_García Fernando Valenzuela Fernando "Frank" Caldeiro June 12 1958 Buenos Aires Argentina – died October 3 2009 was an Argentine-American astronaut with a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona and the University of Central Florida. http //wn /Fernando_Valenzuela Filipino American Private First Class Fernando Luis Garcia October 14 1929 ndash September 5 1952 a member of the United States Marines was the first Puerto Rican from a total of five to be received the Medal of Honor posthumously. http //wn /Filipino_American France A. Córdova Fernando Valenzuela Anguamea born November 1 1960 is a Mexican former left-handed pitcher who pitched for six different teams during his Major League Baseball career most notably the Los Angeles Dodgers with whom he pitched for ten seasons from 1980 to 1990. Thanks in part to his "Ruthian physique " a devastating screwball that helped him win his first eight straight decisions in 1981 and a connection with Los Angeles' large Latino community Valenzuela touched off an early '80s craze dubbed "Fernandomania". That year Valenzuela became the only player in Major League history to win the Rookie of the Year award the Cy Young Award and the Silver Slugger Award in the same season. http //wn /France_A_Córdova France Silva Filipino Americans are Americans of Filipino ancestry. Filipino Americans often shortened to "Fil-Ams" reside mainly in the continental United States and form significant populations in California Hawaii New York New Jersey Nevada Washington Florida Alaska Guam and Northern Marianas. http //wn /France_Silva Francisco J. Ayala France Anne Córdova born 5 August 1947 is an American astrophysicist researcher and university administrator. She is the eleventh President of Purdue University. http //wn /Francisco_J_Ayala Frankie J Private France Silva May 8 1876 ndash April 10 1951 born in Hayward California was the first Marine of Mexican-American and Hispanic heritage to receive the Medal of Honor. He received the Medal of Honor for his meritorious conduct in China during the Boxer Rebellion. http //wn /Frankie_J Franklin Chang-Diaz Francisco José Ayala born March 12 1934 in Madrid Spain is a Spanish American biologist and philosopher at the University of California Irvine. He is a former Dominican priest ordained in 1960 but left the priesthood that same year. After graduating from the University of Salamanca he moved to the US in 1961 to study for a PhD at Columbia University. There he studied for his doctorate under Theodosius Dobzhansky graduating in 1964. He became a US citizen in 1971. http //wn /Franklin_Chang-Diaz Freddie Prinze Francisco Javier Bautista Jr. born December 7 1975 better known by his stage name Frankie J is a Mexican singer and former member of the musical group Kumbia Kings. http //wn /Freddie_Prinze French people Franklin Ramón Chang Díaz born April 5 1950 is a Costa Rican-American engineer physicist and former NASA astronaut. http //wn /French_people Gaspar de Portolà Freddie Prinze June 22 1954 – January 29 1977 was an American actor and stand-up comedian. He was best known as the star of Chico and the Man . He was the father of actor Freddie Prinze Jr. http //wn /Gaspar_de_Portolà George D. Zamka French people can refer to http //wn /George_D_Zamka George W. Bush Gaspar de Portolà i Rovira 1716–1784 was a soldier governor of Baja and Alta California 1767 ndash 1770 explorer and founder of San Diego and Monterey. He was born in Os de Balaguer province of Lleida in Catalonia Spain of Catalan nobility. Don Portolà served as a soldier in the Spanish army in Italy and Portugal. He was commissioned ensign in 1734 and lieutenant in 1743 and died in Spain in 1784. http //wn /George_W_Bush Germans George David "Zambo" Zamka born 1962 is an American NASA astronaut and United States Marine Corps pilot with over 3500 flight hours in more than 30 different aircraft. Zamka piloted the Space Shuttle Discovery in its October 2007 mission to the International Space Station and served as the commander of mission STS-130 in February 2010. http //wn /Germans Gigi Fernández George Walker Bush born July 6 1946 in New Haven Connecticut was the 43rd President of the United States serving from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas serving from 1995 to 2000. http //wn /Gigi_Fernández Gilbert Arenas ref15 = http //wn /Gilbert_Arenas Gualberto Ruaño Beatriz "Gigi" Fernández born February 22 1964 in San Juan is a former professional Puerto Rican tennis player the first female Puerto Rican athlete to turn professional the first Puerto Rican woman to ever win an Olympic gold medal and the first Puerto Rican to be inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. http //wn /Gualberto_Ruaño Guatemalan American Gilbert Jay Arenas Jr. born January 6 1982 is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association NBA . He plays as a point guard and shooting guard. http //wn /Guatemalan_American Guy Gabaldon Dr. Gualberto Ruaño MD PhD is a pioneer in the field of personalized medicine and the inventor of molecular diagnostic systems used worldwide for the management of viral diseases. Ruaño is President and Founder of Genomas a genetics-related company and now the bio-tech anchor of Hartford Hospital’s Genetic Research Center he also serves as Director of genetics research at the Center. http //wn /Guy_Gabaldon File Daphne Zuniga.jpg" /> Harold Gonsalves A Guatemalan American is an American of Guatemalan descent. http //wn /Harold_Gonsalves Henry B. Gonzalez PFC Guy Louis Gabaldon March 22 1926 ndash August 31 2006 was a United States Marine who was credited with capturing or persuading to surrender about 1 500 Japanese soldiers and civilians during the Battle of Saipan 1944 in World War II. He was nominated for the Medal of Honor but was instead awarded the Silver Star which was later upgraded to the Navy Cross Medal for these actions. http //wn /Henry_B_Gonzalez Henry Bonilla Private First Class Harold Gonsalves January 28 1926-April 15 1945 was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life to save fellow Marines in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II. For his heroism on this occasion he was posthumously awarded the highest military honor of the United States mdash the Medal of Honor. http //wn /Henry_Bonilla Herman Badillo Henry Barbosa González May 3 1916 ndash November 28 2000 was a Democratic politician from the state of Texas. He represented Texas's 20th congressional district from 1961 to 1999. http //wn /Herman_Badillo Herman Santiago Henry Bonilla born January 2 1954 is a former congressman who represented Texas's 23rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He was defeated in his bid for re-election by Ciro Davis Rodriguez a former Democratic member of Congress in a special election runoff held on December 12 2006. His term expired January 3 2007 when the 110th Congress officially began. http //wn /Herman_Santiago Hernando de Soto Herman Badillo born August 21 1929 is a Bronx New York politician who has been a borough president United States Representative and candidate for Mayor of New York City. He was the first Puerto Rican to be elected to these posts and be a mayoral candidate in the continental United States. http //wn /Hernando_de_Soto Hilda Solis Herman Santiago born February 18 1941 is a rock and roll pioneer and songwriter who claimed to have written the iconic hit "Why Do Fools Fall In Love". http //wn /Hilda_Solis Hispanic-American Hernando de Soto c.1496/1497–1542 was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States was the first European documented to have crossed the Mississippi River. http //wn /Hispanic-American Honduran American Hilda Lucia Solis born October 20 1957 is the 25th United States Secretary of Labor serving in the Obama administration. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2009 representing the 31st and 32nd congressional districts of California that include East Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley. http //wn /Honduran_American Horacio Rivero Jr. http //wn /Horacio_Rivero_Jr File America ferarra.jpg" /> Ileana Ros-Lehtinen A Honduran American is an American of Honduran descent. The number of Hondurans in the U.S. in 2008 was estimated at 890 317 http //wn /Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen Isleño Admiral Horacio Rivero Jr. USN May 16 1910–September 24 2000 was the first Puerto Rican four-star Admiral and second Hispanic to become a full Admiral in the modern United States Navy. David Glasgow Farragut 1801–1870 a Hispanic became the first full admiral of the Navy during the American Civil War. After retiring from the Navy Rivero served as the U.S. Ambassador to Spain 1972–1974 and was also the first Hispanic to hold that position. http //wn /Isleño Italian people Ileana Ros-Lehtinen also known as Ileana Ros born Ileana Ros y Adato July 15 1952 is a Cuban born American politician and former teacher. Since 1989 she has been a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing . http //wn /Italian_people Jay R. Vargas Isleño plural isleños is the Spanish word meaning "islander." The Isleños are the descendants of Canary Island immigrants to Louisiana Cuba Venezuela and Puerto Rico. http //wn /Jay_R_Vargas Jennifer Lopez The Italian people are a people that share a common Italian culture ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy Italians are defined by citizenship regardless of ancestry or country of residence though the principle of Jus Sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and historically from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula. http //wn /Jennifer_Lopez Jerry Apodaca Jay R. Vargas born July 29 1938 a retired United States Marine Corps colonel is a Medal of Honor recipient for his "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty" during the Vietnam War. http //wn /Jerry_Apodaca Jerry Garcia Jennifer Lynn Lopez born July 24 1969 often nicknamed J.Lo is an American actress singer record producer dancer fashion designer and television producer. She is the richest person of Latin American descent in Hollywood according to Forbes and the most influential Hispanic entertainer in the U.S. according to People en Español s list of "100 Most Influential Hispanics". She her media fame into a fashion line and various perfumes with her celebrity endorsement. Outside of her work in the entertainment industry Lopez advocates human rights vaccinations and is a supporter of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles. http //wn /Jerry_Garcia Jim Plunkett Raymond S. "Jerry" Apodaca born October 3 1934 was the 24th Governor of New Mexico. http //wn /Jim_Plunkett Jimmy Smits Jerome John "Jerry" Garcia August 1 1942 – August 9 1995 was an American musician best known for his lead guitar work singing and songwriting with the band the Grateful Dead. Though he vehemently disavowed the role Garcia was viewed by many as the leader or "spokesman" of the group. http //wn /Jimmy_Smits Joan Baez James W. "Jim" Plunkett born December 5 1947 in San Jose California is a former American football quarterback who played college football for Stanford University where he won the Heisman Trophy and professionally for three National Football League teams the New England Patriots San Francisco 49ers and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders. He led the Raiders to two Super Bowl victories XV and XVIII . He is the only retired quarterback to start and win two Super Bowls who is not also in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton Ohio. http //wn /Joan_Baez Joe Baca Jimmy Smits born July 9 1955 is an American actor. Smits is perhaps best known for his roles as attorney Victor Sifuentes on the 1980s legal drama L.A. Law as NYPD Detective Bobby Simone on the 1990s police drama NYPD Blue and as U.S. Congressman and later President of the United States Matt Santos on The West Wing . He is also notable for his portrayal of Bail Organa in the Star Wars prequel trilogy and Miguel Prado in Dexter . Beginning in the fall of 2010 he will star in NBC's Outlaw a series about a U.S. Supreme Court justice who leaves the bench to return to practicing law. http //wn /Joe_Baca Joe Kapp Joan Chandos Baez born January 9 1941 is an American folk singer songwriter and activist. Baez has a distinctive vocal style with a strong vibrato. Her recordings include many topical songs and material dealing with social issues. http //wn /Joe_Kapp Joe P. Martinez This article is about Joe Baca the California Congressman. For his son see former Assemblyman Joe Baca Jr. http //wn /Joe_P_Martinez Joel Casamayor Joseph Robert Kapp born March 19 1938 in Santa Fe New Mexico is a former professional American and Canadian football quarterback. He is also a former college football head coach of the University of California and a former general manager of the CFL's BC Lions. Kapp played primarily with the NFL's Minnesota Vikings and the CFL's BC Lions during the 1960-70's. He is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame the B.C. Sports Hall of Fame the BC Lions Wall of Fame the College Football Hall of Fame and the University of California Athletic Hall of Fame. Kapp's #22 jersey is one of eight numbers retired by the Lions. In November 2006 Kapp was voted to the Honour Roll of the CFL's top 50 players of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN. Sports Illustrated once called him "The Toughest Chicano." Kapp is one of only seven quarterbacks to have played in both the Rose Bowl Game and the Super Bowl and he is the only player to play in the Super Bowl Rose Bowl and the Grey Cup. http //wn /Joel_Casamayor John D. Olivas Private Joe P. Martinez July 27 1920 ndash May 26 1943 born in Taos New Mexico was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor mdash the United States' highest military decoration mdash - for his actions on the Aleutian Islands during World War II. Private Joseph P. Martinez was the first Hispanic-American to receive the Medal of Honor during World War II. His posthumous award was the first act for combat heroism on American soil other than the 15 at Pearl Harbor since the Indian Wars. http //wn /John_D_Olivas John F. Kennedy Joel "El Cepillo" Casamayor Johnson born July 12 1971 in Guantánamo Cuba is a Cuban boxer who turned pro after defecting to the United States on the eve of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. The nickname "El Cepillo" literally translated to "the brush" comes from his uppercut which rakes his opponents across the face. Also for his ability to "brush off" punches from his opponents. http //wn /John_F_Kennedy John Kerry John Daniel "Danny" Olivas born May 25 1965 in North Hollywood California is an American engineer of Mexican descent and a NASA astronaut. Olivas has flown on two space shuttle missions STS-117 and STS-128. He performed EVA's on both missions totaling 34hrs 28min. http //wn /John_Kerry John Leguizamo John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy May 29 1917 – November 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK was the 35th President of the United States serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. http //wn /John_Leguizamo John McCain John Forbes Kerry born December 11 1943 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. http //wn /John_McCain John Ortega Jonathan Alberto "John" Leguizamo born July 22 1964 is a Colombian-born American actor comedian voice artist and producer. http //wn /John_Ortega John P. Baca John Sidney McCain III born August 29 1936 is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election. http //wn /John_P_Baca John Rambo Seaman John Ortega born in 1840 in Spain was the first Hispanic sailor to be awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat — the Medal of Honor — for having distinguished himself during the South Atlantic Blockade by the Union Naval forces during the American Civil War. http //wn /John_Rambo John Ruiz http //wn /John_Ruiz John Salazar John J. Rambo is an iconic fictional character and the basis of the Rambo saga. He first appeared in the 1972 novel First Blood by David Morrell but later became more famous in the film series played by Sylvester Stallone. The character John Rambo was considered a possible candidate for the American Film Institute's list 100 Years…100 Heroes and Villains . http //wn /John_Salazar Jorge Otero Barreto John “The Quietman" Ruiz born January 4 1972 in Methuen Massachusetts is a former American professional boxer of Puerto Rican descent Ruiz is regarded as the first Latino Heavyweight Champion and former two-time WBA World Heavyweight champion. After a professional career spanning over 18 years the two-time WBA world champion officially announced his retirement from the sport at a press conference on April 26 2010. His final fight was a title shot against current WBA Heavyweight Champion of the World David Haye in which he was defeated by TKO in round 9. http //wn /Jorge_Otero_Barreto Jose F. Valdez John Tony Salazar born July 21 1953 is a three-term Democratic Congressman from Colorado. He was first elected in 2004 and has represented since then. http //wn /Jose_F_Valdez Jose M. Lopez Sergeant First Class Jorge Otero Barreto Ret. a.k.a. "The Puerto Rican Rambo" born c. 1938 was a member of the United States Army who was the most decorated soldier in the Vietnam War http //wn /Jose_M_Lopez Joseph A. Unanue Private First Class Jose F. Valdez January 3 1925-February 17 1945 was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor mdash the United States' highest military decoration for his actions near Rosenkrantz France during World War II. http //wn /Joseph_A_Unanue Joseph C. Rodriguez Jose Mendoza Lopez July 10 1910 ndash May 16 2005 was a United States Army soldier who was awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat mdash the Medal of Honor mdash for his heroic actions during the Battle of the Bulge in which he single-handedly repulsed a German infantry attack killing at least 100 enemy troops. http //wn /Joseph_C_Rodriguez Joseph H. De Castro Joseph A. Unanue born March 14 1925 in Brooklyn New York was the president of the Unanue family–owned Goya Foods which is the largest Hispanic–owned food company in the United States. http //wn /Joseph_H_De_Castro Joseph M. Acaba Colonel Joseph C. Rodriguez November 14 1928 ndash November 1 2005 born in San Bernardino California was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor - the United States' highest military decoration for his actions near Munye-ri Korea during the Korean War. http //wn /Joseph_M_Acaba José Feliciano Corporal Joseph H. De Castro November 14 1844 – May 8 1892 was the first Hispanic-American to be awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat mdash the Medal of Honor mdash for having distinguished himself during Pickett's Charge in the Battle of Gettysburg of the American Civil War. http //wn /José_Feliciano José Ferrer Joseph Michael "Joe" Acaba born May 17 1967 in Inglewood California is an educator hydrogeologist and NASA astronaut. In May 2004 he became the first person of Puerto Rican heritage to be named as a NASA astronaut candidate when he was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Training Group 19. He completed his training on February 10 2006 and was assigned to STS-119 which flew from March 15 to March 28 2009 to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. http //wn /José_Ferrer Juan Bandini José Montserrate Feliciano García born September 10 1945 is a blind Puerto Rican singer virtuoso guitarist and composer known for many international hits including the 1970 holiday single "Feliz Navidad". http //wn /Juan_Bandini Juan Ponce de León José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón January 8 1912 – January 26 1992 best known as José Ferrer was a Puerto Rican actor as well as a theater and film director. He was the first Hispanic actor to win an Academy Award. http //wn /Juan_Ponce_de_León Juan R. Cruz Juan Bandini 1800 – November 4 1859 was an early settler of what would become San Diego California. http //wn /Juan_R_Cruz Junot Díaz Juan Ponce de León y Figueroa 1474 – July 1521 was a Spanish explorer. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first European expedition to Florida which he named. He is associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth reputed to be in Florida. http //wn /Junot_Díaz Kat DeLuna Dr. Juan R. Cruz Ph.D. is a Puerto Rican scientist who played an instrumental role in the design and development of the Mars Exploration Rover MER parachute. http //wn /Kat_DeLuna Katy Jurado Junot Díaz born December 31 1968 is a Dominican-American writer and creative writing professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT . Central to Díaz's work is the duality of the immigrant experience. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao in 2008. http //wn /Katy_Jurado Ken Salazar Kathleen Emperatriz "Kat" DeLuna born November 26 1987 is an American pop and R B singer of Dominican heritage. http //wn /Ken_Salazar Kenny Ortega Katy Jurado January 16 1924 ndash July 5 2002 born María Cristina Estela Marcela Jurado García in Guadalajara Jalisco was the first Mexican National actress to be nominated for an Academy Award. http //wn /Kenny_Ortega Kika de la Garza Kenneth Lee "Ken" Salazar born March 2 1955 is the United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Barack Obama. A member of the Democratic Party he previously served as a United States Senator from Colorado from 2005 to 2009. He and Mel Martinez R-Florida were the first Hispanic U.S. Senators since 1977 they were joined by Bob Menendez D-New Jersey in January 2006. Prior to his election to the U.S. Senate he served as Attorney General of Colorado from 1999 to 2005. http //wn /Kika_de_la_Garza Korean War Kenneth John "Kenny" Ortega born April 18 1950 is an American producer director and choreographer. He is known for directing the High School Musical series and Michael Jackson's "This Is It" tour as well as for choreographing Dirty Dancing . http //wn /Korean_War Ladislas Lazaro Eligio “Kika” de la Garza II born September 22 1927 in Mercedes Texas was the Democratic representative for the 15th congressional district of Texas from January 3 1965 to January 3 1997. http //wn /Ladislas_Lazaro Lauren Vélez The Korean War 1950–armistice 1953 was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea supported by the United Nations and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and People's Republic of China PRC with air support from the Soviet Union. The war began on 25 June 1950 and an armistice was signed on 27 July 1953. The war was a result of the political division of Korea by agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War. The Korean peninsula had been ruled by Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. In 1945 following the surrender of Japan American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th Parallel with United States troops occupying the southern part and Soviet troops occupying the northern part. http //wn /Lauren_Vélez Lauro Cavazos Ladislas Lazaro June 5 1872 - March 30 1927 was a Democratic U.S. Representative from Louisiana. http //wn /Lauro_Cavazos Lebanese people Lauren Vélez born November 2 1964 is an American actress of Puerto Rican descent and the twin sister of actress Loraine Vélez. Her most notable roles are as Maria LaGuerta on Dexter Detective Nina Moreno on Fox's New York Undercover and Dr. Gloria Nathan on HBO's controversial jail drama Oz . http //wn /Lebanese_people Lee Trevino Lauro Fred Cavazos Jr. b. January 4 1927 Kingsville Texas is a U.S. educator. He served as Secretary of Education and was the first Hispanic to serve in the United States Cabinet. http //wn /Lee_Trevino Linda G. Alvarado Ethnic group http //wn /Linda_G_Alvarado Linda Garcia Cubero Lee Buck Trevino born December 1 1939 is an American professional golfer. He is an icon for Mexican Americans and is often referred to as "The Merry Mex" and "Supermex". http //wn /Linda_Garcia_Cubero Linda Sánchez Linda G. Alvarado is President and Chief Executive Officer of Alvarado Construction Inc.. A large commercial and industrial general contracting/site management http //wn /Linda_Sánchez Loretta Sanchez Captain Linda Garcia Cubero born 1958 is a former United States Air Force officer of Mexican-American-Puerto Rican descent. http //wn /Loretta_Sanchez Louis R. Rocco Linda T. Sánchez born January 28 1969 in Orange California an American politician has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 2003 representing the of California http //nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ca39_109.gif map . She was born in Orange California and grew up with six siblings raised by Mexican immigrant parents in Anaheim. http //wn /Louis_R_Rocco Lucian Adams Loretta Sanchez born January 7 1960 an American politician has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1997. Sanchez a Blue Dog Democrat currently represents the of California http //nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ca47_109.gif map in central Orange County. http //wn /Lucian_Adams Luis Gutiérrez Chief Warrant Officer Louis Richard Rocco November 19 1938 ndash October 31 2002 born in Albuquerque New Mexico was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor—the United States' highest military decoration—for his actions near the village of Katum in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Despite being wounded Rocco saved three comrades from a burning helicopter. http //wn /Luis_Gutiérrez Luis R. Esteves Staff Sergeant Lucian Adams October 22 1922 – March 31 2003 was a United States Army soldier during World War II who received the Medal of Honor for single-handedly destroying enemy machine gun emplacements to re-establish supply lines to U.S. Army companies. He also received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for his heroic actions in Italy. http //wn /Luis_R_Esteves Luis Walter Alvarez Luis Vicente Gutiérrez born December 10 1953 has served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1993 representing http //nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/il04_109.gif map . http //wn /Luis_Walter_Alvarez Lupe Vélez Major General Luis R. Esteves 1893 ndash March 12 1958 was the first Hispanic to graduate from the United States Military Academy West Point on June 19 1915 and the founder of the Puerto Rico National Guard. http //wn /Lupe_Vélez Lynda Carter Luis W. Alvarez June 13 1911 San Francisco California ndash September 1 1988 was an American experimental physicist and inventor who spent nearly all of his long professional career on the faculty of the University of California Berkeley. The American Journal of Physics commented "Luis Alvarez 1911–1988 was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century." http //wn /Lynda_Carter Lyndon B. Johnson Lupe Vélez July 18 1908 – December 13 1944 was a Mexican film actress. Vélez began her career in Mexico as a dancer before moving to the U.S. where she worked in vaudeville. She was seen by Fanny Brice who promoted her and Vélez soon entered films making her first appearance in 1924. By the end of the decade she had progressed to leading roles. With the advent of talking pictures Vélez acted in comedies but she became disappointed with her film career and moved to New York where she worked in Broadway productions. http //wn /Lyndon_B_Johnson Manny Ramirez Lynda Carter born July 24 1951 is an American actress and singer best known for being Miss USA and for her dual role as Wonder Woman and her alter ego Diana Prince on the 1970s television series The New Adventures of Wonder Woman 1975-79 . http //wn /Manny_Ramirez Manuel Lujan Jr. Lyndon Baines Johnson August 27 1908 – January 22 1973 often referred to as LBJ served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963. He is one of four Presidents who served in all four elected Federal offices of the United States Representative Senator Vice President and President. http //wn /Manuel_Lujan_Jr Manuel Perez Jr. Manuel "Manny" Aristides Ramírez Onelcida born May 30 1972 in Santo Domingo Dominican Republic is a Dominican-American Major League Baseball Designated hitter for the Chicago White Sox. A nine-time Silver Slugger and one of 25 people to have hit over 500 career home runs he is well recognized for his strong offensive abilities. His 21 career grand slams are tied with Alex Rodriguez for most by any active player and the second-most all-time behind Lou Gehrig's 23. His 28 career postseason home runs are also the most by any player in MLB history. Ramirez has been a fixture in the All-Star Game and is a 12-time All-Star. http //wn /Manuel_Perez_Jr Marc Anthony Manuel Lujan Jr. born May 12 1928 is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of New Mexico who served as the United States Secretary of the Interior from 1989 to 1993 and in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1989. He was a colleague of George Herbert Walker Bush in the House from 1969 to 1971. In 1989 President Bush named Lujan to his Cabinet. http //wn /Marc_Anthony Marc Bulger http //wn /Marc_Bulger Marcario Garcia Marc Anthony born Marco Antonio Muñiz September 16 1968 is a Puerto Rican-American musician singer-songwriter actor and producer. Anthony is the top selling tropical salsa artist of all time. The five-time Grammy winner has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. He is best known for his Latin salsa numbers and ballads. Anthony was the first solo salsa act to ever sell out Madison Square Garden. http //wn /Marcario_Garcia Marcelino Serna Marc Robert Bulger born April 5 1977 in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He played college football at West Virginia. http //wn /Marcelino_Serna Marcelo Balboa Staff Sergeant Marcario Garcia or Macario Garcia January 20 1920-December 24 1972 born in Villa de Castano Mexico was the first Mexican immigrant received the Medal of Honor the United States' highest military decoration. He received the award for his heroic actions as a soldier during World War II. http //wn /Marcelo_Balboa Marco Rubio Private Marcelino Serna April 26 1896-February 29 1992 was an undocumented Mexican immigrant who joined the United States Army and became the most decorated soldier from Texas in World War I. Serna was the first Hispanic to be awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. http //wn /Marco_Rubio Mark Aguirre Marcelo Balboa born August 8 1967 in Chicago Illinois is an American former soccer defender who played in the 1990s for the U.S. national team becoming its captain. After retiring from playing he has worked as a commentator for ESPN and ABC and MLS games on HDNet and Altitude. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. http //wn /Mark_Aguirre Mark Sanchez Marco Antonio Rubio born May 28 1971 is an American politician and lawyer. Rubio was the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives during the 2007 and 2008 legislative sessions. He was first elected to the Florida House as a Republican on January 25 2000 from the 111th district. He is the GOP nominee for the U.S. Senate seat currently held by George LeMieux. http //wn /Mark_Sanchez Martin Gramatica Mark Anthony Aguirre born December 10 1959 in Chicago Illinois is a retired American basketball player in the National Basketball Association. Aguirre played from 1981-1994 and won two championships with the Detroit Pistons after being sent to Detroit from the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Adrian Dantley. Aguirre was a three-time All-Star for Dallas. http //wn /Martin_Gramatica Martin Sheen Mark Sanchez born November 11 1986 in is an American football quarterback for the New York Jets of the National Football League. He was drafted in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft as the second quarterback and the fifth overall selection by the New York Jets. He played college football at the University of Southern California. Sanchez is only the fourth rookie quarterback in NFL history to win his first playoff game and the second to win two playoffs games in his rookie season. http //wn /Martin_Sheen Mary Joe Fernandez http //wn /Mary_Joe_Fernandez Maximo Yabes Ramón Antonio Gerard Estévez born August 3 1940 better known by his stage name Martin Sheen is an actor best-known for his performances as Kit Carruthers in Terrence Malick’s Badlands and Captain Willard in Francis Coppola’s Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now . He’s also known for playing Robert E. Lee in the film Gettysburg President Josiah Bartlet in the television series The West Wing and as the voice of The Illusive Man in the video game Mass Effect 2. He has worked with some of cinema's prominent directors including Martin Scorsese Steven Spielberg Oliver Stone Francis Ford Coppola Richard Attenborough Terrence Malick and Mike Nichols. http //wn /Maximo_Yabes Mel Martinez Mary Joe Fernández Godsick María José Fernández born 19 August 1971 in the Dominican Republic is an American former professional tennis player. She was the runner-up in three Grand Slam singles tournaments and won two Grand Slam women's doubles titles and two Olympic gold medals. http //wn /Mel_Martinez Melina Perez First Sergeant Maximo Yabes January 29 1932 ndash February 26 1967 born in Lodi California was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor mdash the United States' highest military decoration mdash for his actions near Phu Hoa Dong in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Yabes distinguished himself when he used his body as a shield to protect others in a bunker moved two wounded men to a safer position where they could be given medical treatment and destroyed an enemy machine gun position before being mortally wounded. http //wn /Melina_Perez Mercedes Reaves Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz usually known as Mel Martinez born October 23 1946 is a former United States Senator from Florida and served as Chairman of the Republican Party from November 2006 until October 19 2007 the first Latino to serve as chairman of a major party. Previously Martínez served as the 12th Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President George W. Bush. Martínez is a Cuban-American and Roman Catholic. He announced he was resigning as Chairman of the Republican National Committee on October 19 2007. He is an honorary initiate of the Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity through the Eta Rho Chapter at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. http //wn /Mercedes_Reaves Mexican American Melina Nava Perez born March 9 1979 better known simply as Melina is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment WWE wrestling on its Raw brand. http //wn /Mexican_American Michael Carbajal Mercedes Reaves is a Puerto Rican research engineer and scientist. She is responsible for the design of a viable full-scale solar sail and the development and testing of a scale model solar sail at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia. http //wn /Michael_Carbajal Michael Jackson Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent or Mexicans who have obtained American citizenship. Mexican Americans account for more than 12.5% of the United States' population 30.7 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006 forming about 64% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world second only to Mexico itself. Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans especially Spaniards. Mexican American settlement concentrations are in metropolitan and rural areas across the United States. http //wn /Michael_Jackson Miguel Cotto Michael Carbajal born September 17 1967 in Phoenix Arizona is an American four-time world boxing champion of Mexican descent. His nickname was "Little Hands Of Stone " after his favorite boxer "Hands Of Stone" Roberto Durán. http //wn /Miguel_Cotto Miguel Keith Michael Joseph Jackson August 29 1958 – June 25 2009 was an American recording artist entertainer and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music dance and fashion along with a much-publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s and began his solo career in 1971. http //wn /Miguel_Keith Modesto Cartagena Miguel Ángel Cotto Vázquez born October 29 1980 is a Puerto Rican professional boxer. As an amateur Cotto represented Puerto Rico in the lightweight and light welterweight divisions at various international events including the 1999 Pan American Games the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 1998 Junior World Championships where he won a silver medal. Cotto began his professional career in 2001 and on September 11 2004 he defeated Kelson Pinto for the WBO junior welterweight championship. He defended the title successfully a total of six times before vacating it when he ascended to the welterweight division. http //wn /Modesto_Cartagena Myrtle Gonzalez Miguel Keith June 2 1951-May 9 1970 was a United States Marine who posthumously received the United States's highest military decoration mdash the Medal of Honor for heroism in Vietnam in May 1970. Despite being severely wounded he advanced on enemy attackers allowing his platoon to route the attack of a numerically superior enemy force. http //wn /Myrtle_Gonzalez Nancy Lopez Sergeant First Class Modesto Cartagena July 21 1921-March 2 2010 was a member of the United States Army who served in the 65th Infantry Regiment an all-Puerto Rican regiment also known as "The Borinqueneers" during World War II and the Korean War. He was the most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history. http //wn /Nancy_Lopez Narciso Rodriguez Myrtle Gonzalez September 28 1891 ndash October 22 1918 was an American actress. She starred in at least 78 silent era motion pictures from 1913 to 1917 of which 66 were one and two-reel shorts. She is regarded as Hollywood's first Latin and Hispanic movie star actress. http //wn /Narciso_Rodriguez Native Hawaiian Nancy Lopez born January 6 1957 is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1977 and won 48 LPGA Tour events during her LPGA career including three major championships. http //wn /Native_Hawaiian Native Hawaiians Narciso Rodriguez III born 27 January 1961 is an American fashion designer. http //wn /Native_Hawaiians Nicaraguan American http //wn /Nicaraguan_American Nina Tassler Native Hawaiians in Hawaiian kānaka ōiwi kānaka maoli or Hawaii maoli refers to the indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants. Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to prehistoric Marquesan Tahitian Samoan and potentially Tongan settlers of Hawaii possibly as early as AD 400 before the arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. http //wn /Nina_Tassler Nomar Garciaparra Nicaraguan American Spanish Nicaragüense Estadounidense are Americans of Nicaraguan ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau there were 177 684 Americans of full or partial Nicaraguan ancestry living in the U.S. in 2000 and an estimated 281 167 in 2005. http //wn /Nomar_Garciaparra Non-Hispanic Whites Nina Tassler is an American television executive a graduate of Boston University bachelor of fine arts in theater and holds the position of President of CBS Entertainment since September 2004. http //wn /Non-Hispanic_Whites Nydia Velázquez Anthony Nomar Garciaparra born July 23 1973 in is a former Major League Baseball player. After playing a decade as an All-Star shortstop for the Boston Red Sox he played third base first base and designated hitter for the Oakland Athletics first base and third base for the Los Angeles Dodgers and shortstop and third base for the Chicago Cubs. He is one of 13 players in Major League history to hit two grand slams during a single game and the only player to achieve the feat at home. http //wn /Nydia_Velázquez Omar Minaya The terms Non-Hispanic Whites or White Not Hispanic refers to people in the United States as defined by the Census Bureau who are of the white race but not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. They are of white race from colonial origin Europe North Africa Middle East South Asia Canada Africa Australia and New Zealand. The majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white like the overall non-Hispanic population of the United States Hispanics and Latinos can be of any race white black Asian etc as race and ethnicity are considered independent of each other. Since the population of descendants of people from Spain in the United States is vastly outnumbered by those from Spain's former colonies the Non-Hispanic White category can also be effectively used to give a good estimate of the directly descended European population in the United States European Americans . http //wn /Omar_Minaya Omar Vizquel Nydia Margarita Velázquez born March 28 1953 is a Puerto Rican American politician who has represented New York's 12th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives since 1993. She was the first Puerto Rican woman to be elected to Congress. She is currently serving as the chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus until January 3 2011. http //wn /Omar_Vizquel Orlando Figueroa baseball biography http //wn /Orlando_Figueroa Oscar De La Hoya Omar Enrique Vizquel González born April 24 1967 in Caracas Venezuela is a third baseman in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox. Previously Vizquel played for the Seattle Mariners 1989–1993 the Cleveland Indians 1994–2004 the San Francisco Giants 2005–2008 and the Texas Rangers in 2009. In Venezuela he played with the team Leones del Caracas. http //wn /Oscar_De_La_Hoya Oscar de la Renta Orlando Figueroa born September 9 1955 previously the NASA Mars Czar Director for Mars Exploration and the Director for the Solar System Division in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters and the Deputy Center Director for Science and Technology of the Goddard Space Flight Center. He has since retired in 2010 from NASA. http //wn /Oscar_de_la_Renta Oscar Hijuelos Oscar De La Hoya born February 4 1973 in Montebello California is an American boxer of Mexican descent. Nicknamed "The Golden Boy" De La Hoya won a gold medal at the Barcelona Olympic Games. De La Hoya comes from a boxing family. His grandfather Vicente father Joel Sr. and brother Joel Jr. were all boxers. De La Hoya was The Ring's "Fighter of the Year" in 1995 and Ring Magazine's top-rated Pound for Pound fighter in the world in 1997 1998. De La Hoya officially announced his retirement from the sport at a press conference held in Los Angeles on April 14 2009. http //wn /Oscar_Hijuelos Oscar Zeta Acosta Oscar de la Renta born July 22 1932 is one of the world's leading fashion designers. http //wn /Oscar_Zeta_Acosta Ozzie Guillén Oscar J. Hijuelos born August 24 1951 is an American novelist. He is the first Hispanic to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. http //wn /Ozzie_Guillén Panamanian American ''"Oscar Acosta" redirects here. For the Major League Baseball pitching coach see Oscar Carlos Acosta http //wn /Panamanian_American Paraguayan American Oswaldo José Guillén Barrios born January 20 1964 well known as Ozzie Guillén is a former shortstop in Major League Baseball and the current manager of the Chicago White Sox. Born in Ocumare Del Tuy Venezuela he is the first Latin American manager in the history of the game to have won a World Series. His playing career stretched from through playing for the White Sox 1985–97 Baltimore Orioles 1998 Atlanta Braves 1998–1999 and Tampa Bay Devil Rays 2000 . He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. As a player Guillén was regarded for his passion speed hustle intensity and defensive abilities and his ebullient love for the game. http //wn /Paraguayan_American File Tatyana Ali in Zuhair Murad and Swarovski Inauguration Night 2.JPG" /> Pau Gasol A Panamanian American is any United States citizen or resident who traces his or her ancestry to the Central American nation of Panama. http //wn /Pau_Gasol Paul Rodriguez Jr. A Paraguayan American is an American of Paraguayan birth or descent. http //wn /Paul_Rodriguez_Jr Pedro del Valle MedalCountry http //wn /Pedro_del_Valle Penélope Cruz Paul Rodriguez born December 31 1984 in Tarzana California U.S. is an American professional skateboarder and actor. http //wn /Penélope_Cruz People magazine Lieutenant General Pedro Augusto del Valle August 28 1893 ndash April 28 1978 was a United States Marine Corps officer who became the first Hispanic to reach the rank of Lieutenant General. His military career included service in World War I Haiti and Nicaragua during the Banana Wars of the 1920s and in the seizure of Guadalcanal and later as Commanding General of the 1st Marine Division during World War II. http //wn /People_ magazine People en Espanol Penélope Cruz Sánchez born April 28 1974 better known as Penélope Cruz is a Spanish actress. At 15 she was signed by an agent. She made her acting debut at 16 on television and her feature film debut the following year in Jamón jamón 1992 to critical acclaim. Her subsequent roles in the 1990s and 2000s included Open Your Eyes 1997 The Hi-Lo Country 1999 The Girl of Your Dreams 2000 and Woman on Top 2000 . Cruz achieved recognition for her lead roles in Vanilla Sky and Blow . Both films were released in 2001 and were commercially successful worldwide. http //wn /People_en_Espanol Peruvian American People originally called People Weekly is a weekly American magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories published by Time Inc. As of 2006 it has a circulation of 3.75 million and revenue expected to top $1.5 billion. It was named "Magazine of the Year" by Advertising Age in October 2005 for excellence in editorial circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Age's annual "A-list" and #3 on ''Adweek's'' "Brand Blazers" list in October 2006. http //wn /Peruvian_American Philip Bazaar http //wn /Philip_Bazaar File Rey Curtis - L O.png" /> Pocahontas A Peruvian American is an immigrant or descendant of immigrants from Peru that arrived in the United States. Among Peruvian Americans there are those of White mestizo Amerindian and Afro-Peruvian descent as well as others including Italian French and German or a mix of any of these. A significant number are of pure or mixed Chinese or/and Japanese heritage. http //wn /Pocahontas Poles Seaman Philip Bazaar born in Chile South America was a Navy seaman who was awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat — the Medal of Honor — for having distinguished himself during the battle for Fort Fisher of the American Civil War. http //wn /Poles Portuguese people Pocahontas c. 1595 – March 21 1617 later known as Rebecca Rolfe was a Virginia Indian chief's daughter notable for having assisted colonial settlers at Jamestown. She converted to Christianity and married the English settler John Rolfe. After they traveled to London she became famous in the last year of her life. She was a daughter of Wahunsunacawh better known as Chief or Emperor Powhatan to indicate his primacy who headed a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tidewater region of Virginia called Tenakomakah by the Powhatan . These tribes made up what is known as the Powhatan Chiefdom and spoke a language of the Algonquian family. http //wn /Portuguese_people Puerto Rican people The Polish people or Poles singular Polak are the inhabitants of Poland and Polish emigrants irrespective of their ancestry. Their religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. As a nation they are bounded by the Polish language which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Western and Eastern Europe the Americas and Australia. Polish citizens live predominantly in Poland. http //wn /Puerto_Rican_people Pánfilo de Narváez The Portuguese are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion. http //wn /Pánfilo_de_Narváez Ralph E. Dias A Puerto Rican Taíno term boricua is a person who was born or raised as a Puerto Rican. http //wn /Ralph_E_Dias Ramón Colón-López Pánfilo de Narváez 1478–1528 was a Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas. He is most remembered as the leader of two expeditions one to Mexico in 1520 to oppose Hernán Cortés and the disastrous Narváez expedition to Florida in 1527. http //wn /Ramón_Colón-López Raquel Welch Private First Class Ralph Ellis Dias July 15 1950 ndash November 11 1969 was a United States Marine who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for heroism in Vietnam in November 1969. http //wn /Raquel_Welch Raul Hector Castro Chief Master Sergeant Ramón Colón-López born October 21 1971 is pararescueman with the U.S. Air Force who in 2007 was the only Hispanic among the first six airmen to be awarded the newly created Air Force Combat Action Medal. He is the Squadron Superintendent 24th Special Tactics Squadron STS Pope AFB N.C. http //wn /Raul_Hector_Castro Rebecca Lobo Raquel Welch born September 5 1940 is an American actress author and sex symbol. http //wn /Rebecca_Lobo Rey Mysterio Jr. Raul Hector Castro born in Cananea Sonora Mexico June 12 1916 is a Mexican-born United States politician. He has served in both elected and non-elected public offices including United States Ambassador and the 14th Governor of Arizona. He was the first Mexican American to be elected governor of Arizona. http //wn /Rey_Mysterio_Jr Ricardo Montalbán Rebecca Rose Lobo-Rushin born October 6 1973 is an American television basketball analyst and a former player in the professional Women's National Basketball Association WNBA from 1997 to 2003. Lobo at 6' 4" played the center position for much of her career. http //wn /Ricardo_Montalbán Ricardo Sanchez Oscar Gutierrez born December 11 1974 is a Mexican-American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment WWE wrestling on its SmackDown brand. Gutiérrez was trained by his uncle Rey Misterio and wrestled early on in Mexico where he learned the Lucha Libre high flying style that has been his trademark. Despite weighing only Gutiérrez has achieved success wrestling in both the heavyweight and cruiserweight weightclasses as well as tag team competition. He is also known for the way he follows the Mexican luchador traditions. http //wn /Ricardo_Sanchez Ricco Rodriguez Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino KSG November 25 1920 – January 14 2009 was a Mexican radio television theatre and film actor. He had a career spanning seven decades motion pictures from 1943 to 2006 and multiple notable roles. During the mid-1970s Montalbán was most notable as the spokesman in automobile advertisements for the Chrysler Cordoba in which he famously extolled the "soft Corinthian leather" used for its interior . From 1977 to 1984 he became famous as Mr. Roarke the main star in the television series Fantasy Island . He played Khan Noonien Singh in both the 1967 episode "Space Seed" of the first season of the and the 1982 film . He won an Emmy Award in 1978 and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1993. Into his 80s he continued to perform often providing voices for animated films and commercials and appearing in several Spy Kids films as "Grandfather Valentin". http //wn /Ricco_Rodriguez Richard Carmona Ricardo Sanchez born September 9 1953 is a retired United States Army Lieutenant General. http //wn /Richard_Carmona Richard Nixon Ricco Rodriguez born August 19 1977 is an American mixed martial artist. He is a former Ultimate Fighting Championship heavyweight champion and has also competed in PRIDE Fighting Championship EliteXC International Fight League World Extreme Cagefighting and King of the Cage. He holds notable wins over Andrei Arlovski Jeff Monson Randy Couture Paul Buentello and Rob Broughton. http //wn /Richard_Nixon Ricky Martin Richard Henry Carmona born 22 November 1949 is an American physician and public health administrator. He was a vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and served as the seventeenth Surgeon General of the United States. Appointed by President George W. Bush in 2002 Carmona left office at the end of July 2006 upon the expiration of his term. After leaving office Carmona was highly critical of the Bush Administration for interfering with and suppressing scientific findings which conflicted with the Administration's ideological agenda. http //wn /Ricky_Martin Rita Hayworth Richard Milhous Nixon January 9 1913 ndash April 22 1994 was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency. http //wn /Rita_Hayworth Rita Moreno Ricky Martin born Enrique Martín Morales on December 24 1971 is a Puerto Rican pop singer and actor who achieved prominence first as a member of the Latin boyband Menudo then as a solo artist since 1991. http //wn /Rita_Moreno Ritchie Valens Rita Hayworth October 17 1918 – May 14 1987 was an American film actress and dancer who attained fame during the 1940s not only as one of the era's top stars but also as a great sex symbol most notably in Gilda 1946 . She appeared in 61 films over 37 years and is listed as one of the American Film Institute's Greatest Stars of All Time. http //wn /Ritchie_Valens Robert Rodriguez Rita Moreno born December 11 1931 is a Puerto Rican singer dancer and actress. She is the first and only Hispanic and one of the few performers who have won an Emmy a Grammy an Oscar and a Tony and at the time the second Puerto Rican to win an Academy Award. http //wn /Robert_Rodriguez Roberto Clemente Ritchie Valens born Ricardo Esteban Valenzuela Reyes May 13 1941 ndash February 3 1959 was a Mexican-American singer songwriter and guitarist. http //wn /Roberto_Clemente Rodolfo P. Hernandez Robert Anthony Rodríguez born June 20 1968 is an American film director screenwriter producer cinematographer editor and musician. He shoots and produces many of his films in his native Texas and Mexico. He has directed such films as Desperado 1995 From Dusk Till Dawn 1996 The Faculty 1998 Spy Kids 2001 Sin City 2005 Planet Terror 2007 and Machete 2010 . He also produced the latest installment in the Predator series Predators 2010 . http //wn /Rodolfo_P_Hernandez Ronald J. Rábago Roberto Clemente Walker August 18 1934 – December 31 1972 was a Puerto Rican professional baseball player and a Major League Baseball right fielder. He was born in Carolina Puerto Rico the youngest of seven children. On November 14 1964 he married Vera Zabala at San Fernando Church in Carolina. The couple had three children Roberto Jr. Luis Roberto and Enrique Roberto. He began his professional career playing with the Santurce Crabbers in the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League LBPPR . While he was playing in Puerto Rico the Brooklyn Dodgers offered him a contract to play with the Montreal Royals. Clemente accepted the offer and was active with the team until he was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the Major League Baseball draft that took place on November 22 1954. http //wn /Ronald_J_Rábago Ronald Reagan Corporal Rodolfo P. Hernandez born April 14 1931 is a former United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor — America's highest military decoration — for his actions in the Korean War. Despite his wounds Hernandez's actions during an enemy counterattack near Wonton-ni allowed his platoon to retake their defensive position. http //wn /Ronald_Reagan Rosie Perez http //wn /Rosie_Perez Roy P. Benavidez Ronald Wilson Reagan February 6 1911 – June 5 2004 was the 40th President of the United States 1981–1989 and the 33rd Governor of California 1967–1975 . http //wn /Roy_P_Benavidez Rubén Hinojosa Rosa María "Rosie" Pérez born September 6 1964 is an American actress dancer choreographer director and community activist. http //wn /Rubén_Hinojosa Rubén Salazar http //wn /Rubén_Salazar Rudolfo Anaya Rubén E. Hinojosa born August 20 1940 American politician has been the Democratic representative for the Texas 15th congressional district http //nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/tx15_109.gif map in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1996. http //wn /Rudolfo_Anaya Rudolph B. Davila Rubén Salazar March 3 1928 – August 29 1970 was a Mexican-American journalist killed by a Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy during the National Chicano Moratorium March against the Vietnam War on August 29 1970 in East Los Angeles California. During the 1970s his killing was often cited as a symbol of unjust treatment of Chicanos by law enforcement. Salazar was the first Mexican-American journalist to cover the Chicano community from the mainstream media. http //wn /Rudolph_B_Davila Rudy Galindo Rudolfo Anaya born October 30 1937 is an American author. Best known for his 1972 novel Bless Me Ultima Anaya is considered one of the founders of the canon of contemporary Chicano literature. http //wn /Rudy_Galindo Salma Hayek Rudolph B. Davila April 27 1916 – January 26 2002 born in El Paso Texas was a United States Army officer of Spanish-Filipino descent who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in Italy during World War II. He was the only person of Filipino ancestry to receive the medal for his heroic actions in the European theatre. He was initially awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. However in 1998 after an extensive review his medal was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. http //wn /Salma_Hayek Salvadoran American Val Joe "Rudy" Galindo born September 7 1969 in San Jose California is an American figure skater who competed in both single skating and pair skating. As a single skater he is the 1996 U.S. national champion and 1987 World Junior Champion. As a pairs skater he competed with Kristi Yamaguchi and was the 1988 World Junior Champion and the 1989 1990 U.S. National Champion. http //wn /Salvadoran_American Sandra Cisneros Salma Valgarma Hayek Jiménez-Pinault born September 2 1966 is a Mexican American actress. She is a television director as well as television and film producer. Hayek is the first Mexican national to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. She is one of the most prominent Mexican figures in Hollywood since silent film actress Dolores del Río. She is also after Fernanda Montenegro the second of three Latin American actresses the other being Catalina Sandino Moreno to achieve a Best Actress Oscar nomination. http //wn /Sandra_Cisneros Scott Gomez http //wn /Scott_Gomez Sebastián Vizcaíno Salvadoran Americans are citizens or residents of the United States of Salvadoran descent. As of 2008 there are roughly 1.6 million Salvadoran Americans in the United States the fourth largest Hispanic community by nation of ancestry. http //wn /Sebastián_Vizcaíno Selena Sandra Cisneros born December 20 1954 is an American writer best known for her acclaimed first novel The House on Mango Street 1984 and her subsequent short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories 1991 . Her work experiments with literary forms and investigates emerging subject positions which Cisneros herself attributes to growing up in a context of cultural hybridity and economic inequality that endowed her with unique stories to tell. She is the recipient of numerous awards including a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship and is regarded as a key figure in Chicana literature. http //wn /Selena Selena Gomez Scott Carlos Gomez born December 23 1979 is an American professional ice hockey center of both Mexican and Colombian descent currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League NHL and serving as an alternate captain. http //wn /Selena_Gomez Silvestre Reyes Sebastián Vizcaíno 1548–1624 was a Spanish soldier entrepreneur explorer and diplomat whose varied roles took him to New Spain the Philippines the Baja California peninsula the California coast and Japan. http //wn /Silvestre_Reyes Silvestre S. Herrera Selena Quintanilla-Pérez April 16 1971 – March 31 1995 known simply as Selena was a Mexican American singer-songwriter. She was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart including seven number-one hits. The singer also had the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995 "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más". She was called "The Queen of Tejano music" and the Mexican equivalent of Madonna. Selena released her first album Selena y Los Dinos at the age of twelve. She won Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1987 Tejano Music Awards and landed a recording contract with EMI a few years later. Her fame grew throughout the early 1990s especially in Spanish-speaking countries. http //wn /Silvestre_S_Herrera Spanish American Selena Marie Gomez born July 22 1992 is an American actress and singer-songwriter best known for her portrayal of Alex Russo on the Emmy Award winning Disney Channel Original Series Wizards of Waverly Place . She has starred in the television movies Another Cinderella Story and Princess Protection Program . In 2010 Gomez made her theatrical film debut as Beatrice "Beezus" Quimby in Ramona and Beezus . http //wn /Spanish_American Spanish people Silvestre "Silver" Reyes born November 10 1944 in Canutillo Texas is an American politician representing Texas's 16th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He is the Chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence the primary Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives charged with the oversight of the United States Intelligence Community including the Office of the Director of National Intelligence ODNI the Central Intelligence Agency CIA the Defense Intelligence Agency DIA and other executive branch departments and agencies. Reyes is also a Senior Member of the House Armed Services Committee the primary Committee responsible for the funding and oversight of the Department of Defense DOD and the United States Armed Forces as well as substantial portions of the Department of Energy. He is a member of the Democratic Party. http //wn /Spanish_people Steve Van Buren Private First Class Silvestre S. Herrera July 17 1917 ndash November 26 2007 was a member of the United States Army of Hispanic heritage who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during World War II in Mertzwiller France. His one-man charge on an enemy stronghold resulted in his single-handed capture of eight enemy soldiers. At the time of his death he was the only living person authorized to wear both the Medal of Honor and Mexico's Order of Military Merit first class . The City of Phoenix officially renamed the portion of 3rd Street that runs from Indian School Road North into the park "S. Herrera Way". Silvestre Herrera was an Arizona "legend". http //wn /Steve_Van_Buren Tab Ramos A Spanish American is a citizen or resident of the United States with ethnic origins in the southwestern European nation of Spain. Spanish Americans are the earliest European American group with a continuous presence since 1565. http //wn /Tab_Ramos Ted Williams Spanish people or Spaniards constitute the European nation and ethnic group native of Spain in the Iberian Peninsula which forms the southwest of Europe. The Spanish nationality is in essence made up of regional nationalities reflecting the complex history of Spain. Spain in its current boundaries was formed out of a number of predecessor kingdoms in the late 15th century as a result of the Reconquista and the War of the Castilian Succession. http //wn /Ted_Williams Tom Flores Stephen W. Van Buren born December 28 1920 in La Ceiba Honduras is a former professional American football halfback who played for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League from 1944 ndash 1951 and is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. http //wn /Tom_Flores Tomas Rivera Tabaré Ramos Ricciardi known as Tab Ramos born September 21 1966 in Montevideo Uruguay is a retired U.S. Olympic Team and National Team soccer midfielder. He played professionally for 13 seasons in Spain Mexico and the United States. Ramos was the first player to sign with Major League Soccer where he played seven years with the MetroStars. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. http //wn /Tomas_Rivera Tony Romo Theodore Samuel Williams August 30 1918 ndash July 5 2002 was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball. He played 21 seasons with the Boston Red Sox twice interrupted by military service as a Marine Corps pilot. Nicknamed The Kid the Splendid Splinter Teddy Ballgame and The Thumper he is widely considered one of the greatest hitters ever. http //wn /Tony_Romo Trevor Ariza Thomas R. "Tom" Flores born March 21 1937 in Fresno California is a retired American collegiate and Professional Football quarterback and former professional coach. Flores and Mike Ditka are the only two people in the Professional Football history to win Super Bowls as a player as an assistant coach and as a head coach. Flores was also the first Hispanic quarterback and head coach in Professional Football history. Flores is currently a radio announcer. http //wn /Trevor_Ariza Uruguayan American http //wn /Uruguayan_American Venezuelan American Antonio Ramiro "Tony" Romo born April 21 1980 is a professional American football quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys. Romo's career passer rating - at 95.5 - ranks fourth-best all time. Romo replaced the Cowboys' previous starting quarterback Drew Bledsoe during a game against the New York Giants in the 2006 season. http //wn /Venezuelan_American Vickie Guerrero Trevor Anthony Ariza born June 30 1985 in Miami Florida is an American basketball player in the National Basketball Association who plays for the New Orleans Hornets. Primarily a small forward he is listed at tall and 210 pounds. http //wn /Vickie_Guerrero Victor Manuel Blanco A Uruguayan American is any person of Uruguayan ancestry or birth who is a citizen or resident of the United States. Similar to neighboring country Argentina Uruguay took in many immigrants from Europe beginning in the late 18th century and lasting until the mid 19th century. As it stands approximately 93% of Uruguay's population is of European descent with Italians Spaniards French and Germans being among the most populous groups to have settled in the country. Because of this many Uruguayan Americans identify both with their nationality and their family's country of origin. http //wn /Victor_Manuel_Blanco Victor Villaseñor http //wn /Victor_Villaseñor Vietnam War Venezuelan Americans are citizens and residents of the United States who trace their heritage to the South American nation of Venezuela. http //wn /Vietnam_War Virgil R. Miller Vickie Guerrero born Vickie Lara on April 16 1968 is an American professional wrestling personality manager shifting authority figure and occasional wrestler. She is the widow of professional wrestler Eddie Guerrero currently signed to WWE on its Smackdown brand. http //wn /Virgil_R_Miller Walter Alvarez Dr. Victor Manuel Blanco Ph.D. born 1918 is a Puerto Rican astronomer who in 1959 discovered "Blanco 1" a galactic cluster. Blanco was the second Director of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile which had the largest telescope in the Southern Hemisphere at the time. In 1995 the telescope was dedicated in his honor and named the Victor M. Blanco Telescope it is also known as the "Blanco 4m" http //wn /Walter_Alvarez White American Victor Villaseñor is an acclaimed Mexican-American writer best known for the New York Times bestseller novel Rain of Gold . Villaseñor's works are often taught in American schools. He went on to write 2001 a continuation of Rain of Gold . His book 2004 describes his life. The author has received awards and endorsements including an appointment to serve as the founding Steinbeck Chair at Hartnell College and the National Steinbeck Center in Salinas from February 2003 to March 2004. http //wn /White_American World War I The Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam Laos and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to 15 May 1975 when the Mayaguez Incident concluded and two weeks after the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. The 'Mayaguez incident ' involving the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia on 12–15 May 1975 marked the last official battle of the United States U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam supported by its communist allies and the government of South Vietnam supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. http //wn /World_War_I Ysmael R. Villegas Colonel Virgil Rasmuss Miller November 11 1900 ndash August 5 1968 was a United States Army officer who served as Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team RCT a unit which was composed of "Nisei" second generation Americans of Japanese descent during World War II. He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France. http //wn /Ysmael_R_Villegas Zack de la Rocha For his grandfather the American doctor see Walter C. Alvarez. http //wn /Zack_de_la_Rocha Zoe Saldana White American often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American" and within the United States simply "white" is an umbrella term officially employed by some U.S. government agencies per standards issued by the Office of Management and Budget for the classification of United States citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe the Middle East or North Africa". Like all U.S. racial categories White American has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans. http //wn /Zoe_Saldana Alabama Alabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north Georgia to the east Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006. http //wn /Alabama Alaska Alaska is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent with Canada to the east the Arctic Ocean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698 473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009 Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S. http //wn /Alaska Arkansas Arkansas is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquin name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares a border with six states with its eastern border largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock located in the central portion of the state. http //wn /Arkansas Atlanta Georgia http //wn /Atlanta_Georgia Bangor Maine Bangor is a city in and the county seat of Penobscot County Maine United States and the major commercial and cultural center for eastern and northern Maine. It is also the principal city of the Bangor Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Bangor and all of Penobscot County. http //wn /Bangor_Maine Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg locally with an ss sound fought July 1 ndash 3 1863 in and around the town of Gettysburg Pennsylvania was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia ending Lee's invasion of the North. http //wn /Battle_of_Gettysburg Battle of Saipan The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from 15 June 1944 to 9 July 1944. The invasion fleet embarking the expeditionary forces left Pearl Harbor on 5 June 1944 the same day Operation Overlord in Europe was launched. http //wn /Battle_of_Saipan Battle of Wyse Fork The Battle of Wyse Fork was a battle fought in the Carolinas Campaign of the American Civil War resulting in a Union Army victory. http //wn /Battle_of_Wyse_Fork Brownsville Texas Brownsville is a city in and the county seat of Cameron County Texas United States. Brownsville is the 15th largest city in the state of Texas and the 129th largest in the United States. The population was 139 722 at the 2000 census. Brownsville is also the southernmost city in Texas. http //wn /Brownsville_Texas California California pronounced is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north Nevada to the east Arizona to the southeast Baja California Mexico to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco and Long Beach with Los Angeles San Diego and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states California's capital Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population. http //wn /California Canary Islands The Canary Islands also known as the Canaries are a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish Autonomous Community and an Outermost Region of the European Union. The islands include from largest to smallest Tenerife Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Lanzarote La Palma La Gomera El Hierro La Graciosa Alegranza and Montaña Clara. http //wn /Canary_Islands Colorado Colorado pronounced or chiefly by outsiders is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States the Mountain States and the Southwestern United States. http //wn /Colorado Connecticut Connecticut state code CT is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east Massachusetts to the north and New York to the west and south because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast . http //wn /Connecticut Connecticut College Connecticut College Conn College or Conn is a private liberal arts college located in New London Connecticut. http //wn /Connecticut_College Cuba The Republic of Cuba is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba the Isla de la Juventud and several archipelagos. http //wn /Cuba Delaware Delaware is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West 3rd Baron De La Warr an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named. http //wn /Delaware District of Columbia http //wn /District_of_Columbia El Monte California El Monte is a residential industrial and commercial city in Los Angeles County California United States. The city's slogan is "Welcome to Friendly El Monte " and historically is known as "The End of the Santa Fe Trail." As of the 2000 census the city had a total population of 115 965. As of 2002 El Monte is the 191st largest city in the United States and is the 44th largest city in California. El Monte Lies in the San Gabriel Valley region East of the city of Los Angeles. http //wn /El_Monte_California El Paso Texas El Paso is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County Texas United States and lies in West Texas. According to the United States Census Bureau's 2009 population estimates the city had a population of 620 447 July 2009 . It is the sixth-largest city in Texas and the 22nd-largest city in the United States. Its metropolitan area covers all of El Paso County. In 2009 the El Paso metropolitan area had a population of 751 296. El Paso's metropolitan population for 2010 is estimated at 763 186 according to the US Census. http //wn /El_Paso_Texas Florida Florida is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845 after a three hundred year period of European colonization. http //wn /Florida Fordham University Fordham University is a private university in the United States with three campuses located in and around New York City. It was founded by the Roman Catholic Diocese of New York in 1841 as ''St. John's College'' placed in the care of the Society of Jesus shortly thereafter and has since become an independent institution under a lay Board of Trustees which describes the university as "in the Jesuit tradition." http //wn /Fordham_University Georgia U.S. state Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732 the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution on January 2 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21 1861 and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union on July 15 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch King George II of England. http //wn /Georgia_ US_state Guam Guam Chamorro is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated territory of the United States. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. The island's capital is Hagåtña formerly Agana . Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands. http //wn /Guam Gulf of California The Gulf of California also known as the Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés or Vermilion Sea http //wn /Gulf_of_California Hawaii For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands. http //wn /Hawaii Hialeah Florida Hialeah is a city in Miami-Dade County Florida United States. As of the 2000 census the city population was 226 419. As of 2009 the population estimate by the U. S. Census Bureau had the city's population reduced to 218 896 making it the sixth largest city in the state. Hialeah is part of the Miami metropolitan area and the Greater South Florida metropolitan area. http //wn /Hialeah_Florida Idaho Idaho is a state in the United States of America. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3 1890 as the 43rd state. http //wn /Idaho Illinois Illinois {{respell -i- is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois and natural resources like coal timber and petroleum in the south Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state" Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s. http //wn /Illinois Iowa Iowa is a state located in the Midwestern United States an area often referred to as the "American Heartland." It derives its name from the Ioway people one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World" however Iowa's economy culture and landscape are diverse. In the mid and late 20th century Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing processing financial services biotechnology and green energy production. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Des Moines is Iowa's capital and largest city. http //wn /Iowa Iraq Iraq or Arabic officially the Republic of Iraq Arabic http //wn /Iraq Jamestown Virginia Jamestown located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony was founded on May 14 1607. It is the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America following several earlier failed attempts including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. It was founded by the London Company later to become the Virginia Company headquartered in London. Within a year of Jamestown's foundation the Company brought Polish and Dutch colonists to help improve the settlement. Located in James City County when it was formed in 1634 as one of the original eight shires of Virginia Jamestown was the capital of the Colony for 83 years from 1616 until 1699. At that time the capital was relocated to Middle Plantation about distant. That small community which had also become home to the new College of William and Mary in 1693 was renamed Williamsburg in 1699 . The London Company's second settlement Bermuda claims the oldest town in the English New World as St. George's Bermuda was officially established as New London in 1612 where James Fort in Virginia is said not to have been converted into Jame stown until 1619. Jamestown ceased to exist as a settlement after the transfer of Virginia's capital to Williamsburg in 1699 existing today only as archaeological remains whereas St. George's has continued in use throughout. http //wn /Jamestown_Virginia Kansas Kansas is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it which in turn was named after the Kansa tribe which inhabited the area. The tribe's name natively kką ze is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind " although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans." http //wn /Kansas Kentucky The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau Kentucky is a Southern state. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth the others being Virginia Pennsylvania and Massachusetts . Originally a part of Virginia in 1792 it became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th largest state in terms of total area the 36th largest in land area and ranks 26th in population. http //wn /Kentucky Laredo Texas Laredo pronounced is the county seat of Webb County Texas United States located on the north bank of the Rio Grande in South Texas across from Nuevo Laredo Tamaulipas Mexico. According to the 2007 census estimate the city population was 233 152. Laredo is part of the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with an estimate population of 718 073. Laredo's economy is based on international trade with Mexico. Most major transportation companies have a facility in Laredo. Laredo's location along the southern end of I-35 close to the manufacturers in North Mexico promotes its vital role in trade between the United States and Mexico. http //wn /Laredo_Texas Library of Congress The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress de facto national library of the United States and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington D.C. it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress currently James H. Billington. http //wn /Library_of_Congress Louisiana Louisiana or Louisiana Creole Léta de la Lwizyàn is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is Jefferson Parish and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish. http //wn /Louisiana Maine Maine French is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast New Hampshire to the southwest and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is the northern and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged mostly rocky coastline its low rolling mountains and its heavily forested interior—as well as for its seafood cuisine especially lobsters and clams. http //wn /Maine Marshall Islands The Republic of the Marshall Islands RMI is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. The population is about 62 000. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. http //wn /Marshall_Islands Maryland Maryland is an American state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States bordering Virginia West Virginia and the District of Columbia to its south and west Pennsylvania to its north and Delaware to its east. According to the U.S. Census Bureau Maryland has the highest median household income of any state with a median income of $70 545. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution and three nicknames for it the Old Line State the Free State and the Chesapeake Bay State are occasionally used. http //wn /Maryland Massachusetts The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south New York to the west and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban suburban and rural areas while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita. http //wn /Massachusetts McAllen Texas McAllen is the largest city in Hidalgo County Texas United States. It is located at the southern tip of Texas in an area known as the Rio Grande Valley and is part of the . The population was 106 414 at the 2000 census while the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission metropolitan area had a population of 569 463 rapid growth pushed the metropolitan area's population to 710 514 by 2007. It is the 187th largest city in the U.S. and the 70th largest metropolitan area. Its southern boundary is located about five miles from the U.S.-Mexico border and the Mexican city of Reynosa the Rio Grande River and about west of South Padre Island and the Gulf of Mexico. http //wn /McAllen_Texas Miami Miami or is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2 500 625. The 42nd largest city in the United States with a population of 433 136 it is the principal central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4 919 036 but in 2008 that number increased to 5 232 342 making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States behind New York City Los Angeles and Chicago. http //wn /Miami Michigan Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama meaning "large water" or "large lake". http //wn /Michigan Minnesota Minnesota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S. it is the twenty-first most populous with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11 1858. Known as the "Land of 10 000 Lakes" the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters together with forests parks and wilderness areas offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities. http //wn /Minnesota Mississippi Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River which flows along its western boundary which namesake is from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi "Great River" . The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area and its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree. http //wn /Mississippi Missouri Missouri abbreviated MO is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States bordered by Iowa Illinois Kentucky Tennessee Arkansas Oklahoma Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5 987 580 Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis Kansas City Springfield and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10 1821. http //wn /Missouri Montana Montana is a state located in the Western United States. The western third of the state contains numerous mountain ranges. Other island ranges are found in the central third of the state for a total of 77 named ranges of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name derived from the Spanish word montaña mountain . http //wn /Montana NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006 NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration scientific discovery and aeronautics research." http //wn /NASA Nebraska Nebraska is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha. http //wn /Nebraska Nevada Nevada is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864 Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station. http //wn /Nevada New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south Vermont to the west Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area 46th in total area of the 50 states and 41st in population. http //wn /New_Hampshire New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States. http //wn /New_Jersey New Mexico New Mexico is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also part of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile New Mexico is the sixth- most sparsely inhabited U.S. state. http //wn /New_Mexico New York New York locally or is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and by Connecticut Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City. http //wn /New_York North Carolina North Carolina is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology Bio-Chemical Engineering Medical Sciences and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park RTP UNC Chapel Hill and North Carolina State . http //wn /North_Carolina North Dakota North Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America along the Canadian border about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous with only about 646 850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2 1889 simultaneously with South Dakota. http //wn /North_Dakota North Korea North Korea officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea DPRK''' Chosongul 조선민주주의인민공화국 is a country in East Asia occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia. http //wn /North_Korea Ohio Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S. http //wn /Ohio Okinawa http //wn /Okinawa Oklahoma Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. With an estimated 3 687 050 residents in 2009 and a land area of 68 667 square miles 177 847 km² Oklahoma is the 28th most populous and 20th-largest state. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma meaning "red people" and is known informally by its nickname The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16 1907 Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City. http //wn /Oklahoma Oregon Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast with Washington to the north California to the south Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders explorers and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843 the Oregon Territory was created in 1848 and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14 1859. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 30th-largest U.S. city with a population of 582 130 2009 estimate and a metro population of 2 241 841 2009 estimate the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area. http //wn /Oregon Oxnard California Oxnard is the 121st largest city in the United States 21st largest city in California and largest city in Ventura County California by way of population. It is located at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain and is an important agricultural center with its distinction as the strawberry and lima bean capital of California. Founded in 1903 it is home to nearly 200 000 citizens 192 997 and is the largest city in the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metropolitan area. http //wn /Oxnard_California Palau Palau officially the Republic of Palau is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean some 500 miles 800 km east of the Philippines and 2 000 miles 3 200 km south of Tokyo. Having emerged from United Nations trusteeship administered by the United States in 1994 it is one of the world's youngest and smallest sovereign states. In English the name is sometimes spelled Belau in accordance with the native pronunciation. It was formerly also spelled Pelew. http //wn /Palau Pennsylvania The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south West Virginia to the southwest Ohio to the west New York and Ontario Canada to the north and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia Pittsburgh Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. http //wn /Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Puerto Rico or officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico — literally Associated Free State of Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands. http //wn /Puerto_Rico Rhode Island The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations more commonly referred to as Rhode Island or is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest. http //wn /Rhode_Island Roanoke Island Roanoke Island is an island in Dare County near the coast of North Carolina United States. It was named after the historical Roanoke Carolina Algonquian people who inhabited the area in the 16th century at the time of English exploration. http //wn /Roanoke_Island San Antonio Texas http //wn /San_Antonio_Texas Santa Fe New Mexico Santa Fe is the capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of . Santa Fe literally 'holy faith' in Spanish had a population of 62 203 at the April 1 2000 census the estimate for July 1 2009 is 73 720. It is the principal city of the Santa Fe New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Santa Fe-Española Combined Statistical Area. http //wn /Santa_Fe_New_Mexico South Carolina South Carolina is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau the state's population in 2009 was 4 561 242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia. http //wn /South_Carolina South Dakota South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory South Dakota became a state on November 2 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800 000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls with a population of nearly 160 000 is South Dakota's largest city. http //wn /South_Dakota Southern California Southern California SoCal is a megaregion or megapolitan area in the southern area of the U.S. state of California. Large urban areas include Greater Los Angeles Greater San Diego and the Inland Empire. The urban area stretches along the coast from Ventura through the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego spilling over the border into Tijuana. Southern California along with the San Francisco Bay Area is a major cultural and economic center for the State of California and beyond. http //wn /Southern_California Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR abbreviated СССР SSSR informally known as the Soviet Union or Soviet Russia was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991. http //wn /Soviet_Union Spain Spain officially the Kingdom of Spain is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar to the north by France Andorra and the Bay of Biscay and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal. http //wn /Spain Tennessee Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6 214 888 making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population and covers making it the 36th-largest by total land area. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north North Carolina to the east Georgia Alabama and Mississippi to the south and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville which has a population of 626 144. Memphis is the state's largest city with a population of 670 902. Nashville has the state's largest metropolitan area at 1 521 437 people. http //wn /Tennessee Texas Texas is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population and the largest state in the contiguous United States. http //wn /Texas Tucson Arizona Tucson is a city in and the county seat of Pima County Arizona United States. The city is located 118 miles 188 km southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles 98 km north of the U.S.-Mexico border. The 2009 Census Bureau estimate puts the city's population at 548 555 with a metropolitan area population at 1 023 320 as of July 1 2008. In 2005 Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. It is the largest city in southern Arizona and the second largest in the state after Phoenix. Tucson is home to the University of Arizona. http //wn /Tucson_Arizona Tustin California Tustin is a city in Orange County California. As of January 1 2009 the city had an approximate total population of 74 825. The city is located next to the county seat Santa Ana and does not include the Tustin Foothills. http //wn /Tustin_California U.S. Virgin Islands http //wn /US_Virgin_Islands United States The United States of America also referred to as the United States the U.S. the USA or America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington D.C. the capital district lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. http //wn /United_States Utah Utah or is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2 784 572 people live along the Wasatch Front centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south Colorado on the east Wyoming on the northeast Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico. http //wn /Utah Vermont Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state ranks 43rd by land area and 45th by total area. It has a population of 621 270 making it the second least-populated state. The only New England state with no coastline along the Atlantic Ocean Vermont is notable for Lake Champlain which makes up 50% of Vermont's western border and the Green Mountains which run north to south. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south New Hampshire to the east New York to the west and the Canadian province of Québec to the north. http //wn /Vermont Virginia The Commonwealth of Virginia is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million. http //wn /Virginia Wall Street Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand or a metonym for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world. http //wn /Wall_Street West Virginia West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States bordered by Virginia to the southeast Kentucky to the southwest Ohio to the northwest and Pennsylvania and Maryland to the northeast. The capital and largest city is Charleston. http //wn /West_Virginia Wisconsin Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west Iowa to the southwest Illinois to the south Lake Michigan to the east Upper Michigan to the northeast and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties. http //wn /Wisconsin Wyoming Wyoming is a state in the Western United States. The western two thirds of the state is mostly covered by the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. While the tenth largest U.S. state by area Wyoming is the least populous with a U.S. Census estimated population of 544 270 in 2009. This is a 5.9% increase since 2000. The capital and the most populous city of Wyoming is Cheyenne. http //wn /Wyoming Yucatán Peninsula The Yucatán Peninsula in southeastern Mexico separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico with the northern coastline on the Yucatán Channel. The peninsula lies east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec a northwestern geographic partition separating the region of Central America from the rest of North America. http //wn /Yucatán_Peninsula 72nd Academy Awards Academic degree Academy Award African American Afro-Latin American Agustin Ramos Calero Al Lopez Alabama Alaska Alaska Natives Albert Pujols Alberto Del Rio Alberto Gonzales Alejandro R. Ruiz Alex Rodriguez Alfred V. Rascon ALMA Award AM broadcasting Ambrosio Guillen America Ferrera American English American football American literature American philosophy American Revolution American Samoa Andrew A. Humphreys Andy García Angela Salinas Anglo Anita Page Anthony Muñoz Anthony Quinn Anti-Catholicism Antonia Novello Antonio Banderas Antonio M. 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Mundial Total Order Reorder Duration 2 08 Published 14 Jun 2006 Uploaded 27 Aug 2010 Author luanborges http //wn /Mundial_Total Email this video Sms this video Vinhetas do Mundial Total Directv e as meninas latinas cantando quot La Copa es la ilusi oacute n quot Saudade da antiga Directv Colombianas- Colombian Women Order Reorder Duration 6 47 Published 09 Jun 2010 Uploaded 20 Mar 2011 Author Colike23 http //wn /Colombianas_Colombian_Women Email this video Sms this video Las mujeres m aacute s hermosas del MUNDO est aacute n en Colombia. Belinda Feat. Las Estrellas Latinas - "Somos el Mundo 25 Para Haiti" We Are The World 2010 Order Reorder Duration 6 52 Published 03 Mar 2010 Uploaded 01 Feb 2011 Author fredylrl http //wn /Belinda_Feat_Las_Estrellas_Latinas__Somos_el_Mundo_25_Para_Haiti_We_Are_The_World_2010 Email this video Sms this video LETRA DE SOMOS EL MUNDO El d iacute a lleg oacute =Juanes No hay momento que perder=Juanes Hay que buscar unir el mundo de una vez= Ricky Martin Tantos necesitan un Nuevo amanecer= Jose Feliciano Hay que ayudar =Vicente Fern aacute ndez Tenemos el deber Verso 2 No hay que esperar =Luis Enrique Que sea el otro el que va a actuar Cuando el dolor a tu puerta pueda tocar=Aventura y PeeWee Al estar unidos no hay nada que temer=Belinda Para triunfar =Jose Luis Rodriguez Tenemos que entender=Banda El Recodo Coro Somos amor somos el mundo=Shakira Somos la luz que alumbra con ardor lo mas oscuro=Shakira Llenos de esperanza=Thalia Podemos rescatar La fe que nos puede salvar =Jenni Rivera y Tito El Bambino Juntos t uacute y yo=Kani Garcia Verso 3 De Coraz oacute n =Luis Fonsi Que sepan que importantes son Que su pesar sentimos todos tambi eacute n =Jon Secada Y que no est aacute n solos queremos ayudar=Willy Lissette y Ana Barbara Con compasi oacute n firmeza y hermandad = Gilberto Santa Rosa y Juan Luis Guerra Coro Somos amor somos el mundo=David Archuletta Somos la luz que alumbra con ardor lo mas oscuro= Cristian Castro Llenos de esperanza=Ednita Nazario Podemos rescatar=Paquita La Del Barrio La fe que nos puede salvar =Ricardo Montaner Juntos t uacute y yo Bridge Cuando alguna vez te canses de luchar=Gloria Estefan y Luis Miguel Recuerda aqu iacute estar eacute a tu lado sin dudar=Chayanne Te dar eacute mi mano para juntos aprender=Olga Ta ntilde on La manera de poder vencer=Natalia Jim eacute nez Coro Todos Improvisaciones Somos Amor =Luis Fonsi No Hay Nada Que lt b gt ... lt /b gt LAS 4 LATINAS QUE CONQUISTARON AL MUNDO Thalia Shakira Jlo Gloria Estefan Order Reorder Duration 10 56 Published 06 Aug 2010 Uploaded 20 Jan 2011 Author thsomi http //wn /LAS_4_LATINAS_QUE_CONQUISTARON_AL_MUNDO_Thalia Shakira Jlo Gloria_Estefan Email this video Sms this video Las 4 Latinas que Conquistaron Al Mundo Tendencia. Dejame Saber - Abe Musick Produced By Lyrical Weapon Order Reorder Duration 3 50 Published 20 Feb 2010 Uploaded 13 Feb 2011 Author AbeMusick http //wn /Dejame_Saber__Abe_Musick_Produced_By_Lyrical_Weapon Email this video Sms this video Dejame Saber - Abe Musick Produced by Lyrical Weapon 2010 Download 4shared SUBSCRIBE WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/ABEMUSICK Latinas Illustrated Internacional Cancun 1 Order Reorder Duration 2 30 Published 30 Jun 2010 Uploaded 27 Aug 2010 Author LatinasInternacional http //wn /Latinas_Illustrated_Internacional_Cancun_1 Email this video Sms this video Conoce el detr aacute s de c aacute maras del Calendario Latinas Illustrated Internacional. Locaciones Modelos Paisajes y toda la sensualidad de las mujeres mas hermosas de latinoam eacute rica FEMY Latina singer from Spain at Latin Awards USA Order Reorder Duration 1 16 Published 16 May 2009 Uploaded 01 Apr 2011 Author RyanReporting http //wn /FEMY_Latina_singer_from_Spain_at_Latin_Awards_USA Email this video Sms this video Ryan Janek Wolowski 2006 Interview with Latina R amp B Pop singer Femy from Spain Patricia Atienza Cuevas born April 24 1984 in Cadiz Spain known simply but never more lovely as FEMY is a Spanish singer songwriter dancer and actress. To accessorize her many talents she also speaks and sings in French and English. This 510 curvaceous beauty has recently broke through the ice as a major figure in the Spanish R amp B/Rap/Hip-Hop industry working with major producers and artists from Miami New York Spain and France. PATRICIA ATIENZA CUEVAS Nacida el 24 de abril de 1984 Cadiz Espana conocida con el nombre de Femy amor en egipcio . Cantaautora compositora bailarina actriz y para completar sus talentos habla y canta en tres idiomas Ingles Frances y espanol. Esta belleza latina de 1.76 metros de altura y curvas de infarto acaba de romper el hielo como una de las mas grandes promesas en la industria del r amp b rap y hip-hop trabajando con los mejores productores y artistas del panorama musical actual. Con su gran voz llena de fuerza y caracter llamo la atencion de los mas grandes de la industria de la musica como por ejemplo de Jeff Robinson manager de la numero uno y ganadora de 11 Gramys Alicia Keys dandole la gran oportunidad de ser telonera en espana de su gira mundial 2008. Desde pequena Femy sintio que su vida iba a estar en torno al mundo del espectaculo su imaginacion la transladaba a cantar a los mas grandes escenarios delante de miles de personas con lt b gt ... lt /b gt Latinas - Bésame Videoclip DISCO ESTRELLA 2010 de VALEMUSIC SALVAME TELECINCO Order Reorder Duration 3 24 Published 31 Dec 2010 Uploaded 17 Feb 2011 Author latinasmusica http //wn /Latinas__Bésame_Videoclip_DISCO_ESTRELLA_2010_de_VALEMUSIC_SALVAME_TELECINCO Email this video Sms this video Nuevo videoclip del d uacute o LATINAS con su tema quot B eacute same quot . LATINAS en CARIBE 2010 y DISCO ESTRELLA 2010 de VALEMUSIC. Cancion del verano 2010. ANDREEA BALAN/PETRISOR - Danzas latinas Dansez pentru tine Order Reorder Duration 4 38 Published 02 Mar 2011 Uploaded 09 Apr 2011 Author 13MarceloCruz http //wn /ANDREEA_BALAN/PETRISOR__Danzas_latinas_Dansez_pentru_tine Email this video Sms this video La cantante pop Andreea Balan y Petrisor Ruger en la 5 ordf Edici oacute n de Dansez pentru tine Bailando por ti - Versi oacute n rumana de Bailando por un Sue ntilde o temporada que reuni oacute a las mejores parejas de las 4 primeras temporadas para elegir a los 2 representantes rumanos en el 1er. Campeonato Mundial de Baile en M eacute xico Mundial de Locos Grupo F Order Reorder Duration 5 05 Published 27 Apr 2010 Uploaded 10 Feb 2011 Author NenasEnLaWeB1 http //wn /Mundial_de_Locos_Grupo_F Email this video Sms this video Pasarela Sexy del Grupo F del Mundial Sudafrica 2010 Cr eacute ditos a nenasenlaweb Colombian Women Order Reorder Duration 3 37 Published 20 Aug 2010 Uploaded 13 Apr 2011 Author weenerwallet http //wn /Colombian_Women Email this video Sms this video a world wonder Colombian Women. South Americas pride and joy.. DIVAS LATINAS DEL CMLL MEJORES QUE LA DIVAS DE LAS WWE Order Reorder Duration 3 47 Published 01 Apr 2009 Uploaded 27 Aug 2010 Author embajadordelacumbia http //wn /DIVAS_LATINAS_DEL_CMLL__MEJORES_QUE_LA_DIVAS_DE_LAS_WWE Email this video Sms this video UN TEMA MUY DIVERTIDO Y ADEMAS CON LAS MUJERES MAS HERMOSAS DEL CONSEJO MUNDIAL DE LUCHA LIBRE. Estrenos musicales 2009 y 2010 estrellas de la musica musica disco 2009 la perucha Pop del 2010 Order Reorder Duration 1 23 Published 04 Nov 2009 Uploaded 04 Mar 2011 Author chico20latinARROBA http //wn /Estrenos_musicales_2009_y_2010 estrellas_de_la_musica _ musica_disco_2009 la_perucha_Pop_del_2010 Email this video Sms this video musica buena estrenos 2009 musica discotequera musica disco pachanguera musica exito 2009 msica exito estrenos del 2009 y estrenos del 2010 Coro Entrevoces Raices Latinas Waka Waka Order Reorder Duration 7 14 Published 14 Sep 2010 Uploaded 22 Dec 2010 Author coroentrevoces http //wn /Coro_Entrevoces__Raices_Latinas__Waka_Waka Email this video Sms this video Concierto quot Raices Latinas quot del Coro Infantil Entrevoces. Directora Elsa Franco Malca. Coreograf iacute a Vanessa Moreno. c 2010 Entrevoces. coroentrevoces .pe http Song c Waka Waka by Shakira. Lima-Peru No Soy Perfecto 2010 Fr@nkyboi "El Que Faltaba" Order Reorder Duration 3 53 Published 20 Oct 2010 Uploaded 17 Mar 2011 Author EddyTimbalesNegron http //wn /No_Soy_Perfecto_2010_Fr@nkyboi_El_Que_Faltaba Email this video Sms this video La nueva produccion de quot El Que Faltaba quot 10/19/2010 dedicada para todas las mujeres latinas a nivel mundial. quot No Soy Perfecto quot es un tema pegajosp que la mayoria de la gente que lo escuchen se van a poder identificar con el... Espero que se lo disfruten DE MI PARA EL MUNDO. Chica Peruana - María Pía ♫ Mundial Sudafrica 2010 ☼♥☼❤☼✿ Order Reorder Duration 2 35 Published 11 Jul 2010 Uploaded 19 Apr 2011 Author jPerujin http //wn /Chica_Peruana__María_Pía_♫_ Mundial_Sudafrica_2010 _☼♥☼❤☼✿ Email this video Sms this video La bella y sensual peruana Mar iacute a P iacute a es nuestra Chica Terra Per uacute que en este mundial representa a la selecci oacute n de Francia. Chica Terra Per uacute Mar iacute a P iacute a Cerde ntilde a Belleza mundialista mar220610.17 27 SOLO DIME LA VERDAD - BARRIO 3 OFICIAL SOON MUNDIAL EXCLUSIVO WWW.BARRIO3.NET Order Reorder Duration 3 26 Published 26 Mar 2010 Uploaded 19 Oct 2010 Author TalentoJovenProd http //wn /SOLO_DIME_LA_VERDAD__BARRIO_3_ _OFICIAL_SOON_MUNDIAL _EXCLUSIVO_WWWBARRIO3NET Email this video Sms this video WWW.BARRIO3.NET ESTRENO MUNDIAL jowel y randy el momento en vivo LAS JUSTAS 2010 reggaeton94 baby rasta y gringo - los lobos / da #39 take over -angel y khriz / vico c - babilla / jowel y randy - el momento / daddy yanke - mundial / mega sexx- dulcero / tony dize - secretos del corazon / los vaqueros 2 / wy records tiradera pa el orfanato / Dyland amp Lenny - My World / la factoria - demphra / chino y nacho - tu angelito / EL 3BOL El Booty / Los Insuperables World Tour Coming Soon / tony dize se retira del reggaeton para servir a dios / que despelote la pelicula / cosculluela - calle es calle tiradera pa arcangel / pelea de cosculluela y arcangel en el calibash 2010 / nigga - besos de amor oficial video hd / Daddy Yankee Intenso / Daddy Yankee Feat. Don Omar Miss Independent / Franco El Gorilla Aacute ngel De La Muerte / Yandel Feat. De La Ghetto Tumbao / J-king amp Maximan y Guelo Star Sin Verguenza / VIDEO ESTRENO Angel amp Khriz Ayer La V iacute / aventura - dile al amor / Fainal -Extra ntilde aacute ndote / Romantic Style Parte 3 Desde La Esencia nigga / Calle 13 Culpable Del Inconveniente En El Concierto De White Lion / Lloyd Banks Big Bully Official Video / Jowell amp Randy Ft. G Life Latinas Encendidas / Tommy Torres Tito El Bambino Luis Fonsi Alexis Y Fido Y Daddy Yankee Reciben Premios ASCAP / Primera Entrevista A Mexicano Despues De Ser Operado Del Cancer De Lengua / Beyonc eacute Est aacute Embarazada / Antes amp Despues De La Evolucion Del Regaeton De Jowell amp Randy / Angelito Ft Los Androides lt b gt ... lt /b gt Illapu - Adhesión a la Marcha Mundial por la Paz y la No-Violencia Order Reorder Duration 0 19 Published 24 Jun 2009 Uploaded 27 Aug 2010 Author Federod7 http //wn /Illapu__Adhesión_a_la_Marcha_Mundial_por_la_Paz_y_la_No-Violencia Email this video Sms this video ILLAPU es un grupo de m uacute sica Chileno que experimenta y fusiona sus ra iacute ces latinas andinas con elementos del jazz con las construcciones arm oacute nicas y contrapuntos de la m uacute sica cl aacute sica con la s iacute ncopa de la m uacute sica afro-caribe ntilde a conjugando todo esto adem aacute s con la inquebrantable fuerza tel uacute rica del rock. Le ha cantado a los problemas emergentes y urgentes de Chile de Am eacute rica y la humanidad. Sus canciones hablan de la vida el amor la justicia la preservaci oacute n de las fuentes culturales de Am eacute rica de las contradicciones entre el ser y la naturaleza y las tensiones creadas por los procesos de modernidad. Illapu ha manifestado tambi eacute n su adhesi oacute n a la Marcha Mundial por la Paz y la No-Violencia Reporte Semanal Chica Latina HD Order Reorder Duration 1 48 Published 21 Dec 2009 Uploaded 16 Dec 2010 Author Mundial2009Mijacho http //wn /Reporte_Semanal_Chica_Latina_HD Email this video Sms this video Chica Peruana - Ljubica Zimic Sudafrica 2010 ✿☼☼☼✿ Order Reorder Duration 2 31 Published 18 Jun 2010 Uploaded 18 Feb 2011 Author jPerujin http //wn /Chica_Peruana__Ljubica_Zimic_ Sudafrica_2010 _✿☼☼☼✿ Email this video Sms this video La bella y sensual Ljubica es nuestra Chica Terra que en este mundial alentar aacute a la selecci oacute n Argentina 250510 Chica Peruana - Mar iacute a P iacute a #9835 Mundial Sudafrica 2010 #9788 hearts #9788 #10084 #9788 #9825 Chica Peruana - Agatha Navarro Mundial Sudafrica 2010 #9788 hearts #9825 #10084 #9788 Lindas nenas latinas 2009 9 / 21 El Salvador Order Reorder Duration 6 05 Published 04 Oct 2009 Uploaded 18 Apr 2011 Author Allen1vivas http //wn /Lindas_nenas_latinas_2009_9_/_21_El_Salvador Email this video Sms this video Este es mi mejor colecci oacute n de fotos de las chicas El salvador aunque no lo creas yo no sab iacute as que hay muchas belleza en este maravilloso pa iacute s bueno espero que las personas que lea este mi comentario tambi eacute n vea lo que me sorprendi oacute de estas bellas nenas espero que le guste la m uacute sica de fondo tuve que extender la canci oacute n porque el ritmo estaba muy contagioso para este video -D El Tiempo Pasa - Abe Musick Prod.Denz Netto Order Reorder Duration 2 22 Published 14 Dec 2009 Uploaded 31 Mar 2011 Author AbeMusick http //wn /El_Tiempo_Pasa__Abe_Musick_ProdDenz_Netto Email this video Sms this video Abe Musick DOWNLOAD 4shared PRODUCED BY D-BRICKZ myspace /abemusick twitter /AbeMusick1 FACEBOOK Abe C Musick Today This Week This Month Anytime Uploaded Relevance Date Popular Rating Sort by Play next List all Videos Autoplay Autorepeat Shuffle Sign up I have an account login clear restore list images close sort Mellow Man Ace music video Latinos Mundial Mellow Man Ace music video Latinos Mundial 1 14 Mellow Man Ace video directed by Fernando Escovar. Latinos Mundial. Shot at flame amp fire studio downtown Los Angeles.... Mundial Total Mundial Total 2 08 Vinhetas do Mundial Total Directv e as meninas latinas cantando quot La Copa es la ilusi oacute n quot Saudade da antiga Directv... Colombianas- Colombian Women Colombianas- Colombian Women 6 47 Las mujeres m aacute s hermosas del MUNDO est aacute n en Colombia.... Belinda Feat. Las Estrellas Latinas - "Somos el Mundo 25 Para Haiti" We Are The World 2010 Belinda Feat. Las Estrellas Latinas - "Somos el Mundo 25 Para Haiti" We Are The World 2010 6 52 LETRA DE SOMOS EL MUNDO El d iacute a lleg oacute =Juanes No hay momento que perder=Juanes Hay que buscar unir el mundo de una vez= Ricky Martin Tantos necesitan un Nuevo amanecer= Jose Feliciano Hay que ayudar =Vicente Fern aacute ndez Te... LAS 4 LATINAS QUE CONQUISTARON AL MUNDO Thalia Shakira Jlo Gloria Estefan LAS 4 LATINAS QUE CONQUISTARON AL MUNDO Thalia Shakira Jlo Gloria Estefan 10 56 Las 4 Latinas que Conquistaron Al Mundo Tendencia.... Dejame Saber - Abe Musick Produced By Lyrical Weapon Dejame Saber - Abe Musick Produced By Lyrical Weapon 3 50 Dejame Saber - Abe Musick Produced by Lyrical Weapon 2010 Download 4shared SUBSCRIBE WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/ABEMUSICK... Latinas Illustrated Internacional Cancun 1 Latinas Illustrated Internacional Cancun 1 2 30 Conoce el detr aacute s de c aacute maras del Calendario Latinas Illustrated Internacional. Locaciones Modelos Paisajes y toda la sensualidad de las mujeres mas hermosas de latinoam eacute rica... FEMY Latina singer from Spain at Latin Awards USA FEMY Latina singer from Spain at Latin Awards USA 1 16 Ryan Janek Wolowski 2006 Interview with Latina R amp B Pop singer Femy from Spain Patricia Atienza Cuevas born April 24 1984 in Cadiz Spain known simply but never more lovely as FEMY is a Spanish singer songwriter dancer and actres... Latinas - Bésame Videoclip DISCO ESTRELLA 2010 de VALEMUSIC SALVAME TELECINCO Latinas - Bésame Videoclip DISCO ESTRELLA 2010 de VALEMUSIC SALVAME TELECINCO 3 24 Nuevo videoclip del d uacute o LATINAS con su tema quot B eacute same quot . LATINAS en CARIBE 2010 y DISCO ESTRELLA 2010 de VALEMUSIC. Cancion del verano 2010.... ANDREEA BALAN/PETRISOR - Danzas latinas Dansez pentru tine ANDREEA BALAN/PETRISOR - Danzas latinas Dansez pentru tine 4 38 La cantante pop Andreea Balan y Petrisor Ruger en la 5 ordf Edici oacute n de Dansez pentru tine Bailando por ti - Versi oacute n rumana de Bailando por un Sue ntilde o temporada que reuni oacute a las mejores parejas de las 4 primeras... Mundial de Locos Grupo F Mundial de Locos Grupo F 5 05 Pasarela Sexy del Grupo F del Mundial Sudafrica 2010 Cr eacute ditos a nenasenlaweb ... Colombian Women Colombian Women 3 37 a world wonder Colombian Women. South Americas pride and joy..... DIVAS LATINAS DEL CMLL MEJORES QUE LA DIVAS DE LAS WWE DIVAS LATINAS DEL CMLL MEJORES QUE LA DIVAS DE LAS WWE 3 47 UN TEMA MUY DIVERTIDO Y ADEMAS CON LAS MUJERES MAS HERMOSAS DEL CONSEJO MUNDIAL DE LUCHA LIBRE.... Estrenos musicales 2009 y 2010 estrellas de la musica musica disco 2009 la perucha Pop del 2010 Estrenos musicales 2009 y 2010 estrellas de la musica musica disco 2009 la perucha Pop del 2010 1 23 musica buena estrenos 2009 musica discotequera musica disco pachanguera musica exito 2009 msica exito estrenos del 2009 y estrenos del 2010... remove add to playlist show more results video results for latinas mundial Coro Entrevoces Raices Latinas Waka Waka Coro Entrevoces Raices Latinas Waka Waka 7 14 Concierto quot Raices Latinas quot del Coro Infantil Entrevoces. Directora Elsa Franco Malca. Coreograf iacute a Vanessa Moreno. c 2010 Entrevoces. coroentrevoces .pe http Song c Waka Waka by Shakira. Lima-Peru... No Soy Perfecto 2010 Fr@nkyboi "El Que Faltaba" No Soy Perfecto 2010 Fr@nkyboi "El Que Faltaba" 3 53 La nueva produccion de quot El Que Faltaba quot 10/19/2010 dedicada para todas las mujeres latinas a nivel mundial. quot No Soy Perfecto quot es un tema pegajosp que la mayoria de la gente que lo escuchen se van a poder identificar con ... Chica Peruana - María Pía ♫ Mundial Sudafrica 2010 ☼♥☼❤☼✿ Chica Peruana - María Pía ♫ Mundial Sudafrica 2010 ☼♥☼❤☼✿ 2 35 La bella y sensual peruana Mar iacute a P iacute a es nuestra Chica Terra Per uacute que en este mundial representa a la selecci oacute n de Francia. Chica Terra Per uacute Mar iacute a P iacute a Cerde ntilde a Belleza mundialista mar... SOLO DIME LA VERDAD - BARRIO 3 OFICIAL SOON MUNDIAL EXCLUSIVO WWW.BARRIO3.NET SOLO DIME LA VERDAD - BARRIO 3 OFICIAL SOON MUNDIAL EXCLUSIVO WWW.BARRIO3.NET 3 26 WWW.BARRIO3.NET ESTRENO MUNDIAL jowel y randy el momento en vivo LAS JUSTAS 2010 reggaeton94 baby rasta y gringo - los lobos / da #39 take over -angel y khriz / vico c - babilla / jowel y randy - el momento / daddy yanke - mundial / mega s... Illapu - Adhesión a la Marcha Mundial por la Paz y la No-Violencia Illapu - Adhesión a la Marcha Mundial por la Paz y la No-Violencia 0 19 ILLAPU es un grupo de m uacute sica Chileno que experimenta y fusiona sus ra iacute ces latinas andinas con elementos del jazz con las construcciones arm oacute nicas y contrapuntos de la m uacute sica cl aacute sica con la s iacute ncopa... Reporte Semanal Chica Latina HD Reporte Semanal Chica Latina HD 1 48 ... Chica Peruana - Ljubica Zimic Sudafrica 2010 ✿☼☼☼✿ Chica Peruana - Ljubica Zimic Sudafrica 2010 ✿☼☼☼✿ 2 31 La bella y sensual Ljubica es nuestra Chica Terra que en este mundial alentar aacute a la selecci oacute n Argentina 250510 Chica Peruana - Mar iacute a P iacute a #9835 Mundial Sudafrica 2010 #9788 hearts #9788 #10084 #9788 #98 ... Lindas nenas latinas 2009 9 / 21 El Salvador Lindas nenas latinas 2009 9 / 21 El Salvador 6 05 Este es mi mejor colecci oacute n de fotos de las chicas El salvador aunque no lo creas yo no sab iacute as que hay muchas belleza en este maravilloso pa iacute s bueno espero que las personas que lea este mi comentario tambi eacute n vea... El Tiempo Pasa - Abe Musick Prod.Denz Netto El Tiempo Pasa - Abe Musick Prod.Denz Netto 2 22 Abe Musick DOWNLOAD 4shared PRODUCED BY D-BRICKZ myspace /abemusick twitter /AbeMusick1 FACEBOOK Abe C Musick... "> " href="#"> " src=" " /> " href="#"> ... photo Elza Fiúza/ABr William Maloney Banco Mundial durante Seminário do Banco Mundial Pobreza e Riqueza no Brasil e América Latina. wnhires photo Creative Commons / Alexanderps Os presidentes do Paraguai Fernando Lugo da Bolívia Evo Morales do Brasil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva do Equador Rafael Correa e da Venezuela Hugo Chavez participam com integrantes do Fórum Social Mundial do painel América Latina e o Desafio da Crise Internacional photo Ricardo Stuckert/PR Presidente Lula discursa na cerimônia de encerramento do Fórum Econômico Mundial na Amércia Latina. photo Ricardo Stuckert/PR Presidente Lula discursa na cerimônia de encerramento do Fórum Econômico Mundial na América Latina. photo Ricardo Stuckert/PR Presidente Lula discursa na cerimônia de encerramento do Fórum Econômico Mundial na Amércia Latina. photo Ricardo Stuckert/PR Presidente Lula discursa no Fórum Econômico Mundial na América Latina em São Paulo. ula1 Most Popular Obama #39 s Medicare plan is an open secret Moroccans pass referendum to empower PM Alastair Campbell Blair was angry at Prince #39 s interference Greece passes key austerity vote Hundreds of Yemeni troops defect to rebels opposition RELATED LINKS 3ABN 72nd Academy Awards Academic degree Academy Award African American Afro-Latin American Agustin Ramos Calero Al Lopez Alabama Alaska Alaska Natives Albert Pujols Alberto Del Rio Alberto Gonzales Alejandro R. 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"Tenemos ... read more Ingram Micro lista para comenzar operaciones en Argentina El mayor distribuidor de tecnología mundial a punto de tener un gran impacto en la tercera mayor economía de América Latina y en el mercado de tecnología de información 24 Jul 2007 PR Newswire A EDITORES DE NEGOCIO Y TECNOLOG Iacute A MIAMI 23 de julio /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ Ingram Micro Inc. NYSE IM el mayor distribuidor de tecnolog iacute a mundial anunci oacute hoy que volvi oacute a penetrar oficialmente el mercado de tecnolog iacute a de informaci oacute n TI en pleno ... read more 3 53 bilhões de ações negociadas na Rede de Encaminhamento de Pedidos da Thomson Financial em um dia recorde Expansão mundial da Thomson na área de patrimônio fortalecida pela inclusão de novos brokers locais nos mercados emergentes da Europa Ásia e América Latina AO EDITOR DE NEGÓCIOS 19 Jun 2007 PR Newswire NOVA YORK 19 de junho /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ A Thomson Financial uma unidade operacional da The Thomson Corporation NYSE TOC TSX TOC e principal fornecedora de solu ccedil otilde es de informa ccedil atilde o e tecnologia da comunidade financeira mundial anunciou hoje o recorde de ... read more Afirma Felaban Que America Latina Tiene Mucho Espacio Para Mejorar en el Comercio Mundial Los tratados de comercio exterior fundamentales La banca latinoamericana ofrece novedosos productos de comercio exterior 17 Jun 2005 PR Newswire A EDITORES DE NOTICIAS INTERNACIONALES Y NEGOCIO M Eacute XICO D.F. 17 de junio /PRNewswire/ Las exportaciones de la regi oacute n dentro del total de exportaciones mundiales pasaron del 4.3% del total en 1990 al 5.8% de las mismas en el 2000. Por su parte las importaciones latinoamericanas ... more news on Latinas Mundial Hispanic and Latino Americans Group Hispanic and Latino Americans Poptime Hispanic and Latino Americans 50 477 594 -bgcolor "#EFEFEF" -class "sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey" Hispanics and Latinos have also contributed some prominent actors and others in the film industry a few of whom includes actors José Ferrer the first Hispanic actor to win an Academy Award for his role in Cyrano de Bergerac Anthony Quinn Cameron Diaz Martin Sheen Cheech Marin Salma Hayek Dolores del Río Anita Page Rita Hayworth Antonio Banderas Raquel Welch Benicio del Toro Penélope Cruz Eva Mendes Zoe Saldana Edward James Olmos Maria Montez Ramón Novarro Ricardo Montalbán Rosie Perez Katy Jurado Rita Moreno Lupe Vélez Esai Morales Andy García Rosario Dawson John Leguizamo and behind the camera director producer and cinematographer Robert Rodriguez . Some of the Hispanic or Latino actors who achieved notable success in U.S. television include Desi Arnaz Lynda Carter Jimmy Smits Selena Gomez Eva Longoria George Lopez Benjamin Bratt Ricardo Montalbán America Ferrera Erik Estrada Cote de Pablo Freddie Prinze Lauren Vélez and Charlie Sheen . Kenny Ortega is an Emmy Award -winning producer director and choreographer who has choreographed many major television events such as Super Bowl XXX the 72nd Academy Awards and Michael Jackson s memorial service . The fictional Hispanic/Latina Dora stars in Dora the Explorer a very successful animated television series. Hispanics and Latinos are underrepresented in U.S. television radio and film. This is combatted by organizations such as the National Hispanic Media Coalition NHMC founded in 1986. Together with numerous Latino civil rights organizations the NHMC led a "brownout" of the national television networks in 1999 after discovering that there were no Latinos in any of their new prime time shows that year. This resulted in the signing of historic diversity agreements with ABC CBS Fox and NBC that have since increased the hiring of Hispanic and Latino talent and other staff in all of the networks. Latino Public Broadcasting LPB funds programs of educational and cultural significance to Hispanic Americans. These programs are distributed to various public television stations throughout the United States. Science and technology and Walter Alvarez L-R at the K-T Boundary in Gubbio Italy 1981 Photo Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Among Hispanic Americans who have excelled in science are Luis Walter Alvarez Nobel Prize -winning physicist and his son Walter Alvarez a geologist. They first proposed that an asteroid impact on the Yucatán Peninsula caused the extinction of the dinosaurs . Dr. Victor Manuel Blanco is an astronomer who in 1959 discovered "Blanco 1" a galactic cluster . F. J. Duarte is a laser physicist and author he received the Engineering Excellence Award from the prestigious Optical Society of America for the invention of the N-slit laser interferometer . Francisco J. Ayala is a biologist and philosopher former president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has been awarded the National Medal of Science and the Templeton Prize . Dr. Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas discovered the bacteria which cause dental cavity. Dr. Gualberto Ruaño is a biotechnology pioneer in the field of personalized medicine and the inventor of molecular diagnostic systems Coupled Amplification and Sequencing CAS System used worldwide for the management of viral diseases. Fermín Tangüis was an agriculturist and scientist who developed the Tangüis Cotton in Peru and saved that nation's cotton industry. Severo Ochoa born in Spain was a co-winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Some Hispanics and Latinos have made their names in astronautics including several NASA astronauts Franklin Chang-Diaz the first Latin American NASA astronaut is co-recordholder for the most flights in outer space and is the leading researcher on the plasma engine for rockets France A. Córdova former NASA chief scientist Juan R. Cruz NASA aerospace engineer Lieutenant Carlos I. Noriega NASA mission specialist and computer scientist Dr. Orlando Figueroa mechanical engineer and Director of Mars Exploration in NASA Amri Hernandez-Pellerano engineer who designs builds and tests the electronics that will regulate the solar array power in order to charge the spacecraft battery and distribute power to the different loads or users inside various spacecraft at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Mercedes Reaves research engineer and scientist who is responsible for the design of a viable full-scale solar sail and the development and testing of a scale model solar sail at NASA Langley Research Center . Dr. Pedro Rodríguez inventor and mechanical engineer who is the director of a test laboratory at NASA and of a portable battery-operated lift seat for people suffering from knee arthritis. Dr. Felix Soto Toro electrical engineer and astronaut applicant who developed the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System ASPTMS Electronic 3D measuring system Ellen Ochoa a pioneer of spacecraft technology and astronaut Joseph Acaba Fernando Caldeiro Sidney Gutierrez Jose Hernández Michael Lopez-Alegria John Olivas and George Zamka who are current or former astronauts. Sports is a professional baseball player. The large number of Hispanic and Latino American stars in Major League Baseball MLB includes players like Ted Williams considered by many to be the greatest hitter of all time Manny Ramirez Lefty Gomez Ivan Rodriguez Alex Rodriguez Roberto Clemente José Canseco David Ortiz Fernando Valenzuela Nomar Garciaparra Albert Pujols Omar Vizquel managers Al Lopez Ozzie Guillén and Felipe Alou and General Manager Omar Minaya . There have been far fewer football and basketball players let alone star players but Tom Flores was the first Hispanic head coach and the first Hispanic quarterback in American professional football and won Super Bowls as a player as assistant coach and as head coach for the Oakland Raiders . Anthony Muñoz is enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ranked #17 on Sporting News 's 1999 list of the 100 greatest football players and was the highest-ranked offensive lineman. Jim Plunkett won the Heisman Trophy and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and Joe Kapp is inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame and College Football Hall of Fame . Steve Van Buren Martin Gramatica Tony Gonzalez Marc Bulger Tony Romo and Mark Sanchez can also be cited among successful Hispanics and Latinos in the National Football League NFL . Trevor Ariza Mark Aguirre Carmelo Anthony Carlos Arroyo Gilbert Arenas Rolando Blackman Pau Gasol Jose Calderon and Charlie Villanueva can be cited in the National Basketball Association NBA . Dick Versace made history when he became the first person of Hispanic heritage to coach an NBA team. Rebecca Lobo was a major star and champion of collegiate National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA and Olympic basketball and played professionally in the Women's National Basketball Association WNBA . Diana Taurasi became just the seventh player ever to win an NCAA title a WNBA title and as well an Olympic gold medal. Orlando Antigua became in 1995 the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Boxing 's first Hispanic world champion was Panama Al Brown . Some other champions include Oscar De La Hoya Miguel Cotto Bobby Chacon Joel Casamayor Michael Carbajal John Ruiz and Carlos Ortiz . In the Ultimate Fighting Championship UFC promotion of mixed martial arts MMA we find Ricco Rodriguez Tito Ortiz Diego Sanchez Nathan Diaz and Cain Velasquez . In 1999 Scott Gomez became the first Hispanic player in the National Hockey League NHL and won the NHL Rookie of the Year Award . Tennis legend Pancho Gonzales and Olympic tennis champions and professional players Mary Joe Fernandez and Gigi Fernández soccer players in the Major League Soccer MLS Tab Ramos Claudio Reyna Marcelo Balboa and Carlos Bocanegra figure skater Rudy Galindo golf ers Chi Chi Rodríguez Nancy Lopez and Lee Trevino softball player Lisa Fernandez and Paul Rodriguez Jr. X Games professional skateboarder are all Hispanic or Latino Americans who have distinguished themselves in their sports. Other is best known for representing Calvin Klein from 1987 to 2007. She was born to a Salvadorian mother. In the world of fashion notable Hispanic and Latino designers includes Oscar de la Renta Carolina Herrera and Narciso Rodriguez among others. Christy Turlington achieved international fame as a model. In sports entertainment we find the professional wrestlers Alberto Del Rio Rey Mysterio Eddie Guerrero and Melina and executive Vickie Guerrero . Socioeconomic circumstances Education The high school graduation rate is highest among Cuban Americans 68.7 percent and lowest among Mexican Americans 48.7 percent . The Puerto Rican rate is 63.2 percent Central and South American Americans' is 60.4 percent and the Dominican American is 51.7 percent. According to the 2000 census Cuban Americans and Central and South Americans had the highest college graduation rates with 19.4 percent of Cuban Americans and 16 percent of Central and South Americans 25 years and older possessing a 4-year college degree . On the other hand only 6.2 percent of Mexican Americans 9.9 of Puerto Ricans and 10.9 of Dominican Americans had achieved a 4-year degree. Over 21% of all second-generation Dominican Americans have college degrees slightly below the national average 24% but significantly higher than U.S.-born Mexican Americans 13% and U.S.-born Puerto Rican Americans 12% . In comparison non-Hispanic Asian American s 43.3 percent and non-Hispanic White American s 26.1 percent had higher rates than any Hispanic American group. Non-Hispanic Black Americans 14.4 percent had a lower graduation rate than Cuban Americans and Central and South Americans but had a higher rate than Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans and Dominican Americans. Cuban Americans have the highest attainment of graduate degrees among all Hispanic or Latino groups with 6.7 percent. The Central and South American ratio is 4.2 percent. Both are lower than those of non-Hispanic Asian Americans 15.6 percent and non-Hispanic White Americans 8.7 percent . Non-Hispanic Black Americans 4.1 percent have a lower percentage of graduate-level degrees than most Hispanic or Latino groups. Of Hispanics and Latinos 25 years and older only 3.1 percent of Puerto Ricans 1.8 percent of Dominican Americans and 1.4 percent of Mexican Americans have attained a graduate-level degree. Health Hispanic and Latino Americans are the longest-living Americans according to official data. Their life expectancy is more than two years longer than for non-Hispanic whites and almost eight years longer than for African Americans. Workforce and average income In 2002 the average individual income among Hispanic and Latino Americans was highest for Cuban Americans $38 733 and lowest for Dominican Americans $28 467 and Mexican Americans $27 877 . For Puerto Ricans it was $33 927 and $30 444 for Central and South Americans. In comparison the income of the average Hispanic American is lower than the national average. Among Hispanics Cuban Americans 28.5 percent had the highest percentage in professional–managerial occupations. The percentage for Puerto Ricans was 20.7 Central and South Americans' was 16.8 percent and Mexican Americans' was 13.2 percent. All these are lower than the average for non-Hispanics 36.2 percent . Poverty According to the ACS among Hispanic groups the poverty rate is highest among Dominican Americans 28.1 percent Honduran Americans and Puerto Ricans 23.7 percent both and Mexican Americans 23.6 percent . It is lowest among South Americans such as Colombian Americans 10.6 percent and Peruvian Americans 13.6 percent and relatively low poverty rates are also found among Salvadoran Americans 15.0 percent and Cuban Americans 15.2 percent . In comparison the average poverty rates for non-Hispanic White Americans 8.8 percent In 2006 Time Magazine reported that the number of hate groups in the United States increased by 33 percent since 2000 primarily due to anti-illegal immigrant and anti-Mexican sentiment. According to Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics the number of anti-Latino hate crimes increased by 35 percent since 2003 albeit from a low level . In California the state with the largest Latino population the number of hate crimes against Latinos almost doubled For the year 2009 the FBI reported that 483 of the 6 604 hate crimes committed in the United States were anti-Hispanic comprising 7.3% of all hate crimes. This compares to 34.6% of hate crimes being anti-Black 17.9% being anti-Homosexual 14.1% being anti-Jewish and 8.3% being anti-White. Political trends circa 1984 Hispanics and Latinos differ on their political views depending on their location and background but the majority 57% either identify themselves as or support the Democrats and 23% identify themselves as Republicans . There is "abundant evidence" that the heated Republican opposition to the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 has done significant damage to the party's appeal to Hispanics and Latinos in the years to come especially in the swing state s such as Florida Nevada and New Mexico. 2008 election In the 2008 Presidential election 's Democratic primary Hispanics and Latinos participated in larger numbers than before with Hillary Clinton receiving most of the group's support. Pundits discussed whether a large percentage of Hispanics and Latinos would vote for an African American candidate in this case Barack Obama Clinton's opponent. Hispanics/Latinos voted 2 to 1 for Mrs. Clinton even among the younger demographic which in the case of other groups was an Obama stronghold. Among Hispanics 28% said race was involved in their decision as opposed to 13% for non-Hispanic whites. However McCain had retracted during the Republican primary stating that he would not support the bill if it came up again. Some analysts believed that this move hurt his chances among Hispanics and Latinos. Obama took advantage of the situation by running ads aimed at the ethnic group in Spanish in which he mentioned McCain's about-face. In the general election 67% of Hispanics and Latinos voted for Obama and 31% voted for McCain with a relatively stronger turnout than in previous elections in states such as Colorado New Mexico Nevada and Virginia helping Obama carry those formerly Republican states. Obama won 70% of non-Cuban Hispanics and 35% of the traditionally Republican Cuban Americans that have a strong presence in Florida while the changing state demographics towards a more non-Cuban Hispanic community also contributed to his carrying Florida's Latinos with 57% of the vote. Hispanics and Latinos also supplanted Republican gains in traditional red states for example Obama carried 63% of Texas Latinos despite that the overall state voted for McCain by 55%. Some political organizations associated with Hispanic and Latino Americans are LULAC the NCLR the United Farm Workers the Cuban American National Foundation and the National Institute for Latino Policy . Culture The geographic political social economic and racial other diversity of Hispanic and Latino Americans extends to culture as well. Yet several features tend to unite Hispanics and Latinos from these diverse backgrounds. Language With 40% of Hispanic and Latino Americans being immigrants and with many of the 60% who are U.S.-born being the children or grandchildren of immigrants bilingualism is the norm in the community at large at home at least 69% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans over age five are bilingual in English and Spanish whereas up to 22% are monolingual English-speakers and 9% are monolingual Spanish-speakers another 0.4% speak a language other than English and Spanish at home. In all a full 90% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans speak English and at least 78% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans speak Spanish. Media The United States is home to thousands of Spanish language media outlets which range in size from giant commercial and some non-commercial broadcasting networks and major magazine s with circulations numbering in the millions to low-power AM radio stations with listeners numbering in the hundreds. There are hundreds of Internet media outlets targeting U.S. Hispanic consumers. Some of the outlets are online versions of their printed counterparts and some online exclusively. Among the most noteworthy Hispanic/Latino-oriented media outlets are Univision the largest Spanish-language television network in the United States with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market and numerous affiliates internationally Telemundo the second-largest Spanish-language television network in the United States with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market and numerous affiliates internationally Azteca America a Spanish-language television network in the United States with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market and numerous affiliates internationally La Opinión a Spanish-language daily newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed throughout the six counties of Southern California . It is the largest Spanish-language newspaper in the United States El Nuevo Herald and Diario Las Americas both Spanish-language daily newspapers serving the greater Miami Florida market La Voz de Indiana a bilingual English and Spanish publication based in Indianapolis Indiana Hispanic Business an English-language business magazine about Hispanics People en Espanol a Spanish-language magazine counterpart of People ConSentido TV a television radio and newspaper network in North Texas TBN Enlace USA a Spanish-language Christian television network based in Tustin California 3ABN Latino a Spanish-language Christian television network based in West Frankfort Illinois V-me a Spanish-language television network a sister network of PBS CNN en Espanol a Spanish-language all-news television network based in Atlanta Georgia Vida Latina a Spanish-language entertainment magazine distributed throughout the Southern United States . Intermarriage Hispanic Americans like immigrant groups before them are out-marrying at very high rates comprising 17.4% of all existing Hispanic marriages. The rate is higher for newlyweds which excludes already married immigrants Among all newlyweds in 2008 26% of all Hispanics married someone whose ethnicity was different from their own compared to 9% of non-Hispanic n-H whites aka Anglos 16% of non-Hispanic n-H blacks and 31% of Asians . The rate was even more profound for native-born Hispanics with 41.3% of Native-Born Hispanic men out-marrying compared to 11.3% of Foreign-Born Hispanic men and 37.4% of Native-Born Hispanic women out-marrying compared to 12.2% of Foreign-Born Hispanic women . The difference is attributed to the fact that recent immigrants tend to marry within their immediate immigrant community due to commonality of language proximity familial connections and familiarity. 81% of Hispanics who intermarried married n-H whites 9% married n-H blacks 5% Asians and the remainder married multi-racial partners. Attitudes amongst non-Hispanics toward intermarriage with Hispanics are mostly favorable with 81% of Anglos 76% of Asians and 73% of n-H blacks "being fine" with a member of their family marrying a Hispanic and an additional 13% of Anglos 19% of Asians and 16% of n-H blacks "being bothered but accepting of the marriage." Only 2% of n-H whites 4% of Asians and 5% of n-H blacks would not accept a marriage of their family member to a Hispanic. Hispanic attitudes toward intermarriage with non-Hispanics are likewise favorable with 71% "being fine" with marriages to Anglos and 81% "being fine" with marriages to n-H blacks. A further 22% admitted to "being bothered but accepting" of a marriage of a family member to an Anglo and 16% admitted to "being bothered but accepting" of a marriage of a family member to a Black. Only 4% of Hispanics objected outright marriage of a family member to an Anglo and 3% to a n-H black. See also Demographics of the United States * List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic population List of Hispanic and Latino Americans * Hispanics in the American Civil War * Hispanic Americans in World War II * Hispanics in the United States Air Force * Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard * Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps * Hispanics in the United States Navy ** Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy ** Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy National Alliance for Hispanic Health Hispanic/Latino naming dispute Hispanidad Latin Americans * Latin American Australian * Latin American Canadian * Latin Americans in the United Kingdom Footnotes Further reading Miguel A. De La Torre . Encyclopedia on Hispanic American Religious Culture 2 vol. ABC-CLIO Publishers 2009 . Marisa A. Abrajano and R. Michael Alvarez eds. New Faces New Voices The Hispanic Electorate in America Princeton University Press 2010 219 pages. Documents the generational and other diversity of the Hispanic electorate and challenges myths about voter behavior. López-Calvo Ignacio. Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction The Cultural Production of Social Anxiety . University of Arizona Press 2011. ISBN 0816529264 External links Hispanic Americans in Congress Library of Congress Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Army 2000 Census Latino-Americans Become Unofficial Face of Politics Abroad by Josh Miller PBS April 27 2007 Latino in America - CNN Mexican Roots Category Ethnic groups in the United States This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License . This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community. 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